myers’ psychology (7th ed) stress and stress management james a. mccubbin, phd clemson university...
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Stress and Stress Management
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
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Stress
Arousal of the mind + body in response to demands forcing you to cope or adjust
ORAn event that causes tension
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Kinds of Stress
Eustress POSITIVE STRESS that increases
motivation when taking on a challenge Distress
NEGATIVE stress that increases pressure + anxiety when faced with various situations
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Stress and Illness Leading causes of death in the US in
1900 and 2000
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Stress and Illness
Stressor the
event/situation that causes stress
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Sources of Stress
Frustration Blocked from achieving a goal
Daily hassles Household chores, health, time
management, inner-concern, environment, $, work, future
Life changes Major changes
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Stressful Life Events
Catastrophic Events earthquakes, combat stress, floods
Life Changes death of a loved one, divorce, loss of
job, promotion Daily Hassles
rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout
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Stress and Illness
General Adaptation Syndrome Selye’s
concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages
Stressresistance
Phase 1Alarm
reaction(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2Resistance(cope with stressor)
Phase 3Exhaustion(reservesdepleted)
The body’s resistance to stress canlast only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressoroccurs
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Types of Conflict
Approach-Approach Choose btwn 2 desirable outcomes
Avoidance-Avoidance Choose btwn 2 equally undesirable
outcomesApproach-Avoidance
Part desirable + part not outcome
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Personality Types
Type A Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
easygoing, relaxed people
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Stressful Life Events Chronic Stress by Age
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Stress Appraisal
Stressful event(tough math test)
Threat(“Yikes! This isbeyond me!”)
Challenge(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal Response
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+ Responses to Stress
Self-efficacy expectations Self-confidence=less stress
Psychological hardiness Resilience. Maintain commitment,
challenges + controlSense of humor
“laughter is the best medicine”
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+ Responses to Stress 2
Predictability Be ready for stress
Social Support Have a strong support network of fam +
friends
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General Adaptation Syndrome
Stressful situations result in body responses (3 stages)
Stage 1 Alarm Reaction “Fight or Flight”
Stage 2 ResistanceStage 3 Exhaustion
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Stress and the Heart
Coronary Heart Diseaseclogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many developed countries
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Stress and the Heart
Hopelessnessscores
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0 Heart attack DeathLow risk Moderate risk High risk
Men who feel extreme hopelessnessare at greater risk for heart attacksand early death
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Stress and the Heart
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Stress and Disease
Psych factors can make people more vulnerable to health problems
Health Psychology Studies the relationship btw
psych factors + prevention/treatment of illness
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Stress and Disease
Headaches Tension headaches caused by lots of
stress. Pain in shoulders, neck, forehead, scalp due to tense muscles
Migraines more intense + throbbing pain on 1 side. Sometimes stress, but also triggered by hormones, pollen, cheese, some drugs.
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Stress and Disease Negative emotions and health-related
consequences
Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressorsand negative
emotions
Release of stresshormones
Heartdisease
Immunesuppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
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Promoting Health
Aerobic Exercise sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness
Depressionscore
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3 Before treatmentevaluation
After treatmentevaluation
No-treatmentgroup
Aerobicexercise
group
Relaxationtreatment
group
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Promoting Health Biofeedback
system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state blood pressure muscle tension
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Promoting Health Modifying Type A life-style can
reduce recurrence of heart attacks
Percentageof patients
with recurrentheart attacks
(cumulativeaverage)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Year1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Life-style modification patients
Control patients
Modifying life-stylereduced recurrent
heart attacks
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Life events
Tendency toward
Health Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge Threat
Personality typeEasy going
NondepressedOptimistic
HostileDepressedPessimistic
Personality habitsNonsmoking
Regular exerciseGood nutrition
SmokingSedentary
Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring Lacking
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Promoting Health Predictors of mortality
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Men Women
Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious attendance
Relativerisk
of dying
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Coping with Stress
Defensive Coping NOT the best way to deal Involves substance abuse,
aggression, withdrawal, + overuse of defense mechanisms
Problem: doesn’t eliminate the stress or improve responses. Just hides
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Coping with Stress
Active Coping Changing environment or responses
Change stressful thoughtsRelaxation techniquesExerciseBreathing
• These are far more effective at dealing with stress