myers’ psychology (7th ed)
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed). Chapter 8 Learning James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers. Learning. Learning change in behavior due to experience. Association. learn by association Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence Associative Learning - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 8
Learning
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
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Learning
Learningchange in behavior due to experience
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Association
learn by association Our minds naturally connect events that
occur in sequence Associative Learning
learning that two events occur together two stimuli a response and its consequences
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Association
Learning to associate two events
Event 1 Event 2
Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock
Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics
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Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli
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Operant Conditioning
We learn to associate a response and its consequence
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Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian
physician/ neurophysiologist
Nobel Prize in 1904
studied digestive secretions
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Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
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Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s device for recording salivation
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning learn to associate two stimuli a neutral stimulus that signals an
unconditioned stimulus produces response that prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
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Behaviorism
John B. Watson
viewed psychology as objective science generally agreed-upon
consensus today
recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes not universally accepted
by all schools of thought today
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Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) stimulus that unconditionally--
automatically -triggers a response Unconditioned Response (UCR)
unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth
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Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally irrelevant stimulus that, after
association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral
conditioned stimulus
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Classical Conditioning
Extinction diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when
a UCS does not follow a CS in operant conditioning, when
a response is no longer reinforced
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Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
CS(waiting room)
CS(waitingroom) CR
(nausea)
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors
followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
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Operant Chamber
Skinner Box chamber with a
bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
contains devices to record responses
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Operant Conditioning
Reinforcer any event that strengthens the
behavior it follows
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Operant Conditioning
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Principles of Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus i.e., satisfies a biological need
Conditioned Reinforcer stimulus that gains its reinforcing
power through its association with primary reinforcer
secondary reinforcer
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Punishment
Punishment aversive event that
decreases the behavior that it follows
powerful controller of unwanted behavior
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Punishment
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior for
its own sake and to be effective Extrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments
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Operant vs Classical Conditioning
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Observational Learning
Observational Learning learning by observing others
Modeling process of observing and imitating a
specific behavior