United StatesDepartment of A Program aridAgriculture

Forest Documentation for •Service

N°_htCEexp_ra/ent i m u/ation of aStation

RepearN_-212 Ru bber-T i redN _q_x Fe//er/Bu ncher

Sharon A. Winsauer and Dennis P. Bradley

CONTENTSPage

The equipment studied ......................................... 1Model objectives .................. ._............................. 1Simulation language--GPSS .................................... 1Model assumptions ............................................. 2Model description .............................................. 3Data needs ..................................................... 3Simulation output .............................................. 6Reliability ..................................................... 11Known GPSS systems differences ................................ 11Conclusions .................... : ............................... 11Literature cited ................................................ 14Appendix A--Variable lists and definitions ...................... 14Appendix B--Program listing ................................... 16Appendix C--Complete flow charts .............................. 28

Winsauer, Sharon A.; Bradley, Dennis P.A program and documentation for simulation of a rubber-tired feller/

buncher. Res. Pap. NC-212. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Ag-riculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station;1982.34 p.

Presents a computer model written in GPSS (General PurposeSimulation System) designed to simulate and study the productivityand in-woods operation of a rubber-tired feller/buncher.

KEY WORDS: GPSS (General Purpose Simulation System), com-puter, harvesting, productivity, modeling.

North Central Forest Experiment StationForest Service--U.S. Department of Agriculture

1992 Folwell Avenue rSt. Paul, Minnesota. 55108

Manuscript approved for publication April 12, 19821982

°

A .PROGRAM AND DOCUMENTATION FORSIMULATION OF A RUBBER-TIRED

FELLER- BUNCHERI .

Sharon A. Winsauer, Computer Specialist,• Houghton, Michigan,

and Dennis P. Bradley, Principal Economist,Duluth, Minnesota

J

Computer modeling o:fforest harvesting systems MODEL OBJECTIVEShas many applications, each requiring a different

approach to simulation. Simulations range from The primary objective of this model is to allow atechnical descriptions of the machine components for detailed study of the productivity and operation ofequipment design to overviews of large systems where the feller/buncher in the woods. For input, the model.the model estimates the changes in productivity requires data on the machine's operating character-caused by major system changes. The Forestry Sci- istics, the stand, and the type of harvest to be carriedences Laboratory personnel at Houghton, Michigan, out.have been developing harvesting simulators as a for-est engineering research tool for several years (Brad- After simulating the harvest of a plot, the modelley et al. 1976; Bradley and Winsauer 1976, 1978; reports productivity figures such as: trees, tons andUSDA Forest Service 1978; Winsauer 1980). volume per hour and per load, total cycles, tree per

cycle, distance traveled, and skid bunches completed.The purpose of this paper is to document a com-

puter model for a rubber-tired, frame-steered feller/ Additional output gives details of the woods op-buncher (fig. 1). The model was developed to provide eration, distributions of cycle times, distances, num-a detailed study of the machine's operation in the ber of trees per bunch, size of skidder bunches, fre-

. woods during felling and bunching. It allows the user quency and length of delays, etc.to determine cost and productivity under various standand harvest conditions, ways to increase machine

• efficiency, or to .study the effect of changing harvest SIMULATIONpatterns on cost and productivity Complete variablelists, program listings, and flow charts are included LANGUAGE -- GPSSin Appendices A, B, and C.

. The simulation is written in General PurposeSimulation Language (GPSS) with output subrou-tines written in FORTRAN. GPSS is a discrete event

simulation language developed by IBM (SchriberTHE EQUIPMENT STUDIED 1974). The user constructs a block diagram by ar-

ranging the discrete events of a system in their log-The feller/buncher simulated is a rubber-tired ical structure. The block diagram is made up from

frame-steered chassis with a shear mounted on the a group of specific GPSS block types. These blocksfront. The shear accumulator can hold one or more then become the GPSS program. A basic understand-trees, but the machine must drive up to each tree to ing of the GPSS language allows the user to accu-fell it. rately interpret or modify the simulation.

o

| ,

• Figure 1.--Typical rubber-tired type feUer/buncher.

Most versions of GPSS have a standard output The following assumptions are made about theformat that contains allthe data in a very concise feller/buncher's behavior:

form. The FORTRAN subroutines are used to pres- 1. A feller/buncher cycle is defined as starting after•ent the output values of most interest in an orga- a load is dropped and ending when the next loadnized, labeled form. is dropped.

2. The machine has an accumulating shear. (The

MODEL ASSUMPTIONS model can easily be changed to single head shearby limiting the accumulator load to one.).

The basic time unit used in the model is a centi- 3. The feller/buncher must move up to each treeto shear it. It travels back and forth across aminute; i.e., 1/100 of a minute. The feller works one

• shift a day for the number of days chosen by the user. relatively narrow strip of forest, cutting treesAll volume measures are in 1/100 cubic foot. marked for cutting as it encounters them, work-

ing its way along the trip until the far end of• It is assumed that the feller/buncher operates in the plot is reached. It then moves to the next

an area far enough in advance of the skidder to min- strip and repeats the process (fig. 2).imize interactions between machines. To simulate a

4. The feller will cut and accumulate multiple treeshot logging operation, this model can be combined before dropping them. It will drop the accu-with a complete skidding-chipping or skidding-loader mulator head load when the accumulator headmodel. Another alternative would be to add a "black

is full or if the next tree to cut is too far away.box" skidder segment, a simplified segment, used to

5. When the feller must drop the trees held in thecreate the machine interactions without providing adetailed Study of the skidder operation, accumulator head, it will carry the load to the

partial bunch and drop the trees there. If noSince an efficient skidder load usually contains partial skidder bunch has been started or if the

more trees than the shear can hold, the feller/buncher partial bunch is judged to be too far away, itmay shear and drop several loads at one location to will drop them at the location of the last treecreate the skidder bunch, cut.

2

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, <

Figure 2.--Feller/buncher travel pattern.

6. The felier/buncher operator can quit for the day complete the bunch being worked on before quittingor stop for a break only after dropping the trees for the day. If the required number of days have beenin the accumulator head. simulated, the model shuts off. Otherwise, the start

7. Mechanical and nonmechanical delays for the of another workday is signaled, and the process con-feller are also incorporated into the model. For tinues.

ease of programming, they are assumed to oc- The FELLER/BUNCHER SEGMENT (fig. 4) mod-cur in a cycle after the feller/buncher drops the els a rubber-tired, frame-steered feller/buncher withcurrent load of trees.

an accumulating head shear mounted on the front.The machine must move up to each tree to cut it.

MODEL DESCRIPTION' It moves through the woods along a strip but trav-

The model consists of two GPSS segments: els back and forth within the strip in order to reach• 1. TIMER SEGMENT the trees to be cut. The feller/buncher attempts to

2. FELLER/BUNCHER SEGMENT create bunches large enough to be skidded econom-

and two FORTRAN subroutines for formatted (easily ically.read) output.

The'TIMER SEGMENT (fig. 3)controls the daily DATA NEEDSschedule, keeps track of the days worked, and sends

, information to the subroutines to produce the for-matted output. The TIMER signals the start of the GPSS accepts machine and stand data in severalday, the rest breaks and lunch (two 15-minute breaks forms (table 1). For additional information on dataa day and V2-hour lunch are assumed), and the end types and card formats, see a GPSS Programming

•of the workday. The TIMER then completes the 24- Manual (Schriber 1974).hour day and produces an output report of the pre- Most of the data required in the main programvious day's operation and production. Output is pro- are expected in the form of GPSS VARIABLES. Theseduced at the end of 24 hours, not at the end of the VARIABLES are then defined at the end of the deckshift, to include the time needed for the feller to in terms of the available machine and stand data.

3

qI

ACOUNTDAYS

WORKED

TELL FELLERTO START

WORK

WATCH QUITTING ,,._ TELL FELLER• CLOCK / TIME _ IT'S QUITTING

/ TIME

TIME

TELL FELLER WAITI T' S BREAK UNTIL

TIME MORNING

" REPORTONPRODUCTION

NO• DAYS

YES

END RUN

Figure 3._Timer segment--overview.,

4

FELLER/t BUNCHER

DEFINE A SET ENDTREE TREE AND OF STRIP

• ITS LOCATION INDI CATOR

i

IN THIS ACCFL SWING ANDNO DROPTREES

YES

YES NO _/'_LAY_"_ NO

I NHEADACCUM 1 _ _.YESl CALC. DIST

TDIST TO BUNCH DELAY

I c_,c.°_"I NO _v_,__o_'_"_cH_ _o_UNC,-"• _,,,,_-_r],,,,f TAKE BREAK

OR QUIT

UNTIL -MORNING

S NO_

NO

I TRAVEL TO I PREVIOUS BUNCHIS COMPLETED... _ TREE AND I SPLIT

• " I . SHEAR I BUNCH

COLLECT

' BUNCH TDIST

t

Figure 4.--Feller/buncher segment--overview.

,

5

Table1.--PS8 data input forms Four types of data describing the equipment and" InputdatatyPe InputforminGPSSExample harvesting operation must be supplied.

Simpleaverages Initialized Aved.b.h.= inchesorconstants SAVEVALUES 1. Stand data (table 2).

2. Machine data dependent upon stand conditionsRangeofvalues Initialized ShearTime= 10to14cmin (table 3).SAVEVALUES = 12_ 2crain

formeanand ½ 3. Machine data (independent of stand) (table 4).widthof interval 4. Simulation run control (table 5).

.Equations VARIABLES Volume= .13d.b.h.2- .28 The output example presented in this paper uses

Frequency FUNCTIONS D.B.h.(in.) 41516 718 the information intables2through5 as input. Thesedistributions Percenttrees 23125 1301515 data were gathered from time studies carried out

during Forest Service case studies. The data in theMeanandvariance SAVEVALUESand Waittimeisnormally tables are empirical, so they represent the operatingforastandard FUNCTIONS distributedwith

distributionsuch forthedistribution mean= 10 characteristics of this machine under the stand con-asnormal,poisson variance = 9 ditions found during the time studies. Different har-exponential,etc. vest conditions may require new time study data.

J

This allows the user flexibility in data form while SIMULATION OUTPUTavoiding card shuffling in the main program For ex-ample, changing a shear time from a constant (GPSS The simulation run produces two pages of for-SAVEVALUE) to a frequency distribution (GPSS matted output for each day of the run (figs. 5 and 6).FUNCTION) is accomplished by simply redefining These present a summary of the stand data and a

cumulative productivity report.the shear time VARIABLE and supplying the up-. propriate cards. Additional, standard GPSS output is produced at

The input data cards follow the VARIABLE def- the end of the run by the GPSS processor and sup-initions and are supplied as FUNCTIONS or SAV- plies complete run details (fig. 7).EVALUES depending upon the VARIABLE defini- The first page of the standard output presents ation. An exception to this convention is the use of simulation "map" listing all the blocks in the modelGPSS SAVEVALUES (constants) merely for sum- and the number of transactions that have movedmary purposes (average stand d.b.h., average tree through each block. This is of primary value whileheight, etc.), debugging the model. The listing of the QUEUE sta-

Table 2.nStand data

, " Datarequired Casestudy Formrequiredbyprogram Name

Averagestanddiameter 5.1 ind.b.h. SAVEYALUE X$AVDBHAveragestandvolume 2,842cuft./acre SAVEVALUE X$AVVOLAveragetreeheight 60ft SAVEVALUE X$AVHGTAveragetrees/acre 550trees/acre(allsizes) SAVEVALUE X$TRPAC

, Striplength 660ft SAVEVALUE X$STPLNDistancebetweenstrips 32ft SAVEVALUE X$MVSTPDensityofwood 55Ib/cuft SAVEVALUE X$LBCFTHoursindailyworkshift 8 hours SAVEVALUE X$WKDAYActualtreediameter Diameterdistribution SAVEVALUE V$TDIAD

d.b.h.(in.) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Percenttrees 25.4 22.5 30.4 8.6 6.3 3.2 2.0 1.1 .4 .2

Volumeoftrees Volumeoftrees(cuft) VARIABLE V$TVOLVolume= -0.283 + 0.0031(d.b.h.2)treeheight

= - 0.283 + 0.186(d.b.h.2)

6

Table 3.--=Machine data dependent on stand conditions

Daterequired Casestudy Formrequiredbyprogram NameExpectedXcoordinateof Xcoordinateequally VARIABLE V$XCORD

thenexttreeto becut likelyto fallanywherein thestrip

Xcoordinate= stripwidthX(Rand#1) + 1

ExpectedYcoordinateof Distributionofthe VARIABLE V$YCORDthenexttreeto becut_ differencein feet

(nexttree'sYcoordinate_currenttree'sYcoordinate)

YDIF 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Percenttrees • 18 30 16 12 8 4 4 3 3 2

Maximumdistancefeller 8 feet SAVEVALUE X$ADLIM.willtraveltoadd'anothertreetoaccumulatorhead

, Maximumdistancefeller 45 feet SAVEVALUE X$BDLIMwill traveltoaddadditionaltreestoa partialbunch

, ,Theempiricaldistributionoftheexpectedlocationforthenexttreeto becutcouldbereplacedwithananalyticfunction(Bradley,DennisP.Ananalyticalprocedureto locatetreesfor simulatedtreeharvest,(manuscriptinprocess).

• Table 4._Machine data

' .Data.required Casestudy Formrequiredbyprogram Name

Traveltime Travelspeed VARIABLE V$FBTRAV(basedondistance) Mean= 150ft/min

St. dev.= 50ft/min

Sheartimepertree Sheartime VARIABLE VSFBSHRMean= 25centi-minSt. dev.= 12centi-min

Droptimeperload Droptime VARIABLE V$FBDRPMean= 15centi-minSt. dev.= 9 centi-min

Maximumsizeofskidder Bunchdiameterlimit VARIABLE V$BUNLM.bunchthefeller 45inches

• . ' creates(sumtotalOfdiameters)

' Gaiihrfuelused 4.7 gal/hr SAVEVALUE X$FBGPHLengthof nonmechanical Distributionof VARIABLE VSNMDLY

delaypercycle nonmechanical(inclUdingcycles delays(rain)withzerodelay)

LENGTHOFDELAY 0 0-1 1-2 2-5 5-1010-2020-50

' Percentof cycles 97.3 .9 .5 .5 .4 .3 .1

Lengthof mechanicaldelay ' Distributionof VARIABLE V$MCDLY•percycle(including mechanicaldelay(min)cycleswithzerodelay)

LENGTHOFDELAY 0 0-5 5-10 10-50

Percentof cycles 99.4 .2 .2 .2

7

' Table 5.--Simulation run control

" Datarequired Casestudy FormrequiredbyprogramRandomnumbergenerators: Randomnumber Use RMULTcard

1 forGPSSscheduler

2 generatenormalrandomdistribution

3 treelocationdistribution

4 d.b.h.distribution

5 notused

. 6 delaydistributions

Numberof days 5 daysStandardoutput every5thday Startcard

t_stics provides detailed information on how the feller/ Example:buncher spends its time in the woods. The SAVEV- FBHR = 4,006 = feller hours × 100ALUE list contains all the totals necessary to cal- FBTRE = 3,785 trees cutculate productivity if the FORTRAN subroutines 3,785/40.06 × 94.48 trees/hourcannot be used.

FULL TREE FIELD CHIPPING SIMULATOR

NORTH CENT E STA IONFOREST SERV , , DEPT, OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST PRODUCTS MARKETING AND UTILIZATION PROJECT, DULUTH, MINNESOT,

AUTHORS

DENNIS P,w_RAD_, _ONOMISTSHARON A, NSAu=., OGRAMMER

i, STAND CHARACTERISTICS,

28Q-2,00 C.U FT, AVERAGE VOLUME PER ACRE,

5.10 INCHES, AVERAGE DBH,

" 6"0.00 FEET, AVERAGE TREE HEIGHT,

550,00 AVERAGE NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE,

8,90 FEET, AVERAGE TREE SPACING,

II, SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AS SPECIFIED BY THE ANALYST,

A, FFLLER-BUNCHER_ [ MACHINE RUBBER-TIRED TYPE

MACHINE LIMITATIONS,

THE ACCUMULATOR-SHEAR WIll TRY TO OBTAIN A LOAD OF UP TO 5,0 TREES

BUNCH LIMITATIONS DICTATED BY SKIDDER CAPACITY|

THE FELLER-BUNCHERS TRY TO ACHIEVE SKIDDER BUNCHES wITH A TOTAL SUM OF DIAMETERS EQUAL TO 12010

Figure 5.--Simulation output--system and stand characteristics.

8

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Additional details of the in-woods operations are brary Interchange (UPLI). It should run under mostprovided by the GPSS TABLES (figs. 8-10). The cycle GPSS Processors with only minor changes. The fol-time table FBTIM (cycle time starts after the feller/ lowing should be checked for your system.

i buncher dropsone load and ends when it drops the INITIAL cardsmIn GPSS-X8, the INITIAL cardsI next) shows there were 1,490 cycles with an average appear last in the deck.

cycle time of 161 centi-minutes. Of all 1,490 cycles, They should be moved to the head of the deck for240 cycles or 16 percent took between 100 and 125centi-minutes, most other GPSS processors.

It should be noted that all of the output was ob- JOB CONTROL cards_These are unique to eachtained by random processes in the model. Therefore, computer lab and must be obtained locally.

the output data are themselves a random sample of HELP BLOCKS--In GPSS-X8, HELP BLOCKS (linewhat could happen. If the model is run again with 65-80 in the program) are used to pass an arraydifferent random samples, the exact results will be of up to five integer values to a FORTRAN sub-

i different but will reflect the underlying means and routine. Only a one-way transfer is permitted, thevariance of the system. An average over several days subroutine cannot pass arguments back to GPSS

' or several runs is the best estimate of an actual sys-[ tern. Some versions of GPSS do not allow HELPI,, BLOCKS. In this case, the program can be run with-. out lines 48 to 80 and the data obtained instead from

RELIABILITY the standard output. If some form of HELP BLOCKSare allowed, the HELP BLOCKS formats and the

The simulation described here used data obtained subroutines may have to be changed. See the GPSSin a previous study of mechanized thinning. Three manual for your computer installation.simulation runs were made using different randomnumber sequences to insure different random sam-ples. Simulated production figures were averaged and

• Compared with the productivity observed during theactual thinning (table 6). The greatest error of 14.7percent appears in cycles/hour with delay. A portion CONCLUSIONS

•of this error can be attributed to the simulation runs

having a higher percent of productive time on the Most harvesting system changes have relativelyruns made. Other runs, with different random num- complex effects on productivity. The simulation modelber sequences, would alter the number and duration provides an in-depth look at the operation of thisof delays, hence the cycles/hour. The comparison in- machine in the woods and makes it possible to studydicates the model is a reasonably accurate mirror of the effect of a change in any one system character-thereal system. Obviously, the better the input data, istic or stand factor or many changes at the samethe more useful the output! time. It can also be combined with a model of skid-

ding and chipping operations to provide productivityinformation for a whole-tree system. Perhaps the

KNOWN GPSS SYSTEMS greatest value of a GPSS model is the ease with

• DIFFERENCES which it can be modified to suit the exact require-ments of your system. Although this requires some

The program listed in the Appendix is operational knowledge of GPSS, it makes simulation an ex-on a UNIVAC 1110 under an implentation of GPSS tremely valuable tool.cal!ed'GPSS-X8, obtained through Use Program Li-

• Table 6.mCorroboration of simulated productivity with field data

Fielddataand Productive Treesperhour Cyclesperhour Averagenumbertrees• simulatedproductivity timeworked Nodelays Withdelays Nodelays Withdelays /Cycle /Skidbunch

PercentFielddata 73 132 94 48 34 2.8 10.1Simulationruns' 78 130 98 51 39 2.5 10.8

(Error) (6.8) (-1.5) (4.1) (5.8) (14.7) (- 10.7) (6.9)1Averageofthreesimulationtrialsusingdifferentrandomnumbersequences.

11

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NUMBER OF TREES PER ACCUMULATOR HEAD LOAD

,,_ .E ,_U.EN, ST,NO,ROOEVX,,ZONSU.O,,_OU._,TS.90 52 3185.

UP" R OBSERVED PER ENT _LAT_ MU_?, ,_.o ._ ._:_ _.o ' "_'_t.I _2.9 . "

3 222 I_.90 80.72'_ 28.0 t._8.' .305 _ lq o79,19 |00.0 ,0 ,97 1,62

!

NUMBER OF TREES PER SKIDDER BUNCH

T_E ENTRZES IN TABLE "EAN AROUHENT STANDARD DEVIATION SU" OF ARGUHENT$8.__ " 3_8 10.8b 3,57 3779,

UPPER OBSERVED o_ER NT ;_'U TAG[ RLIMI.T • FREQUENCY T At q_ _

• _ 2 . .5 ' =_'207b

• ,3 . = _,92Q _ ;._6 _.. q8.6 ._ -2.• 0 .7 _., .b -5 11 ,tb 6 9 .,6_: -'_ :ss t,_b lb _,bO 11 5 88, =

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20 5 75 8_ 8 15 2 I 2q15 t9 5 _6 qO 2 9 8 I 38 1

0 _ , 8 qq ,5 8_ 221 ,57 t000 .0 I _3 2

Figure 9.--Simulation output.

VOLUME (CU. FT. x I00) PER SKIDDER BUNCH

'_O_LE ENTRIEI._N TIBLE 8EMsANARGUMENT ST'NDA_ _VIATZON SUM OF ARGUMENTS: 77,6a aO , , 308q_20,

• . UPPER OBSERVED PERCENT CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE "ULTIPLE DEVIATIONLIMIT FREOUENCY OF TOTAL PERC_TNAGE REMAINDER OF ME,N FROH MEAN_oo _ ._, ._ _._ .,_ -_._

00 13 7a S q_,3 e = ,_000 t_ _ 02 9 8 90.2 ._5 "l.5000 21 6 05 15 8 _ 2 .5b -,

_ _ 75 Ol ,_7 -_ ''078 -'

6000 32 9 ;5 bE7000. aS 1 a8 _ _ 52 6 -, '

,ooo ,.,ooo 7,_ _ _ ,, _ _ _ .ooo _ 35 6

I ooo _ _ ,_ _ o __s• ooo a 8 I _ l83 t 0- I_000 18 5 2 11,8 1 58

15000 tO a 60 92 8 _.2 I 69

,,ooo 'I'°°°ooo . '_000 9, I. l_ 2' " 99 _ ,5 2 25

1;28 _ 7 c 2 _82_000 l23000 1 ,28 100 0 ,0 2 59 3

Figure lO.--Simulation output.,

LITERATURE CITED full-tree chippping: model compares favorably to" the real world. For. Prod. J. 28(10): 85-88; 1978.

Bradley, Dennis P.; Biltonen, Frank E.; Winsauer, Schriber, T. J. Simulation using GPSS. New York:•Sharon A. A computer simulation of full-tree field John Wiley & Sons; 1974. 533 p.chipping and trucking. Res. Pap. NC-129. St. Paul, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. For-MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Serv- est residues energy program--final report. U.S.ice, North Central Forest Experiment Station; 1976. Department of Energy Report TID-28416. St. Paul,14 p. MN: North Central Forest Experiment Station;

Bradley, Dennis P.; Winsauer, Sharon A. Solving wood 1978. 297 p.chip transport problems with computer simula- Winsauer, Sharon A. A program and documentationtion. Res. Pap. NC-138. St. Paul, MN: U.S. De- for simulation of a tracked feller/buncher. Res.partment of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Pap. NC-192. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department ofCentral Forest Experiment Station; 1976. 8 p. Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest

Bradley, Dennis P.; Winsauer, Sharon A. Simulated Experiment Station; 1980. 26 p.

APPENDIX A

VARIABLE LISTS AND DEFINITIONS

' DEFINITIONS FUNCTIONS

IMPLICIT TIME UNIT--CENTI-MINUTE DBH Distribution of tree diameters in thestand

Model Segments, Transactions, and Parameters HYP Distribution used to calculate the len_of the hypotenuse of a right triangle

Segment 1--TIMER SNORM Distribution used to obtain a normalTransactions--1 time keeper distribution for sampling with a meatParameters--None 0, variance = 1, lower end truncated

YCDIF Distribution of the distance along theSegment 2--FELLER/BUNCHER strip from current tree to next tree; i.

Transactions--Feller/buncher difference in Y coordinates' Parameters MCDLY Distribution of the occurrence and

Pl--not currently used duration of mechanical delay• P2--clock time marking cycle NMDLY Distribution of the occurrence and

P3--current X coordinate of the feller/ duration of nonmechanical delaysbuncher

P4--current Y coordinate of the feller/ SAVEVALUES' buncher

P5--tree number being cut ACCLM Accumulator head limit of this load,P6--X coordinate of the tree number of treesP7--Y coordinate of the tree ACLM1 Accumulator head limit, maximumP8--:tree diameter number of treesP9--distance from feller/buncher to tree ADLIM Accumulator distance limit, maxim_

P10--end of strip indicator distance feller will travel to add anoPll--sum of tree diameters in current tree to load, feet

accumulator load AVDBH Mean stand diameter, inches x 100P12--volume of current accumulator load AVHGT Mean stand height, feetP13--number of trees in accumulator load AVVOL Mean vol/acre, cu ft x 100

.

14

BDLIM ' ' Bunch distance limit, maximum distance XDIF Distance between the feller's current. feller will travel to add trees to a partial location and its next location across

skidder bunch, feet strip, ftBNCOM Number of skidder bunches complete YDIF Distance between the feller's currenti

and ready for skidding location and its next location along strip,BNLM1 Maximum sum of diameter for skidder ft

bunch size limit, inchesBRKTM Total time spent on breaks, centi- SWITCHES

• .. minutesBUNLM Current bunch size limit--sum of COFFE Set by timer to indicate coffee breaks

diameter, inches DAY Set by timer to indicate beginning ofDAYS Number of days worked workdayDELNM Total time lost to nonmechanical delays, LUNCH Set by timer to indicate lunch break

centi-minutes

DELYM Total time lost to mechanical delay, TABLEScenti-minutes

FBACC Total number of feller/buncher ACCTR Trees per accumulator loadaccumulator loads ACCVL Volume per accumulator load, cu ft x

FBDIS Total distance feller has traveled, feet 100FBGPH " Feller/buncher fuel usage, gal/hr x 10 BDIA Sum of diameter of trees in skid bunch,FBHR Total time feller has worked, hours x inches

. 100 BTRE Trees per skidder bunchFBTIM Total time feller has been on job, BVOL Volume per skidder bunch, cu ft x 100

minutes x 100 FBTIM Cycle time for feller/buncher from dropFBTRE Total trees cut to drop, including delays, centi-minutesFBTYP Feller/buncher type code, rubber-tired =

• QUEUESFBVOL Total volume cut, cu ft x 100FDRP1 'Mean drop time, centi-minutes BREAK Coffee and lunch break timeFDRP2 Standard deviation drop time, centi- FBDRP Swing and drop time

minutes FBSHR Position and shear timeFSHR1 Mean shear time, centi-minutes FBTRV All travel time.FSHR2 Standard deviation shear time, centi- MCDLY Mechanical delays

minutes NMDLY Nonmechanical delaysFTRV1 Mean travel speed, ft/min

FTRV2 Standard deviation travel speed, ft/min VARIABLESLBCFT Density of stand species, lb/cu ftMAX . Longest distance of travel (X or Y ACCLM Accumulator head limit, number of trees

direction), ft BREAK Time between breaks, centi-minutes' MIN . Shortest distance of travel (X or Y BRKTM Time spent on breaks, centi-minutes

direction), ft BUNLM Skidder bunch limit, sum of diameter,• MVSTP Distance feller travels between strips, ft inches

NUMFB Number of feller/bunchers on job DELNM Nonmechanical delay time, centi-PBDIA • Partial bunch sum of diameter, inches minutesPBEND Partial bunch end of strip indicator DELYM Mechanical delay time, centi-minutesPBTRE Partial bunch number of trees FBDRP Swing and drop time, centi-minutesPBVOL Partial bunch--current volume, cu ft x FBHR Total time, hours x 100

100 FBSHR Shear time, centi-minutesPBX Partial bunch X coordinate FBTRV Travel time, centi-minutesPBY " Partial bunch Y coordinate HYP Length of hypotenuse of a right triangle

' STPLN Length of strip, ft MCDLY Length of mechanical delaySTPWH Width of strip, ft NEWY Y coordinate when skidder changesSTRIP Number of strips harvested stripsTRPAC Mean stand density, trees/acre NIGHT Remainder of 24 hours after work shift,WKDAY Length of work shift, hours centi-minutes

15

. NMDLY Length of nonmechanical delay, centi- WKDAY Length of work shift, centi-minutesminutes XCORD X coordinate (across strip) of tree

NXDIF Used to make distance in X direction location, ftpositive YCORD Y coordinate (down strip) of tree

NYDIF Used to make distance in Y direction distance, ftpositive XDIF X distance from feller/buncher to tre_

RATIO Ratio between the legs of a right YDIF Y distance from feller/buncher to tre_. triangle XDIF1 X distance from feller/buncher to par

SPEED Feller/buncher travel speed, ft/min bunchTDIAM Tree diameter, inches YDIF1 Y distance from feller/buncher to palTVOL Tree volume, cu ft x 100 bunch

APPENDIX B

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27

75* NTREE = X|6, FBV _ X2/I00.

I,.78. c _,vo_°L_,;°_vGE_E°_,,oo.'__,c,I_Es80* BNCOH = X38|, C BNCOM = BUNCHES COMPLETED82. FBHR = X_/tOO=

X583, FBOIS D=IST=8_, C FBDIS = TRAV. ALL MACHINES

NUE

8b, 30 _ _=X

9 FBGPH = Xa/tO

FEL_E_'B°E_-c o,_ _ To_susEo9q, C BUNCHER VOL= IN• 95, C

• t e w e e NH NUMFBq8* C

NTREE*! /FSACC

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q • C105, FBTPB NTRE 1 BNCOM

i07, WR_TE (6e_lBNCOMe TPB

FBCPB = FB&CC,I./BNCOHt t O, WRITE (be 5) FBCPB

1!t" : ,e• FBVPB = FBVO IBNCO_• C FBVPB = AVEo VO PER BUY H

q* WR_TE (6 e6) _BVPBeNT EeFBVOLeFBTNSeFBDI$• iS* C

I t, CYCHR FBAC_/FBHR

I • _RITE(_eTICY HR

' * C

, C FBBHH = &V_. BUNCHES PER HACHIN[ HOUR

• C FBTMH = TREES FE ED PER MACHINE HOUR• FBVMH FBVOL FBHR

[t2q* C FBVMH = VOL'FFELLEDB$ PER MACHINE HOUR

• FBDMH BOX /FBHR

t_8, C FBDM_ = DI_, TRA_ PER MACHINE HOUR9* WRITE e8) _BHH_FBT_H,FRVMHeFBATHeFBDMH

30, C131. C FELLER-BUNCHER GALLONS/HOUR132. FBGPT = FBGPH/FBATH

FBGPC • FBGPH/(FBVMH/ 0

• END

• , I

APPENDIX C

COMPLETE FLOW CHARTS

28

" COMPLETEFLOW CHARTS- PART I OF 6

TIMER SEGMENT

_ CREATEONETIMER..

I J"ll /

Ti

(NXDAY) ..CSAVEVALUE _ COU_T NUMBER LOGIC _ SIGNAL

SET FELLER-OF DAYS COFFE COFFEEBREAK

DAYS+.1

ADVANCE i WORK UNTIL• L,OGIC TIME TO V$BREAK SHIFT• SET STARTWORK . ,

DAYi

LOGIC TIME TO

i ' RESET QUIT FOR

ADVANCE WAIT UNTIL DAY ] TODAYTIME FOR

V$BREAK COFFEEBREAK - '

i

i ADVANCE. WAIT UNTIL.LOGIC _ Sl GNAL V$NIGHT MORNING

m FELLER-SET

COFFE --JCOFFEEBREAK JiT

_sA _ CALCULATEVEVALUE FELLER'S

ADVANCE WORK UNTIL PRODUCTIVEAND

I I NONPRODUCTIVEVSBREAK TIM[FOR REPORT TIMES

LUNCH VARIABLE

SET FELLER- | SYSTEM, | FORTRANLUNCH LUNCH TIME I--..._FELBNIPRODUCTION

REPORT

. '

i ADVANCE WORK UNTIL SPLIT

V$BREAK TIME FORSECONDBREAK _ (NXDAY) --

' l

TERr._INATE

29

COMPLETEFLOWCHARTS- PART 2 OF 6

RUBBERTIRED FELLER/BUNCHERSEG;.IENT

. CREATEONEFELLER/BUNCHER

_ (OLDST) _(INIT) I ASSIGN I ' INITIALIZE

ccu o,TO12,0 HEAD LOAD (ACCFL)

13_0 PART 4. NO

MARK (TDIST)

( ">MARK START 0 F FI ND" CYCLE AVEVALUE X AND Y DISTANCE

FROMF.B. TO

• _ I XDIFIYDIF NEXT TREE

, AVEVALUE ACCUMULATORLOAD AND

, I LOAD 1 BUNCHSIZE. SIZE DISTANCE SAVEVALUE

NEGATIVE• XDIF CHANGENO YDIF SIGN OF

(TREE) ASSIGN ASSIGN NEG. VALUETREE NUMBER

PARAMETERS X COORDINATE, SAVEVALUE5-8 Y COORDINATE,

DIAMETER MAX STORE X AND Y DISTANCE: MIN INTO MAX. AND MIN. FOR

•' ' _ USE IN HYP. FUNCTIONI

' IN A NEW (OLDST) I ASSIGN I ASSIGNI L STRAIGHT LINE

YES _ _ DISTANCE -. 9,V$HYP F.B. TO TREE

1 ASSIGN Y COORDINATE

IN NEW STRIP,

_ 7,V$NEWY_ END OF STRIP (FIRST)I0,I INDICATOR PART 3

(ACCFL) F.B. DOESNOTPART 4 CARRYTREES TO

A NEWSTRIP

3.0

COr_PLETEFLO;'I CHARTS- PART 3 OF 6

RUBBER TIRED FELLER/BUNCHER SEGMENT

(FIRST)

J

__o(ACCFL) QUEUEPART 4 FBSHR

ADVANCE SHEARV$FBSHR TREE

(FELL) QUEUEFBTRV_

, _ DEPART _ RECORDADVANCE TRAVEL FBSHR SHEARTIMES

V$FBTRV TO TREE IT

• ASSIGN ADD TO ACC. HEAD

" DEPART RECORD NUt_,BEROF TREESFBTRV TRAVEL 11+ ,P8 AND

• TIMES 13+,I TOTAL DIAMETER

1. !• ' TREE COORDINATES

' F.B. COORDINATES, IVOL,DIST

1 1(TREE)

• " PART 2CONSIDERNEXT TREE 31

COMPLETEFLOWCHARTS- PART 4 OF 6

. RUBBERTIRED FELLER/BUNCHERSEGMENT

(ACCFL) I

• NO (DROP)

PART 5 (TRVPB)

• QUEUEDETERMINE FBTRV

• YDIFADVANCE TRAVEL TO

V$FBTRV PARTIAL BUNCHI

SAVEVALUE

' TRAVELYDIF INEGAT, VE FBTRV TIMES

i MAX I DISTANCES INTO ASSIGN PARTIAL BUNCH,:.. ,_xA.o;_N_o_u_ CO0_O_NATE__CO,'_ UNCT O,,YO" " ,X$PBY

II ASSIGN STRAIGHT LINE, DISTANCE

" _ ) F.B. TO BLINCH ( ) RECORD• 9,V$HYP SAVEVALUE TRAVEL

. DISTANCE

" ._ _(PBFAR SPLIT (DROP)-

I "- PART 5 (DROP)1 PART 5

__o ,( TRVPB) ( BUNCH) 0 FFSPRING

PART 6 GOESTO MAKEPARTIAL BUNCH

COr!PLETE

32

COMPLETEFLOWCHARTS- PART 5 OF 6

RUBBERTIRED FELLER/BUNCHERSEGMENT(DROP)

DROP

1 _ DEPART _ RECORD' ' POSITION NMDLY NONMECHANICALADVANCE AND DROP DELAYS

V$DROP ACCUMULATORLOAD

QUEUE _BREAK

DEPART _ RECORDDROP DROPTIME

NO SETRECORDBUNCHLOCATION COFFESAVEVALUEUME, SUMOF DINIETER, YESNUMBEROF TREES

BUNCHDATA

ADVANCE 15-MI NUTE1500 COFFEEBREAK

MCDLY

1 L°°Ic-7RESET, COFFE

ADVANCE MECHANICALDELAY - '

V$MCDLY IF ANY

(QUIT)PART 6

RECORD

DEPART _ MECHANICALMCDLY DELAY

ADVANCE 30-MINUTE3000 LUNCHBREAK

NMDLYr

LOOlc-7RESETNONMEcHANICAL LUNCH_' ADVANCE

DELAY - ' IV$NMDLY I F ANYI ,, _I

' _ (QUIT)PART 6

33

COMPLETEFLOW CHARTS- PART 6 OF 6

RUBBERTIRED FELLER/BUNCHERSEGMENT

(QUIT)_ _ _ (BNCOM)

OFFSPRING ' COMPLETEFBTIM+,. GOES TO lMP2 COMPLETE

BUNCH

DEPART RECORD OF STRIP (TDIST)BREAK PART 2

BREAK TIMES YES

ASSIGN ADD DISTANCE

TABULATE BETWEENSTRIPSPRODUCTION 4,P7 AND RESET

3,P6+X$MVSTP Y COORDINATE

SET NO (TDIST)' SHIFT OVER- PART 2

WAIT UNTILTOMORROW

MARK START NEW (BUNCH) ASSIGN TURN PARTIALBUNCH INTO

CYCLE PARAMETER ACTIVE4,lI,12,13 TRANSACTION

ASSIGNINITIALIZE

ACCUMULATOR INITIALIZEINITIALIZE HEAD SAVEVALUE PARTIALBUNCH

DATA STORAGEBUNCHDATA

(BNCOM) TABULATE

' BUNCHPRODUCTION

_ (BNCOM)

(TDIST)PART 2

34U.S. GOVERNMENTPRINTING OFFICE" 1982-566-949/100