myanmar family magazine volume 2
DESCRIPTION
This is a magazine for Myanmar family.TRANSCRIPT
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rowDp&maumif;vSwJh EIwfcrf;awG uRefrEIwfcrf;ay:NydKusvmcsdefrSmawmhrGef;usyfjcif;? emMuifjcif;eJU &GH&Smjcif;awGaygif;pyfNyD; ysdKUwufvmwJh tefypfvdkufcsifwJhpdwfawGudk xdef;vdkUr&awmhbl;? uRefrtm;&yg;& tefypfvdkufw,f? &GH&Smjcif;
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tjzLa&mifeJU yef;Eka&mifawG a&m,SufaewJh at;jroefUpifwJh a&csdK;cef;av;a&? rif;b,frSmvJuG,f? rif;udk igcspfw,f? tm;vHk;eJUa0;uGmapwJh? ightefzwfawGudkaq;aMumay;wJh rif;udk igcspfwmaemf? rif;&JU aiGaMu;eJYwdkif;wmwJY wefzdk;awGigwu,frodbl;? tefzwfawGMum;xJrSmarsmaewJh ighudk rif; aq;aMumay;aeusyJr[kwfvm;? rif;wpfa,mufawmh igbm
udkcspfwmvnf;qdkwm em;vnfEdkifrSmygaemf? vlawGowfrSwfMuwJh rif;&JUwefzdk;udk igcspfwmr[kwfbl;qdkwm rif;wpfa,mufavmufawmh axmufcHvdkufprf;yg?wdkU&JUtonf;ESvHk; prf;acsmif;uav;xJrSmvnf; rif;eJUb0wl at;jroefUpifwJha&awG pD;ajrmaewma&m rif;od&JUvm; ....
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½dk;om;jzLpifMuwJU tjypfr&SdwJhrdom;pk0if 5-a,muf&JU taoG;tom;awGudk pkyf,l&avmufatmif 'D tif*sifeD,mbGJU[m tzdk;xdkufwefyg&JUvm;qdkwmawmif aumif;aumif;rpOf;pm;cJhwJh acwfopf usD;rdkufwpfaumif wu,f&SdcJUzl;w,fqdkwm rEÅav;enf;ynmwuúodkvf?ref;cs,f&Daqmif&JU 10-ay? 12-ayus,fwJh ESpfa,mufcef;av;uvnf;axmufcHvdrfhr,f? tcef;0&Hwmav;uae twm;tqD;r&Sdjrifae&wJh tjyma&mifvdrf;usHxm;wJh &Srf;½kd;rawmifwef;BuD;uvnf; oufaovkdufvdrfhr,f? [efaqmifrIawGeJU ydwfqdkUaewJh NrdKUjyvlrI
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awmif;yefNyD;? armifhq&m&JU aq;cef;udkb,fawmhr SrvmawmhwJ htaMumif;?armifhq&majymjywmudk armifjyefajymNyD;tJh'Da&m*gtaMumif; uRefrudk armif &Sif;jyw,fav? uRefru rawmufwacguftodÓPfav;eJY tJh'Drdef;ruvnf; n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufcH&wmudk BudKufwJh tJ'Da&m*g&SifyJjzpfvdkY aerSmayghvdkY rn§mrwm a0zefcJhwJhuRefrwpfa,muf 0#fvnfaeNyDvdkYajym&ifarmifodyfpdwfraumif;jzpfrSmvm;......?uRefrudk tjrefqHk; 'Da,mufsm;eJY uGm&Sif;ckdif;rSmyJaemf? aiG&SdwJha,mufsm; wpfa,mufeJY crf;em;BuD;us,fpGm vufxyf? udk,fvdkcsifwmawG&,lcJhNyD;rS odyfrMumcifrSmyJZmwfodrf;cef;udk tvG,fwulujy&avmufatmif uRefr owådr&Sdao;bl;armif? aemufNyD; tckrSat;csrf;cg p&Sdao;wJh t&SuftaMumufBuD;NyD; ½kd;om;at;aq;vSwJh rdom;pkudk uRefrtwGufrylavmifapcsifawmhbl; armifa&?uRefrtvSnfhwkef;uawmh rdom;pk0iftm;vHk; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tepfemcHcJhMuw,f? tck uRefr tvSnfhav? uRefrodyfaysmfaew,fvdkY tm;vkH;odMuygap?'grSolwdkY tm;vHk;vnf; aysmfMur,fr[kwfvm;/
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aerif;BuD;uvnf; aEG;axG;rItjynfheJY uRefrudk EIwfqufaew,f]]oem;p&mrdef;cav;a&... rif;aysmfaeovm;}}wJh? yef;yGifhuav;awGuvnf;arT;&eHYawG tjynfheJY BudKqdkaeav&JU?tvSyqHk;yef;uav;awGa& rif;wdkY b,frSmvJ.......? aoqHk;oGm;wJ h ajracG;wpfaumif&JU tokbtcrf;tem;udkwdkYawGeJY twlwloGm;Mur,faemf? rif;wdkYtm;vHk; t0ifhMuGm;qHk;yGifhvdkufMuprf;yg?urÇmay:rSm&SdwJh tawmfqHk;yef;csDq&mawGeJY tvSqHk;aq;a&mifawG jc,fvdkufprf;yg? tarT;qHk;&eHYawGudkvnf; yufzsef;
vdkufMuOD;aemf? wdkYtwGuf vGwfvyfrIYavajynif;av;[m npfywfeHa[mifaewJh ajracG;wpfaumif&JU tokb tcrf;tem;rSm wokefokef wdkufcwfaeav&JU?
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]]armif}}armifqdkwm uRefr\ cspfol/uRefr\ udk;q,f&mcdkifEIef;aom toJESvHk;udk yd kifqkdifxm;ol/ wenf;tm;Nzif h(1%)om&Sdaom toJESvHk;ESifh touf&Sifaeaom armifhtwGuf aumfywf½kyfuav;um; uRefryifjzpfonf/ uRefrudk armifu cspfpEdk;jzifh]]aqmif;}}[k ac:wwfonf/armifhtwGufawmY 'Demrnfav;u vSonf/ uAsmqefonfwJh/ uRefrvnf;armif xdkodkYac:onfudk &ifckefrdygonf/odkYaomf oli,fcsif;rsm;u xdkemrnfudkpMuonf/ wcsdKUu wD;&aom apmif; [kvnf;aumif;? rpDr&D apmif;aeonfudkvnf;aumif;? xdkoabmjzifh pMuonf/xdkYaMumifh uRefr\emrnfa&SUpmvHk;udkb,folrS rac:Mu/ aemuf pmvHk;rsm;omac:Muonf/ ]]aqmif;}}qdkwJY emrnfav;uawmh armifhtwGuf uRefrtm;ac:a0:aom rlydkifpmvHk;av;yif jzpfonf/armifeJYuRefr cspfol jzpfoGm;onfrSm½dk;½dk;av;yif jzpfonf/ 'gayr,hfh uRefrtwGufawmYb,fawmhrS r½dk;wJh tjrJwrf;qef;opfaewJYjyZmwfwpfyk'fyif .../
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onf[k cHpm;&ygonf/ wcgwavarmifu t&rf;tvkyf½IyfvQif aeYvnfyifjyefrvmay/ xdkYaeYvdkrsdK; qdkvQif uRefrwpfa,mufwnf;ae&onfrSm tm;i,fovdkcHpm;&onf/ uRefrrSm wpfaeYwmarmifhudk owd&csdefwdkif; tdrftvkyfrsm;ukdom tazmfjyKí vGrf;pdwfudkajzazsmufíarmif jyefvmrnfhtcsdefudk apmifhae&onf/
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wJYolawG b,fvdkvkyfrvJ}}]]igwdkY jrefrmawG tm;enf;wm awG;ac:rIyJ/ awG;ac:w,fvdkY ajym&if odyÜHynm&SifawG tvkyfvdkY xifMuw,fuG/ausmif;awGrSmvnf; 'Dvdk tavYtxrsdK;udkroifay;Mubl;/ b0rSmwu,fvdkwm tJ'DawG;ac:rIyJ/ 'DEdkifiHawGrSm bmyJoifoif?bmyJvkyfvkyf ]]bmaMumifYvJ}} qdkwJYar;cGef;udk t&rf;ar;w,f/ 'Dvdk ar;cGef;udkajzEdkifrS wu,fpmwwfw,fvdkY owfrSwfMuw,f/ uGJjym;wJY tcsufwpfck ajymjyr,f/ igwdkYqDrSm jrefrmpmudk toifaumif;wJYolu jrefrmpmoifw,f/ t*Fvdyfpmaumif;wJYolu t*Fvdyfpmoif w,f/ 'DrSmbmompum;oifwJY q&m awG[m zavmfpmar;yGJatmifrSoifcGifY&Sdw,f/ bmompum;oifwJYae&mrS zavmf trsm;BuD;ygw,f/ acgif;pOf wpfck udk wifvdkufNyDqdk&if bufpHk axmifYpHku pOf;pm;w,f/b,favmuf acgif;rmwJYo ljzpfjzpf tcsuftvufeJY bufpHku &Sif;Edkif &if wpfcsdefus&ifvufcHygw,f/ 'DawmY &Sif;Edkifr,fholvdkw,f}}]]tJ'gawGudk &Sif;Edkifr,fhol&Sdvm;}}]]&SdwmaygY/ igwkdY&JU jrwfpGmbk&m;av}}]]at; [kwfw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;r&SdawmYayr,fh jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU w&m;awmfawGu&Sdwkef;yJ/ rif;ajymrS owd&w,f/ igwdkY&JU t,ltqawGudkvnf; oif&w,fuG/vli,ftrsm;pku jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU w&m;awGudk edAÁmefa&mufzdkYtwGuf? toufBuD;rSvkyf&r,h ft&mawGvd k Y jrifMuw,f/wu,fawmY jrwfpGmbk&m;[m vlawGxJrSm tqifajyajyaezdkY b,fvdk ae&r,fqdkwmudkyga[mcJYwmyJ/ 'geJY tJ'gawGudkajymEdkifr,fhvl&SdvdkYvm;}}
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www.myanmarfamily.org
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aps;0,folukdqGJaqmifEkdifygw,f...}}
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aqG;aEG;csifygw,f/ tck ukrÜPDawGrSm HR
Department (Human Resources
Department) qkdwJhXmewpfckay:vmNyDAs/ 'DXmeu bmawGvkyfvJqkdawmh0efxrf;awG pdwf"gwfwufMuGvmatmif? vkdtyfwJhae&mawGrSm oifhawmfwJh0efxrf;&&Sdatmif?0efxrf;t&nftcsif;jynfhrDatmif? &mxl;wuf?vpmpdppf pwJhudpöawGrSmwm0ef,lygw,f/ tJ'gqkd&if Admin
(pDrHXme)ukd b,fem;oGm;xm;rvJvkdU ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ pDrHXmeuawmh ½kH;wGif;udpöawG? 0efxrf;½kH;qif;½Hk;wufudpö? 0efxrf;cGifhudpöeJU ½kH;rSmvkdtyfwJh ½kH;okH;ypönf;awG0,f&wJhudpöawGukd wm0ef,l&ygw,f.../'guawmh HR eJU Admin uGJjym;csufyg/aemufNyD; &Sdao;w,fAs/ tJ'g Executive
Office (tvkyftrIaqmiftzG J U)vk d Uac:wJhXme wpfck&Sdao;w,f/ tJ'DukrÜPDXmewGif;u tpnf;ta0;udpö? vkyfief;wpfckvkH;vnfywfa&;eJU XmewGif; 0efxrf;tajymif;a&TUudpöawGukd jyKvkyf&ygw,f/Executive Office DepartmentupDr HXme(Admin Department)?vlYpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfXme (Human
Resource Department)? Finance
(b@ma&;Xme)? aps;uGuf&SmazGa&;Xme(Marketing Department)? ukefwifukefcsXme(Logistic Department)wkdUjyKvkyfwJh tpnf;ta0;wkdif;rSmygNyD;tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;? aumufEIwfcsufpwmawGukd txufrSm&SdwJh Management
(pDrHcefYcJGrI)tzGJUtpnf;ukd jyefwif&ygw,f/ Logistics DepartmentuawmhukrÜPD&JU ukefwifukefcsudpöawGrSm omru(Export and Import)aemufNyD;? ukefzkd;aiGacs&if ukrÜPDykdufqH&wJhtxd tpkd;&Xmeqkdif&mtoD;oD;eJY qufqH&wJhXmewpfckyg/ ajymvufpeJU aps;uGuf&SmazGa&;(Marketing Department)taMumif;ygajymcsifygw,f/ oluawmh ukrÜPDua&mif;ukefawGtwGuf tjyifrSm&SdwJh Buyer
awGukd&Sm&ygw,f/ a&mif;a&;0,fwmudpöeJUywfoufvkdU aps;uGuf&SmazGa&;ukd a&mif;0,fa&;Xmeu t"duvkyfaqmifygw,f/pepfwus&SdwJh ukrÜPDBuD;awG[m vkyfykdif
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ModelqkdwJhpum;vkH;[m Latinpum;vkH;“Modelium”
qkdwJha0g[m&uae qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfygw,f/ qkdvkd&if;t"dyÜg,fuawmh twkdif;twmyrmP? cefYrSef;wGufcsuf?ta&twGuf t&G,ftpm;awGukd wGufcsufwkdif;wmzkdY enf;vrf;?enf;ynm tp&Sdojzifh zGifhqkdEkdifygonf/ tMumif;t&mwpfckukdvufawGYtaumiftxnfazmfjcif; rjyKvkyfrD BudKwif pdwful;,OfykHazmfjcif;vkdYqkd&ifvnf; rrSm;ekdifygbl;/
A model is an abstract representation of an
item or a concept—a car, a plane, or a building—or
a part of something, such as a tire, a wing, or a
room.
Main object wpfckckukd zef;wD;wnfaqmufMuygpkdYOyrm/ Buildingwpfck wnfaqmufzkdUqkd&if t&ifqkH; Architect
wpfa,muf[mpm&Gufay:(odkUr[kwf)uGefysLwmwGif taqmuftODykHpHukd wl? oHacsmif;tp&Sdonfh rygbJ Designt&ifa&;qJGygonf/ wu,fvkdY rdrda&;qGJvkdufaom Building[m Complex
jzpfvQif Architectu taqmuftOD&JUSmall physical modelukd wnfaqmufvkdufygonf/ xkdokdUwnfaqmufvkdufjcif;[m rdrda&;qGJxm;aomtaqmuftOD&JU AppearanceESifh AestheticsukdjudgevkyfzdkUjzpfygonf/ Modelwpfckzef;wD;vkdufjcif;&JU ta&;BuD;qkH;wpfcsufu Architect&JU Conception vlwkdif;awGUjrifEd ki f jyD; 'Dxuf improve
jzpfvmatmif yl;aygif;aqmif&GufzkdYtwGuf jzpfygonf/ tckvkd ykHpHi,f t&if
uRefawmfwdkUtm;vHk;odaewJUarmf',f at;jrwfol? rdk;,kpHwdkUawmUr[kwfygbl;Asm/ Modelqkdwm ykHpHi,f?
pDrHcsuf? BudKwifBuHqcsuf? txl;ojzifU Miniature(okdYr[kwf)Main objectawG SystemESifh
ConceptawG&JUyHkMurf;udk o&kyfazmfa&;om;jcif;vdkUqdkEdkifygonf/ /
wnfaqmufzefwD;vkdufjcif;onf vufawGUwnfaqmuf&mwGifrdrdukd,fukd Confidence awGjrifhrm;vmEdkifygonf/ tusOf;tm;jzifh ajymjy&&if Modelsonf Designer\ Intentions
ESifh Actual resultstMum; uGm[rIawG? jcm;em;csufawGukdReduce vkyfay;ygonf/ Modelukd tokH;jyKjcif;aMumifh okawoevkyfief;? wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;awGtwGuf ykdrkd Efficiently
jzpfvmygonf/ ,cktcsdeftcgrSmqkd&if vlawG[m model &
modeling ukd olwdkUvkyfief;eJU olwdkU&JU urÇmjuD; wkd;wufaumif;rGefatmif Every DaytokH;jyKaeMuygjyD/ tvm;wlConstructor
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vkd tcef;u@awGrSm yg0ifvnf;qkd&ifawmh Physics,
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bavmh*fawG b,favmufta&;ygvmrvJ?tckwpfavm BlogawG? Wiki awGtjyif udk,fydkif'dkrdef;
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,ckaqmif;yg;twGuf toHk;jyKrnfh laptop onf Dellinspiron 1525 jzpfjyD; tqdkyg pufay:wGif Windows VistaHome Premium 32 bit windowsudk wifxm;onf/ originallanguage rSm Russia jzpfonf/ tqdkyg Russia versiontm; English versionodkU ajymif;rnf/
xdkodkY ajymif;vJ&ef Vistalizator udk run vdkufaomtcgyHk (1) wGif jyxm;ouJhodkU jrif&rnf/ xdk dialog box wGif rdrdtoHk;jyKaeaom system J original language J currentlanguage wdkUudk azmfjyxm;onf/ rdrdwdkU toHk;jyKcsifaomEnglish language udk aygif;xnfhygrnf/ Add Languagebutton udk click vkyfygrnf/
yHk (1)
laptop 0,fwdkif; tjrJwrf;vdkvdk operation system (OS) vdkUac:wJh WindowswifjyD;om;yg/'gwifyJvm;qdkawmh r[kwfygbl;/ driver awGvnf; wifxm;jyD;om;yg/
Dellvdk laptoprsdK;0,fr,fqdk&if WindowsacGygvmavh&Sdygw,f/ rdrd0,fwJhEdkifiHay:rlwnfjyD; tqdkyg Windows
acGonf bmompum;trsdK;rsdK;jzpfrnf/ English version r[kwfonfvnf; jzpfedkifonf/ 'Dawmh ygvmwJh Windows
acGonf toHk;rusawmhyg/ puf0,fuwnf;u rdrdwdkUukefusoGm;aom ydkufydkufwGif laptopay:ü wifxm;aom OS
zdk;ygjyD;om;yg/ tJ'DtwGuf ydkufqHydkay;jyD;om;yg/ 'Dawmh tppf0,foHk;r,fqdkjyefawmh uRefawmfwdkUtjzpfu rdat;ESpfcgemjzpfaeonf/ jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;xHk;pHtwdkif; twkoHk;avownf;aygh/ twkwGif tm;enf;csufrsm;pGm&Sdavonf/ 0,fpOfuygvmaom WindowsacGudkaomfvnf;aumif;? laptop ay:wGif uyfxm;aom Vista qdkonfh logo udkvnf;aumif;jrif&aomf&ifxJwGif rcsdyg/
tckwifxm;onfh Windows udk English version ajymif;vdkY r&bl;vm;qdkonfh ar;cGef;onf ,ckaqmif;yg;udkjzpfapcJhonf/ ajymif;vdkU&ygonf/ xdkodkYajymif;&ef Vistalizatorqdkonfh software eJU rdrdajymif;csifaom language
pack vdktyfygonf/ xdkvdktyforQudk Microsoft wGif &,ledkifygonf/
xdktcg rdrd xyfaygif;vdkonfh language package&Sdonfhae&mudk nTefjycdkif;onfh dialog box usvmygjyD/ apmapmu uRefawmfwdkU download csxm;aom English languagepackage &Sdonfhae&mudk a&mufatmifoGm;jyD; select vkyfíOpen ( ) button udk click vkyfyg/ (yHk - 2)/yHk 3 eJY 4 wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; jrif&rnf/
yHk (2)
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37
yHk (3)
yHk (4)
Warning dialog box wpfck ay:vmrnf/ (yHk-5)/ESdyfp&mqdkvdkU OK button wpfckomygonf/ odyfrsm;rsm;pm;pm;pOf;pm;&ef rvdkyg/ xdk OK button ukdom rsufpdpHkrSdwfEdSyfyg/
yHk(5)
aygif;xnfhcsifaom language pack onf Englishjzpfajumif;? English language packudk install vkyfcsifvm;?installation ukd cannel vkyfrSmvm;? qdkwm ar;wJh dialogbox usvmygjyD/ (yHk-6)/ uRefawmf download cscJhpOfuEnglish language pack yg/ odkUaomf rSm;,Gif;pGm downloadvkyfcJhojzifh ,ck dialog boxwGif rdrdaygif;xnfhcsifaomlanguage pack r[kwfvQif Cancel installationbuttonudk click vkyfyg/ rSefuefaeygu Install languagebutton udk click vkyfyg/
tqifh 4 qifh jyKvkyfygvdrfhrnf/ (yHk - 7? 8? 9? 10)/bmrS vkyfay;p&mrvkdygbl;/ xdkifMunfhae&Hkomvdkonf/
yHk(6)
yHk(7)
yHk(8)
yHk(9)
yHk(10)
uRefawmfwdkU aygif;xnfhvdkufaom English languageudk display language tjzpf owfrSwfrvm;wJh¿ (yHk - 11)/uRefawmfonf Russia languageeJY Windowsudk toHk;jyK&mwGif tcuftcJjzpfaeaomaMumifh English language tjzpfajymif;jcif;jzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm Display languageudk Englishjzpfcsifonf/ xdkaMumifh jywfom;pGm Yes buttonudk EdSyfyg/
yHk(11)
Program udk exit vkyfyg/ xdkajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyf&efrestart vkyfygvdrfhrnfqdkonfh informationudkjyaom dialogbox wpfckay:vmrnf/ (yHk- 12)/ EdSyfp&mqdkvdkU OK buttonwpfckomygonf/ odyfrsm;rsm;pm;pm; pOf;pm;&efrvdkyg/ xdk OKbuttonukdom rsufpdpHkrSdwfESdyfyg/
yHk(12)
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38
ajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef Exit button udk click vkyfyg/(yHk - 13 )/
yHk(13)
System onf restart vkyfygawmhr,f/ vkyfvufptvkyfrsm;udk odrf;ygwJh/ odrf;jyD;rS ,ckar;onfhar;cGef; (Yesor No) udk ajzygwJh/ (yHk - 14)/ odrf;p&mbmrS r&Sdyg/tckvkyfaewJh tvkyfwpfckyJ&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmh qufvkyf/ OKbutton udk &J&Jom EdSyfvdkufyg/ restart usoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/Windows jyefwwfvmaomtcg rdrdjrifcsifaom displaylanguage jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ygvdrfhrnf/
yHk(14)
'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfh taMumif;av;wpfckudk vrf;BuHKazmfjyyg&ap/ pma&;zdkY tifrwefysif;ygonf/ a&;ygqdkvQiftcsdefr&Sdbl;/ rtm;bl;/ rsufpdemw,f/ vufudkufaeonf[ktaMumif;trsdK;rsdK;udk rxyf&avatmif ay;wwfonf/ a&;rdygurqHk;wwf/ a&;jyD;vdkUjyefzwfvQif wpfjcm;olawmh rod/ udk,fwdkifawmif awmfawmfem;vnf,l&onf/ jrefrmpum;udk jrefrmrzwfwwfatmif a&;wwfonfhae&mwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;u atmcsavmufonf/ tckvnf; a&;rdjyefjyD/ qHk;csifvQif qHk;vdkU&onf/odkUaomfrqHk;edkifao;yg/ BuHKwkef;av; yGm;vdkufygtHk;rnf/
wpfcgwpfav uRefawmfxH laptoptm; ,lvmjyD;Windowswifay;&ef tultnDawmif;vm\/ uRefawmfvnf;tm;wwf oa&m tm;yg;w& Windowsudk wifay;vdkuf\/jyD;vdkU driverawG b,frSmvJ[k ar;aomtcg pufydkif&SifuuRefawmfhtm; pdrf;pdrf;juD;Munfh\/ uRefawmfoabmaygufvdkufonf/ olUrSm r&Sdyg/ Internet rS download vkyf&ef modeleHygwfar;aomtcg tJ'DrSm a&;rxm;bl;vm;[k uRefawmfhtm;jyefar;onf/ b,frSmvJ[k ar;&if ABCeJU 123rsm;a&maeaomSerial No. udk vufndK;xdk;ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh rar;awmhbJ
udk,fhbmomudk,f pufudk zifjyefacgif;jyefMunfhjyD; odatmifvkyfonf/ model awGYjyefawmhvnf; Internet speed raumif;aomtcg pufwpfvHk;pmtwGuf driverudk aeU0ufavmufdownload vkyf&onf/
tcsdKU driver rsm;twGuf tqifajyaomfvnf; tcsdKUdriverrsm;onf 2 rsdK;^3rsdK; jzpfaewwfonf/ Oyrm – VGAdriver udk &Smaomtcg Intel chipset twGufwpfrsdK;? ATIchipset twGufwpfrsdK; ponfjzifh jzpfaewwfonf/ Dell vkdlaptop rsdK;wGif driveracG ygaomfvnf; 1 rsdK;twGuf rsdK;uGJ 2ck odkUr[kwf 3 ck jzpfaewwfonf/ xdktcg eHMum;axmufa&G;&onf/ wpfck wifr& wpfck ajymif;wif&onf/ tifrwef pdwf&IyfzdkYaumif;onf/
Driver Magician vdk driver &Smay;aom softwarersm;eJU&SmvdkU&Edkifaomfvnf; tukefvHk;awmh&Smr&yg/ xdk softwarewdkUonf driver&Sm&ef Internet connectionvdkonf/ydkjyD;pdwfnpfzdkUaumif;onfu network driver r&SdvQifInternet csdwfr&/ xdktcg softwaretultnDjzifh driver&Sm&ef rjzpfedkif/
xdkjyóemtm;vHk;udk tqifajyrnfh enf;awmh &Sdonf/tvGefvG,fjyD; tvGefUtvGefudk jrefygonf/ driver rsm;udkbackup vkyfxm;yg/
Driver backup udkbmeJU vkyfrvJ¿uRefawmfuawmh vufpGJawmf Driver Magician
vkyfygonf/ tjcm;tjcm; software rsm;pGm &Sdygonf/
Driver backup b,fvdk vkyfrvJ¿Driver Magician udk zGifhvkdufvQif (yHk-15)rSm
jrif&onfhtwdkif; awGU&rnf/ uRefawmfwdkUonf driver tm;vHk;udkbackup vkyfcsifaomaMumifh Select all button udk clickvkyfyg/ jyD;vQif Start backup button udk clickvkyfyg/
yHk(15)
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39
xdktcg backup vkyfrnfh zdkifrsm;udk b,frSm odrf;rvJar;onfh dialog box usvmygvdrfhrnf/ (yHk-16)/ OSwifxm;aom partitionrSvGJí rdrdESpfoufaom ae&mwGifodrf;yg/tb,faMumifh OS wifxm;aom partitionwGif rodrf;ygoenf;/ 'guawmh &Sif;ygw,f/ virus aMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;?tjcm;aomwpfckckaMumifh jyefwifaomtcg uRefawmfwdkUonftqdkyg partition udk format vkyf&rS tmomajyonf/ xdkodkUformat vkyfaomtcg tqdkyg Windows (OS) wifxm;aompartition xJ&Sd datarsm; tukefysufaomaMumifh xdk partitionwGif rodrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfuawmh partition E:atmufwGif Backup driver qdkonfh folder aqmufjyD;odrf;onf/ odrf;zdkUae&m tqifajyjyDqdkvQif OK button udkEdSyfyg/
yHk(16)
Driver wpfckcsif;pDudk backup vkyfaeajumif;awGU&rnf/ (yHk-17)/
yHk(17)
Driver rsm;udk atmifjrifpGm backup vkyfjyD;aMumif;owif;vmydkUygjyD/ (yHk-18)/ at;at;[k tav;jyefjyKum OKbutton udk tdajE&SdpGm EdSyfyg/
yHk(18)
Backup vkyfjyD;aom driver rsm;tm; rnfodkYtoHk;jyKrnfenf;/Driver Magician udk zGifhjyD; Driver Restoration
menu rS Restore From Folder udka&G;yg/ (yHk-19)/
yHk(19)
E:\backup diver\Drivers Backupqdkonfhae&mwGif backup vkyfxm;aom driver rsm;&Sdygu Yesbutton udk click vkyfyg/ (yHk-20)/ xdkae&mwGif&Sdygonf/xdkaMumifh Yes button udk click vkyfonf/ xdktcg yHk-22wGif jrif&onfh dialog box usvmrnf/
wu,fvdkU E:\backup diver\Drivers Backupqdkonfhae&mwGif backup vkyfxm;aom driver rsm;r&SdyguNo button udk click vkyfyg/ (yHk-20)/ xdktcg yHk-21 wGifjrif&onfh dialog box usvmrnf/ rdrd backup vkyfxm;aomdriver rsm;udk awGUatmif&Smyg/ awGUvQif select vkyfjyD; OKbutton udk click vkyfyg/ xdktcg yHk-22 wGif jrif&onfh dialogbox usvmrnf/
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yHk(20)
yHk(21)
yHk(22)
uRefawmfwdkUonf driver tm;vHk;udk restorevkyfrnfjzpfaomaMumifh tm;vHk;udk select vkyfygrnf/ yHk-22 wGif drivertm;vHk;udk select vkyfjyD;om;jzpfaeygonf/ 'Dawmh Startrestore buttonudkom EdSyf&Hkom&Sdawmhonf/ qufvkyfrvm;¿rvkyfbl;vm;¿ ar;onfh dialog box usvmrnf/ (yHk-23)/qufvkyfrnf jzpfaomaMumifh OK button udk click/ xdktcg
driver wpfckcsif;udk restore vkyfaeaMumif;awGU&rnf/ (yHk-24)/
yHk(23)
yHk(24)
wpfcgwpf&H yHk-25 rSm jyxm;aom dialog boxusvmwwfonf/ xdktcg 'Ddrivertm; rnfodkUyifjzpfap in-stall vkyfrnf (Install this driver software anyway)udk a&G;cs,fyg/
yHk(25)
Driver restoration jyD;oGm;onfhtwGuf pufudkreboot vkyf rvkyf ar;vmygjyD/ (yHk - 26 )/ vkyfvdkufavMumovm;vdkU/ click Yes button/
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yHk(26)
laptop wpfvHk; 0,fvdkY vufxJa&mufa&mufcsif;yJjzpfjzpf?Windows jyefwifcgeD;bJjzpfjzpf vkyfoifhaom tvkyfwpfckuawmh driver backup jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ vkyfzdkUrcufygbl;/'gayrJh awmfawmfhudk toHk;0ifwJhtvkyfwpfckyg/
uRefawmfeJUtar;rsm;(1)uRefawmf pufydkif&Sifrsm;udk bmmodelar;vQif Toshiba
A300av[k vnf;aumif;? Dell Inspiron 1525uG[kvnf;aumif; ajzoHtjrJMum;&ygonf/ uRefawmfhtck aqmif;yg;wGif Dell Inspiron 1525 udkoHk;xm;ygonf/ Inspiron1525qdkwm model No. r[kwfyg/ series No. omjzpfonf/serial No.eJUvnf; ra&mapcsifyg/ Toshiba A300 onfseries No. jzpfonf/
uRefawmfeJUtar;rsm;(2)'gqdk Windows wifjyD;vdkY 'Dvdk driver restore
jyefvkyf&if jyD;oGm;jyDvm;¿ bmxyfvkyfzdkh vdkao;vJ¿'Dae&mrSm driver eJY toHk;cs Pprogramudk cGJajymvdk
ygw,f/In computing, a device driver or software
driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with ahardware device.
A driver typically communicates with thedevice through the computer bus orcommunications subsystem to which thehardware is connected.
&Sif;atmifajym&&if Bluetoothudk LaptoprSm wyfxm;w,f/ Driver qdkwm Bluetooth eJU Laptop udk tjyeftvSefcsdwfqufaqmif&Gufay;aom Program jzpfonf/
[kwfjyD Driver wifvdkufwJhtwGuf Laptop uBluetoothudkodoGm;jyD/ uRefawmf Phone u Bluetooth eJULaptopu Bluetoot csdwfjyD; zkef;xJuzdkifawGudk Laptop qDodkUTransfervkyfygr,f/ toHk;cs ProgramudkrwifcJhbl;qdk&ifLaptoponf zkef;rS Transfervkyfvdkufaomzkdifudk rnfodkU vufcHrnfenf;/
'gaMumifh InternetrSaomfvnf;aumif;? DriverCDrSaomfvnf;aumif; uRefawmfwdkU Driver rsm;wifvdkufaomtcg tcsdKUaom Hardware rsm;twGuf xkwfvkyfolrsm;onfDriveromru toHk;cs Programudkyg Install vkyfaponf/jrifomwJh Driver rsm;uawmh Video driver? Sound driver?Bluetooth driver wdkUjzpfonf/ ¤if; Driver rsm;wifvdkufygutqdkyg HardwaretwGuf toHk;cs ProgramwpfckygwifjyD;om;jzpfaeonfudk awGU&rnf/
odkUaomf Driver MagicianuJhodkhaom Softwarersm;eJU Driverrsm;udk Restorevkyfygu tqdkygtoHk;cs Programrsm;ygvmrnf r[kwfyg/ tqdkyg Programtm;xyfjyD; Installvkyfay;zdkUvdktyfygonf/
tcuftcJuif;&Sif;Muygap/NzdK;jrifYodef;
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www.myanmarfamily.org
jrefrmEkdifiHrSmvuf½SdtokH;jyKaewJh Internet connection
rsm;xJrS vlodrsm;NyD;awmh? txif½Sm;qkH;jzpfaewJh connection
trsdK;tpm;awGukdajymjyay;r,f/ yxrqkH;taeeJU tokH;jyKrnfholawG[m Internet connectiontokH;jyKawmhr,f qkd&if rdrdwkdUbmtwGufaMumifh Internet connection ukdtokH;jyKrSmvJqkdwmukdt&ifqkH;pOf;pm;&ygr,f/ Oyrm - website awGMunfhr,f? data awGukd download/ upload vkyfr,f (a'gif;r,f?wifr,fqkdwJhae&mrSm tenf;i,favmufyJ½SdwJh zkdifqkd'ftrsdK;tpm;ukdqkdvkdwmygcifAsm/) csufwif;vkyfr,f? arvf;ykdUr,f? uGefeuf½Sifaumif;&ifpum;ajymr,fqkd&ifawmh Dial-Up connection
trsdK;tpm;vkdrsdK;tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ 'grSr[kwftjcm;vkyfaqmifcsufawGaum? uGefysLwmukd (1)vkH;ruxufykdwJh(5)vkH;avmufudkInternet connection sharing vkyfNyD;okH;r,fqkd&ifawmhbroadband connection trsdK;tpm;xJu wpfckckukda½G;cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f/ company; office eJUtjcm; hotel, university
awGrSmqkd&ifawmh ADSL connectionukd speedenf;wJh[mrsdK;? rdrdwkdUcompanytvkdufb,fvkdtrsdK;tpm;okH;&ifykdtqifajyrvJqkdwmukdaocsm pOf;pm;NyD;awmhrS Internet
connection trsdK;tpm;awGukda½G;cs,fyg/ tJ'gqkd&ifawmhrdrdwkdUtwGuf taumif;rGefqkH; Internet connection&JU0efaqmifrIawGukd &½SdNyD;awmh pdwfauseyfrIukd jzpfay:apEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ atmufrSmuawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmtokH;rsm;NyD;awmhvlodrsm;aewJh Internet connection trsdK;tpm;awGukdazmfjyxm;wmjzpfygw,f/
(1) Dial-Up Connection (Dial-Up Connection
rSmaemufwpfrsdK; Internet & E-mail Dial-Up
Serviceukday;wJh Internet Connection trsdK;tpm;qkdwmvnf;½Sdygw,f/)
(2) iPSTAR Broadband Connection
(3) Broadband Wireless Local Loop
(WLL ConnectionvkdUac:ovkd? Broadband
connectionvkdUvnf;ac:ygw,f)(4) ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line) Broadband Connection
(5) ADSL 2 (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line 2) Broadband Connection
(6) ADSL 2+ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line 2+) Broadband Connection
(7) WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access) Connection
(8) Wi-Fi Wireless Connection wkdUjzpfygw,f/tay:rSmazmfjyxm;wJ h Internet connection
trsdK;tpm;tm;vkH;ukd ISP (Internet Service Provider) tjzpfvufcHNyD;awmh 0efaqmifrIay;aewmuawmh jrefrmhqufoG,fa&;(MPT: Ministry of Post and Telecommunication)
eJU BaganNetwkdUjzpfygw,f/ ,aeUtcsdeftcgrSmawmh(MyanTel)qkdNyD;awmh ISP tm;vkH;ukd ae&mwpfae&mwnf;uaepDrHaqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdygw,f/ atmufrSm Internet Connection
tm;vkH;twGuf A[kokw&atmifeJU jrefrmEkdifiHrSmtokH;rsm;aewJh Internet connection awGtaMumif;ukdwpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; avhvmvkdU&atmif &nf½G,fcsufeJU a&;jzpfwmjzpfygw,f/ tm;vkH;vnf; odNyD;om;jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfrSmyg/jrefrmEkdifiHrSm vuf½SdtokH;jyKaewJh Internet connectionrsm;xJuae tokH;rsm;NyD;awmh vlodrsm;wJh Internet
connectionbmtrsdK;tpm;awG½Sdw,f/ b,fvkdrsdK;tokH;jyKEkdifw,fqkdwJh A[kokwav;jzpfjzpf&atmifyg/ Internet
connectionawGtaMumif;ukdvnf; wpfae&mwnf;rSmA[kokwtaeeJUzwfvkdU&atmif ykHav;awG? pmav;awGeJUwwfEdkifoavmuftao;pdwfav; azmfjyay; xm;ygw,f/ rSm;aewJhtcsuftvufawGeJU tjcm;Munfhr&wJh tcsuftvufawG½Sd&if em;vnfcGifhvTwfNyD;awmh onf;cHay;MuygcifAsm/ ('guawmh ed'gef;ayghAsm . . . . )
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wpfckcsif;pD&JUtokH;jyKykHeJUtjcm;A[kokw½Sdwmav;awGukd qufzwfMunfh&atmif/1/ Dial-Up Connection
Dial-Up ConnectionukdtokH;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmhp&dwftoufomqkH;eJUtokH;jyKEkdifwJh Connection trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ yxrqkH;vkdtyfwmawGuawmh Desktop Computer
(okdU) Laptop; Phone Line (Digital Phone Line); Modem
and ISP (Internet Service ProviderukdvSrf;csdwfquftokH;jyKzkdUvkdtyfwJh Access Prepaid Dial-Up Kit)wkdUvkdtyfygw,f/ System RequirementtaeeJUvnf; odyftrsm;BuD;rvkdtyfygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;? Hard Disk Space; Memory ; OS
b,ftrsdK;tpm;&,fvkdU pdwfylaep&mrvkdygbl;cifAsm/ jrefrmEkdifiH&JUrnfonfhae&ma'owGifrqkd Computer; Digital Phone
Line; Modem; Access KitwkdU½Sdygutcsdefra½G;wyfqiftokH;jyKEkdifwJhConnection
trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,fcifAsm/Desktop Computer (or) Laptop
eJU Phone Line½SdNyDqkdwmeJU Modemukdt&ifqkH;½Sm&ygr,f/ bmjzpfvkdU Modem
vkdtyfvJqkd&ifawmh Computeruaeem;vnfvufcHwJh Digital Data (1,0) awGukdAnalog data (toH; voice)tjzpfajymif;ay;r,fh Mum;cHypönf;wpfckjzpfvkdU vkdtyfwmjzpfygw,f/ rdrdwkdUModem uae Analog data awGukd zkef;vkdif;uaewqifh tjcm;Modemukda&mufoGm;r,f/ NyD;awmhtjcm; Modem uaerdrdwkdUuGefysLwmawGqDukd Digital datatjzpf jyefvnfay;ykdUay;r,fht&mwpfcktjzpf Modemukd tokH;jyK&wmjzpfygw,f/Modem&JU Speedukdawmh Kbps(Kilo Bit Per Second)eJUowfrSwfygw,f/ Modem ypönf;0,fwkdif; olwkdU&JU emrnftrsdK;tpm;NyD;&if Data ykdUvTwfEkdifwJh Speed (52Kbps; 56Kbps
qkdNyD;awmh)ukd Modem bl;cGHay:rSmyg azmfjyxm;wwfMuygw,f/DesktoprSmqkd&ifawmh Modem ukdwyfqiftokH;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/ ModemrSmvnf; tokH;jyKEkdifwJhtrsdK;tpm;taeeJUInternal Modem eJU External ModemqkdNyD;awmhESpfrsdK;½Sdygw,f/ Internal Modemuawmh uGefysLwmtwGif;xJrSmPCI Expansion Slot wpfckwnf;rSmxnfhNyD;awmhtokH;jyKEkdifwJhBoardtrsdK;tpm;wpfckjzpfygw,f/ External ModemuawmhuGefysLwmab;rSmyJjzpfjzpf wpfae&m&mrSmwifxm;NyD;awmh
yvyfxkd;NyD;awmhtokH;jyK&wJh Boxav;eJUjzpfygw,f/ (Dial-Up
Connection Account wpfckwnf;ukd Sharing ay;NyD;awmhtokH;jyKcsifw,fqkd&ifawmh External ModemvkdrsdK; Boxav;ukd0,f,ltokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/) Internal Modemxuffenf;enf;aps;BuD;NyD;awmh SpeedeJeJenf;ygw,f/ trsm;qkH;uawmhrsufpd½Sif;oufomatmif Internal Modemukd tokH;jyKygw,f/Modem Card0,fwJhtcgrSmygvmwJh Modemukd rdrdwkdUuGefysLwmrSmtvG,fwulwyfqifNyD;awmh Modem Driver Install vkyfumModemukd pwiftokH;jyKEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ (Modem aumif;raumif;? tvkyfvkyfrvkyfodcsifw,fqkd&ifawmh Phone Line rSm
Modem BudK;ukdwyfNyD;awmh Dial Munfhyg/Modem uae toH½SnfvkdrsdK;Mum;&&ifawmhModem tvkyfvkyfw,f/ aumif;w,fqkdwmukdodEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/) LaptoprSmawmhModem[m wygwnf;ygwwfMuygw,f/Laptop Modemuawmh wpfcgwnf;yg0ifaevkdU Installvkyfp&mrvkdygbl;cifAsm/ ½kd;½kd;Modemxuf tenf;i,f SpeedjrefNyD;awmh zkef;vkdif;eJUcsdwfquf tokH;jyK&ifvnf;tvG,fwulcsdwfqufEkdifygw,f/
Phone LinetaeeJUuawmh Digital
Phone Linejzp f&yg hr,f/ Dial-Up
ConnectiontokH;jyKaewJhtcsdefrSmawmhzkef;ukd t0if? txGuf tm;vkH;ukdtokH;jyKvkdU
&EkdifrSmr[kwfygbl;/ zkef;vkdif;eJUcsdwfqufNyD;awmhtokH;jyKaewmjzpfvkdU zkef;vkdif;usyfwJh tcsdefawGrSmqkd&if ConnectionukdcsdwfqufzkdUtwGufawmh tcuftcJtenf;i,fawmh½SdEkdifygw,f/rdrdwkdUtdrfzkef;uae wqifhtokH;jyK&rSmjzpfvkdU ½kH;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;?tifwmeufqkdifeJU tjcm;zkef;tokH;jyKrIawGrsm;wJh reufykdif;eJUnaeykdif;rSmawmh Connection SpeeduaES;aewwfygw,f/ nykdif;eJUreufapmapm qkd&ifawmh Modem Speedtwkdif; Internet
Connection Speedukd tjynfht0eD;yg;tokH;jyKvkdU&EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/
ISP (Internet Service Provider)taeeJUuawmh Dial-Up ConnectiontwGuf Bagan Netuaea&mif;cswJh Access Kit ukd 0,f,lxm;zkdUvkdtyfrSmjzpfygw,f/Access Kitukd0,f,lzkdUtwGuf avSsmufvTmwifp&mrvkdygbl;cifAsm/ Internet Caférsm;? Storeqkdifrsm;eJU tjcm;uGefysLwmypönf; a&mif;cswJhqkdifrsm;rSm tvG,fwuleJU0,f,lvkdU&Edkifygw,f/Access Kit xJrSmwpfcgwnf;ygwJh User NameeJU Password
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ukd½kdufxnfhNyD;awmh Internet Connectionukd csdwfqufEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKcsifwJh Access KittcsdeftrsdK;tpm;(15em&D? em&D 30? em&D 60) ukdvkdufNyD;awmh 9000? 16000?28000 qkdNyD;awmh aps;EIef;trsdK;rsdK;eJU 0,f,ltokH;jyKvkdU&½SdEkdifygw,f/ Access KitxJrSm User Name and PasswordwkdUtjyif rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKaewJh Operating SystemtrsdK;tpm;tvkduf b,fvkdcsdwfquftokH;jyK&r,fqkdwmukdazmfjyay;xm;wJhpm½Gufav;vnf;yg0ifygw,f/ tckawmh atmufuvifhav;uaewqifh Dial-Up ConnectioncsdwfqufrIukd avhvmEdkifygw,fcifAsm/
1/ Start > Control Panel > Network Connection
ukda&mufatmifoGm;yg/ (okdU) Start > Connect to > Show
all Connectionuaevnf; wkduf½kdufoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ NyD;&ifawmh Network Connections Box xJukda&muf½SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ Network Connection boxxJrS New Tasks
atmuf½Sd Create a New Connection ukdESdyfyg/
2/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh New Connection Wizard
qkdwJh Boxav;wpfckay:vmrSmjzpfygw,f/
3/ Connect to the Internet ukd Green Ironbubble vkyfxm;ay;yg/ NyD;&if Nextukdqufvkyfyg/
4/ "Set up my connection manually"ukdGreen iron bubblea½G;ay;yg/ aemufNyD;&ifawmh NextukdqufNyD;awmh Clickqufvkyfyg/
5/ yxrqkH;"Connect using a dial up modem"ukda½G;cs,fvkdufyg/ NyD;&if NextukdqufESdyfyg/
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6/ ISP Nameae&mwGif "BganNet" okdUr[kwf"Myantel"udk½kdufxnfhay;yg/ xkdUaemuf NextukdqufvufESdyfay;yg/
7/ Phone numberae&mwGif (146)ukd½kdufxnfhyg/146 uaewqifh Internet Service ProviderukdtquftoG,fvkyfay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ 146 vkdif;ukdac:qkdNyD;tokH;jyKwJhtwGuf zkef;zkd;0efaqmifcudkay;&rSmr[kwfygbl;/
8/ xkdUaemuf Internet Account Information
ae&mwGif User Name eJU Passwordukd½kdufxnfhyg/ (User
Name and Passworduawmh Access kitxJrSmyg0ifwJh eHygwfav;rsm;jzpfygw,f/) Confrimjzpfatmif Password ukd aemufwpfBudrfjyef½kdufyg/ NyD;&if Next ukdqufvufoGm;yg/
9/ "Add a shortcut to this connection tomy desktop"ukd checkvkyfvkdU&ygw,f/ tJ'gqkd&ifawmhrdrd DesktoprSm Connection ykHpHav;wpfcka&mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ rxm;csifbl;qkd&ifvnf;&ygw,f/ DesktoprSm rxm;bl;qkd&if (Start>Connect to> BaganNet connection)qkdNyD;awmh tqifhqifhoGm;&ygr,f/ NyD;aemuf Finishukd clickvkyfvkdufyg/
10. FinishvkyfNyD;wmeJU "Connect Dial-up Connection"qkdNyD;awmh Boxav;wpfckusvmrSmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'D boxav;rSmProperties udk click vkyfyg/
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11/ xkd Properties box av;xJrS "Option" tag
av;ukdoGm;yg/
12/ "Option" tag atmuf½Sd Redialing Options
rSm Redial attempts, Time between redial attempts
and Idle time before hanging up box av;awGae&mwGifrdrdBuKdufESpfouf&ma½G;cs,f NyD;awmhtokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/
13/ xkdUaemufqufvufNyD; Networking tag ukdESdyfvkdufyg/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) ESifh QoS Packet
Scheduler wkdUukd checkvkyfay;yg/ NyD;&if Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) ukda½G;NyD;aemuf "Properties"ukdESdyfyg/ NyD;aemufOK ukd ESdyfyg/
14/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh Internet Protocol
Properties boxav;wpfckusvmrSmjzpfygw,f/ Obtain
an IP address automaticallyukd check vkyfay;yg/aemufawmh Use the following DNS server address
ukda½G;ay;yg/ NyD;aemuf 203.81.71.69 ESifh 203.81.71.73
wkdUukd½kdufxnfhxm;yg/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh OKukd clickvkyfvdkuf yg/aemufqkH;rSmawmh OK ukdESdyfvkdufyg/ xkdUaemuf Connect
Bagan Net Boxav; qDrSm½SdwJh Dial ukd Click vkyfvdkufyg/
tJ'DaemufrSm ModemeJU zkef;uaewqifh zkef;ac:ovkdrsdK;toH Mum;&NyD;awmh ModemrS toH½SnfukdMum;vkduf&NyD;qkdwmeJUInternet Connection csdwfqufrdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/zkef;vdkif;tm;r,fqkd&if (okdU) vkdif;½Sif;r,fqkd&ifawmh csufcsif;ukdInternet ukdcsdwfqufrdrSmjzpfygw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmawmh rdrdwkdU&JUComputer &JU Taskbar rSm ComputerESpfvkH;qifhykHav;eJUrD;av; vif;vkduf? arSmifvkdufjzpfum Bagan Net Connec-
tion is now ConnectedqkdwJh pmwrf;av;eJU Speed
(52Kbps; 54Kbps; 56Kbps)qkdwJh taMumif;av;ukdjyay;rSmjzpfygw,f/
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Dial Up Connection&JUtm;omcsufuawmh- trsm;BuD;odyfr½S dygbl;/ tdrfrSmtvG,fwultokH;jyKEk difw,f/tvG,fwul wyfqif&vkdUtcsdefukefjcif;eJU p&dwfpuoufomrSmjzpfygw,f/
Dial Up Connection&JU tm;enf;csufuawmh-Connection Speed u KbpsavmufyJ&awmh aES;w,fvkdYqkd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ zkef;vkdif;eJUwyfqifNyD;awmhtokH;jyK&vkdUzkef;vkdif;usyfwJhtcsdefawGqkd&if Connection Speed aES;r,f/Internet tokH;jyKaevkdU zkef;qufvkdUr&wmawG½Sdr,f/
atmufrSmawmh Internet; ISP; Phone Exchange;
Modem wkdU b,fvkdqufoG,fvJqkdwmukdjyxm;wJh ykHav;ukdavhvmMunfh&atmif/
aemuf...tay:rSmajymxm;wJhtwkdif;Dial-Up Connection
aemufwpfrsdK;jzpfwJh Internet & E-mail Dial Up Service
taMumif;av;ukdavhvmMunfh&atmif/ olUukdawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmBroadband ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;awGr½Sdwkef;u Company
tcsdKUESifh ½kH;tcsdKUrSm tokH;jyKcJh&wJh ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ tcktcsdefrSmawmh awmfawmfav;ukd rokH;Muovkd?odwJhvlawGvnf;odyfr½Sdawmhygbl;/ bmjzpfvkdUrokH;awmhvJqkdwmuawmh tckacwfrSm BroadbandwkdUvkdrsdK; Connection Speed
ykdjrefwJh[mawG xGufay:aevkdUjzpfygw,f/ Internet & Email
Dial Up Service ay;wJh ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;uawmh&efukefwpfckwnf;rSmyJ t&ifutokH;rsm;cJhw,f/ uGefeuf½SifSpeeduawmh Dial Up½kd;½kd;Connectionxuf tenf;i,fjrefwmuvGJNyD;awmh aps;BuD;ygw,f/ Internet&Email Dial Up ConnectionukdokH;r,fqkd&ifawmhMPTjzpfjzpf? Bagan NetrSmjzpfjzpf avSsmufvTm
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qkdNyD;awmh zkef;qufoG,ftokH;jyKaewmukdawGUzl;w,f/)iPSTAR Connectionukd vkdcsifw,fqkd&ifawmh MPTrSm
avSsmufxm; Ekdifygw,f/ qufoG,fa&;cufcJhwJhae&mawGrSmvkyfief;twGuf okH;r,fqkdvJ vkyfief;vkdifpifwkdU? vkdtyfwmawGwifjyNyD;awmh jrefrmqufoG,fa&;ukdavSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/tckawmh ykd;aumifav;odoavmufuawmh odyfrcsay;awmhygbl;/ iPSTAR Connection[m N*dKvfwkqufoG,fa&;pepfwpfckjzpfwmaMumifh zkef;vkdif;(Cable Phone Line)½Sdp&mrvkdygbl;/ olUrSm Internet; e-mail; Phone Line wkdUukd
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wcsdefwnf;? wNydKifeufwnf;tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ tcsdef;ra½G;(7days and 24 hours)aeUnrysuftokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/rD;rvm&ifawmifrS Watt (2000)avmuf½SdwJh tifAwm(okdUr[kwf)rD;pufwkdUjzifhvnf; tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ iPSTAR
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Speed eJU FeesaMu;awGuawmh -iPSTAR Broadband Connection Sharing
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Digital Phone twkdif;
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jrefwJhtwGuf Costuvnf; ay;&wmeJUwefatmiftokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ Data awGukd MB uefU owfcsufr½Sd Upload;
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ADSL Broadband Connection taMumif;av;!!!trsdK;tpm;uawmh vlwkdif;eJU&if;ESD;NyD;om;tm;vkH;vnf;
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[m 6MBavmuf&NyD;awmh Upload Speed uawmh 800Kb
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eJU Download Speedukd tokH;jyK&wmrwlvkdU tckvkdrsdK;owfrSwfNyD;awmh tifwmeufokH;&wmtqifajy vG,fulatmifjyKvkyfay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ ADSL 2 Broadband Connection
rSmqkd&ifawmh Download Speed u 8MBavmuf&NyD;awmh Upload
Speeduawmh 1MBtxd&ygw,f/ ADSL 2+
Broadband Connection rSmqkd&ifawmh Download Speedu 24MB avmuf&NyD; awmh Upload Speeduawmh 1MB
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Download SpeedawGeJU tck ykd;aumifav; ajymxm;wJh SpeedawG[muGmjcm;rI½SdEkdifygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdUvJqkdawmh olwkdUawGowfrSwfxm;wJh Speed
(pmawG xJrSm azmfjyxm;wJhSpeed)eJUvufawGU Speed
tokH;jyKMunfhwJhtcgrSm&wJh SpeedeJUrwlvkdU tenf;i,f uGmjcm;csufawmh½SdEkdifygw,f/)ADSL 2eJU ADSL 2+
rSmbmaMumifh ADSL ConnectioneJUSpeedcsif; rwl&vnf;qkd&ifawmhADSL 2eJU ADSL 2+rSmokH;xm;wJh Modulation
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techniqueajymif;vJtokH;jyKxm;vkdUjzpfygw,f/ ADSL 2eJUADSL 2+rSmqkd&ifokH;wJh Frequencyu t&rf;jrifhoGm;NyD;awmhUpload /Download Speed ukd cHEkdif&nfykd½SdvmvkdUjzpfygw,f/ ADSL rSmvkd zkef;tdwfcsdef;eJU tuGmta0;ukd*½kpkduf&ayr,fhADSL 2 eJU ADSL 2+ rSm tuGm;ta0;vnf; enf;enf;us,fjyefUoGm;vkdUjzpfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tckqkd&ifADSL Connection;
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aemufykHav;wpfykHrSmawmh ISPuae Phone; Modem
wkdUukdtokH;jyKNyD;awmh ADSL Broadband ConnectionukdtokH;jyKxm;ykHav;jzpfygw,f/ trsm;qkH;uawmh ½kH;awGrSmtokH;rsm;ygw,f/ Cyber café tcsdKUrSmvnf; ServerawGxm; NyD;awmhokH;Ekdifygw,f/
atmufuaemufqkH;ykHav;uawmh ADSL Connec-
tion ukd ModemeJUzkef;vkdif;wkdUukdtokH;jyKNyD;awmh Con-
nection csdwfqufxm;ykHjzpfygw,f/ zkef;tdwfcsdef;rSm DSLAM
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way uae SwitchawG? RouterawGtokH;jyKNyD;awmhuGefysLwmawGeJU csdwfqufxm;wmjzpfygw,f/ DSLAM[mqkd&ifw,fvDzkef;vkdif;xJrSm Speed tjrefqkH; Frequency jzifhvmwJhSignalawGukdcGJxkwfNyD;awmh ADSL Modem ukdcsdwfqufzkdUtwGuf vkyfaqmifcsufukdvkyfaqmifay;EkdifwJh Device trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/
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ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) Modem
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vkdygw,f/ Modem eJU Network ukdufnDrItwGuf ppfaq;r,fqkd&ifvnf; vmxm; ykdufqHygyJ/ prf;oyfcoabmrsdK; aiGay;aqmif&rSmjzpfygw,f/ t&ifuqkd&ifawmh BaganNet rSmyJolwkdUa&mif;wJh Modem ukd0,fNyD;awmh olwkdUqDrSmyJ Configuration vkyf&ygw,f/ tjyifu 0,f,ltokH;jyKwJh Modem awGukd BaganNet
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trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ VoIP Phoneukdvnf; Connection
vkdif;wpfvkdif;rSm wpfvkH; (okdU) ESpfvkH;txd avSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/VoIP zkef;&JUaumif;wJhtcsufuawmh Copper Wire
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Connection Service taeeJU Class(5)rsdK;½SdNyD;awmh Speed
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[m Always on ConnectionjzpfvkdU tjcm; taESmifht,SufawG½SdEkdifyg/ 'guvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHtwGufqkd&ifawmh tenf;i,fpdwfrylvnf;&ygw,f/WiMax Connection (Worldwide Interoperability
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WiMax Connection qkdwmuawmh w,fvDzkef;vkdif;awmifrvkdygbl;/ w,fvDzkef;vkdif;r½SdawGyg tokH;jyKEkdifwJhConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ Internet Munfh½IEkdifonhftjyif Internet Protocol tajccHw,fvDzkef;vkdif;jzpfwJhVoIP zkef;awGrSmawmif vsifjrefwJhtjrefEIef;eJUtokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/w,fvDzkef;r½SdolawGtaeeJUvnf; Internet Connection tjyifVoIP zkef;vkdif;wpfvkdif;uaeESpfvkdif;txd tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/WiMax Connection [mBudK;rJhqufoG,fa&;ukd okH;xm;wJhtwGuf ae&mtuGmta0;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;txd qufoG,ftokH;jyKEdkifvkdUADSL Broadband ConnectionESifh Broad-
band Wireless Local Loop Connection wkdUvkdrsdK;Cable awG? Ethernet BudK;awGzkd; ukefusp&dwfoufomEkdifygw,f/ WiMax Connection [mqkd&if udk Base to many
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ykd;aumifav; WiMax Connection ukdawmh 256Kbps
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wpfckuae wpfcgawmh avhvmzl;ygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ykd;aumifav;odxm;wJh tenf;i,ftcsuftvufawGeJU tGefvkdif;uaeWimax Connection taMumif;ukd MARTvkdUac:wJhMinnesota Association For
Rural
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Telecommunications uaejyKvkyfxm;wJh PowerPoint
eJU Introduction WiMax Technology pmtkyfawGuaeavhvmNyD;awmh tenf;i,fa&;xm;ay;wmjzpfygw,f/
Minnesota Association For Rural Telecom-
munications &JU PowerPoint rSmawmh WiMax
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http://ifile.it/cq9m0hk
Introduction to WiMax Technology
rSmqkd&ifawmh WiMax Connection ay:aygufvmykHutptao;pdwfuk d½ Si f;jyxm;ygw,f/ atmufuvif hav;rSmzwfEkdifygw,f/
http://ifile.it/4w7lhk2
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Connection ukd Base Station wpfckxm;NyD;awmhvSrf;csdwfxm;ykHukd Internet uae ,lxm;NyD;awmh tm;vkH;MunfhvkdufwmeJUem;vnfEkdifwJhykHav;ukdazmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
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Connection ( ADSL
Broadband Connection
Broadband Wireless
Local Loop Connection
wkdUukdqkdvkdwmjzpfygw,f/) www.myanmarfamily.org
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awGavmufawmh pdwfcsvkHjcKHrIawmhr&ygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh tykdukefusrIp&dwftenf;i,fawmh½SdrSmyg/ Wireless Connecion rSmvkHNcKHrI½Sdatmifrvkyfxm;bl;qkd&ifawmh rdrdwkdU&JU tcsuftvufwcsdKUESihfNetworkukd tvG,fwuleJU olwyg;u&,loGm;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ Wireless Network vkHNcKHrI½Sd&eftwGufqkd&if Router
ukdvnf; tokH;jyKxm;oifhygw,f/ rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKwJh Router
rSmvnf; PasswordcHNyD;awmhtokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ 0,fwkef;uqkdifuay;xm;wJh Router PasswordukdtokH;rjyKbJeJU rdrdbmom Password awGajymif;okH;NyD;awmhvnf; tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ Router &JU Passwordukdajymif;csifw,fqkd&if rdrdwkdUbmomajymif;vJvkdU&ygw,f/ Router 0,f,lxm;wkef;uygwJhpm½Gufav;uwnf;u nTefMum;csuftwkdif;vkdufvkyfNyD;awmhajymif;vJEkdifygw,f/ aemufwpfckuawmh SSID Name awG[mtvG,fwuleJU½SmazGawGU½SdEkdifvkdU Router uae SSID Name
awGukdvnf; 0Sufxm;ay;EkdifwJhvkyfaqmifcsufukdtokH;jyKNyD;awmhSSID NameawGukd 0Sufxm;Ekdifygw,f/ SSID NameawGukdtrsm;qkH;tokH;jyKwmuawmh Home; Linksys wkdU peer to
peer homewkdUjzpfwmaMumifh tJ'DemrnfukdawGukd Router uaewqifh0Sufxm;NyD;awmh tokH;jyKEk difygw,f/ Network
ConnectionukdcsdwfqufwJhvlwkdif; okdUr[kwf ypönf;wkdif;ukdrdrdwkdU&JU ukd,fykdif Password awGxm;NyD;awmh tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ tJ'Dvkdom Router awG? Password awGtokH;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmh rdrdwkdU Network ConnectiontwGuf vkHNcKHrIukdawmhtenf;i,fumuG,fay;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ Wireless Network
ukd tokH;jyKawmhr,fqkd&if rdrdwdkUtokH;jyKwJh Desktop Computer
rSmyJjzpfjzpf? Laptop rSmyJjzpfjzpf Network Adapter
awmh½S dz k d Uvk dtyfr Smjzpfygw,f/ Desktop Computer
awGtwGufqkd&if Network Adapter rygcJhbl;qkd&ifawmh USB
Wireless Adapterukd 0,f,ltokH;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Laptop
tm;vkH;eD;yg;rSmawmh Wireless Netowrk AdapterawGygwwfygw,f/ Wireless USB AdaptereJU Wireless USB Adapter
awGrSmqkd&if USB cGJa&;xm;wJh? ra&;xm;wJhtay:rlwnfNyD;awmhvnf; xkwfvTwfay;EkdifrItuGmta0;eJU GHz band uvnf;ae&mtuGmta0;ukdvkdufNyD;awmh uGmjcm;wwfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhUSB Adpater 0,fr,fqkd&ifvnf; aocsmar;jref;pkH;prf;NyD;
awmhrS 0,f,loifhygw,f/ Wireless
Wi-Fi Network ukdcsdwfquftokH;jyKawG[mvnf; rdrdwdkUcsdwfqufxm;wJh Access PointokdU Hotspots
½SdwJhae&mawGuaewqifh ae&mtuGmta0; tenf;trsm;ukdvkdufNyD;awmhBudK;rJhtokH;jyKEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ Wi-Fi
Hotspots qkdwm bmvJqkd&ifawmh Wireless Local Area
Network Connection ukdtajccHxm;NyD;awmh tifwmeufcsdwfqufrIukd&EkdifwJhae&mukdac:wmjzpfygw,f/ tckqkd&ifawmhzkef;awGrSmawmif Wi-Fi ConnectionukdtokH;jyKaeygNyD/jrefrmEkdifiHrSmqkd&ifawmh 2009ESpfpavmufujzpfr,fxifw,fWi-Fi ConnectionukdpwiftokH;jyKwmjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifhWireless Connection okH;r,fqkd&if olU&JUtm;omcsufuawmhLaptop/Desktop Computer tm;vkH;ukd tcef;wpfcef;okdUtdrfwpftdrfxJrSm a½GUajymif;oGm;NyD;awmh tokH;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmifNetwork Connectionu jywfawmufrI½SdrSmr[kwfygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh tjcm; Cable Connection awGxyfp&m BudK;zkd;ukefp&mrvkdwJhtjyif tvG,fwulcsdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/aemufwpfcku Wireleess Network Connection&JUtm;enf;csufuawmh rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKxm;wJh Wirelesss Router
trsdK;tpm;ukdvkdufNyD;awmh tJ'D RouterawG&JUowfrSwfxm;wJhtuGmta0;twGif;rSmyJ Network Connectionukd csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ Wireless Router awGxJrSm owfrSwfxm;wJhtuGmta0;ukdausmfoGm;&ifawmh Networkukd csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifrSmr[kwfygbl;/atmufuykHav;uawmh Wireless Connectionukd csdwfquftokH;jyKxm;ykHav;jzpfygw,f/ tifwmeufuae½SmazGxm;wmjzpfygw,f/
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Wi-Fi eJU WiMax Connection wkdU&JUtenf;i,fjcm;em;csufav;awGu [kdw,f (Trader Hotel)? avqdyf (Yangon) wkdUrSmWi-Fi Hotspot awGxm;NyD;awmh tifwmeufeJU BudK;rJhcsdwfqufEkdifatmif tokH;jyKxm;wJh Wi-Fi pepf[mtuGmta0;tenf;i,favmufuae csdwfqufawmhrS qufoG,ftokH;jyKvkdU&rSmjzpfygw,f/ WiMax Connection rSmqkd&ifawmh rkdif (30)tuGmta0;uae qufoG,fNyD;awmh tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ Data
Transfer rate uvnf; Wi-Fi Connectionxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm ykdygw,f/
Intel Company uae Wi-Fi ConnectioneJUWiMax Connection wkdU&JUtuGmta0; oufa&mufEIef;ukdjyxm;wJhyHkav;jzpfygw,f/ 'DykHav;ukdvnf; Internet uae½SmazGay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/
Wireless ConnectiontaMumif;ukdvnf; ykd;aumifav;avhvmjzpfwmuawmh &efukefrSm Password rcHxm;bJeJUtokH;jyKEkdifwJh eHrnfBuD;[kdw,fwpfckukd taMumif;wkdufqkdifpGmProject av;wpfckvkyf&if;uae Wi-Fi Connection taMumif;ukd tenf;i,favhvmrdcJhw,f/ tJ'Duae tenf;i,fA[kokw&½SdcJhw,f/ NyD;awmh MICT rSm WiFi Connection taMumif;Seminar wpfckukd oGm;em;axmif&ifeJU IEEE 802.11 trsdK;tpm;awGukdodcGifh&cJhw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'D Connection taMumif;av;ukd ykd;aumifav; &½SdcJhwJhA[kokwtay:rlwnfNyD;awmh a&;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ trSm;rsm;? tjcm;vkdtyfcsufrsm;½Sdyguvnf;em;vnfcGifhvTwfay;Muyg&ef/
tckqkd&ifawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmtokH;jyKEkdifwJhConnection
awGtm;vkH;taMumif; tenf;i,fawmhA[kokwtaejzifh odoGm;Mur,fvkdUxifygw,f/ ykd;aumifav; 'DConnection taMumif;awGukda&;jzpfwm wu,fvufawGUrSmavhvm NyD;awmh &cJhwJh
A[kokwawGxJuae jyefNyD;awmha&;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ykd;aumifav; IT Diploma wufcJhwJh (2004)ckESpfrSm q&muaeDialUp; iPSTAR; Wireless Broadband Local Loop eJUADSL Connection taMumif;awGukd wpfckcsif;pD avhvmNyD;awmh q&mqDrSmjyefwifjy&ygw,f/ tJ'D ConnectionawGtokH;jyKwJhae&mawGtxd oGm;NyD;awmhavhvmNyD;awm ha&;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ q&muajymjyxm;vkdU 'Dvkda&;Ekdifwmr[kwfygbl;/q&muae ta½SUuenf;enf; Knowledgeay;w,f/ ykd;aumifav;wkdUukd,fwkdif Internet qkdifawG? Company awGukdoGm;NyD;awmhavhvm&w,f/ we*FaEGtywfwkdif; tJ'D Connection trsdK;tpm;wpfrsdK;taMumif;ukd Assignmentwif&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifhvnf; 'Davmufa&;xm;Ekdifwmjzpfygw,f/ ykHawGukdvnf;udk,fwkdifqGJxm;wmjzpfygw,f/ WiMax eJU Wi-Fi uawmh 2004
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eJU Wi-Fi Connection taMumif;av;awGukd xyfavhvmrdwmyg/ 'DConnection taMumif;a&;xm;wJhae&mrSm trSm;rsm;eJUtjcm;vkdtyfcsufrsm;½S d&ifvnf; em;vnfay;MuygcifAsm/ykd;aumifav;odoavmuf OmPfav;eJUa&;xm;wmjzpfvkdUvkdtyfcsufawG½Sdr,fqkd&ifvnf; tm;vkH;ukd em;vnfvufcHay;MuygcifAsm/ tm;vkH;tqifajyygapcifAsm/ Internet Connection
rsm;xJrSmtqifajyvG,fulpGmtokH;jyKEkdifygap/
aumif;aomaeUav;jzpfygap/ykd;aumifav;/(poekaunglay87)
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Parallel computers trsdK;tpm;taeeJY(2)rsdK;&Sdygw,f/tJ'D parallel architectures rsm;uawmh
Shared memory multiprocessor
Distributed memory multicomputer
wkdUjzpfMuygonf/ Parallel architectures taMumif;ukd atmufwGif qufvufazmfjyxm;ygw,f/
uRefawmftck a&;om;azmfjyrnfh taMumif;t&monfProcessors(3)vkH;ukd wpfjydKifeuftokH;jyKjyD; Computer
Program ykpäm jzpfaom MPI program ukd Execute vkyfygrnf/Execute vkyf&mwGif Processor wpfvkH;rS tjcm;wpfvkH;qDokdYDatarsm;ukd tjyeftvSefykd Y,laqmif&Gufonf/ xkdokd Yaomy&kd*&rfrsm;ukd Parallel computing vkyfzkdhtwGuf OS tjzpfLinux OS ukdtokH;jyKxm;ygonf/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh Linux
onf Multiuser, Multitasking and Multiprocessing jzpfonfhtjyif SMP(Symmetrical Multiprocessing) Support
jzpfonfhtwGuf Memory managementygvkyfekdifonf/ C,
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rsm;? Utilitiesrsm;ukdvnf; Supportvkyfay;Ekdifygonf/ Parallel
programming Issues&Jh &nfrSef;csufuawmh Execution time
awGukd Reduce vkyfzkdYygyJ/ Execution time awGuawmhComputation time
Idel time (watiting for data from other
processors)
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take to send and receive messages)
wkdYjzpfMuygonf/,cktcsdeftcgrSm Parallel programs rsm;ukd wGufcsuf
taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufzkdYtwGuf Various linguisticrsm;&Sdygonf/ xkdokdY wGufcsufaqmif&Guf&ef Parallel programming
modelawGvkdtyfygonf/ Parallel programming model
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models? ¤if;wkdY[m process awG ukd wpfNyKdifeufaqmif&Guf&mrSmtjyeftvSefaqmif&GufEkdif&ef ESifY Parallel program system
awGukd tqkH;owf taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufay;EkdifwJYSoftware Technologiesrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ tJ'gawGtm;vkH;[m High level languages &JU Parallel program systems
ay:taNccHxm;ygonf/ Parallel programming models rsm;&JULibraries awGuawmY
POSIX Threads
MPI
SHMEM
PVM
TBB
KAAPI wkdYjzpfMuygonf/azmfjyyg Libraries rsm;xJrS MPI (Massage passing
Interface)qkdwJY Programming modelukd Testvkyfí a&;om;azmfjyygrnf/ MPI taMumif;ukd a&;om;razmfjyrD Advantages
of Parallel ProgrammingeJ Y Parallel Computer
Architectures taMumif;ukd tenf;usOf;a&;om;vkdufygonf/Parallel computing Field onf tvGefus,fjyefYonfY Field
jzpfonfYtwGuf uRefawmfYtaeeJY vkdtyfcsufrsm;pGm&SdEkdifygaomaMumifh pmzwfolrsm;taeeJY em;vnfrIay;Ekdifyg&ef arwåm&yfcHygonf/
Advantages of Parallel Programming qdkwmbmawGvJ¿ Need to solve larger problems
o more memory intensive
o more computation
o more data intensive
Parallel programming provides
o more CPU resources
o more memory resources
o solve problems that were not
possible with serial program
o solve problems more quickly
Parallel Computing qkdwm Computer Program ykpäm(1)yk'fukd Executevkyf&eftwGuf rsm;pGmaomProcessorta&wGufrsm; wpfjydKifeuftokH;jyKxm;jcif;vkdY t"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdekdifygonf/ ajrmufrsm;pGmaom wGufcsufrIqkdif&mykpäm? ProblemawGukd wpfNyKdifeufajz&Sif;wGufcsufay;edkifwJh Computation formjzpfovkd BuD;rm;aomwGufcsufrlqkdif&my&kd*&rf? ykpmä? Problemrsm;ukdvnf; ao;i,faomtpdwftykdif;tjzpf cGJa0pdwfykdif;jyD; wpfNyKdifeufwGufcsufajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufay;EkdifwJh Computation formjzpfygw,f/
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Parallel Computer Architectures qkdwmbmvJ¿Parallel Computer Architectures twGuf tajccH
Architectures (2)rsKd;&Sdygonf/ Distributed Memory (Ex.Compute cluster & PC) ESifh Shared Memory ComputerwdkYjzpfygw,f/ Distributed Memory (Ex. Computecluster) qdkonfrSm uGefysLwmrsm;onf tNrJwrf; Networkswitch rSwqifh Connect vkyfygonf/ Network udkausmfíProcessor (1)vHk;rS tjcm; Processor (1)vHk;pD Data flowsvkyfygonf/
Each processor has its own memory addresses and data has to be sent from one processor to another
Collection of computers which may be dual or quad-core nodes
Each node uses its own local memory Work together to solve a problem Communicate between nodes and cores
via messagesnodes are networked together (ykHwGifMunfY&ef/)
Shared Memory Computer qkdonfrSm DatauGefysLwm (1)vkH;rS tjcm;uGefysLwm (1)vkH;okdY ay;ykdY&efrvkdyg/
All processors share the same “memory addresses”
Multiple processors Share a global memory space Processors can efficiently exchange/share
data (ykHwGifMunfY&ef/)
aemufqk H ; Parallel Computers mixedshared/distributed memory architectureuawmYNodes rsm;rSm Processor (1)vkH;xufyk díyg&Sdygw,f/ProcessorsawGuawmY Dual/quad-core processorsrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ tcktcsdeftcgrSm Parallel systems ESifYInstrument (Tool) trsKd;tpm;rsm;jzpfwJY DistributedMemory system (Ex. Compute cluster) ESif YShared Memory Computer systemawGukd zef;wD;aqmif&GufEkdifzkd YtwGuf ykdjyD;txif&Sm;ausmfMum;qkH;jzpfwJYInstrument (Tool)rsm;uawmY OpenMP ESifY MPI wkdYyJjzpfygw,f/ tNcm;aom System ESifY Instrument rsm;vnf;&SdMuyg aomfvnf; ykdrkdus,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKwmuawmY OpenMPESifh MPI wkdYyJjzpfMuygonf/
MPI qkdwmbmvJ¿vkd&if;eJ Y twkd&Sif;qkH;ajym&&ifawmY MPI qkdwm
Processes rsm;ukd Parallel computing vkyfzkd YtwGufus,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKwJY Programming enf;ynmwpfckyg/ProcessesawGukd wpfcsdefwnf;wpfjyKdifwnf; wGufcsuf aqmif&GufaecsdeftwGif; Information (send/receive data)awGukdtjyeftvSefajymif;vJykdYay;wJ Interface wpfckvkdY t"dyÜm,fzGifYqkd&yg&ap/ Process wkdif;[m olY&JU own local variablesawG&SdMuw,f/ MPI on parallel programs awGu createvkyfzkdY ESif distributed memory Architecture (clustersor pc) jzifYvkyfxm;aom computing(computer)systemsrsm;twGuf us,fjyefYpGmzef;wD; tokH;jyKzkdYjzpfygonf/ Distributedmemory qkdwmbmvJ¿ Distributed memory computertaMumif;ukd txufrSm azmfjycJY jyD;jzpfygonf/ MPI programa&;om;zkdYtwGuf (Support) taxmuftuljyKwJh Library offunctions uawmY (C/C++) okYdr[kwf Subroutines(Fortran) Programming languages wkdYjzpfygw,f/
bmaMumifY MPI ukd Parallel computingtwGuftokH;jyKwmvJ¿
MPI onf Parallel programs awGukd Express vkyfzkdYtwGuf
PowerfulEfficientPortable wayrsm;ukd provides vkyfay;aom
aMumifY tokH;jyKNcif; jzpfygonf/
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Message Passing tvkyfvkyfykH
tckpmapmifrSm uRefawmfYtaeeJY WELCOMEvkdY trnfay;xm;wJY Simple MPI programav;udk Test vkyfwmukdazmfjyoGm;ygrnf/
MPI program Testing vkyfzkdYtwGufjyifqifNcif;/Distributed Memory Computer Architecture
Systemukd tokH;jyKwGufcsufaqmif&GufrSmjzpfonfYtwGufuRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY uGefysLwmta&twGufonf (1)vkH;ESifYtxufwGifom&Sd&ygrnf/ okdYjzpfygí uRefawmfYtaeeJY (PC-1)
P-4 3.2GHz, (PC-2) P-4 3.0GHz, (PC-3) P-4 3.2GHz
qkdNyD; uGefysLwm(3)vkH;ukd a&G;cs,fvkdufygonf/ a&G;cs,fxm;aomuGefysLwm(3)vkH;ukd csdwfqufjyD; MPI program a&G;cs,fxm;aom uGefysLwm(3)vkH;ukd csdwfqufjyD; Parallel ajz&Sif;wGufcsufrSm jzpfygw,f/ Local(LAN) twGif;rSm wGufcsufrIawGaqmif&GufjyKvkyfrSmjzpfvkdY Switch wpfvkH; ESifY RJ45 cable
rsm;vnf;vkdtyfygonf/ csdwfqufajz&Sif;aqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmrsm;wGif Usersrsm;taeeJY tifwmeufyg tokH;jyKcsifw,fqkd&ifawmY tifwmeuf&wJY uGefysLwm(1) vkH;rS Bulid in ygvmcJhwJYNIC (NETWORK INTERFACE CARD) u'ftjyif aemufxyfNIC wpfu'f xyfNyD;wyfvkdufyg/ Straight-through Cable
rsm;eJY NIC to Switch-Switch to Computer-Computer
to Switch csdwfqufNcif;jzifY tifwmeufukd sharevkyfjyD;tokH;jyKEkdifygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY a&G;cs,fxm;aom uGefysLwmrsm;wGif OS tjzpf Linux Fedoraudk Installation vkyfxm;ygonf/ pmzwfolrsm;taeeYJ Operating System “Linux” &JUFile structure wnfaqmufykH Command line interface
rSm tokH;jyKwJY Commandrsm;eJY Shell scriptrsm; a&;om;ykHawGukdtuGßrf;w0if&if;ESD;aer,fqkd&if tck uRefawmfwkdY Test vkyfr,fYtaMumif;t&mukd tvG,fwulem;vnfEkdifygonf/ &if;ESD;uGßrf;0ifrIr&Sdaom pmzwfolrsm;ukdvnf; uRefawmfYtaeeJY twwfEkdifqkH;em;vnfEkdifatmif Capture pic av;awGeJY azmfjyay;xm;ygonf/ uRefawmfYtaeeJY Testvkyf&mrSm tokH;jyKoGm;wJY Commands
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rsm;ukd Detail r&Sif;jyawmYygbl;/ tqifYwkdif;wGif tm;vkH;em;vnfEkdifatmif a&;om;xm;ygonf/1/ yxrqkH; tqifYaeeJY uRefawmfwdkY MPI program udkInstall vkyfygr,f/ Linux {/f Source code wGif rpm,
dpkg, tar, tgzponfwkdYrSwqifY Compilation vkyfonfukdod&SdjyD; jzpf&ygrnf/ /usr/local/ xJrSm MPI programukdinstall vkyfrSm jzpfwJYtwGuf mkdir MPI qkdjyD; directory
(Floder)av;wpfck zef;wD;xm;ygw,f/ /home/moelwin/
Desktop/MPI_pack xJu mpich-1.2.7.tar.gz ukd MPI
qkdwJY uRefawmfwkdY Create vkyfxm;wJhDirectoryxJ Copy
vkyfvkdufygw,f/ Copy vkyfxm;aom Packageukd command
tar(Tape archive format)ukdtokH;jyKjyD; –zxvof (option)
jzifY Unzip vkyfvkdufygonf/ ( As knowledge-> tar format
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif Source codersm;ygvmwwfjyD; rdrdpufay:wGifjyefjyD; Compile vkyfay;&ygonf/ okdYrSom Execute
vkyfEkdifonfY Binary file xGufvmrnf jzpfonf/ Source
codersm;ygvmonfqkdaomfvnf; Binary filersm;vnf;ygvmwwfygonf/ Source codexnfYay;&Ncif;rSm pufwkdif;wGifOperate vkyfEkdif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifY tar format
wGif Source code onf PrimaryjzpfjyD; Binary fileonfSecondry jzpfonf/) ykHwGifMunfYyg/
2/ Unzip vkyfjyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY mpich-1.2.7
qkdwJY FilexGufvmygonf/ &&Sdvmaom mpich-1.2.7 file
xJrS Binary files rsm;jzpfaom configure ESifY makelinks
udk command pipe (‘|’), tee wkdYjzifY Configuration ESifYMake vkyfvkdufygonf/ ykHwGif Configuration completed
jzpfjyD;aemuf Make vkyfygonf/ ykHwGifMunfYyg/
3/ Make jyKvkyfjyD;aemuf mpich-1.2.3xJrS bin/ &Sd&mokdYoGm;ygonf/ mpich-1.2.7 /examples/basic/ atmufwGifhello++.ccqkdwJY MPI program &Sdygw,f/ qkdvkdcsifwmuawmYtJ'D hello++.ccqkdwJY Programukd bin/ xJwGif mpiCC
command jzifY Compile vkyf&efjzpfygonf/ ykHwGifMunfYyg/./mpiCC ../examples/basic/hello++.cc –o hello.out
qkdjyD; Compilevkyfxm;ygonf/ (-o) optiononf binxJwGifhello++.o ay:ap&efjzpfjyD; J hello.outonf uRefawmfwkdYresult (output) &zkdYtwGuf Run&rnfY Program name
jzpfygonf/ (./)onf ,ckvuf&Sd tvkyfvkyfaeaom directory
atmufwGif tvkyfvkyfvkyfrnf[k ajymNcif;jzpfygonf/
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4/ CompilevkyfjyD;ygu bin/ xJwGif hello++.o file ESifYbinary file (.exe) jzpfaom hello.out awGY&ygrnf/ hello.out
qkdwJY .exe file ukd binxJwGif RunEkdif&ef uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJYPATH vrf;aMumif;ay;&ygr,f/ ykHwGifMunfYyg export qkdjyD;bin xJokYd PATH vrf;aMumif;ay;xm;ygonf K PATH
vrf;aMumif;ay;jyD;aemuf mpirun qkdjyD; hello.out qkdwJY .exe
ukd Runvkdufygonf/ mpirun hello.out ae&mwGif ./hello.out
qkdí tpm;xkd; Execution vkyfEkdifygonf/ mpirun hello.out
qkdjyD; Run vkdufaomtcg Hello World! I am 0 of 1 qkdjyD;Output xkwfay;wmukd awGY&ygonf/ ykHwGifMunfYyg/ uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY PCwpfvkH;xJrSmyJ RunvkdY Processukd 0 of 1 qkdjyD;jyxm;ygonf/ Parallel computingjzpfvkdY uRefawmfwkdY taeeJYuGefysLwm (2)vkH;? (3)vkH;? tp&SdojzifY wpfNyKdifwnf; y&kd*&rfukdRun Ekdifatmifaqmif&Gufygrnf/ uRefawmfuawmY uGefysLwm(5)vkH;xdcsdwfjyD; Testvkyfzl;ygw,f/ tck TestrSmawmY (3)vkH;aygYAsm/ tJ'DvkdcsdwfqufjyD; Programukd Execution vkyfEkdifzkdYtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY taeeJY RSH serverukd zef;wD;&ygr,f/RSH-server qkdwmbmvJ ¿ rsh-server package xJrSmSet of programsawGyg0ifw,f? tJ'D Programsrsm;uuRefawmfwkdY Users awGukd bmawGaqmif&GufcGifYjyKEkdifovJqkdawmYpufawGukd Remote vkyfEkdif? tjcm;pufrsm;odkY LoginvkyfEkdif?pufawGMum;rSm Filesrsm;u CopyvkyfEkdifwJY Command awGudkRunEkdifatmifcGifYjyKay;xm;ygonf/ (respectively commands
rsm;uawmY -> rsh, rlogin, and rcp )/tJ'D Commands
(3)ckvkH; [m rhosts style authentication ukdtokH;jyKonf/
servers rsm;yg0ifygonf/
5/ RSH Server ukd zef;wD;zkdYtwGuf Remote admin
rsm;jzp faom xinetd-2.3.14.10.el5.1386.rpmESi f Yrsh-server-0.17-37.el5.1386.rpm Servicesrsm;ukduRefawmfwkdY OS installationvkyfxm;wJYacGxJrSm tJ'D Package
rsm;udk Installvkyfygr,f/ InstallvkyfzkdY twGuf /bin xJwGifmount point (/mnt/cdrom)wpfck Createvkyfonf/Create vkyfxm;aom mount point xJokdY /dev/cdrom /
mnt/cdrom qkdjyD; command mount –t iso9660 jzifYmount vkyfvkdufygonf/ iso9660 qkdwmuawmY File type
jzpfygonf/ mountvkyfjyD;ygu uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY tJ'Dservices
(2)ckukd Installvkyfygrnf/ InstallvkyfrnfY Command uawmYrpm (Redhat package management) jzpfygonf/ xkdokdYInstallvkyf&mwGif uRefawmfwdkY InstallvkyfvkdaomServicesrsm;onf rdrdwkdYwifxm;aom Linux OStvkduf Directory ae&mtrsKd;rsdK;wGif&Sdaewwfygonf/ Oyrm/ tckykHwGifjyxm;wmuawmhRedhat 5 Server OS twGufjzpfygonf/ Fedoraqkd&ifb,fvkdajymif;oGm;rvJqkd&ifawmY rpm –ivh /mnt/cdrom/
Fedora/RPMS/xinetd-2.3.14-10.el5.1386.rpm qkdjyD;ajymif;vJoGm;ygrnf/ rdrdwkdY wifxm;aom OSay:wGifrlwnfí&Sdaewwfygonf/
6/ aemufwpfqifY taeeJY uRefawmfwdkY IP address awGukdcreate vkyfygr,f/ykHwGifMunfYyg/ uGefysLwm(3)vkH;qkdawmYuRefawmf IP addressu 192.168.1.2aygY? usefwJY pufawGrSmuawmY 192.168.1.3 eJY 192.168.1.4 jzpfygrnf/
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J’D package xJrSm all of these services twGuf vkdtyfwJY
7/ atmufuykHrSmuawmY Ethernet devicesukdjyxm;ygonf/
8/ atmufuykHawGrSmuawmY uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY DNS ESifYHostsnamersm;ukda&;jyxm;ygonf/ Hostsname ESifY IP
addressukda&;xnfY&mwGif Programukd Executionvkyf&mwGifyg0ifrnfY uGefysLwmrsm;&JU Hostsname ESifY IP addressrsm;jzpfygonf/ yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;wGif hostname
ESifY IP addressrsm;ukd atmufazmfjyygykHtwkdif; jznfYpGufay;&ygrnf/
9/ atmufazmfjyygykHwGif cat commandjzifY hostsname
ESifY IP address ukdMunfYygonf/ jznfYpGuf&efvkdtyfrl&Sdyguvi editor ukd tokH;jyKí 0ifa&mufNznfYpGufa&;om;Ekdifyg onf/vi editorjzifY NznfYpGufa&;om;csif&ifawmY Insert key tjzpfI ukdESdyf í Insert vkyfEkdifonf/ a&;om;jyD;ygu Save vkdvSsifEsc ESdyf :wq jyD;&if Enter &kdufay;&ef/ bmrS Insert rvkyfbl;qkd&ifawmY Esc ESdyf :q! jzifY vi editor rS jyefxGufEkdifygonf/
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10/ rsh serverukd RunEkdif&eftwGuf ta&;MuD;qkH;tcsufrSm pufwkdif;wGif Service shellonf disable=yes(default)
jzpfaernf vi editor jzifY 0ifa&mufjyifay;&rnf/ atmufazmfjyygykHonf vi editorjzifY 0ifa&mufjyifxm;aomykHjzpfygonf/pufwkdif;wGif disable= no jzpfae&ygrnf/
11/ aemufwpfqifhtaeeJUcat commandjzifY machines.LINUX
xJwGif hostsname &Sd r&SdMunfYygonf/ hostsname (3)ckvkH;r&Sdygu vi editor jzifY 0ifa&mufNznfYpGufay;&ygrnf/ atmufazmfjyygykHonf jznfYpGufxm;aomykHjzpfygonf/
12/ aemufwpfqifY taeeJY yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;&JU User Name rsm;udk Add vkyfygrnf/ Add vkyf&mwGifPassword rsm;onf root (#) password rsm;omjzpf&rnf/txufygazmfjycJYaom tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vkH;onf yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;wGif vkyfaqmif&rnfukd pmzwfolrsm;taeeJY owdxm;apvkdygonf/
13/ txufygtcsuftvufrsm;ukd pufwkdif;wGif aqmif&GufjyD;pD;ygu rsh server run Ekdif&eftwGuf uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY rjzpfraevkyf&rnfY vkyfief;pOfrsm;uawmY atmufazmfjyygykHwGif jyxm;onfY twkdif; Service configurationrS iptables ESifYip6tables ukd stop ay;&ygrnf/ xinetd ESifY rsh ukd restart
ay;&ygrnf/
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14/ atmufazmfjyyg ykHrsm;onf rsh commandokH;ípufawGudk run xm;aomykHrsm;jzpfygonf/
yxrOD;pGm uRefawmfYpufuaejyD; rdrdpuf(1)vkH;wnf;ukdt&if run vkdufonf / xkdokdY rdrdpuf(1)vkH;wnf; run jyD;aemuftNcm;pufawGudk run ygonf? ykHwGifMunfYyg/ ls (list) jzifYrun vkdufaomaMumifY pufwkdif;wGif &Sdaeaom Data rsm;ukdawGY&ygrnf/ ykHwGif hello? sun? welcome qkdjyD; Program name
rsm;ukdawGY&ygrnf/
15/ rsh awG runjyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdY pufawGxJrSm &SdwJYMPI programawGukd runygr,f/ uRefawmfYtaeeJYuawmYWELCOMEvkdY trnfay;xm;wJY uRefawmfY&JU Simple Program
av;ukd TestvkyfjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ Programav;uawmYt&rf;&kd;&Sif;wJY Programav;jzpfygw,f/ atmufazmfjyygykHukdMunfYyg vuf&Sda&mufaewJY DirectoryxJrSm Execution vkyfrSmjzpfvkdY PATH vrf;aMumif;ay;vkdufygonf/ PATH vrf;aMumif;export vkyfjyD;aemuf mpirun –np 1 welcome.out qkdjyD;welcome qkdwJY Program ukd run vkdufygonf/ xkdokdY run
&mwGif -np onf number of processor jzpfjyD;? 1 onfprocessor (1)vkH; jzpfonfukdqkdvkdygonf/ atmufrSmjyxm;wJYykHawGrSm processor (1)vkH;? (2)vkH;? (3)vkH; eJY ” welcome
qkdwJY MPI programukd parallel computing vkyfxm;ygonf/Parallel programjzpfaom MPI programukd Execution
vkyfrnfYtcsdeftwGif; uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY Processor tvkH;ta&twGuf b,favmufokH;jyD; run rvJqkdwmukd owfrSwfay;Ekdifygonf/ Programrsm;ukd pufwkdif;wGif ExecutionvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf pufwkdif;wGif Programsrsm;ukd Copyvkyfxm;ay;&ygrnf/ Program tm;vkH;&JU processesrsm;onf 0 rS pía&wGufonf/ Process 0 of 3 is alivewGif Processonf0 jzpfjyD; 3 onf Processor ta&twGufjzpfygonf/ Output
result uawmY
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ed*kH;txufrSmazmfjycJYwJY taMumif;t&mrsm;eJY ywfoufí Parallel Computing Fieldonf t&rf;us,fjyefYygonf/
tJ'DxJurS uRefawmfYtaeeJY Parallel programming model &JU special library wpfckjzpfaom MPI taMumif;ukdoma&;om; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Message passing tvkyfvkyfykHawGukdvnf; txufrSmykHESifYwuG azmfjyxm;ay;ygw,f/ Program(1)yk'fukd processors(3)vkH; ESifY Parallel computingvkyfykHukdazmfjycJYjyD; jzpfygonf/ avYvmaeqJ ausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpfvkdYtxufyg taMumif;t&mESifY ywfoufí vkdtyfcsufrsm;pGm&SdEkdifygonf/ þpmapmifukd avYvmzwfvkduf&onfY pmzwfol?nDtpfukd armifESrrsm;tm;vkH; em;vnfay;MuygvkdY arwåm&yfcHyg&ap/ uRefawmfYtaeESifY uGefysLwmenf;ynmeJYywfoufítenf;i,f avYvmxm;aom Parallel computing taMumif;ukd pmzwf olrsm;taeeJY &ifESD;uGßrf;0ifrl&SdoGm;atmifa&;om;wifjyvkduf& ygonf/
Reference:1. http://users.abo.fi/mats/PP2008/programs/MPI/index.html2. http://www.pdc.kth.se/training/Tutor/MPI/Templates/index-frame.html3. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rc/classes/intro_mpi/intro_mpi_overview.html4. https://www.cityu.edu.hk/acim/facilities/MPI.htm5. http://www.uppmax.uu.se/support/faqs/faqs/how-can-i-compile-mpi-programs-on-ra-isis6. http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpi/tutorial/gropp/talk.html#Node07. https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/mpi/#What8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing#Parallel_programming_languages9. http://iproc.ru/programming/mpich-windows/10. http://iproc.ru/11. https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/#Whatis12. http://kb.iu.edu/data/angf.html13. http://www.cfd-online.com/Wiki/Parallel_computing
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trsdK;orD;BuD;rsm;jzpfwwfaom a&m*grsm;rS uif;a0;ygap/
&JJatmif (jrefrmrdom;pk)
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w,fqdkwmu rdrdcE¨mudk,fxJu aoG;awGudkazmufxkwfNyD;tjcm;olwpfa,muftwGuftoHk;jyKvkduf&wmyg/ uRefawmfwkdU cE¨mudk,frSm&SdwJh aoG;qJvf(blood cells)awG[m oufwrf;&Sdygw,f/ aoG;qJvfav;awG oufwrf;aphvdkY aeYpOfaoG;qJvftopf awGvnf; arG;zGm;xkwfvkyfaeygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdU aoG;rvSL&ifvnf; tJ'DaoG;qJvfav;awGu oufwrf;aphwJh tvdkvdkysufpD;? zsufqD;cH&awmhrSmyg/ aoG;vSLvdkufjcif;tm;jzifU 'DaoG;awG[m vltoufwpfacsmif;udk u,fwifoGm;Edkifygw,f/ vSLvdkufwJhaoG;yrmPudkvnf; cE¨mudk,fuwjznf; jznf;csif;jyefvnfjznfUwifay;oGm;rSmyg/
aoG;vSLwJhtcg uRefawmfwkdUcEmudk,frSm vnfywfaewJhaoG;yrmPxJu 450 pDpDavmufazmufxkwfay;vdkufwmyg/ t&G,fa&mufNyD;om; uRefawmfwkdYudk,fcE¨mrSm aoG;5000 pDpD (wpfvDwm a&oefUbl; 5 bl;cefY)&Sdygw,f/ wpfcgvSL&if a&oefUbl;wpfbl;&JU wpf0ufpmavmufavsmhoGm;wJh
oabmyg/ aoG;udkaoG;rcJapwJhypönf;awGxnfhxm;wJh ykvif;xJudk xnfUNyD; tat;cef;rSmodrf;xm;&ygw,f/
aoG;awGudk uRefawmfwkdUcEmudk,fuyJ xkwfvkyfwmyg/ rdcif0rf;AdkuftwGif; oaE¨om;b0wkef;u tonf;?abvHk;(Liver & Spleen)? &dk;wGif;jcifqD(Bone Marrow)awGuaexkwfvkyfygw,f/ uav;b0rSm t&dk;awG&JU &dk;wGif;jcifqDuae aoG;udkxkwfvkyfay;NyD; t&G,fa&mufwJhtcgausm&dk;? eH&dk;? aygif&dk;? wifyqHk&Hk;? &ifnTefU&dk;? OD;acgif;&dk;awG&JU&dk;wGif;jcifqDuyJ aoG;udkt"du xkwfvkyfay;ygw,f/ vdktyfwJhtcg? a&m*gawGaMumifhrSom &dk;wGif;jcifqDr[kwfwJhtonf;eJU abvHk;uaoG;awGudk xkwfvkyfay;ygw,f/
aoG;xJrSm aoG;qJvfawGygw,f/ t"dutm;jzifhaoG;eDO(Red Blood Cell –RBC)? aoG;jzLO(White Blood
Cell –WBC)? aoG;OrTm;^aoG;Oi,f(Platelet)eJY aoG;&nfMunf(Plasma)t"duyg0ifygw,f/
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ygw,f/ 'gaMumifU aoG;vSL&SifawG[m aoG;rvSLcif t&ifqkH;aoG;ppfcH&ygw,f/ ul;pufEdkifwJha&m*gawGjzpfwJh ckcHtm;usqif;rIa&m*g? tonf;a&miftom;0gbDydk;? pDydk; umvom;a&m*gawGudkppfaq;jyD; r&SdrSom oefU&Sif;wJhaoG;tjzpf vSLvkdU&ygw,f/
ul;pufa&m*gawGuif;&Sif;wJhtjyifaoG;vSL&Sif[m rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; usef;rma&;txl;aumif;rGefzdkYvdktyfygw,f/ 'grSomaoG;vSL&SifawGtwGuf tEÅ&m,fuif;uif;eJYaoG;vSLEdkifrSmyg/ txl;ojzifh aoG;vSL&SifrSm&Sdoifh&SdxdkufwJh a[rdk*vdkbifyrmP(trsdK;om; 14%? trsdK;orD; 12%)&SdzdkYvdktyfygw,f/ aoG;tm;enf;aewJholawGrSm aoG;vSLvdkYr&ygbl;/aoG;aygifcsdefusaewJh olawG[mvnf; aoG;vSLvdkY r&ygbl;/
ydefvGef;wJhol? udk,ftav;csdef aygif 110 rjynfholawG? vwfwavmaexdkifraumif; rusef;rrmjzpfxm;olawGtaeeJUvnf; aoG;rvSLoifhygbl;/
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aoG;vSLwm[m aMumufzdkUrvdkygbl;? ykHrSeftwdkif;vnf; aoG;qJvfawG[m cEmudk,fwGif;rSm ysufpD;oGm;rSmyg/vSLvdkufvdkU avsmhoGm;wJhaoG;awG[mvnf; ysrf;rQ wpfv-ESpfvtwGif;rSm jyefvnfjyD; jynfhvmrSmyg/
aoG;vSL&SifawGtaeeJY aoG;rvSLcifnrSm tdyfa&;00tdyfzdkYvkdtyfygw,f/ aoG;vSLzdkYvma&mufwJh tcsdefrSmvnf;wif;MuyfwJh t0wftpm;awG r0wfoifhygbl;/ aoG;rvSLcifreufpm? 'grSr[kwf aeYvnfpm? oifhwifhavsmufywfatmifpm;okH;xm;oifhygw,f/ tpmrpm;xm;bJ aoG;rvSLoifhygbl;/ aoG;vSLjyD;jyD;jcif;rSmvnf; csufjcif; ukwifay:u xNyD;vrf;avQmufwmrsdk;r[kwfbJ cP vJavsmif;aeoifhygw,f/aoG;vSLjyD;aemuf tcsdK&nf? a&aomufzdkUvdktyfovdk? aemuf24-48em&DtwGif;rSm t&nfrsm;rsm; aomufay;zdkUvdktyfygw,f/tav;tyifrwmawG? tvkyfMurf;vkyfwmawGudk a&SmifMuOfoifhygw,f/ aoG;vSLjyD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm &kwfw&ufaoG;aygifcsdefusoGm;vdkY acgif;rl;wmrsdK;jzpfcJhw,fqdk&if tdyf,mrSmyJvJavsmif;aezdkYvdktyfygw,f/ tcsdefMumvdkUrS roufombl;qdk&ifawmh q&m0efeJUwdkifyifjyozdkUvdktyfygw,f /
aoG;vSLjyD;wJhaemufrSm cE¨mudk,ftwGufjyefvnfjznfhwif;ay;zdkU tm[m& jynfh0pGmaexdkifpm;aomufzdkYvdktyfygw,f/ ul;pufa&m*gawG ul;pufapr,fh tjyKtrlawGa&SmifMuOfzdkU vdktyfygw,f/ 'grSom rdrd&JYoefU&Sif;wJhaoG;eJYrdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; usef;rmpGmeJU aemufwBudrfaoG;vSLEdkifzdkYtcGifhta&;&SdvmrSmyg/
aoG;eDO&JY t"duwm0efu atmufqD*sifeJU umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'fawGudko,f,ljyD; cEmudk,ftESHU vSnfhygwfoGm;vmum "gwfaiGYzvS,fay;wJhwm0efyg/ aoG;eDawG&JU oufwrf;[m &ufaygif; 120 cefY &SdjyD; oufwrf;aphwJhtcg tonf;?abvkH;? &kd;wGif;jcifqDawGuae zsufqD;ypfvdkufygw,f/
oufwrf;aphwJhtcsdefrSm aoG;eDO[m tqkwfeJYcE¨mudk,fwpfoQL;awGqDukd vSnfhywfaewJhtywfaygif; 75000 avmufoGm;jyD;ygjyD/ aeYpOf aoG;eDOaygif; 300 bDvD,Havmuf ysufpD;aejyD; jyefjyD;awmhvnf; topfawGeJY jznfhwif;aeygw,f/
aoG;jzLO&JY oufwrf;u ysrf;rQuawmh 13-29 &ufjzpfjyD; cE¨mudk,f&JU ckcHumuG,fa&;pepfrSm t"duyg0ifygw,f/ ykHrSefrSm aoG;jzLOta&twGufu aoG;wpfrdkufc&dkvDwmudk 4-11(4-11 WBC per one microLiter)&Sdygw,f/
Platelet &Jh oufwrf;uawmh 5 &ufuae 9 &uftxd&SdjyD; aoG;aMumav;awGaygufoGm;wJh tcg aoG;wdwfapzdkU t"dutcef;u@uaeyg0ifygw,f/ ykHrSefrSm aoG;wpfrdkufc&dkvDwmudk 150-400( 150-400 Platelets per one
microLiter )&Sdygw,f/ Platelet awGavsmhenf;oGm;wJhtcgaoG;rcJwm? aoG;xGufvG,fwJh a&m*ga0'emawG cHpm;&ygw,f/
Plasma aoG;&nfMunfxJrSmawmh y&dkwif;awG? cEmudk,ftwGuf ta&;BuD;wJhj'yfaygif;awGygygw,f/
rdrd&JUaoG;eJY olwyg;&JU toufwpfacsmif;udku,fwifvdkufEdkifw,fqdkwJhyDwdrsdK;[m udk,fwdkifaoG;vSLzl;rScHpm;EdkifrSmyg/ pmzwfol[m usef;rmwJh a&m*guif;pifwJholwpfa,mufjzpfw,fqdk&if jyefvnfjynfhwif;vmr,fhoifUcEmudk,fuaoG;udk wpfBudrfwpfcgavmuf vSL'gef;MunfhzdkU wkdufwGef;vdkygw,f/ oifhaoG;wpfpufeJU toufqufEdkifr,fh vlawG&Sdw,fqdkwm odvmwJhaemufrSm rGefjrwfvSwJhaoG;vSL&SifqkdwJh b0udkydkifqdkifEdkifygjyD/ 'Daqmif;yg;av;udkzwfjyD; aoG;vSL&Sifwpfa,mufwdk;vmjyDqdk&ifyJ aoG;vdktyfwJha0'em&SifawGtwGufa&m? aoG;vSL&Sif&JU apwemtwGufa&m0rf;ajrmuf&ygjyD/oifhaoG;jzifh toufu,fyg vdkUwdkufwGef;&if;.. .. .. /
um,okc? pdwÅokc jynfhpkHEdkifMuygap/
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z,f&Sm;EdkifaumfzDrIefUwGifyg&Sdaom"gwfu cEmudk,fta&jym;ü
ysufqD;oGm;onfh qJvfrsm;tm; z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifonfUtjyifqJvfrsm;cHEdkif&nfaumif;rGefatmifvnf; yHydk;ay;EdkifaMumif;od&onf/
"gwfcGJcef;wGif <uufrsm;ukd aumfzDwdkufauR;jyD; c&rf;vGefa&mifjcnfudkcHum prf;oyfcJh&m <uufrsm;\ ta&jym;wGiftema&m*gwpfpHkwpf&mrjzpfyGm;aMumif; ¤if;wdkUu ajymMum;onf/xdkodkUprf;oyf&mwGif <uufrsm;cEmudk,f&Sd tarT;trSifrsm;udk&dwfjyD; prf;oyfcJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;od&onf/
1/ aumfzDwpfaeUESpfcGuf aomufoHk;ygvQif ta&jym;uifqmjzpfyGm;rI umuG,fEdkifonf[kqdkaumfzD aomufoHk;jcif;onf c&rf;vGefa&mifjcnfaMumifU jzpfapwwfaom cEmudk,f ta&jym;uifqm jzpfyGm;rIudk
umuG,fay;&mwGif taxmuftuljyKaMumif; tar&duefEdkifiH e,l;*smpDwuúodkvfrS okawoeynm&Sifrsm;uxkwfazmfajymMum;onf/
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BuHUcdkifa&;pdwfa&mudk,fyg usef;rmBuHUcdkifa&;twGuf aiGukefus
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2/ aeUpOftajy;avUusifUvQif tonf;tqDzHk;jcif;udk usqif;apEdkif[kqdkaeUpOfjznf;jznf;rSefrSef tajy;avhusifhjcif;onf cE¨mudk,fwGif udkvufpxa&musqif;aponfh taumif;qHk;
enf;vrf;jzpfonfhtjyif pdwfzdpD;rIESifU cE¨mudk,fusef;rmBuHUcdkifrItwGuf taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;wpfckyifjzpfaMumif; pydefokawoeynm&Sifrsm;u xkwfazmfajymMum;vkdufonf/
avsmhustaES;tajy;avhusifhjcif;aMumifh cE¨mudk,ftpdwf
tydkif;rsm;wGif <uufom;rsm; cdkifrmoefpGrf;rIudk jzpfaponfhtjyif tonf;tqDzHk;jcif;? ESvHk;aoG;aMumusOf;jcif;ESifUaoG;aMumydwfqdkYrIrsm;udk avsmhusapaMumif;od&onf/awGU&Sd&
taES;tajy;avhusifhjcif;onf trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;2000udk okawoejyKcJh&m tonf;tqDzHk;jcif;? ESvHk;aoG;aMumusOf;jcif;a&m*grsm; jzpfyGm;rIr&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf[kpydefokawoDynm&Sifrsm;u ajymMum;onf/
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oHk;ESpfMumokawoejyKxdkUtjyif tcsdeftawmfrsm;rsm;ü pm;aomufcsifpdwf
vnf; rsm;wwfMuNyD; vufawGUvnf; pm;aomufwwfMuonfjzpf&m t0vGefrIjzpfyGm;&mwGif trsdK;om;rsm;xuftrsdK;orD;OD;a&uydkrdkrsm;aMumif; oHk;ESpfMumokawoejyKxm;onfh okawoejyKcsufü azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkodkYjzpf& jcif;rSmtpm;tpmESifhywfoufaom tm&HkcHpm;rIjzpfaponfh OD;aESmuftwGif;&Sd ae&mtpdwftydkif;onf trsdK;om;rsm;wGif &SdonfhyrmPxuf trsdK;orD;rsm;ü&SdaomyrmPu ydkBuD;rm;aMumif;jyifopfokawoeynm&Sifrsm;\ okawoejyKcsufü qufvufazmfjyxm;onf/
5/ trsdK;om;rsm;xuf trsdK;orD;rsm; tpm;taomufcHkrif? t0vGefrIrjzpf&ef i,fpOfuyif pepfwuspm;aomufoifhtrsdK;orD;rsm;onf trsdK;om;rsm;xuf tpm;tpmrsm;udk ydkrdk cHkrifavU&SdaMumif;? tpm;tpm m;aomufvkdaom
pdwfqEudkxdef;csKyfEdkifrIüvnf; trsdK;om;rsm;xuf trsdK;orD;rsm;u ydkrdktm;enf;avh&SdaMumif; jyifopfokawoeynm&Sifrsm;\okawoejyKcsufüazmfjyxm;onf/
xdef;csKyfoifhxdkUaMumifh trsdK;orD;rsm;taejzifUtpm;tpm pm;
aomuf&mwGif csifhcsdefpGmpm;oHk;wwfonfU tavhtusifhjzpfatmif i,f&G,fpOfuyif pepfwus aexdkifpm;aomufus&efESifh t0vGefrIrjzpfap&ef tpm;tpmcHkrifrIudk xdef;csKyfoifhaMumif; tMuHjyKxm;onf/
rjzpfyGm;Edkif aeUpOf eHeufydkif;tdyf,mxp tcsdefü a&wpfvDwmcefUaomufoHk;ygu udkvufpxa&m usqif;aponfhtjyif udk,fvufavUusifUcef; (10)rdepfcefU jyKvkyfay;vQif tpmtdrfESifhtluifqmrsm;rjzpfyGm;apEdkifaMumif; ¤if;wdkYu ajymMum;onf/
4/eHeufydkif;ü oefU&Sif;aoma& yHkrSefaomufoHk;vQif udk,ftav;tcsdefusqif;apEdkif[kqdk
oefY&Sif;aoma&udk aeYpOfeHeufydkif;tcsdefü yHkrSefaomufoHk;ay;oGm;ygu udk,ftav;csdefavsmhusapaMumif; *syefokawoeynm&Sifrsm;u xkwfazmfajymMum;vdkufonf/
yHUydkUay;odkYaomf wpfaeYvQif tenf;qHk; a&(3)vDwmcefY
aomufoHk;ay;oifhNyD; xdkokdYaomufoHk;ay;ygu udk,ftav;csdefusqif;rIudk ydkrdktaxmuftuljzpfapaMumif;od&onf/oefY&Sif;aomaomufa&onf cEmudk,ftwGif; aoG;oefYpifrIudktaxmuftuljyKonfhtjyif cE¨mudk,ftwGif; qJvfrsm;&SifoefzGHUNzdK;rIudk yHhydk;ay;Edkifonf[k qdkonf/avhusifhcef;
xdkYaMumifh eHeufydkif;a&aomufonfh tavhtusifhjyKvkyfNyD; avhusifhcef; tcsdefrSefjyKvkyfay;ygu udk,ftav;csdefusqif;apNyD; tpmtdrfESifh tluifqmrsm; rjzpfyGm;apEdkifaMumif; xkwfazmfajymMum;onf/
3/ tdkifaygh em;Muyfrsm;rSwqifh em;udkufa&m*gjzpfay:apEdkiftdEd,EdkifiH taemufawmifbuf&Sd rPdayguwfusbm
aq;ynmaumvdyfrS avUvmrIwpfckwGif tdkifaygh(ipod)rsm;udkem;axmifjcif;onf em;udkufa&m*gudkjzpfay:apEdkifonf[ktifwmeufowif;wGifazmfjyxm;onf/
em;Muyfrsm;udk wpfOD;rS wpfOD;odkY rQa0toHk;jyKem;axmifjcif;onf usef;rma&;twGuf tEÅ&m,frsm;aMumif;?yxrqHk;ol\em;MuyfrS bufwD;&D;,m;rsm;onf tjcm;wpfOD;\ em;odkYul;puf0ifa&mufoGm;aMumif; tdEd,odyÜHokawoDrsm;u &SmazGawGU&SdcJhMuonf/
tdkifaygh (iPod)ESifU trfyD-3(MP3)Playerrsm;udkyHkrSefoHk;í em;axmifolrsm;onf yHkrSefroHk;pGJolrsm;xuf bufwD;&D;,m;ul;pufrIEIef; ydkíjrifhrm;onf[k okawoDrsm;uqdkonf/
tdkifaygh(iPod)udk Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfwvJvJ em;axmifolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkU\em;wGif bufwD;&D;,m;rsm; &SifoefBuD;xGm;rIEIef; tvGefjrefqefvmMuonf/ em;MuyfjzifhyHkrSefem;axmifol 92% &mcdkifEIef;\em;wGif bufwD;&D;,m;rsm;udkawGU&aMumif; avhvmrIwGifazmfjyxm;onf/
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Tie, Legato (Slur) and StaccatoTie
yH kr SefNoteawGud k em;vnfNyD;wJ htcg olwd k Yuk drlvwefzdk;xufydkNyD;toH&Sdef &SnfatmifqJGNyD;wD;&wJh oauFwawGtaMumif;ajymygr,f/
t&ifqHk; Tie eJY Legato udk Munfhygr,f/Tie qk dwmuawmh toHwlwJ h Note(2)vH k;ud k
rsOf;auG;av;eJY qufay;xm;wmyg/ 'Dvdkqufxm;&if yxr Note
udk wD;NyD; rsOfauG;eJY qufjyxm;wJh 'kwd, Note udk rwD;bJtJ'D Note&JY wefzd k;ukefqH k;onftxd toH&S de fud k qJ Gay;xm;&ygr,f/ oabmuawmh Crochet (2) vHk;udk Tie
eJYqufxm;&if yxr Crochet udk olusr,fh Beat rSm wD;NyD;uyfvsuf Beat rSm 'kwd, CrochetudkrwD;bJ tJ'D Beat
qHk;wJhtxd toH&SdefqufqJGxm; (*DwmrSmqdk&if b,fvufuGufudkrvTwfbJ qufzdxm;)&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Tie [m tNrJwrf;toHjcif;xyfwlnDwJh NoteawGudkomqufygw,f/ Note (2)vHk;xufruvnf; qufvdkY&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdkqufxm;&iftNrJwrf; yxrqHk;tvHk;udkom toHxGufatmifwD;&rSmjzpfNyD;usefwJh Tie eJYqufxm;wJh Note tm;vHk;ukdrwD;bJ toH&SdefomqJGxm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ oabmuawmh Minim(2)vHk;udk Tie
vkyfxm;&if Semi-brevewpfvHk;eJY oabmcsif;twlwlygyJ/'DvdkygyJ... Crochet(2)vHk;udk Tie vkyfxm;wm[m Minim wvHk;eJYwefzdk;csif;? wD;yHkcsif; twlwlygyJ/ atmufuyHkrSm jyxm;ygw,f/
'gqdk&if bmjzpfvdkY tvkyf½IyfcHNyD; TievkyfaerSmvJ?Crochet (2) vHk;udk Tie vkyfr,fhtpm; Minim wpfvHk;wnf;a&;vdkuf&ifrNyD;bl;vm;vdkY ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk a&;vdkYr&wJhae&mawG&Sdygw,f/ Oyrm bm;wpfbm; tqHk;utvHk;udkaemufwbm;&Jhtptxd toH&SdefqJGxm;csifwJhtcgrsdK;us&if Tie
eJYa&;rS&ygw,f/ bm;wpfck&JYtqHk;tvHk;u Crochetudkaemufbm;tpu Crochet txd toH&SdefqJGcsifwJhtcg Minim
eJYa&;vdkY r&awmhygbl;/ a&;vdkuf&if tJ'D bar&JY&Sd&r,fhtvHk;a&xufausmfxGufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvdk tcgrsdK;rSm TieudkoHk;&ygw,f/ Time SignaturetaMumif;us&if ydk&Sif;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ aemufNyD; toHwoHwnf;udk 3-4 bm;avmuf qufNyD;toH&SdefqJGxm;csif&ifvnf; Tie udkoHk;rS &rSmyg/ ta&;BuD;wmwpfcku Note awGudkomvQif TievkyfvdkY&ygw,f/ RestawGudkb,fawmhrS Tiervkyfygbl;/
Legato (Slur)
Legato (tcsdKUu Legado vdkYvJ a&;ygw,f/ Guitar
rSm trsm;qHk;oHk;ygw,f/ Slur vkdYvJ ac:ygw,f)qdkwmuawmhtoHrwlwJh Note tenf;qHk; (2)vHk;udk rsOf;auG;av;eJY qufay;xm;wm yg/ 'Dvdkqufxm;&if yxr NoteudkwD;NyD; rsOfauG;eJYqufjyxm;wJh 'kwd,NoteudkrwD;bJ tJ'DNote&JYtvHk;&SdwJhae&mudk acsmacsmarGYarGYav;a&mufoGm;atmif *DwmvufuGufay:rSm zdxm;wJhvufudk rMuGbJ yGwfwdkufa&TUjcif; (slide or gliss)?'grSr[kwf toHjrifh&mudkjy&if aemufvufwpfacsmif;eJY vSrf;zdvdkufjcif; (hammer-on) (odkYr[kwf) toHedrfh&mudkjyxm;&if'kwd,tvHk;&SdwJhae&mudkyg NydKifwlt&ifzdxm;NyD; yxrtvHk;udkwD;NyD;rS tJ'DyxrtvHk;udk zdxm;wJhvufacsmif;udk MuGvdkufjcif;('kwd,tvHk;ae&mudk zdxm;wJhvufudkrvTwf&yg) (pull-off)wkdYudkvkyf&rSmjzpfygw,f/ PianorSmawmh yxrtvHk;ukd vufrvTwfbJzdxm;&if; aemuftvHk;udk qufwD;vdkufwmyg/ 'DvkdLegatovkyf&if toH[m acsmacsmarGYarGY vSvSyyav;xGufvmygw,f/ atmufu erlemyHkpHudkMunfhyg/ Beat 1 eJY 2[m Tie
jzpfNyD; Beat 3 eJY 4 u tvHk;awG[m Legato jzpfygw,f/
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'D Note awGudk *DwmeJYwD;Munfh&if 1 rSm G udkwD;NyD; 2rSm rwD;bJ vufudkqufzdxm;NyD; toH&SdefqJGxm;&ygr,f/ 3 uA note ukdwD;NyD; & rSm rwD;bJ G udk vufeJY zdxm;NyD;rS A udkESdyfxm;wJh vufudk MuGvdkuf&rSm (pull-off) jzpfygw,f/ 4 rSmA note ukdwD;NyD; & rSm rwD;bJ B Note udk vufeJY vSrf;aygufvdkYyJjzpfjzpf (Hammer-on)? A udk zdxm;wJhvufudk rMuGbJ BNote udka&mufwJhtxd zdqJGoGm;NyD;yJjzpfjzpf (slide or gliss)vuftqifajyovdk wD;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfbm;u 1rSm C udkwD;NyD; 2-3-4 txd toH&Sdef qJGxm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/
Staccato and Tenuto
Staccato qdkwmuawmh toHjywfjywfwD;&r,fh Note
awGyg/ wD;NyD;wmeJY csufcsif; b&dwfzrf;NyD; toH&SdefukdowfNyD;wD;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ olwd k Yud ka&;wJ htcg Note awG&JUatmufwnfhwnfh 'grSr[kwf tay:wnfhwnfhrSm tpuf (dot)av;awGxnfhNyD;a&;xm;&ygw,f/
rsOf;wdk(dash)av;awGeJY a&;jyxm;&ifawmh Tenuto
vdkYac:ygw,f/ tJ'gqdk tJ'D Note&JYwefzdk; (toH&Sdef) tjynfhwD;&ygr,f/ enf;enf;vnf; ydkNyD; zdwD; (stress or emphasize)&ygw,f/ SostenutovdkYvnf; ac:ygw,f/
Dotted Notes and Rests
tpufav;wpfpuf (Dot)udk Note wvHk;&Jh aemufrSmuyfvsufxnfhvdkuf&if tJ'D Noteudk Dotted NotevkdY ac:ygw,f/ Dot[molxnfhvdkufwJh Note&JY wefzdk;wpf0ufeJY nDygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvdkxnfhvdkuf&if tJ'D Note&JYwefzdk;[m wpf0uf(wenf;tm;jzif wpfqcJG)xyfNyD;wdk;oGm; (toH&SnfoGm;)ygw,f/Oyrm Minim wpfvHk;udk Dot xnfhvkduf&if rlv Minim wefzdk;uCrochet 2vHk;? aemufxyf Dot &Jh wefzdk;u Minim &Jhwpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Crochet 1 vHk;jzpfwJhtwGuf pkpkaygif;Crochet 3vHk;pm&SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ usefwJh noteawGyJ jzpfjzpf?Rest awGyJjzpfjzpf[mvnf; 'Doabmw&m;twdkif;yJ jzpfygw,f/atmufuOyrmudkMunfhyg/
Dot udka&;wJhtcg Line Note awGtwGufqkd&if Note
Head a&;xm;wJh Line &Jh tay:uyfvQuf Space rSm a&;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Space Note awGtwGuf qkd&if tJ'D Note Head
&SdwJh SpacerSma&;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ atmufuOyrmrSm Dotted
NoteawG&Jh a&;om;yHkeJYwD;zdkYyHkpHudk jyxm;ygw,f/
'Dawmh Dotwpfcktpm; ESpfckxnfhvdkuf&ifvnf; 'Doabmw&m;twdkif;yJ quf,l&ygr,f/ tJ'Dawmh DotESpfckxnfhvdkuf&iftJ'D Note[m aemufxyftoH av;yHkoHk;yHk (75%) xyf&Snfvmygr,f/ Oyrm Minim wpfvHk;udk Double Dot xnfhvkduf&if rlvMinim wefzdk;u Crochet 2vHk;? yxr Dot &JYwefzdk;u Minim
&Jh wpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Crochet 1 vHk;? 'kwd, Dot&JYwefzdk;u yxr Dot &Jh wpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Quaver
1vHk; jzpfwJhtwGuf pkpkaygif; Crochet 3vHk;eJY Quaver 1vHk;pm(odkYr[kwf Quaver 7vHk;pm)&SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ MinimeJYCrochettwGuf atmufuOyrmrSmjyxm;ygw,f/ usefwJh note
awGeJY RestawGtwGufvnf; 'Dabmw&m;twdkif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
Triple Dot awGUcJh&ifvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ qufwGufoGm;vdkufyg/ Dotted RestawGuawmh awGU&cJygw,f/ Compound
Time awGjzpfwJh 6/8 wkdY 9/4 wkdYawGrSmyJ tawGUrsm;ygw,f/'gayr,fh awGYvm&ifvnf; 'DvdkyJrSwf,l&ygr,f/
'gqdk&if Dotted NoteawGeJY RestawGtaMumif;&Sif;oGm;avmufygNyD/Tones and Interval awG&JUtaMumif;udk qufygOD;r,f ....
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