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Myers’ EXPLORINGPSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)
Chapter 12
PersonalityPersonality
Modified from:James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
What is Personality?
� Personality
� Individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, & actingthinking, feeling, & acting
�Historic perspectives
�Psychoanalytic
�Humanistic
Psychoanalytic
Perspective
� Freud’s Theory
� Proposed that childhood sexuality & unconscious motivations influence personality
� Psychoanalysis
� Attributes thoughts & actions to unconsciousmotives & conflicts
� Treat psychological disorders by seeking to expose & interpret unconscious tensions
� Used free association to explore unconscious
Psychoanalytic
Perspective
� Unconscious
� According to Freud - a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings & unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings & memories
� Contemporary viewpoint - information processing of which we are unaware
Personality Structure
� Id� Reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
� Strives to satisfy basic sexual & aggressive drives
� Pleasure principle (immediate gratification)
� Ego� Ego� Largely conscious, “executive” part of personality
� Mediates among demands of id, superego, & reality
� Reality principle, satisfying id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
� Superego� Internalized ideals
� Standards for judgment (conscience) & aspirations
Personality
Development
� Psychosexual Stages
� Childhood stages of development during which id’s pleasure-seeking energies which id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
� Fixation
� Lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts unresolved
Defense Mechanisms
� Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
� Repression
� Regression� Regression
� Reaction Formation
� Projection
� Rationalization
� Displacement
Humanistic
Perspective
� Focused on ways “healthy” people strive
for self-determination & self-realization
� Maslow’s Self-Actualization
�Ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical & psychological needs met & self-esteem achieved
�Motivation to fulfill one’s potential
Humanistic
Perspective
� Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective� Focused on growth & fulfillment of individuals
� Requires genuineness, empathy & acceptance
� Unconditional Positive Regard� Unconditional Positive Regard
� Attitude of total acceptance toward another
� Self-Concept
� Central feature of personality for Rogers & Maslow
� All thoughts & feelings about ourselves, in answer to question, “Who am I?”
Contemporary Research:
Trait Perspective
� Trait� Characteristic pattern of behavior or
� Disposition to feel & act, as assessed by self-report inventories & peer reportsreport inventories & peer reports
� Personality Inventory� Questionnaire (often true-false or agree-
disagree items) on which respond to items designed to gauge wide range of feelings & behaviors
� Assesses selected personality traits
Trait Perspective
� Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
� Most widely researched & clinically used of all personality testsof all personality tests
� Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (considered most appropriate use)
� Now used for other screening purposes
� Empirically Derived Test
Contemporary Research:
Social-Cognitive Perspective
� Views behavior as influenced by interaction between persons & social contextcontext
� Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)
� Interacting influences between personality & environmental factors
Social-Cognitive
Perspective
� Personal Control
� Sense of controlling environments rather than feeling helpless
� External Locus of Control
� Perception that chance or outside forces beyond personal control determine fate
� Internal Locus of Control
� Perception that one controls own fate
� Learned Helplessness