MycotoxinsMycotoxins

Mykes: Greek for fungus/mold

Toxicum: Latin for poison/toxin

Mycotoxins SummaryMycotoxins Summary

Many molds involved in mycotoxin production

Regulatory guidelines in place for animal feeding

Vigilance required to detect and control mycotoxins

Toxic effects demonstrated at very low concentrations

Ergotism (Saint Anthony’s Fire) in the Middle Ages

Alimentary Toxic Aleukia in Russia during World War 2 (T-2) -wheat stored over winter

“Turkey X” Syndrome in England in 1960 (aflatoxin)

Kenyan aflatoxin Poisoning 2004

Dog food aflatoxin outbreak 2006

History Of History Of MycotoxinsMycotoxins

Mycotoxins of Economic, Health & Mycotoxins of Economic, Health &

Agricultural Agricultural SSignificanceignificance

Mycotoxins are metabolic products of food

spoilage fungi that induce toxic responses when

consumed by animals or people.

Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified;

They will fall into many different chemical

classes, and induce a wide variety of toxic

responses.

Worldwide Regulation of MycotoxinsWorldwide Regulation of Mycotoxins

Mycotoxin Number of countries Total Aflatoxin 76 Aflatoxin B1 61 Aflatoxin M1 60 Patulin 48 Ochratoxin A 37 Deoxynivalenol 37 Zearalenone 17 Fumonisin 6

Most Common Most Common MycotoxinsMycotoxins regulated regulated

in Human Foods Worldwidein Human Foods Worldwide

Mycotoxin RMycotoxin Regulationsegulations

For example: Mycotoxin regulations for

dairy cattle feed can be different than the

regulation for beef cattle feed. Pet food

regulations are not specified in many

countries.

For animal feeds can vary depending For animal feeds can vary depending on the on the type of animal.type of animal.

FFor or animal feeds can vary depending on animal feeds can vary depending on the type of the type of feed materialfeed material..

For example: Mycotoxin regulations for

maize by-products used in animal feed can

be different than the regulation for

cereals used in animal feed.

Mycotoxin RegulationsMycotoxin Regulations

Figure 6.1. Factors affecting mycotoxin occurrence in the food chain (Pestka and Casale, 1989).

Mycotoxin Economic Mycotoxin Economic

and Health Risksand Health Risks

Biological Factors

Susceptible Crop +

Compatible, Toxigenic Fungus

Environmental Factors

Temperature

Moisture

Mechanical Injury

Insect/Bird Damage

Fungus

Harvesting

Crop Maturity

Temperature

Moisture

Detection

Storage

Temperature

Moisture

Detection

Distribution-Processing

Detection/Diversion

Animal Products Humans Animals

Ecological Parameters Affecting Mycotoxin Production

Moisture

Spore Load

Temperature

Competing Microflora

CO2/O2

Time

Mechanical Damage

Insect Damage

Adverse Economic Effects of Mycotoxins on Farmer/TraderFarmer/Trader Costs

LIVESTOCK (beef, swine, poultry) and

dairy

—Higher mortality rates

—Reproductive failures

(abortions)

—Reduced feed efficiency

—Overall quality loss

—Lower milk production

—Nonmarketable milk

CROPS

—Yield Losses

—Restricted Markets

—Increased production

costs

—Increased post harvest

costs

EFFECTS OF AFLATOXINSEFFECTS OF AFLATOXINS

HUMAN/ LIVESTOCKHUMAN/ LIVESTOCK

Figure 2.2 Livers from guinea pigs

They have been given

increasing doses of aflatoxins over the same period of time.

From left to right beginning in the upper left corner to the lower right corner with a liver from a guinea pig given the greatest dose of aflatoxins.

Note the increasingly pale livers with increasing dose of aflatoxins.

EFFECTS….CONTINUEDEFFECTS….CONTINUED..

On growth of turkey

poults. The turkey poult

on the left was given

normal ration, and the

poult on the right was

given a ration containing

10ppm of T-2 mycotoxin

for three weeks.

Severe oral lesion in a

turkey poult that consumed

a ration containing 10 ppm

T-2 mycotoxin for 3 weeks.

EFFECTS EFFECTS OF OF AFLATOXINSAFLATOXINS

CROPSCROPS

Appears in field, storage

bin or during transport

Aspergillus Growth on

Corn

Mold contamination may

cause a reddish

discoloration of the

kernel/cob

What can be done to prevent mycotoxins?

Pre-harvest field scouting & testing

Test incoming corn loads

—Continuously at start of harvest

—Target troubled growing areas

—Every load tested during stressed growing season

Proper storage

—Consistent, low moisture

—Aeration & Mixing

Stored grain

—Routine checks

—Testing prior to use in process

WHAT ARE THE BEST SOLUTIONS ?WHAT ARE THE BEST SOLUTIONS ?

On-site testing

—Qualitative Screening

Yes/No Result

—Quantitative Results

Immunoassay (IA Column w/fluorometer, etc)

Strip Test (Vertu DON-V™, Afla-V™)

Independent Laboratory

—HPLC, UPLC

—LC/MS/MS

1. 1. VICAM FluorometerVICAM Fluorometer

Extract

Filter & Dilute

Pour Over Column

Rinse & Elute

Fluorometer

HPLC or UPLC

LC/MS/MS

SERIES 4SERIES 4--EXEX

AflaTest Series-4EX Fluorometer, 220V

includes Basic Equipment Package

2. 2. AccuScan AccuScan ProPro

Next generation reader for lateral flow diagnostics

Consistency.

Permanence.

Simple PC interface.

Intuitive operation.

Dependability.

ProcedureProcedure

Running Running a Test Using a Test Using

AccuScanAccuScan Pro Pro

4 simple steps:

Click on the run test

icon.

Select your test type

Enter your sample ID if

necessary.

Insert your test strip.

MOISTURE TESTINGMOISTURE TESTING

(Destructive)(Destructive)

Model 2000 Model 6010

MOISTURE MOISTURE TESTINGTESTING

(Non(Non--destructivedestructive))

GacMini Gac 2500

Major Seed Equipment ProjectMajor Seed Equipment Project

ACTESA ACTESA -- COMESACOMESA

ACTESA: Alliance for Commodity Trade in Eastern and Southern Africa

COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

List of Countries for Certification and Multiplication Equipment

Burundi

Comoros

Ethiopia

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Djibouti

Rwanda

Uganda

Mauritius

Eritrea

Southern Sudan

Seychelles

Seed Certification EquipmentSeed Certification Equipment

Seed Counters Seed Dividers

Dehumidifier Bag Probes and Seed Triers

Seed Multiplication EquipmentSeed Multiplication Equipment

Seed Extracting Machine

Seed Graders Seed Blower

Seed Germinator

Paul Mungami

(Application Specialist/ Analytical Chemistry)

Email : Paul.mungami@fnscientific.com

Mobile: +254 714 920 052

www.fnscientific.com

THANK YOU