myers’ exploring psychology (6th ed) chapter 6 states of consciousness
TRANSCRIPT
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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)
Chapter 6
States of Consciousness
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Waking Consciousness
_______________ our awareness of
ourselves and our environments
_______________ focusing of
conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
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Sleep and Dreams
___________________
the biological clock regular bodily rhythms, such as
of wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hour cycle
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Sleep and Dreams
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
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Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity
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Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
____________ slow waves of a
relaxed, awake brain
_____________ large, slow waves
of deep sleep Hallucinations
false sensory experiences
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Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
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Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Hours of sleep
Minutesof Stage 4 and REM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
10
15
20
25
5
Decreasing Stage 4
Increasing REM
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Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired
concentration depressed
immune system greater
vulnerability to accidents
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Sleep Deprivation
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,more accidents
More sleep,fewer accidents
Monday before time change Monday after time change
Accident frequency
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Sleep Disorders
Insomnia persistent problems in falling or
staying asleep Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks __________________
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
momentary reawakenings
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Sleep Disorders
Are You Getting Enough Sleep??
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Night Terrors and Nightmares
Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of
falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal - appearance of being terrified
seldom remembered
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Dreams
What are your thoughts about dreams?
What have you learned to believe?
What are some recurring dreams you have?
What are lucid dreams?
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Dreams: Freud
Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering
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Dreams: Freud
Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings ___________________
remembered story line __________________
underlying meaning
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Dreams
As Information Processing helps facilitate memories
As a Physiological Function periodic brain stimulation
REM Rebound REM sleep increases following
REM sleep deprivation
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Sleep Across the Lifespan
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Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters
perceptions and mood Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal
symptoms Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions
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Dependence and Addiction
______________ diminishing effect
with regular use _____________
discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use
Small Large
Drug dose
Littleeffect
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
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Psychoactive Drugs
____________________drugs that reduce neural activity alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
slow body functions
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Psychoactive Drugs
Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment,
and memory reduces self awareness
Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity of
the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
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Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
highly addictive
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Psychoactive Drugs
_____________________drugs that excite neural activity caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
speed up body functions
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The Physiological Effects of Nicotine
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Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines drugs that stimulate
neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
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Psychoactive Drugs
Cocaine effects depend on dosage,
form, expectations, personality and situation coca leaves powder crack
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Cocaine Euphoria and Crash
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Psychoactive Drugs
Ecstasy MDMA
(methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
stimulant and mild hallucinogen dangerous short and long term
effects
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Psychoactive Drugs
_____________________ psychedelic (mind-
manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD MDMA (Ecstasy)
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Psychoactive Drugs
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid
THC the major active ingredient in
marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including
mild hallucinations
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Psychoactive Drugs
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Trends in Drug Use
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Perceived Marijuana Risk
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Near-Death Experiences
Near-Death Experience an altered state of
consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations