Not es

Preface

1 . Rob Crilly, “1,000 Pakistani Women and Girls Honor Killing Victims.” Telegraph, March 22, 2012.

2 . Chris Alexander, The Long Way Back:: Afghanistan Quest for r Peace(Toronto: Harper Collins, 2011), 242, xxix; Rahul Roy-Chowdhury, “The United States Role and Influence on the India-Pakistan con-flict,” Disarmament Forum, 2004.

3 . David Sanger, The Inheritance (New York: Harmony Books, 2009), e122, 261.

4 . Dennis Kux, The e United States and d Pakistan, 1947–2000 (Baltimore, 0MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press; and Washington,DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001); Bruce Riedel, Deadly Embrace (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Press, 2011). e

Introduction: The VolatileStrategic Partnership

1 . Transcript of President Bush’s address, CNN, September 21, 2001,NNhttp://articles . cnn. com/2001–09–20/us/gen. bush. transcript_1_joint-session-national-anthem-citizens?_s=PM:US; Richard Sissonand Leo Rose, War and d Secession (Berkeley, CA: University. of nCalifornia Press, 1990), 261 (references in it); Louise Arbour, Washington Post, December 28, 2011; “us-Pakistan Relations Now ttat Their Worst,” CBS News, November 28, 2011; Richard Weitz,US-Pakistani Relations in- n Crisis—Part I; “Moscow Ponders nato’s IIDilemma in Afghanistan with Mixture of Angst and Schadenfreude,”Yale Global, January 3, 2012; “Crumbling Pakistan Relations Could Hinder US Afghanistan Withdrawal,” National Post; “US-Pakistan Relations,” Council onn Foreign Relation.

2. Terry Anderson, Bush’s s War (New York: Oxford University Press, r2011), 86.

3 . http://www. tri-cityherald. com/2012/04/17/1907190/us-military-deaths-in-afghanistan. html#storylink=cpy.

4. Chris Alexander, The Long Way Back (New York: Harper, 2011), 134.k5 . Ayesha Jalal, The Past ass Present, in n Pakistan, Maleeha Lodhi (ed.),

(New York: CUP, 2011), 8, 12, 19; President Clinton My Life, 865;

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Sahid Javed Burki, “Pakistan’s Politics and Its Economy,” in Paul R. Brass (ed.), Routledge Handbook off South Asian Politics (New York: sRoutledge, 2010), 83–98.

6 . Maheela Lodhi, “Beyond the Crisis State,” in Maleeha Lodhi (ed.), Pakistan: : Beyond the e Crisis State (New York: CUP, 2011), 45–79.e

7 . 77 Ibid., 169–201; Imitiaz Gul, The Most Dangerous Place (New York:eViking, 2010).

8 . Lodhi, Pakistan:: Beyond thee Crisis State, 178; Stephen Cohen, The Future off Pakistan, (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Press, 2011), 272.

9 . Howard Schaffer and Teresita Schaffer, How w Pakistan Negotiates withthe e United States (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace,s2011), 5.

10. Lawrence Wright, “The Double Game,” New Yorker, May 16, 2011; rrRichard Sisson and Leo Rose, War andd Secession, 263.

11. Max Fisher, “Why Pakistan Can’t Turn China against the US,” The Atlantic, November 4, 2011; Jeffrey Goldberg and Marc Ambinder,“The Ally From Hell,” The Atlantic Magazine, December 2011.

12 . Dennis Ross, Statecraft (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), t13; Neil Padukone, “Undoing Partition: Pakistan’s Military Economy and the Reintegration of South Asia,” Journal of f International Affairs, November 2, 2011; Cohen, The Future of f Pakistan, 272.

13. The major US-made weapons systems Pakistan’s armed forces useinclude F-16, P-3 Orion and C-130 Hercules aircraft, Harpoon and Stinger missiles, and 155mm howitzers. US military equip-ment transfers to Pakistan ended in the 1990s due to the PresslerAmendment (invoked in 1990), and the Glenn Amendment in 1998immediately placed Pakistan under economic sanctions. Islamabad secured deals for the purchase of major US weapons platforms,including 44 F-16s fighter planes, eight P-3C Orion marine sur-veillance aircraft with antisubmarine missiles, and Harpoon anti-ship and TOW-2A heavy antiarmor guided missiles. The UnitedStates provided seven used C-130E transport aircraft (one being for spare parts) and, six Aerostats sophisticated, balloon-mountedsurveillance radars, Cobra and Huey helicopters to strengthen theborder security arrangement on the western borders and along theArabian Sea coastline. The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) will also pur-chase TPS-77 Lockheed Martin from the United States as tacti-cal support radars for PAF air defense network. TPS-77 is the latest configuration of world’s most successful 3-D radar. Pakistanwill also buy 700 air-to-air missiles made by US defense group Raytheon for US$284 million. The delivery of missiles will start in 2008. In short, in the last five years (2002–2006) US military sales to Pakistan amounted to US$823 million. Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, “Enhanced Defense Cooperation Between the United States andPakistan,” Strategic Insights, VI.4 (June 2007). Paul Kerr and Mary Beth Nikitin, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation

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and Security Issues,” November 30, 2011 Congressional Research Service,7–5700,www.crs.gov,, CRS RL34248; K. Alan Kronstadt,“Pakistan-US Relations,” February 6, 2009 CRS R41832; K. Alan Kronstadt, “Pakistan: Key Current Issues and Development,”January 13, 2011 CRS 33498; Susan Epstein and K. Alan Kronstadt,“Pakistan: US Foreign Assistance,” October 4, 2012, CRS R41856; CFR on US-Pakistan Relations, Daniel Markey, Eye on the Storm for US-Pakistan Relations, http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/eye-storm-us-pakistan-relations/p28848.

14. Charles Hill, Trial offThousand Yearsff (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution sPress, 2011), 92–93; Ayesha Siddiqa, “Pakistan’s Counterterrorism Strategy,” Washington Quarterly (Winter 2011): 149–162; Victor Mac yDiarmid, “The Death of Pakistan-American Relations,” Geopolitical Monitor, February 24, 2012; Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Prepares for a Curtailed rrRelationship with Pakistan,” December 25, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/26/world/asia/us-preparing-for-pakistan-to-restrict-support-for-afghan-war.html?pagewanted=all

15 . Condoleezza Rice, No Higher Honor (New York: Crown Publishers,r2011), 127–128; Julie Mccarthy, “US And Pakistan Relations: From Bad to Worse,” December 22, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/12/22/144093130/u-s-and-pakistan-relations-from-bad-to-worse; Adam Levine, “Pakistani-American Relations Back to the Bottom,” CNN, November 26, 2011; Susan Epstein andNNK. Alan Kronstadt, “Pakistan: US Foreign Assistance,” April 10, 2012; Congressional Research Service, CRS 41856.

16 . Steven R. Weisman, “US Role in India: Shrinking Aid, LessInfluence,” New York Times, April 21, 1988.

17 . 77 Haroon Khan, “Nixon’s Decision to Send the Enterprise Duringthe India-Pakistan Conflict over Bangladesh:A Zero-Sum Game,”Midsouth h Politicall Science Review 11 (2010), 83–100. w

18. Neta Crawford, “Civilian Deaths and Injury in Afghanistan, 2001–2011,” September 21, 2011.

19 . Wright, “The Double Game,”The New Yorker, May 16, 2011 rr20. Husain Haqqani, Pakistan: : Between Mosque and d Military, Published

July 28, 2005, by Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,Washington, DC, 2005; Michele Langevine Leiby, “US Assistance to Pakistan: Little Goodwill,” Washington Post, April 17, 2012.tt

21 . Farahnaz Ispahani, “Persecution of Husain Haqqani Sends a Signal toPakistanis,” Washington Post, January 11, 2011; Chris Alexander, tt The Long Way Back (New York: HarperCollin, 2011), 134, 246; “Pakistan’skEscalating ‘Honor Killing’ Problem,” Week, March 23, 2012, http://theweek.com/article/index/225998/pakistans-escalating-honor-killing-problem; Salman Masood, “Pakistani Woman who Shattered Stigma of Rape Is Married – Mukhtar Mai,” The e New York Times, ssMarch 18, 2009

22. Louise Arbour, “Next Year’s War,” Foreign Policy, December 27, 2011.yy

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23 . On the Record with Greta Van Susteren, Fox News Host; Leiby, “us Assistance to Pakistan”; Richard Leiby, “Pakistan Calls for End to US Drone Attacks,” Washington Post, April 12, 2012. tt

24. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Second Chance:: Three Presidents and thee Crisis off American Superpower (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 148. r

25 . Sanger, The Inheritance, 215, 234, 245, 246, 261.26 . Rice, No Higher Honor, 721.rr27 . 77 Madeleine Albright, Memo to thee President Elect (New York: Harpert

Collins, 2008), 222.28 . “Va.-Based Terror Members Plead Guilty,” USA Today January 16,y

2004, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004–01–16-terror-group_x.htm

29 . J. M. Berger, Jihad Joe:: Americans Who Go to o War in thee Name ofIslam (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2011), 168. m

30 . Rice, No Higher Honor, 345; “The Pakistan Rice Brings to Book,” rrDAWN, March 18, 2012.NN

31. Rice, No Higher Honor, 62. 32. Pervez Musharraf, In thee Line off Fire (New York: Free Press, 2006),e

294; Ispahani, “Persecution of Husain Haqqani”. 33 . Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark, Nuclear Deception: : The

Dangerous Relationship Between n the e United States and d Pakistan(New York: Walker, 2008); David Armstrong and Joseph Trento, America and the e Islamic Bomb (Hanover, NH: Steerforth Press,b2007).

34. “Afghanistan Militants ‘Planning Huge’ Attack Held in Kabul,” BBC News, April 21, 2012; Alissa Rubin, “Afghanistan’s Spy Agency Says It Thwarted 2 Attacks,” New York Times, April 21, 2012.

35. Jason Burke, “Imran Khan: The Man Who Would Be Pakistan’sNext Prime Minister,” Observer, March 3, 2012.

36. Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, Counterstrike (New York: TimeseBook, Henry Holt and Company, 2011), 121.

37 . 77 Zahid Hussain, The Scorpion’s Tail (New York: Free Press, 2011), 202. l38 . Graham Allison, “US Policy Concern about Pakistan, Hassan Abbas,

Pakistan 2020: A Vision for Building a Better Future,” May 2011,Asia Society, 44–46 NM, Asia Society Pakistan 2020 Study Group Report, AsiaSociety.org/Pakistan2020.

39 . Hussain Haqqani, “How Pakistan Lets Terrorism Fester,” New York Times, May 10, 2010.

1 The Cold War and StrategicPartners: 1947–1971

1 . Henry Judd, “Behind the Hindu-Moslem Strife: National or ReligiousQuestion,” News International, vol. 12, no. 10 (December 1946): 296–301.

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2 . Salman Rashid, “Arab Origin,” The Tribune Express, January 6, 2012;Asad Badruddin, “A Muslim Majority Indus Valley Civilization?”The Dawn, June 22, 2012.

3 . V. P. Menon, Transfer of Power in India (London: Longman Green, a1957), 103. The transfer of power resulted a massive migration and genocide as reported in, Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern Story (New yYork, St. Martin Press, 1998), 95–124; James Wynbrandt, A Brief History of Pakistan (New York: Facts on File, 2009), 157–183.n

4 . N. S. Sarila, The Shadow of the Great Game (New York: Caroll & eGraf, 2006), 101, 103, 112–113; Nirode Mohanty, Radicalism in Islam Resurgence and Ramifications (Lanham, MD: University Presssof America, 2012), and reference in it.

5. Menon, Transfer of Power, 438.rr6 . Ibid., 470. 7 . 77 Nehru Press Conference, July 10, 1946, http://sites. google. com

/site/ cabinetmissionplan/nehrupressconference10july1946.8 . Full text of the Cabinet Mission; Constituent Assembly of India

Debates (proceedings), volume ii, January 20, 1947, vol. 2 p1.; Last Days of the British Raj

9 . Yasmin Khan, The Great Partition (New Haven, CT: YUP, 2007);nMargaret Bourke-White, journalist and travel writer. Bombay, lateJuly 1946 (source: Margaret Bourke-White: Interview with India[London: The Travel Book Club, 1951], 25–27).

10. Piers Brendon, The Decline and Fall of British Empire 1781–1997(New York: Vintage Books, 2010), 411.

11. “Programme for the Day of Direct Action Day by Muslim League,”Star of India, August 13, 1946.

12 . Arthur Herman, Gandhi and Churchill (New York: Bantam Books,l2008), 554.

13 . H. V. Hodson, The Great DivideTT (New York: Atheneum, 1971),e133–160, 166.

14 . Howard Schaffer and Teresita Schaffer, How Pakistan Negotiates with the United States (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, s2011), 3.

15 . Wali Khan, “Facts Are Facts: The Untold Story of India’s Partition,” Awami National Party, 40–42, http://www. awaminationalparty . org/books/factsarefacts. pdf.

16 . John Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: The PenguinyPress, 2005), 124.

17 . 77 Derek Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound (New York: Little & Brown,d2002), 639–640.

18 . See http://www. nctc. gov/ witsbanner/docs/2010_report_on_terrorism. pdf.

19 . “Syed Ghulam Nabi Fai Arrested By FBI: Virginia Man Allegedly on Pakistani Spy Payroll,” Huntington Post, July 9, 2011. tt

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20. “Emma Nicholson’s Report on Kashmir: The Travesty of Truth,”News International, December 7, 2006; Shireen Mazari, “From Mountbatten to Emma Nicholson,” ALL VOICES” , June 22, 2007,http://cache4.allvoices.com/contributed-news/9875814-from-mountbatten-to-emma-nicholson; Feisal H. Naqvi, “Founding Stories,” Express Tribune, March 13, 2012.

21 . Hodson, The Great Divide, 467, 469.22. Ibid., 469, 470. 23 . Wajahat Habibullah, My Kashmir (Washington, DC: United Statesr

Institute of Peace, 2008), 19. 24 . Excerpts of the speech by Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah, UN Security

Council Meeting No. 241, held on February 5, 1948.25 . Praveen Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad (New York: d

Routledge, 2007), 7.26. Pamela Constable, Playing with Fire: Pakistan at War with Itself

(New York: Random House, 2011), 122. 27 . 77 Sudhir Kakar, The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion,

and Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 217;tWill Durant, Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization, vol. 1 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1935), 460, 475. The anthology also quotes from A Voyage to the East Indies by Fra Bartholomew, sa renowned Portuguese traveler and historian, who was present inTipu’s war zone in early 1790.

28. Nitish Sengupta, “Pak’s ‘Muslim’ Claim Over J&K Is Bogus,” The Asian Age, November 13, 2009. “Pakistan Among Top US Risks in2012,” Dawn, December 10, 2011.

“Background Note: Pakistan,” US Department of State. http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm#relations; “US and Pakistan, Not Allies But Enemies,” Theworldreporter.com, October 2, 2010;“Obama Seeks Boost in Pakistan Aid,” Reuters, February 1, 2010; Philip Warden, “Liaquat Ali Arrives for Goodwill Tour, ” Chicago Daily Tribune, May 4, 1950; “America Welcomes President Ayub,”Gordon Wilkison Collection, Texas Archive of the Moving Image, July 1961; Peter Blood, ed. Ayub Khan, Pakistan: A Country Study (Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1994); Mansoor AkbarWWKundi, “US Pakistan Relations 1958–69,” An International Journal of South Asia Studies, vol. 24, no. 2 (July/Dec 2009): 192–203.

29 . See http://siteresources. worldbank . org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497–11057372 53588/IndusWatersTreaty1960. pdf.

30. John Schmidt, The Unraveling (New York: Farrar, Straus, and gGiroux, 2011), 60; http://www.therightplanet.com/research/islam/sunni-islam-background/ ;// Robert Spencer, Onward Muslim Soldiers(Washington, DC: Regnery, 2003), 264; http://www.muhamma danism.org/Terrorism/jihah_in_islam/jihad_in_islam.pdf

31. Shuja Nawaz, Crossed Sword (New York: OUP, 2008), 538. d

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32. Bill Clinton, in a televised speech, March 25, 2000, www.nti.org/e basis of distribution of population_research /official_ docs/pres/32500press. pdf; Paradigm of peace and cooperation

33. Constable, Playing with Fire, xviii, 262. 34 . The White House, Office of the Press Secretary: Remarks by President

Obama and Prime Minister Singh in Joint Press Conference in New Delhi, India, November 08, 2010, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/08/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-singh-joint-press-conference.

35. Howard Schaffer, “US Kashmir Policy in the Obama Administration and Beyond,” South Asia Journal, no. 3 (January 2012); “Highs-Lows of US Pakistan Relationship,” Washington Post, September 27, 2011; ttDennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000 (Washington,0DC: Woodrow Wilson Press, 2001), 20; Phillip Talbot’s letter toInstitute of Current World Affairs (ICWA), August 19, 1947; Ian Talbert, Pakistan: A Modern History (New York: St. Martin Press,y1998); James Wynbrandt, A Brief History of Pakistan (New York:nFacts on File, 2009); K. Alan Kronstadt, “Pakistan-US Relations,” Congressional Research Service, 7–5700, RL 33498 February 6, 2009; Dennis Kux, “Pakistan: Flawed Not Failed State,” Foreign Policy Association, No 322 (Summer 2001); Blood, Pakistan: A Country Study; “America Welcomes President Ayub, ” GordonWilkison Collection, Texas Archive of the Moving Image, July 1961; Timothy Hoyt, American Strategy in the 21st Century (Cambridge, yUK: Polity Press, 2003), 123–124.

2 Eating Grass for Nuclear Bombs:1971–1979

1 . Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000(Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Press, 2001), 161–162, 208; “Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,” historycommons.com; “Zulfikar BhuttoHad Blamed US for His ‘Horrible’ Fate,” Zee News, April 8, 2011,16:37; “CNN.com—Rice: US Will Support Pakistan,” CNN, NNOctober 12, 2005; S. K. Sinha, “The Siachen Tangle,” Asian Age, May 2, 2012.

2 . Kux, United States and Pakistan, 161; The Islamization of Pakistan, 1979–2009 (Washington, DC: The Middle East Institute).9

3. Kux, United States and Pakistan, 162, 241; Adrian Levy and CatherineScott-Clark, Nuclear Deception: The Dangerous Relationship Between the United States and Pakistan (New York: Walker, 2008), 18–20. n

4. David Armstrong and Joseph Trento, America and the Islamic Bomb, (New Hampshire, NY: Steerforth Press, 2007), 33.

5 . Shuja Nawaz, Crossed Swords: Pakistan Its Army, and the Wars Within(New York: OUP, 2008), 340, 552; Steve Weismann and Herbert

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Krosney, The Islamic Bomb: The Nuclear Threat to Israel and the Middle East (New York: Timer Books, 1981), 59–62; “Storing Up tTrouble: Pakistan’s Nuclear Bombs,” Guardian, February 2, 2011; James Wynbrandt, A Brief History of Pakistan (New York: Facts on nFile, 2009), 220.

6 . Pervez Hoodbhoy, “Pakistan Is at Risk from Nuclear Weapons,” inPakistan Opposing Viewpoints, Laura Egendorf (ed.), (FarmingtonHills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2010), 175–182; Kux, United States and Pakistan, 122, 179, 187, 205, 206 (references in it), 223; The Islamization of Pakistan; Armstrong and Trento, America and the Islamic Bomb, 34; Levy and Scott-Clark, Nuclear Deception, 60.

7 . 77 Nawaz, Crossed Swords, 320–359; “Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,” historycom-mons.com; “Zulfikar Bhutto had Blamed US for His ‘Horrible’ Fate,” Zee News, April 8, 2011, 16:37; “CNN. com—Rice: US Will Support Pakistan,” October 12, 2005; Ben Feller, “Bush Hails Pakistan asStrong Ally,” Fox News, July 28, 2008; “US Boosts Strategic Tieswith Pakistan,” Ft.com, March 24, 2010; Declan Walsh, “Up to 70Percent of US Aid to Pakistan ‘Misspent,’” Guardian, February 27, 2008; David Rohde, Carlotta Gall, Eric Schmitt, David E. Sanger,“US Officials See Waste in Billions Sent to Pakistan, ” New York Times, December 24, 2007; Justin Peters, “Foreign Aid Betrayed,” Slate, December 24, 2007; Brynjar Lia, Architect of Global Jihad: The Life of Al Qaeda Strategist Abu Mus’ab Al-Suri (New York: CUP,i2008); “Storing Up Trouble: Pakistan’s Nuclear Bombs,” Guardian, February 2, 2011; Salman Rashid, “All Western Invaders Are Not Pakhtuns,” Express Tribune, December 31, 2011.

8. Levy and Scott-Clark, Nuclear Deception, 76; Armstrong and Trento, America and the Islamic Bomb, 33.

9 . Armstrong and Trento, America and the Islamic Bomb, 33; Hoodbhoy, Pakistan Is at Risk, 179–182.

10. Levy and Scott-Clark, Nuclear Deception, 2008, 60–61, 214–215. 11 . Richard Nixon’s remarks of welcome to Prime Minister Zulfikar

Bhutto of Pakistan, September 18, 1973, in Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1979),s842–919.

12 . Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 223. 13 . Wynbrandt, A Brief History of Pakistan, 220. 14 . Christopher Van Hollen, “The Tilt Revisited: Nixon-Kissinger

Geopolitics and South Asia,” Asian Survey vol. 20, no. 4 (April 1980) y(Berkeley, CA); Henry Kissinger, The White House Years, 913.

15. Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 206. 16. Levy and Scott-Clark, Nuclear Deception, 76. 17 . 77 Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 241. 18. Levy and Scott-Clark, Nuclear Deception, 68. 19 . Ibid, 215. Peter Goodspeed, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Arsenal May Be

‘Compromised’: Report,” National Post, June 14, 2011.

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20 . Weapons of Mass Destruction, Strategic Planning Directorate (SPD), Combat Development Directorate (CDD).

21. Salman Masood, “Pakistani Official Dismisses Concerns overNuclear Security,” New York Times, January 26, 2008.

22 . Henry Kissinger, On China (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), 496; aClaire Provost, “Sixty Years of US Aid to Pakistan: Get the Data,” Guardian, July 11, 2011.

23. Youssef Bodansky, Pakistan’s Islamic Bomb; Smruti S. Pattanaik, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Strategy,” Strategic Analysis, vol. 27, no. 1 (January/March 2003); Julian Borger, “Pakistan’s Bomb and SaudiArabia,” Guardian, May 11, 2011; Bhumitra Chakma, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Doctrine and Command Control Systems,” Security Challanges, vol. 2, no. 2 (July 2006): 115–133; Globe Scan Poll forthe BBC, May 12, 2012, BBC World Service.

3 Strategic Assets and the Great Game: 1979–2001

1. David Rohde, Carlotta Gall, Eric Schmitt, and David E. Sanger, “US Officials See Waste in Billions Sent to Pakistan,” New York Times, December 24, 2007; “US to Channel More Aid via PakistanGovernment,” Reuters, April 14, 2010; Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History (New York: St. Martin Press, 1998); James yWynbrandt, A Brief History of Pakistan (New York: Facts on File, n2009); Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan, In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002); Anatol nLieven, Pakistan (New York: Public Affairs, 2011). n

2 . Backgrounder, Council on Foreign Relations, July 9, 2009; Andrew McCarthy, The Grand Jihad (New York: Encounter Books, 2010), d202; P. David Gaubatz and P. Sperry, Pakistan’s Muslim Mafia (LosaAngeles: WND Books, 2009), 27.

3. Stephen Tankel, “Laskar-e-Taiba in Perspective,” Foreign Policy, February 2010; Stephen Tankel, “Lashkar-e-Taiba’s American Connection,” Foreign Policy, September 6, 2011; Stephen Tankel,“US Confuses Carrots and Sticks in Pakistan,” National Interest, ttApril 20, 2012; “Ties between US and Pakistan Suspended, BBC News, May 16, 2008; “Courting Disaster in Afghanistan,” Weekly Standard, February 1, 2012; Daniel Benjamin, “The Obama Administration’s Counterterrorism Policy One Year,” Cato Institute, January 13, 2010.

4 . Seth Jones, “Al Qaeda Is Far from Defeated,” Wall Street Journal, April 30, 2012.

5 . Nirode Mohanty, Radicalism in Islam (Lanham, MD: University mPress of America, 2012); Stephen Tankel, Storming the World Stage: The Story of Lashkar-e-Taiba, (New York: CUP, 2011); Barnett Rubin

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and Ahmed Rashid, “Pakistan, Afghanistan and the West,” Foreign Affairs, November 2008, 2–16; David Kilcullen, The AccidentalGurerilla (New Haven, CT: YUP, 2009).a

6 . Bernard Lewis, “The Arab World,” Foreign Affairs, March 2009;Dinesh D’ Souza, The Roots of f Obama’s Rage (Washington DC: eRegency Publishing, 2010).

7 . 77 William Drozdiak, “NATO Turns Attention to Islamic Extremists,”International Herald Tribune, February 9, 1995.

8 . Los Angeles Times, July 14, 2003. 9 . Marc Thiessen, Courting Disaster: How the CIA Kept America Safe

and How w Barack Obama Is Inviting the Next Attack (Washington, DC:kRegnery Publishing, 2010), 379; Mark Steyn, After America: Get Ready for Armageddon (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2011).n

10. Norman Cigar, A Practical Course to Guerrilla War (Washington,rDC: Potomac Books, 2009), xi.

11 . Robin Wright, The Wrath of Militant Islam (New York: Touchstone,m2001), 288.

12 . Bruce Hoffman, “Is al-Qaeda Real or a Bogey to Invade Other Lands for Strategic Advantage?” Rupee News, January 15, 2010; Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: CUP, 2006). m

13 . The Al Qaeda Manual; Jerrold Post, M. D., “Killing in the Name of God: Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda,” USAF Counterproliferationpaper #18, Air University, November 2002.

14 . James Fergusson, Taliban (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2010), 157.n15. John McCain, Joseph I. Lieberman, and Lindsey Graham,

“Sustaining Success in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, March 21,tt2012; Juan Cole, Engaging Muslim World (d New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2009), 147; Joshua Partlow, “Haqqani Insurgent GroupProves Resilient Foe in Afghan War,” Washington Post; AnandGopal, Mansur Khan Mahsud, Brian Fishman, “Inside the HaqqaniNetwork,” Foreign Policy, June 3, 2010; Mark Mazzetti, Scott Shane,and Alissa J. Rubin, “Brutal Haqqani Crime Clan Bedevils US in Afghanistan,” New York Times, September 24, 2011; Robert Worth, “Muslims in India Put Aside Grievances to Repudiate Terrorism,” New York Times, December 8, 2008.

16 . Charles Hill, Trial of a Thousand Years (Stanford, CA: Hoover sInstitution Press, 2011), 86; Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 372; Jeffrey Dressler, “TheHaqqani Network and the Threat to Afghanistan: Why the Terrorist Syndicate is the Biggest Threat to South Asia,” Foreign Affairs, November 11, 2011.

17 . 77 Dexter Filkins, The Forever War (New York: Albert A. Knopf, 2008). r18. Griff Witte, “Pakistanis Confront Bonds of Faith, Country in Battle

with Taliban,” Washington Post, June 12, 2009. tt19 . “Obama’s Haqqani Dilemma,” Daily Beast, September 26, 2011;tt

“The United States Embassy; CIA Chief Says Bin Laden in Pakistan,”

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Boston Globe, June 11, 2009, (link broken); “CIA Says Bin Laden Is in Pakistan,” CBS News/AP, June 11, 2009, Cbsnews.com; Pervez PPMusharraf, In the Line of Fire (New York: Free Press, 2006), 87–98; ePeter R. Lavoy, Asymmetric Warfare (Cambridge: Cambridge eUniversity Press, 2009), 5; David Rohde et al., “US Officials See Waste in Billions Sent to Pakistan,”; Sanskar Shrivastava “Ties Between USand Pakistan Suspended, ” The World Reporter, February 8, 2011; rrBrian Benett, “US Suspends Some Aid to Pakistan Military,” Los Angeles Times, July 11, 2011

20 . Terry Anderson, Bush’s War (Oxford Univeraity Press), 86. r21 . Steve Inskeep, Instant City: Life And Death in Karachi (New York:i

Penguin Press, 2011), 155. 22. Ashley Tellis, Congressional Testimony, March 11, 2010. 23 . Reuters, April 30, 2009. 24. “Public Opinion in Pakistan: Concern About Extremist Threat Slips:

America’s Image Remains Poor,” Pew Research Centre, July 29,2010.

25 . http://www.pewglobal.org/2010/07/29/concern-about-extremist-threat-slips-in-pakistan/.

26. Ahmed Rashid, “The Road to Kabul Turns through Kashmir,” Foreign Policy, November 10, 2010.

27 . 77 George Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993), 1091.

28. George Bush, The Decision Points (New York: Crown Publishing, s2010), 188, 213–217; Leon Hadar, “Pakistan in War Against Terrorism,” Policy Analysis, No. 436, Cato Institute, May 8, 2002; Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Alfred A, Knopf, 2004), 865.e

29 . Robin Wright, Rock thee Casabah: Rage And Rebellion across the Muslim World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 45. d

30 . Atika Rahman, “Work Harder to Squeeze Haqqanis,” Express Tribune, October 21, 2011; “US Boosts Pressure on Pakistan Over Terrorism,” USA Today, October 23, 2011; Donna Costa, “Clinton Defends Outreach to Taliban-Linked Group: ‘We Want to Fight, Talk and Build All at the Same Time,’” MSNBC; Bill Roggio, “No US strikes in Balochistan: General Kiyani,” The Long War Journal, September 29, 2009

31. Clinton, My Life, 703.

4 The Jaws of Victory: 2001–2008

1 . Matt Waldman, “The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship between Pakistan’s ISI and Afghan Insurgents,” Crisis States WorkingPapers, Series 2, No. 18, p. 3, Crisis States Research Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, June 2010; “Pakistan’s ISI Intelligence Agency ‘Supports’ Taliban,” BBC News, June 13, 2010; Stephen Hays, “Pakistan’s ISI Intelligence,” Weekly Standard,

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July 25, 2010; Bruce Riedel, Deadly Embrace (Washington, DC: eBrookings Institution Press, 2011), 1–77, 81, 84.

2. George W. Bush, Decision Points (New York: Crown Publishers, s2010), 184, 188; “Three Shi’a Lawyers Shot Dead Near Karachi City Court,” Express Tribune, January 25, 2012; Pervez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire (New York: Free Press, 2006), 294; Bob Woodward, e The War Within (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008), 226. Former npresident Bill Clinton said, “The Taliban is making inroads. Our ally,Pakistan, is part of the problem. More troops for Afghanistan is abso-lutely essential. We cannot address Afghanistan unless we leave Iraq.” Polly Nayak, “US Security Policy in South Asia since 9/11,” AsiaPacific Center for Security Studies, February 2005; Toni Johnson,“Threat of Homegrown Islamist Terrorism,” Backgrounder, Council on Foreign Relations, September 30, 2011.

3 . Bush, Decision Points, 184–185, 188, 213.4 . David Sanger, The Inheritance (New York: Harmony Books, 2009), e

234.5. Ibid., 122. 6 . Bush, Decision Points, 220; Selig S. Harrison, “Support to Pakistan

Distorts Asia’s Balance of Power,” Boston Globe, September 27, 2008;Musharraf, In the Line of Fire, 87–98; Peter R. Lavoy, Asymmetric Warfare (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009), 5; cbsnews.ecom; “Pakistan and Taliban, Brothers or Rivals?” TheWorldReporter.com, September 14, 2010; Zbigniew Brzeinski, Second Chance: Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Super Power (New York: BasicrBooks, 2007), 148; Madeleine Albright, Memo to the President Elect, How to Restore America’s Reputation and Leadership (New York: pHarper, 2008); “Musharraf Could Not Keep All Promises: Bush,”Express Tribune, November 21, 2010; Ishtiaq Ahmed, “The Balanceof Power in Pakistan,” Daily Times, January 15, 2012.

7 . 77 Bush, Decision Points, 188, 220. 8 . Stephen D. Krasner, “Talking Tough to Pakistan: How to End

Islamabad’s Defiance,” Foreign Affairs (January/February 2012): s87–96.

9 . Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower (New York: Alfred Knopf, r2006), 419.

10 . Liz Sly and Craig Whitlock, “Iraq War Draws to a Quiet Close,” Washington Post, December 14, 2011.tt

11. Sara Socher, “Pakistan to US: ‘You Will Lose an Ally’ if AccusationsContinue,” National Journal, September 23, 2011; Shashank Joshi,“America Loses Patience with Pakistan,” Telegraph, September 29,2011.

12. Joshi, “America Loses Patience.”; Oliver Thranert and ChristianWagner, “Pakistan as a Nuclear Power: Nuclear Risks, RegionalConflicts and the Dominant Role of the Military,” SWP ResearchPaper 2009/RP 08, June 2009.

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13. “The True Cost of the War on Terror: $3. 7 trillion and Counting . . . and Up to 258,000 Lives,” Daily Mail, June 29, 2011;Dallas Boyd, L. Dunn and J. Scouras, “Why Has the United States Not Been Attacked Again?” Washington Quarterly, July 2009; K. Alan Kronstadt, “Pakistan: Key Current Issues and Developments,” June 1, 2010 CRS R41307.

14 . Seth Jones, Hunting in the Shadows (New York: W. W. Norton, s2011), 83–84; Seth Jones, “Al Qaeda Is Far from Defeated,” Wall Street Journal, April 29, 2012.

15 . David Fox, “Afghan President Asks Why Allies Won’t Act on Pakistan,” Reuters, July 29, 2010; Pamela Constable, “US Says Taliban Has a New Haven in Pakistan,” Washington Post, September tt29, 2009. “In the past, we focused on al-Qaeda because they werea threat to us. The Quetta Shura mattered less to us because we hadno troops in the region,” said Anne W. Patterson, the US ambassa-dor to Pakistan. “Now our troops are there on the other side of theborder, and the Quetta Shura is high on Washington’s list.”; “Afghan President Hamid Karzai Has Repeatedly Accused the Pakistanis of Ignoring the Activities of Omar and His Associates.” Long War Journal, September 29, 2009.

16. “Pervez Musharraf Says the us Military Aid Given to Pakistan duringHis Tenure Was Used to Strengthen Defenses against India,” BBC News, September 14, 2009.

17 . 77 Ahmed Rashid, Descent into Chaos (New York: Viking, 2008), 228;s“New Apporoaches to the Analysis of Jihadism,” edited by Rudiger Lohlker Mohammad Shehzad, Friday Times, April 17, 2003;YobieBenjamin, “The Top 15 Terrorist Groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan,” San Francisco Chronicle.October 1, 2009.

18 . William Dalrymple, “Pakistan in Peril,” Review of Books, New York, February 12, 2009.

19 . C. Christian Fair, “Pakistan’s Partial War on Terror: The Deadly Result of Cooperation,” Wall Street Journal, October 2009; PaulKerr and Mary Nikitin, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues,” Congressional Research Service, November 30,2011.

20. Foreign Policy of Pakistan (Karachi: Pakistan Institute of InternationalnAffairs, 1964), 13.

21 . Thom Shanker and David Sanger, “Pakistan Is Rapidly Adding Nuclear Arms, US Says,” New York Times, May 17, 2009.

22. John Schmidt, The Unraveling (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, g2011), 224; C Christine Fair, “The Issue of Apologies,” Express Tribune, July 10, 2012.

23 . Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, Counterstrike: The Untold Story of America’s Secret Campaign againstt Al Qaeda (New York: TimesaBooks, Henry Holt, 2011), 121; John David Albright, “Peddling Peril:How the Secret Nuclear Trade Arms America’s Enemy,” The Institute

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for Science and International Security (2010), 210, 151; C. ChristianFair, “A Better Bargain for Foreign Aid to Pakistan,” Washington Post, May 30, 2009; Richard Cronin, K. Alan Kronstadt, and ttSharon Squassioni, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Proliferation,” Congressional Research Service Report RL32745, May 24, 2005, 28.

24 . Henry Kissinger, “Deployments and Diplomacy,” Daily Beast, ttOctober 2, 2009.

25 . Robert Kaplan, “Beijing’s Afghan Gamble,” New York Times,October 7, 2009; Jim Hoagland, “Obama’s Afghan Squeeze,”Washington Post, October 18, 2009. tt

26. Ashley Tellis, Pakistan and the War on Terror (Washington, DC:rCarnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2008).

27 . 77 Sumit Ganguly, “Pakistan’s Fickle Ally, Washington Must Stick by Islamabad,” Daily Beast, October 8, 2009; Sumit Ganguly, “BreakingttAmerica’s Silence,” Wall Street Journal, November 3, 2009; Sumit Ganguly, Current Trends in Islamists Ideology, Future of the Muslim World (Washington, DC: The Hudson Institute, 2005); Robert dCrews and Amin Tarzi, The Taliban and the Crisis in Afghanistan(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 324.

28 . Henry Kissinger, “America Needs an Afghan Strategy, Not an Alibi,” Washington Post, June 24, 2010. tt

29 . Azeem Ibrahim, Belfer Center Discussion Paper 2009–6, Harvard Kennedy School, July 2009; Colin Cookman, Brian Katulis, Sarah Margon, and Caroline Wadhams, “The Limits of US Assistance to Pakistan,” Center for American Progress, July 18, 2011; Jeremy Khan, “The Next Al Qaeda,” Daily Beast, February 25, 2010. tt

30 . Susan Epstein and K. Alan Kronstadt, “US Foreign Assistance,” Congressional Research Service Report R41856, April 10, 2012;Richard Wike, “Does Humanitarian Aid Improve America’s Image?” Pew Research Center, March 6, 2012; Schmitt and Shanker,rrCouterstrike, 121.

31. Susan Epstein and K. Alan Kronstadt, “US Foreign Assistance,” Congressional Research Service Report R41866, June 7, 2011; K. Alan Kronstadt, “Pakistan: Key Current Issues and Development, Congressional Research Service CRS Report R 41307, June 1,2010.

32 . Paul Kerr and Mary Nikitin, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues,” Congressional Research Service, CRS 7–5700, RL 34248, November 30, 2011; Jayshree Bajoria and Sharon Otterman, “Controls on Pakistan’s Nuclear Technology,” Council on Foreign Relations, February 20, 2008; “The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” http://www. history . com/topics/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki; Hassan Abbas, “Pakistan 2020 A vision for a Better Future,” Asia Society Pakistan 2020 Study Group Report. May 2011 http://asiasociety.org/files/pdf/as_pakistan%2020_study_group_rpt.pdf

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33 . Pakistan: Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook(Washington, DC: International Business Publications, 2011); Dexter Filkins, “Already Dead” New Yorker, May 16, 2011. rr

34. “No Freedom for Mr. Khan,” Editorial, New York Times, September 6, 2009; “Pakistani Govt. Collapse Chief Threat to Nuke Security: Report,” National Journal, July 29, 2011; Paul R. Pillar, Intelligence and US Foreign Policy (New York: CUP, 2011), 112–115. y

35. Kerr and Nikitin, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons.”; John Coster-Mullen, Atom Bombs, The Top Secret Inside, 2004. http://www.amazon.com/Atom-Bombs-Secret-Inside-Little/dp/B0006S2AJ0

36 . Walter Laqueur, No End to War (New York: Continuum International rPublishing Group, 2003), 227.

37 . 77 Brian Jenkins, Will Terrorists Go Nuclear? (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, ?2008), 377.

38 . Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark, Nuclear Deception (New nYork: Walker, 2007), 449.

39 . Philip Bobbitt, Terror and Consent (New York: Anchor Books,tRandom House, 2008), 117, 121.

40 . David Sanger and Eric Schmitt, “Pakistani Nuclear Arms Pose Challenge to US Policy,” New York Times, January 30, 2011.

41. Sumit Ganguly and Davin Hagerty, The Fearful Symmetry (New yDelhi: OUP, 2005), 180; Kerr Nikitin, “Pakistan’s NuclearWeapons.”; Schmitt and Shanker, Counterstrike, 121.

42. Graham Allison, “Nuclear Disorder: Surveying Atomic Threats,”Foreign Affairs, vol. 89, no. 1 (January/February 2010): 74–85.

43. Sumit Ganguly and S. Paul Kapur, eds., Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia (New York: Routledge, 2009), 9. a

44. Sumit Ganguly and Davin Hagerty, The Fearful Symmetry (New yDelhi: OUP, 2005), 10; The Washington Post, Opinion, January 25,tt2012.

45 . George Perkovich, India’s Nuclear Bomb (Berkeley: Univ. of bCalifornia Press, 2001), 467.

46. UK Guardian, December 2, 2009.47 . Bruce Riedel, “Pakistan and the Bomb,” Wall Street Journal, May

30, 2009; Bruce Riedel, “Why Pakistan Is Getting Cocky,” Daily Beast, September 23, 2011; Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark,ttDeception: Pakistan and the United States and the Secret Trade(New York: Walker Books, 2007); Shanker and Sanger, “Pakistan Is Rapidly Adding Nuclear Arms, US Says,” New York Times, May 17, 2009.

48. Graham Allison, “Tick, Tick, Tick,” Atlantic Monthly , October 2004, 58–60.

49 . Lawrence Wright, “The Double Game,” The New Yorker, May 16,rr2011; Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower (New York: AlfredrKnopf, 2006), 372, 419; Washington Post, December 14, 2011; tt Daily Mail, June 29, 2011.

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50 . Lisa Curtis, delivered before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Non-proliferation, and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the US House of Representatives on June 27, 2007; Elisabeth Bumiller and JaneParlez, “Pakistan’s Spy Agency Is Tied to Attack on US Embassy,”New York Times, September 22, 2011.

51 . Elisabeth Bumiller and Jane Perlez, “Pakistan’s Spy Agency,” , New York Times, September 22, 2011; Happymon Jacob, “A Precarious Indo-Pak Nuclear Balance,” Hindu, January 26, 2012; Ginger Thompson, “Terror Trial Witness Ties Pakistan to 2008 Attacks,”New York Times, May 23, 2011.

52 . Christopher Hitchens, “Pakistan’s ISI Loses Its Last Fig Leaf,”National Post, September 28, 2011. tt

53 . Wright, The Looming Tower, 134, 154; Nirode Mohanty, rr Radicalism in Islam (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2012), and mreference in it on AQ and Taliban.

54 . Mansoor Ijaz, “Pakistan’s Spy Agency and Terrorism,” Daily Beast, ttJune 2, 2011.

55 . Pamela Constable, Playing with Fire: Pakistan at War with Itself(New York: Random House, 2011), xiv.

56 . “Reconfiguring Foreign Policy,” Express Tribune, March 21, 2012 57 . 77 Dov Zakheim, “How to Save the US-Pakistan Relationship,”

Washington Post, April 30, 2012. tt58. Teresita C. Schaffer and Howard B. Schaffer, “Resetting the

US-Pakistan Relationship,” Foreign Policy, March 29, 2012.59 . “I Fled Pak to Escape ISI abduction,” News, Pakistan, January 23,

2012.60. Anatol Lieven, Pakistan: A Hard Country (New York: Public Affairs, y

2011), 481. 61. Melanie Phillips, Londonistan (New York: Encounter Books, 2006). n62 . Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest (New York:t

Penguin Press, 2011), 290–291.63. Richard L. Armitage, Samuel R. Berger, and Daniel Markey, “US

Strategy for Pakistan and Afghanistan.” Independent Task ForceReprt No. 65, Council on Foreign Relations. Google e-Book, December 17, 2010.

64 . Peter Tomsen, The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures (New York: Public Affairs, 2011),295, s524–525, 548, 549–550.

65 . Barbara Elias, ed., “Pakistan: The Taliban’s Godfather,” National Security Archiven No. 227, August 14, 2007; B. Raman, “Robin Raphel: Old Anti-India Hand to Join Holbrooke’s Team?” Pakistan Affairs,ssAugust 3, 2009 http://www.defence.pk/forums/strategic-geopolitical-issues/31071-robin-raphel-old-anti-india-hand-join-holbrooke-s-team.html ; “Robin Raphael Appointed Coordinator for Civilian Aid to Pakistan,” Daily News and Analysis, December 12, 2009.ss

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66 . Abdul Zaeef, My Life with Taliban (New York: CUP, 2010), 235,n240; Yunas Samad, The e Pakistan-US Conundrum:: Jihadists, the Military and the People: The Struggle for Control (New York: CUP, l2011).

67 . 77 Tomsen, The Wars of Afghanistan, 250, 549–550. 68 . Lakhdar Brahimi and Thomas R. Pickering, “Settling the Afghan

War,” New York Times, March 22, 2011.69 . “Bath Drones Conference in the Spotlight,” http://dronewarsuk.

wordpress.com/; Declan Walsh, Eric Schmitt, and Ihsanullah Tipu Mehsud, “Drones at Issue as US Rebuilds Ties to Pakistan,” New York Times, March 18, 2012.

70. “US Lawmakers Reject PCNS Anti-Drone Recommendations,” Express Tribune, March 21, 2012; Peter Bergen, The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict Between America andd Al Qaeda (New York:aFree Press, 2011), xx, 529; “Poll: Many Muslims in Mideast, PakistanHave Poor View of al Qaeda,” CNN, May 1, 2012; Julie Ray andNNRajesh Srinivasan, “Taliban Increasingly Unpopular in Pakistan.”High Beam Research, March 12, 2010. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1–221363135.html

5 The Labyrinth: 2008–2012

1 . Ahmed Rashid, Pakistan on the Brink (New York: Viking, 2012), 100. k2 . Anne Gearan, “Obama: Pakistan-US Relations Strained, Balanced

Approach Important,” Huntington Post, March 27, 2012.tt3 . Madeleine Albright, Memo to the President Elect (New York: Harper,t

2008), 214; “US Unaware of Any Diversion of Military Aid to Pak,” Merinews.com, September 15, 2009; “Pakistan Mourns BombVictims,” Al Jazeera English, October 29, 2009; “United States aCommitted to Partnership with Pakistan: Anne Patterson,” App.com.pk; Sadanand Dhume, “Pakistan’s Dangerous Anti-American Game,” Wall Street Journal, May 31, 2012.

4 . Kenneth Katzman, “Taliban Governance, Security and US Policy,” Congressional Research Service Report RL30558, “Hamid Karzai,” New York Times, March 12, 2012.

5 . Zbigniew Brezezinski, Second Choice (New York: Basic Books, 2008), e148; Dominic Casciani, “Sharia Law Explained,” BBC News; Asif Ali Zardari, “Pakistan Did Its Part, ” Washington Post, May 3, 2011; ttTom Wright, “Pakistan Rejects US Criticism,” Wall Street Journal, May 5, 2011; Jay Solomon, Laura Meckler, Tom Wright, and ZahidHussain “Pakistan’s bin Laden Connection Is Probed,” Wall Street Journal, May 2, 2011; “Did Pakistan Army Shelter Osama?” Indian Express, May 2, 2011; “Obama Kept Pakistan in Dark about OsamaAttack,” News One; “Did Pakistan Know of US Raid to Kill Osama?” Mid Day, May 2, 2011; Tim Ross, “WikiLeaks: Osama bin Laden ‘Protected’ by Pakistani Security,” Daily Telegraph, May 2, 2011;

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Massimo Calabresi, “CIA Chief Breaks Silence: Pakistan Would Have Jeopardized bin Laden Raid, ‘Impressive’ Intel Captured, ” Time, May 3, 2011; “Clinton: Pakistan Helped Lead US to binLaden, ” Forbes, May 2, 2011; Nick Paton Walsh, “Official: Pakistan Had But Didn’t Probe Data That Helped Make Raid,” CNN, May 2, NN2011; Ewen MacAskill and Declan Walsh, “Osama bin Laden: Dead, But How Did He Hide So Long?” Guardian, May 2, 2011; FouadAjami, “Pakistan and America,” Policy Review, no. 164 (December 1, 2010), Hoover Institution, Stanford University, California.

6. Alissa J. Ruben, “Karzai Says Afghanistan Has Begun Taliban Talks,” New York Times, February 16, 2012; Yaroslav Trofimov and Matt Murray, “US, Afghans in Taliban Talks,” Wall Street Journal, February 16, 2012; Azizullah Khan, “Emergence of Afghanistan?” Daily Times, July 25, 2012; Dilip Hero, Apocalyptic Realm (New mHaven, CT: YUP, 2012), 34–49.

7 . 77 Dominic Casciani, “Q&A: Sharia Law Explained,” BBC News, July 4, 2008.

8 . Samuel Totten, William Parsons, and Israel Charny, eds., Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views (New York: sRoutledge, 2004), 295–319.

9 . Lal Khan, “Two Nation Theory,” Daily Times, March 25, 2012. 10 . Alex Von Tunzelmann, Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End

of an Empire (New York: Henry Holt, 2007), 128, 180. e11. Nirode Mohanty, Radicalism in Islam: Resurgence and Ramifications

(New York: Univ. Press of America, 2011). 12 . Stephen Cohen, The Idea of Pakistan (Washington, DC: Brookingsn

Institution Press, 2004), 34; Neil Padukone, “Undoing Partition: Pakistan’s Military Economy and the Reintegration of South Asia,” Journal of International Affairs, November 2011.

13 . Yaqoob Bangash, “A New Two-Theory,” Express Tribune, March27, 2012; Rashid, Pakistan on the Brink, 60–61; Ken Dilanian,“CIA Led US Special Forces Mission against Osama bin Laden,”Los Angeles Times, May 2, 2011; C. Christine Fair, “The bin Laden Aftermath: The US Shouldn’t Hold Pakistan’s Military against Pakistan’s Civilians,” Foreign Policy, May 4, 2011; “Osama Bin Laden,Al-Qaeda Leader, Dead—Barack Obama,” BBC News, May 2, 2011;Maggie Michael, “Al-Qaida Vows Revenge for Osama Bin Laden’s Death,” ABC News , May 6, 2011; Ayesha Siddiqa writes in Military Inc. (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2007), 251: Susanne Koelbl, “We May Be Naive But We Are Not Idiots: Interview with a. q. Khan,” Der Spiegel, November 8, 2008; H. V. Hodson, The Great Divide (New York: eAtheneum, 1969), 469–470; Mohanty, Radicalism in Islam, 319; Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins, Freedom at Midnight (New tDelhi: Vikas Publishing House, 2005), 130–131, 196 ; D. Asghar, “The 65-Year-Old Infant—II,” The Daily Times, August 23, 2012; “In defence of Dr Ishtiaq Ahmed—Shakil Chaudhry,” Daily Times,

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July 26, 2012; S. K. Sinha, “J&K: New Compact Goes Nowhere,” The Asian Age, June 20, 2012; Yaqoob Khan Bangash, “The Ghostsof Partition,” The Express Tribune, August 14, 2012; “M. A. Khan,“Jinnah or Nehru: Who’s Responsible for India’s Partition” , Islam ” Watch, Augusr 23, 2009; Ishtiaq Ahmed, “The ‘Bloody’ PunjabPartition—V,” The Daily Times, August 19, 2012. News Chroniclewas prophetic concerning Jinnah’s thirst for “holy war.” “There started the Direct Action on 16 August 1946 in Calcutta, the capital of Muslim-majority Bengal (53.4% Muslim), having a Muslim Leaguegovernment.” The Dawn, June 22, 2012; Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (New York: OUP, 2005); Narendra Singh Sarila, n The Shadow of the Great Game: The Untold Story of India’s Partition (New York: nCarroll and Graf Publishers, 2006), 9–10; “Muslim League [was being] used by Britain as a counterforce to [the] Congress and that Wavell hates and distrusts Nehru” (113); Stephen Tankel, Storming the World Stage (New York: CUP, 2011); Sarila, e The Shadow of the Great Game, 9–10, 168; Stephen D. Krasner, “Tough Talk Is Cheap,” Foreign Affairs (Jan/Feb 2012); Samir Puri, s Pakistan’s War on Terror (Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2012), 55. r

14. “Time Line—History of US Pakistan Relations,” Washington Post, ttMarch 2012; Rashid, Pakistan on the Brink, 63.

15 . Susanne Koelbl, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Bomb: We May Be Naive,But We Are Not Idiots,” Spiegel ONLINE International, June 28,2011.

16 . Rashid, Pakistan on the Brink, 31, 61. 17 . 77 Maleeha Lodhi ed., Pakistan: Beyond the Crisis State, 351; Declan

Walsh, “Pakistan Suffers Record Number of Deaths Due to Militant Violence,” Guardian, January 11, 2010.

18. http://icasualties. org/oef/.19 . http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Civilian_casualties_in_the_War_in

_Afghanistan_ (2001%E2%80%93present. 20. Neta C. Crawford, “War Related Deaths and Injury in Pakistan,

2004–2011,” September 2011; Rashid, Pakistan on the Brink, 31. 21. “Musharraf Is Not Telling Truth,” Der Spiegel, November 8, 2008;

SPIEGEL Interview with Pervez Musharraf, June 7, 2009; BruceRiedel, Deadly Embrace (Washington, DC: Brooking Institute Press,e2011), 15.

22. “A New Strategy for Afghanistan and Pakistan,” The White Housee Blog. March 27, 2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_off ice/Remarks-by-the-President-on-a-New-Strategy-for-Afghanistan-and-Pakistan

23 . Rashid, Pakistan on the Brink, 31. 24 . Dr. Syed Rifaat Hussain, The India Factor in Pakistan: Beyond the

Crisis State, Maleeha Lodhi, ed. (New York: CUP, 2011), 324.25. Bob Woodward, Obama’s War (New York: Simon and Schuster,r

2010), 208.

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26. Myra MacDonald, “Difa-e-Pakistan: What We Know and Do Not Want to Hear,” Reuters, February 15, 2012; Arif Rafiq, “The Emergence of the Difa-e-Pakistan Islamist Coalition,” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, March 22, 2012; Declan Walsh, “US ttOffers $10 Million Reward for Pakistani Militant Tied to MumbaiAttacks,” New York Times, April 3, 2012.

27 . 77 Huma Yusuf, “A Flawed Narrative,” Dawn, April 3, 2012; Nazr Ul Islam and Jahanzeb Aslan, “Jihadist Hafiz Saeed Speaks to Journalists,” Daily Beast, April 5, 2012; Richard Leiby, “Bin LadenttRoamed Pakistan for 9 years, His Widow Says,” Washington Post, ttMarch 30, 2012; “Devastating Images of Damage Caused by Taliban Suicide Bomber Who Drove 9,000kg of Explosives into US Base in Afghanistan,” Mail Online, September 12, 2011; Peter Bergen and Andrew Levobich, “10 Years of War—An FP Roundtable,” Foreign Policy, October 1, 2011; Rizwan, “With Friends Like Pakistan, theUS Doesn’t Need Enemies,” All Voices, February 20, 2012.

28 . Jane Perlez, “Pakistan Scorns U.S. Scolding on Terrorism,” New York Times, September 23, 2011.

29 . Jackie Northam, “Fragile US-Pakistan Relations on DownwardSpiral,” NPR; Elisabeth Bumiller and Jane Perlez, “Pakistan’s Spy Agency Is Tied to Attacks on US Embassy,” New York Times,September 22, 2011; Steven Lee Myers, “US Officials DeliverWarning in Pakistan over Extremists,” New York Times, October 20,2011; “Pakistan ‘Backed Haqqani Attack on Kabul’—Mike Mullen,”BBC News, September 22, 2011; Dexter Filkins, “The Journalist and the Spies,” New Yorker, September 19, 2011; Greg Miller, “CIA rrSpied on bin Laden from Safe House,” Washington Post, May 5, 2011;ttKaren DeYoung and Karin Brulliard, “As US-Pakistani Relations Sink, Nations Try to Figure Out ‘A New Normal,’” Washington Post, ttJanuary 16, 2012; Eli Lake, “Undercutting Admiral Mullen,” Daily Beast, September 29, 2011; David Sanger, tt Confront and Conceal(New York: Crown Publishers, 2012).

30. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Pakistan Is at Risk from Nuclear Weapons in Pakistan: Opposing Viewpoints, Laura Egendorf (ed.), (New York: Gale Cengage Learning, 2010), 175–182; Rashid, Pakistan on the Brink, 56; Aleem Maqbool, “2011: New Low for US-Pakistan Relations,” BBC News, December 30, 2011.

31. Scott Lamb, “Genocide since 1945, Never Again?” Spiegel online, January 26, 2005, http://www.spiegel.de/international/genocide-since-1945-never-again-a-338612.html

32 . Karen DeYoung and Karin Brulliard, “As US-Pakistani RelationsSink, Nations Try to Figure Out ‘A New Normal,’” Washington Post, ttJanuary 16, 2012; Reuters, Dawn, March 31, 2012.

33 . Bob Woodward, Obama Wars, 369, 379; John Barry, “Obama’sHaqqani Dilemma,” Daily Beast, September 28, 2011; Seth Jones,tt“Why the Haqqani Network Is the Wrong Target,” Rand Objectives,

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November 6, 2011; Declan Walsh, “Haqqani Network Denies Involvement in Assassination of Afghan Envoy,” The Gaurdian,October 3, 2011; “Haqqani Network,” New York Times, January 9, 2012; Adam Entous and Siobhan Gorman, “US Kills HaqqaniMilitant in Pakistan,” Wall Street Journal, October 14, 2011; Jeffrey Dressler, “The Haqqani Network and the Threat to Afghanistan,”Foreign Affairs, November 11, 2011; Jeffrey Dressler, “Dealingwith the Haqqani Network,” Foreign Policy, September 23, 2011;Audrey Kurth Cronin, “Why the Haqqani Network Is Not on theForeign Terrorist Organizations List,” Foreign Affairs, December21, 2011; Dean Nelson, “Feared Haqqani Network Announce Support for Taliban Peace Talks,” Telegraph, September 17, 2011;“Snake Country: The Pakistani Army’s Complex Relationshipwith Jihadists,” Economist, October 1, 2011; Pir Zubair Shah and ttCarlotta Gall, “For Pakistan, Deep Ties to Militant Network May Trump US Pressure,” New York Times, October 31, 2011; Ariel Zirulnick, “Pakistan Refuses to Battle Haqqani Network,” Christian Science Monitor, September 26, 2011; Mark Mazzetti, Scott Shane,rrand Alissa J. Rubin, “Brutal Haqqani Crime Clan Bedevils US inAfghanistan,” New York Times, September 24, 2011; Anand Gopal,Mansur Khan Mahsud, and Brian Fishman, “Inside the Haqqani Network,” Foreign Policy, June 3, 2010; Joshua Partlow, “HaqqaniInsurgent Group Proves Resilient Foe in Afghan War,” Washington Post, May 29, 2011; Bob Woodward, Obama’s War, 369, 379.rr

34. Rashid, Pakistan on the Brink, 56. 35 . “Dr. Fai Gets US Prison Term in Lobbying Case,” Reuters, http://

in.reuters.com/article/2012/03/30/usa-pakistan-kashmir-idINDEE82T0EC20120330 , March 30/31, 2012; “Kashmiri Man Gets USPrison Term in Lobbying Case,” Viewsnow.com.

36. Carol Cratty, “Unregistered Pakistani-American Lobbyist Sentencedto 2 Years in Prison,” CNN News, March 30, 2012.

37 . 77 Tara Mckelvey, “A Return to Hell in Swat,” Foreign Policy, March 2, 2011; “The Afghan-Pakistan Militant Nexus,” BBC News, October 6,2011; “Civilians Flee Swat Valley Turmoil,” Express.co.uk, May 5, 2009; “Obama Seeks $3. 1 Billion Aid for Pakistan to Defeat Al Qaeda,” Sify.com, February 2, 2010; Sabrina Tavernise, “Where the Mullahs Are the Upper Crust,” New York Times, August 1, 2009; Sherry Ricchiardi, “Assignment AfPak,” American Journal Review (Aug/Sept 2009); “Pakistan Got $18bn Aid from US Since 2001,” The Times of India, February 23, 2010; Steve Holland, “White House Hails Capture of Taliban Leader,” Reuters, February 17, 2010; “US Sees Improved Relations with Pakistan,” CNN, March 15, 2010;NN“AFP: US, Pakistan to Host Talks on Economy, Security Next Week,” Google.com, March 17, 2010; Rashid, Pakistan on the Brink, 56.

38. Deobandi Islam, Global Security.org, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-deobandi.htm; Arif Jamal, “The Growth

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of the Deobandi Jihad in Afghanistan,” Terrorism Monitor, vol. 8, rrno. 2 (January 14, 2010).

39 . Dilip Hero, Apocalyptic Realm (New Haven, CT: YUP, 2012);mMohanty, Radicalism in Islam; Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islam Identity, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997), 43.

40. Salman Rushdie, “Pakistan’s Deadly Game,” Daily Beast, May 2,tt2011; James Dobbins, “Negotiating Peace in Afghanistan without Repeating Vietnam,” Washington Post, January 12, 2012; “Musharraf ttAdmits US Aid Diverted, ” BBC News, September 14, 2009.

41. Akmal Hussain, “The Political Economy of Confrontation,” Express Tribune, September 25, 2011; Azmat Khan, “Leaked NATO Report Alleges Pakistani Support for Taliban,” Frontline, February 1, 2012;Rod Nordland AND Allisa Rubin “NATO Plays Down Report of Collaboration between Taliban and Pakistan, New York Times, February 1, 2012; Xenia Dormandy, “The Reversing Pakistan’sDescent,” Washington Quarterly (Spring 2012).35:2,pp157–173.y

42 . Alex Strick van Linschoten and Felix Kuehn, “Separating the Taliban from al-Qaeda,” Centre for International Cooperation, New York University, February 2011.

43 . Amrullah Saleh, “Why Negotiate with the Taliban?” Wall Street Journal, February 9, 2012. New York Times, December 26, 2011.

44 . New York Times, December 14, 2011; N. A. Shaikh, “What Does Pakistan Want in Afghanistan,” Tribune Express, January 12, 2012.

45 . Robert Dreyfuss, “Talking with the Taliban,” January 31, 2012,http://www. thenation. com/blog/165954/talking-taliban; D. S.Zakheim, “South Asia’s Separation Anxiety,” National Interest, ttMarch 29, 2012; Jackson Diehl, “Why Talk to the Taliban?” Washington Post, January 12, 2012; David Ignatius, “The Challengettof Getting the Taliban to the Table,” Washington Post, January 10,tt2012; Nashin Arbazadeh, “Talking to the Taliban and the Trust Deficit,” Guardian, January 30, 2012; R. Schmidt, “Untanglingthe US-Pakistan Alliance,” National Interest, June 17, 201; StephenttHadley and John Podesta, “It’s Time to Talk to the Taliban,” Foreign Policy, January 18, 2012; Michael Semple, “How to Talk to theTaliban: An Office in Qatar Changes the Rules of the Game,” Foreign Affairs, January 9, 2012; “Talk to the Taliban—The Wrong Enemy All Along,” Guardian, January 30, 2012; “End of Unnecessary Warin Sight: Links Between Taliban and al-Qaida Explored,” Guardian,January 30, 2012.

46 . Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Alfred A, Knopf, 2004), 865.e47 . 77 John Barry, “Obama’s Haqqani Dilemma,” Daily Beast, September tt

28, 2011; Ahmed Rashid, “The Road to Kabul Runs through Kashmir,” Foreign Policy, November 10, 2010; Pamela Constable, Playing with Fire (New York: Random House, 2011), 159–182; eJames Wynbrandt, A Brief History of Pakistan (New York: Facts on nFile, 2009), 202–225; Touqir Hussain, The e Islamization of Pakistan,

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1979–2009, The Middle East Institute, Washington, DC, July 4,2009; Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 372; Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan 1947–2000, (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001), 241.

48. Frederick W. Kagan and Kimberly Kagan, “Courting Disaster in Afghanistan,” The Weekly Standard, February 1, 2012.

49 . Rashid, The Road to Kabul.”; Constable, Playing with Fire, 159–182, 276; James Wynbrandt, Brief History of Pakistan, 202–225; TheIslamization of Pakistan, 1979–2009; Wright, The Looming Tower, rr372; Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 241.

50 . Kagan and Kagan, “Courting Disaster in Afghanistan.”; PamelaConstable, “US Says Taliban Has a New Haven in Pakistan,” Washington Post, September 29, 2009; Moqtedar Khan, “Obama’a ttAfghan Predicament,” Daily Times, Newsweek, October 12, 2009;Kevin Sieff and Scott Wilson, “Obama Makes Surprise Trip to Afghanistan to Sign Key Pact, Mark bin Laden Raid,” Washington Post, May 2, 2012; John Kushman, “In Speech, Obama Says US WillttStand by Afghans After Troop Withdrawal,” New York Times, May 1, 2012; Peter Bergen, “Warrior Chief,” New York Times, April 28, 2012; Michael Gerson, “Afghanistan Speech a Good Night’s Work for Obama,” Washington Post, May 1, 2012; “Missed Chance,” ttEditorial, New York Times, May 1, 2012.

51 . Woodward, Obama Wars, 365; The National Strategy Forum Review,“The U.S-Pakistan Relationship,” vol. 20, no. 2 (Spring 2011), www .nationalstrtegy.com; “Pakistan Snubs US Over Militants,” BBC News, January 21, 2010; “US Praises Pakistani Military Efforts,” UPI.com, November 18, 2009; Woodward, Obama Wars, 365.

52. Zalmay Khalilzad, “TWQ: A Strategy of Congagement TowardPakistan,” Spring 2012, March 19, 2012; Z. Khalilzad, “Opportunity gAmid the Crisis with Pakistan,” National Interest, December 9, 2011; ttHoward Schaffer and Teresita Schaffer, How Pakistan Negotiates with United States (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, s2011).

53. Ian Livingston and Michael O’Hanlon, “The State of Afghanistan,”New York Times, April 13, 2012.

54 . Stephen Tankel, Storming the World Stage: The Story of f Lashkar-e-Taiba (New York: CUP, 2011), 259.a

Epilogue

1. Statement of Admiral Michael Mullen before the Senate Armed Services Committee on Afghanistan, September 22, 2011; Dilip Hiro, Apocalyptic Realm (New Haven, CT: YUP, 2012), 309; AbdulmSattar , Pakistan’s Foreign Policy 1947–2009r (Karachi: OUP, 2011);9Sumit Ganguly, ed., India’s Foreign Policy (Delhi: OUP, 2010); y

N o t e s220

Sumit Ganguly, “Think again: India’s Rise,” Foreign Policy, July 5,2012; David Malone, Can Elephant Dance ? (New York: OUP, 2011);?Abdul Sattar, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy 1947–2005: A Concise History, New York: OUP, 2007; Amitabh Mattoo, “The State of Fallacy,”India Today, February 19, 2007.

2 . Samir Puri, Pakistan’s War on Terrorism (Oxon, UK: Routledge,m2012), 55; Dilip Hiro, Apocalyptic Realm : Jihadists in South Asia ,(New Haven, Yale University Press, 2012); Yunas Samad, The Pakistan-US Conundrum: Jihadists, the Military and the People: The Struggle for Control (New York: CUP, 2011). l

3 . Stephen Tankel, Storming the World Stage (New York: CUP, 2011);eDilip Hiro, Apocalyptic Realm; S. Akbar Zaidi, “Who Benefits from US Aid to Pakistan?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 21, 2011; Former US ambassador to Pakistan Anne Patterson wrote in a secret review in 2009 that “Pakistan’s army andISI are covertly SPONSORING four militant groups—Haqqani’s HQN, Mullah Omar’s QST, Al Qaeda, and LeT—and will not abandon them for any amount of US money,” as diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks show.

4. H.V. Hodson, The Great Divide (New York: Atheneum,1969),e469–470.

5 . C. Christine Fair, “What to Do about Pakistan,” The Express Tribune,July 10, 2012; C. Christian Fair, “What to Do about Pakistan,” Foreign Policy, June 21, 2012; Alexander Evans and Stephen D. Krasner, “Tough Talk Is Cheap,” Foreign Affairs (May/June 2012);s“The China Factor” by Mohan Guruswamy in Stehen Cohen’s The Future of Pakistan, (Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press,2011), 122–133; Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark, Nuclear Deception (New York: Walker & Company, 2008), 105.n

6. Peter Bergen and Jennifer Rowland, CNN News, August 7, 2011; Haider Ali Hussein Mullick, “Recalibrating US-Pakistan Relations,” The Washington Quarterly (Summer 2012); Ahmed Rashid, y Pakistan on the Brink (New York: Viking 2012), 60–61. k

7 . 77 “Crippled, Chaotic Pakistan,” Editorial, New York Times, July 2, 2012.ss8 . C. Christian Fair, “A Bitter Bargain after US Apologizes, Pakistan

Reopens Supply Routes,” Huntington Post, July 5, 2012; Bergen ttand Rowland, CNN News, August 7, 2011; Samad, Pakistan-US Conundrum.

9 . Stephen D. Krasner, “ Talking Tough to Pakistan,” Foreign Affairs(January/February 2012 pp87–97); Stephen Krasner, “Ending theDouble Game,” Hoover Digest, no. 2 (2012).tt George Perkovich, “Stop Enabling Pakistan’s Dangerous Dysfunction,” Carnegie Policy Outlook, September 6, 2011, C.Christian Fair, “Pakistani PowerPlay,” Foreign Policy, November 5, 2012

10. Sabrina Tavernise, “Survey of Pakistan’s Young Predicts DisasterIf Their Needs Aren’t Addressed,” New York Times, November 21,

N o t e s 221

2009; Madhav Nalapat, “Why Obama Disappointed Obama,” CNN news, August 16, 2012.

11 . “Army Embraces Wanted Tribesmen,” Daily Times, April 25, 2004.12 . Puri, Pakistan’s War on Terrorism, 55, 118, 119; Tankel, Storming

the World Stage.13 . Robert Kaplan, “What Is Wrong with Pakistan?” Foreign Policy (July/y

August 2012). According to Indiana University’s Sumit Ganguly,India requires the Muslim-dominated Himalayan territory to sub-stantiate its claim as a multiconfessional democracy, rather than as a Hindu-dominated state, whereas Pakistan requires Kashmir to sub-stantiate its claim as the chief remnant of Muslim al-Hind; Samad,The Pakistan-US Conundrum, 309.

14 . Alexander Evans, “Pakistan and the Shadow of 9/11,” RUSI Journal,vol. 156, no. 4 (August/September 2011): 64–70; Huma Yusuf,“Quit Pakistan Syndrome’: A Country Loses Faith in Itself,” The New Republic, June 18, 2011; Peter Bergen and Jennifer Rowland, CNN News, August 7, 2011; Dilip Hiro, Apocalyptic Realm.

15. Charles Hill, Trial of Thousand Years (Stanford: CA, HooversInstitution Press, 2011), 92; Salman Masood, “Pakistani Taliban Kill 22 Shiites in Bus Attack,” New York Times, August 16, 2012.

16 . Faraz Khan, “Ethnic Violence: 18 Men Killed in Orangi Reprisal,”The Express Tribune, April 21, 2012; Jane Perlez and Eric Schmitt, “Pakistan’s Spies Tied to Slaying of a Journalist,” New York Times,July 4, 2011.

17 . 77 David Ignatius, “Our High-Maintenance Relationship with Pakistan,”Washington Post, July 13, 2012; “Wheeling and Dealing with Pakistan,” ttEditorial, Washington Post, July 17, 2012.tt

18 . Daniel Markey, “Eye of the Storm for U.S.-Pakistan Relations,” Council on Foreign Relations, August 21, 2012.

19 . Nicholas Kristof, “Exploiting the Prophet,” New York Times, September 22, 2012.

20. Husain Haqqani, “Between Mosque and Military, Foreign Policy,May 17, 2011. Hassan Abbas, Pakistan’s Drift into Extremism: Allah,the Army, and America (London: M. E. Sharpe, 2005).a

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43, 44, 52, 53, 57, 59, 61, 62,93, 151, 172, 199

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Baradar, Abdul Ghani, 146, 176Barot, Dhiren, 74Benjamin, Daniel, 70, 205Bergen, Peter, 140, 213, 216, 219, 221Bhatti, Shahbaz, 11, 192Bhutto, Benazir, xv, 2, 56, 57, 67,

82, 115, 116Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 4, 9, 56–58, 67,

82, 83, 89, 116, 164, 203, 204

Inde x

I n d e x242

bin Laden, Osama, viii, ix, xiii–xv, xx, 1, 2, 7–10, 20, 21, 47, 69,71–76, 78, 79, 80, 84, 85, 97–100, 104–7, 109, 110, 125, 126, 131, 133, 137, 140, 143,145, 146, 150, 158, 162, 165,169, 171, 173, 190, 194, 206,213, 214, 219

blasphemy, xiii, 10, 11, 43, 106, 161, 191, 192

Bobbitt, Philip, 127, 211Bosnia, xiv, 15, 75, 117, 135, 156Britain, 2, 3, 25, 26, 30, 32, 35,

37–39, 55, 56, 60, 64, 74, 75, 98, 101, 102, 121, 129, 135,136, 165, 190, 215

Brown, Gordon, 75, 148Brown Amendment, 91Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 13, 104, 126,

147, 200burqa, 79, 104, 145, 186Bush, George H.W, viii, xiv, 1, 2, 6,

14–16, 18, 47, 62, 73, 77, 78,84, 95, 97, 102, 105–9, 111,121, 126, 130, 131, 141, 145,154, 155, 159, 182, 185, 187, 197, 204, 207, 208

Bush, George W., 45, 63, 65, 67,90, 154

Cabinet Mission, 26–28, 154, 201Caliph (Caliphate), 23, 78, 82, 165,

182, 188Cameron, David, 102, 148Canada, xii, 3, 25, 170Carter, Jimmy, 5, 9, 13, 45, 63, 67,

68, 88, 104, 154Central Asia, xi, xix, 2, 24, 34, 81,

94, 99, 103, 104, 109, 118, 120, 135, 140, 152, 173, 176, 192

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), viii, xix, 16, 20, 21, 77, 84, 88,95, 99, 104, 106, 110, 133,135, 144, 155, 164, 165, 174,175, 185, 206, 207, 214, 216

Central Treaty Organization(CENTO) xiii, xix, 4, 33, 38,45, 97, 150, 184

centrifuges, 16Chamberlin, Wendy, 111Chechnya, 74, 192China, xii, xiii, 4, 5, 13, 16, 31, 33,

40, 41, 44, 51–62, 65, 79, 81, 82, 91, 93, 94, 97, 103, 111, 117, 118, 120, 124, 127, 129,135, 150, 155, 170, 185–87, 191, 194, 198, 205, 220

Christianity, 183Churchill, Winston, 25–27, 29,

45–47, 67, 69, 91–94, 137, 151, 152, 164, 186, 195, 201

Clinton, Bill, 14, 30, 45–47, 91–95,99, 162, 164, 186, 187, 197, 203, 207, 208, 214, 218

Clinton, Hillary, 12, 116, 122, 162–64, 174, 187, 193, 195, 207, 214

Cohen, Stephen, 152, 198, 214, 220

Cold War, v, vii, xii, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10,23, 32, 33, 37, 46, 51, 75, 94, 155, 200, 201

Cole, Juan, 79Coll, Steve, 133Collins, Larry, 152Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

(CTBT), 92, 185Congress Party, see Indian National e

CongressConstable, Pamela, 37, 47, 134,

202, 203, 209, 212, 218, 219counterinsurgency, 73, 120, 122,

138, 166, 168, 173counterterrorism, 11, 14, 106, 107,

109, 120, 130, 139, 147, 164,166, 179, 199, 205

see also War on Terroro

Dalrymple, William, 115Darul Uloom Deoband, 168Dempsey, Martin E., 164, 174

I n d e x 243

denials, xiii, xv, 8, 16, 44, 54, 68,88, 89, 92, 114, 134, 143, 158

Deobandi, 18, 41, 42, 79, 80, 83, 114, 138, 168, 169, 174, 217, 218

Dhume, Sadananda, 213Direct Action Day (DAD), 23, 27,

29, 30, 41, 149, 201drone attacks, 17, 47, 140, 193, 200Durand line, 3, 30, 103

East Pakistan, 43, 61see also Bangladesho

economy, 4, 9, 92, 97, 153, 170, 171, 179, 181, 190, 198, 214,217, 218

ElBaradei, Mohamed, 55, 64, 124

F-16 fighter jet, 46Fadl, Syed al Sharif, 71Fai, Syed Ghulam Nabi, 34, 166,

201Fair, C. Christine, 115, 185, 209,

210, 214, 220Fatwa, 95, 148, 168Fazullah, Maulana, 114Federal Bureau of Investigation

(FBI), 20, 34, 35, 155, 162,166, 201

Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA), xix, 18, 85, 105, 108, 112, 115, 143, 160, 163, 170, 190, 192, 194

Federal Security Force (FSF), 59, 61Feinstein, Dianne, 140Ferguson, Niall, 136Fergusson, James, 77Filkins, Dexter, 81Foreign Assistance Act (FAA), 63Foreign Terrorist Organization

(FTO), 164, 188France, 25, 38, 59, 60, 98, 112,

121, 129, 190

Gall, Carlotta, 176Gandhi, Indira, 44, 53, 61, 185

Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma), xviii, 23–24, 28–30, 33, 36, 46, 149, 152, 178, 201

Ganguly, Sumit, 128, 210, 211,219–21

GDP, 4, 103, 147, 171Gilani, Daood Sayed, 15, 70, 77,

103, 121, 134see also Headley, Davido

Gilani, Yousuf Raza, 5, 7, 11, 16,21, 144

global jihad, 1, 2, 9, 46, 71, 73, 98,100, 101, 145, 181, 187

Grossman, Marc, 19, 120, 156guerrilla warfare, 71, 75, 76, 80

Hadith, 72, 144, 148, 169Hamdani, Yasser, 45Haqqani, Badruddin, 176Haqqani, Husain, 11, 21, 135, 199,

200, 221Haqqani, Jalaluddin, 17, 85, 98,

115, 174–75Haqqani, Sirajuddin, 78, 119, 120,

175–6Haqqania, Darul Uloom, 176Haqqani network, 9, 12, 17, 19, 55,

71, 72, 105, 116, 121, 124, 133, 139, 144, 148, 157, 161,162, 166, 169, 170, 174, 175, 177, 179, 182, 187, 188, 193,206, 216, 217

Harakat ul-Ansar, 18, 69Harakat-ul-Jihad-e-Islami (HUJI),

18, 85, 114, 165Harakat ul-Mujahideen (HUM), 69Headley, David, 22–23, 126, 138,

193, 222see also Gilani, Daood Sayedo

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 68, 80, 84,85, 90, 91, 97, 99, 100, 105, 111, 115, 119, 135, 144, 146, 174, 179, 190

Hill, Charles, 80Hinduism, 45Hiro, Dilip, 190, 219–21

I n d e x244

Hitchens, Christopher, 133Hizbul-Mujahideen (HM) xix, 6,

15, 18, 69, 74, 82, 85, 86, 93, 114, 136, 165, 187

Hizb ut-Tahrir (HuT), 136, 181, 187Hodson, H.V., 30, 35, 36, 201,

202, 214, 220Hoffman, Bruce, 77Holbrooke, Richard, 19, 91, 137,

146, 156, 212holy warrior, see mujahideenehonor killing, xi, xiii, 183, 197, 199Hoodbhoy, Pervez, 56, 163, 204, 216Hudood Ordinance, 9human rights, viii, xi, xv, 12, 88,

89, 94, 101, 107, 119, 120, 151, 167, 172, 191

Hussein, Saddam, 130, 159, 196, 200

Ibrahim, Dawood, 189Ijaz, Mansoor, 134, 202, 212Ijaz, Saroop, 151India, xv, 2–5, 7–10, 13–16, 19,

123, 194, 195, 201–3, 206, 209, 211, 212, 215, 217, 219–21

partition of, 4, 7, 23, 24, 27–29,34–35, 37, 40, 42, 44–45, 62,80, 102, 149–54, 167, 183, 184, 198, 201, 214, 215

India-China War, 40, 59, 62Indian National Congress (INC),

x, xviii, 23–24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 39, 41–42, 44, 46–49, 85, 128, 149, 152, 153, 158

India-Pakistan War(s) 9, 47, 53, 54, 61, 97

Indonesia, xii, 33, 71Indus highway, 63Indus Water Treaty, 40, 170infidel, xiii, 76, 109Inskeep, Steve, 84insurgency, 10, 34, 48, 54, 60, 68,

76, 78, 82, 86, 88, 90, 92–94, 99, 101, 107, 112, 119, 133, 134, 137–39, 159, 167, 170, 173, 184

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), xix, 16, 55, 63, 64, 124, 131, 155

International Security AssistanceForce (ISAF), xix, 3, 19, 109, 147, 155, 156, 163, 174

Inter-Services Intelligence Agency (ISI), 26, 86, 142, 170

Iqbal, Allama, 42, 151Iran, 2, 16, 20, 24–26, 30, 38,

44, 55, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65,66, 72, 73, 83–86, 88, 94, 97, 100, 103, 108, 112, 117, 118, 127–30, 145, 147, 154, 155, 162, 182, 189, 192, 194

Iraq, 26, 38, 47, 66, 71–75, 87, 90, 95, 106–10, 112, 117,128, 134, 141, 143, 147, 157, 189, 208

ISI, see Inter-Services IntelligenceeIslam, xi, xiii, 1, 8, 9, 10, 13, 24,

26, 30, 31, 38, 42–44, 46,47, 58, 62, 71–81, 83–86, 94, 98, 104, 108, 110, 111,114, 116, 120, 126, 131, 135,139, 146, 148, 149, 152, 155, 161, 162, 165, 168, 169, 172, 174, 182, 183, 191, 192, 195,200–202, 205, 206, 212,214–18

political, 80, 152see also Shiite Muslims; Sunni o

Muslims; Wahhabi IslamIslamic Movement of Uzbekistan

(IMU), 85, 176, 177Israel, 46, 47, 58, 65, 73, 94, 95,

101, 107, 108, 114, 129, 180, 185, 214

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)18, 69,82, 83, 85, 86, 114, 115, 138, 160, 165, 181, 188

Jalal, Ayesha, 3, 197Jamaat-e-Islam (JeI), 42, 84, 135Jama’at-ud-Da’wa (JuD), 70, 113,

114, 165, 190

I n d e x 245

Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), see Kashmire

Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), x, 191

Jews, 57, 73, 76, 83, 89, 191jihad, xi, xiii, xiv, xix, 1–3, 5, 7–9,

13, 18, 20, 21, 24, 29, 35, 37,41–43, 46, 47, 68–70, 71, 73–75, 78, 79, 82–85, 90, 93, 95, 97–102, 108, 110, 112, 114–16, 118, 120, 126,127, 135, 136, 138–40, 145, 146, 150, 152, 153, 159, 164,165, 168–70, 172, 174, 179, 181–87, 191, 194, 195, 200, 202, 204, 205, 209, 213, 216–18, 220

jihadists, 20, 35, 90, 93, 101, 115,116, 118, 138, 150, 164, 169,170, 181, 186, 194, 195, 213,217, 220

Jinnah, M.A., 7, 8, 23–32, 42, 44–46, 83, 110, 134, 145, 149–54, 181, 215

Jizya(h), 45, 148Johnson, Lyndon B., 26, 54, 61Jones, Seth, 72, 111, 205, 209,

216, 231

Kabul, 1, 3, 17, 19, 68, 69, 78, 82, 84, 90, 98, 103, 105, 112, 115, 132, 133, 137, 139, 143, 146,160, 162, 170, 174, 175, 177,178, 182, 189, 193, 200, 207,218, 219

Kafir (Kefir), 47, 76, 111Kargil, 67, 69, 92, 93, 157, 159,

183Karmal, Babrak, 68, 89, 104, 182Karzai, Hamid, 3, 80, 84, 98, 107,

112, 133, 139, 146, 148, 160,162, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177,190, 209, 213, 214

Kashmiri, Ilyas, 15, 34–36, 64, 69,74, 86, 93, 101, 102, 106, 114,116, 138, 166, 183, 188, 217

Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir,J&K), 6, 10, 15, 32–39, 41, 43–49, 53, 54, 69, 70, 74, 78,83, 88, 90–95, 101, 102, 107,109–11, 113–16, 121, 133–35, 137, 138, 152, 156, 157, 159,165–67, 176, 181, 184, 185, 188, 190, 195, 202, 203, 207,217, 218, 221

Kayani, Ashfaq Parvez, 7, 11, 16,87, 88, 145, 163

Kennedy, John F., 38, 41, 45, 52,61, 65, 184, 210

Kerry-Lugar-Berman Bill, 17,122, 159

Khalid Sheikh Mohammad(KSM), xiv, 20, 58, 65, 74, 75, 82, 119, 171

Khalilzad, Zalmay, 179, 219Khan, Abdul Gaffar, 32Khan, Abdul Qadeer (A.Q.), 16, 54,

60, 92Khan, Ayub, xiii, 8, 9, 32, 37–41,

44, 46, 47, 51, 54, 61, 67, 93, 145, 182, 202, 203

Khan, Lal, 214Khan, Liaquat Ali, 8, 27, 31, 32,

202, 214Khan, Mohammed Yahya, 8, 44,

46, 51–53, 56, 67, 72, 93Khan, Munir Ahmed, 56Khan, Najibullah, 77, 89–91, 146,

165, 182Khan, Syed Ahmed, 42, 110, 151Khan, Zafarullah, 30–32, 149Kher, Hina Rabbani, 109, 164, 193Khilafat, 23, 114Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 68Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), see

North West Frontier ProvinceKissinger, Henry, 13, 33, 51, 52,

59, 61, 62, 65, 117, 120, 187,204, 205, 210

Koran, see QuraneKux, Dennis, xv, 53, 54, 197, 203,

204, 219

I n d e x246

Lahore Resolution (Pakistan Resolution), 23, 31–32,149–51

Lal Masjid, see Red MosqueeLapierre, Dominique, 153Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ), xix, 11,

18, 82, 83, 85, 100, 115, 188Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), xix, 12,

15, 18, 19, 48, 55, 69–72, 74, 77, 82–83, 85, 86, 100, 101, 110, 111, 113–16, 120,121, 124, 131, 134, 138, 144, 156, 160, 165, 176, 177, 179–81, 187–90, 193, 205, 219, 220

Libya, 6, 16, 55, 57–58, 62, 65, 85,100, 127, 130, 145, 154, 162

Lieven, Anatol, 101, 135, 174,205, 212

Line of Control (LOC), xiii, xix,44, 53, 90, 92, 181, 185

Linlithgow, Lord, 29, 31Little Boy bomb, 123Lodhi, Maleeha, 155, 197, 198, 215

McCarthy, Andrew, 182McConaughy, Walter, 54madrassa, xiii, 3, 7, 8, 10, 41, 69,

79, 81, 83, 86, 168, 169Mahdi, 72Malaysia, 55, 130, 191Malik, Yasin, 138Markaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad

(MDI), xix, 165Markey, Daniel, 136, 161, 199martyr, 15, 64, 189Masri, Abu Ayyub al-, 71Massoud, Ahmad Shah, xii, 81, 84,

98–99, 146, 182Maududi, Syed Abul, 8, 42–43, 165Mehsud, Baitullah (Mashsud),

17–18, 80, 85, 86, 97, 113,161, 213

Mehsud, Hakimullah, 18, 85–86, 97, 113, 161

Middle East, xi, xii, 6, 24, 57, 65, 66, 72, 73, 82, 94, 118, 120, 130, 135, 140, 172, 173, 184,203, 204, 212, 219

militants, xiii, 8, 12, 14, 16–18,20, 63, 64, 69–72, 75, 93,94, 100, 104, 105, 112, 113, 115–16, 120, 126, 133, 134,136, 140, 144, 145, 160–61,163, 165–69, 171, 174, 176, 178, 185–87, 191, 192–95, 200, 206, 215–17, 219, 220

Miran Shah (Pakistan), 17Missile Technology Control Regime

(MTCR), 91–92, 185Mohanty, Nirode, 191, 201, 205,

212, 214, 218Moharram (Muharram), 83, 101Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 26, 35,

36, 38, 102, 153–54, 202Mughal (Mogul), 170muhajir (mohajir, refugee), 43, 74,

83, 85, 101Muhammad, Prophet, 15, 30, 42,

76, 83, 148, 165, 195, 221mujahideen (mujahedin, holy

warriors), viii, xi, xiii, xiv, 9, 10, 24, 34, 45, 47, 48, 54, 61, 68–69, 79, 81, 82, 89, 90, 92, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102, 104, 106, 109, 115, 116, 120, 130, 135,138, 139, 143, 144, 152, 158,182, 189

Mullen, Michael, 109, 130, 132, 157, 161, 175, 182, 216, 219

Mumbai, xiii, 12, 15, 20, 48, 70, 77, 82, 83, 107, 114, 116, 121, 134, 160, 177, 187–90, 216

Musharraf, Pervez, 2–7, 13, 14–16, 18, 46–48, 56, 60, 63, 67–69,77, 82, 84, 87, 92–94, 97, 102, 105–7, 111, 113–15, 119, 125–27, 130, 131, 141, 145, 146, 155–59, 162, 182, 186, 189, 200, 207–9, 215, 218

I n d e x 247

Muslim Brotherhood, xix, 42, 71, 84, 135, 136

Muslim League, xix, xx, 4, 18,23, 26, 29, 32, 43, 149, 150, 152–54, 201, 215

Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), xix

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 33National Awami Party (NAP), 60,

201Nawaz, Shuja, 46, 55, 169, 202,

203Nazir, Maulavi, 80, 81, 163, 176Nehru, Jawaharlal, 23, 24, 26–31,

33, 36–40, 44, 59, 149, 152–54, 184, 201, 215

Nicholson, Emma, 35Nixon, Richard, 9, 13, 44, 45, 51–53,

56, 59, 61–63, 97, 199, 204non-aligned movement (NAM),

xiii, 24, 33, 40, 184non-proliferation, see Nuclear e

Non-proliferation TreatyNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), xiv, xx, 2, 3, 6, 12,14, 17–18, 20, 75, 97, 98, 105–7, 109, 110, 112, 113,117, 129, 133, 141, 144, 145, 155, 157, 160, 167, 170, 171,174, 175, 177, 184, 191–93,206, 218

Northern Alliance, xii, 98, 105, 146, 187, 189

Northern Waziristan, 14, 17, 81, 87, 113, 119, 139, 140, 158, 160, 161, 176, 177, 192

North West Frontier Province (NWFP; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, KP), xix, 6, 30, 44, 60, 81, 104, 112, 113, 141, 143, 149–50, 172, 187, 190,195

Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT), 59, 63, 92, 185, 212

nuclear proliferation, 6, 16, 24, 56,57, 59, 63–65, 100, 107, 120,124–31, 144, 145, 151, 162, 172, 195, 198, 206, 209–12

nuclear weapons, v, vii, ix, xi, xv,5–9, 12–14, 16–17, 19–21, 24, 31, 34, 41, 46, 47, 51–66, 68, 69, 81, 87–95, 100, 101, 105–7,111, 112, 116–18, 120–32,136, 138, 141, 144–45, 150, 151, 154, 155, 157–59, 162, 163, 169, 170, 172, 174, 179,181, 183–87, 191, 193–95, 198, 200, 203–5, 208–12,215, 216, 220

Obama, Barack, 7, 17–19, 48–49, 65,73, 75, 87, 95, 109, 118–20, 121,127, 129–30, 139, 144–47, 156, 157, 159, 160, 164, 166, 167, 177, 178, 187, 189, 193, 195, 202, 203, 205, 206, 210, 213–19, 221

Omar, Mullah, 1–2, 73, 78, 80, 85, 91, 98, 110, 113, 115, 119,137, 139, 144, 160, 163, 171, 173–76, 182, 190, 220

Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), 98, 109, 155–56, 215

Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), 72, 107

Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC), xx, 59, 60, 191

Ottoman Empire, 23

Pakistan, xv, 6, 26, 43, 85, 86, 192Afghanistan and, xiii, 182,

190–92aid to, xiv, xv, 2, 145, 159, 178,

190, 193alliances and, 131, 135, 150, 181,

184, 193China and, 150, 155, 188, 189,

191, 193denials by, 16, 53, 89, 143, 158,

188, 190

I n d e x248

Pakistan—Continuedforeign policy of, 30, 68, 88, 95,

143, 209, 219history of, 220India and, 46, 157, 159, 162, 166Kashmir and, 183, 190Indus Water Treaty and, 40, 170minorities in, 10, 180, 183, 191,

195Muslim countries and, 57, 58, 60,

65, 188, 189, 191, 192nuclear weapons and, 58, 181,

186, 187, 193, 194partition of India and (see under

India)population of, 4, 43, 138, 148,

152, 165, 173, 183, 190, 195Russia and USSR and, 2, 3, 31, 33,

132, 139, 162, 178, 181, 184terrorists and, 1, 185–90, 192United States and, 67, 173, 174,

179, 181, 185, 186, 191Pakistan Atomic Energy

Commission (PAEC), 56–57Pakistan Counterinsurgency

Capability Fund (PakistanCounterinsurgency Fund, PCCF, PCF), 122

Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), xv, xx, 7, 18, 44, 52, 61, 103

Pakistan Resolution, see Lahore eResolution

Pakistan Taliban, see Tehreek-e-Taliban ePakistan

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), xx, 18

Pashtun, 18, 19, 30–31, 43, 60, 69, 79–81, 84–85, 90, 91, 99, 103–4,110, 135, 137, 139, 145–47, 154,165, 174, 176, 182, 183, 189, 192

Patterson, Anne W., 15, 19, 116, 174, 178, 209, 213, 220

Pearl, Daniel, 74, 85, 114, 162Perlez, Jane, 161Petraeus, David, 124, 128, 164,

168, 174

Pew Research Center, 47, 86, 87,121, 207, 210

Philippines, 38, 71Powell, Colin, 13, 105, 141Pressler Amendment, 63, 89, 91,

92, 198proliferation, see nuclear proliferation; e

nuclear weaponsPunjab, 4, 6, 11, 24, 32, 36, 40,

42, 43, 54, 68, 71, 83, 86, 109, 113, 149, 151, 153, 160,172, 176, 192, 194, 215

Puri, Samir, 215, 220

Quran (Koran), xiii, 11, 29, 42, 58,72, 104, 126, 147, 148, 160,169, 195

Qureshi, Fazal-ul-Haq, 70Qutb, Syed, 8, 42, 71, 79, 165

Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 84, 91,133, 146, 175, 177

radicalism, xiii, xvii 1, 8–10, 18, 20,24, 32, 42, 55, 64, 69, 72, 73, 75–79, 82, 83, 86, 94, 99, 100,103, 104, 106, 108, 110, 116,120, 124, 135, 137–40, 144, 150, 161–69, 172, 179, 182, 191,195, 201, 205, 212, 214, 218

Rahman, Fazlur, 131Rahman, Mujibur, 41, 52, 59Raphel, Robin, 91, 137, 212Rashid, Ahmed, 72, 87, 113, 144,

155, 159, 166, 206, 207, 209, 213–16, 218–20

Rashid, Salman, 25, 201, 204Rauf, Rashid, 74, 101, 165Reagan, Ronald, 5, 7, 10, 34, 45,

47, 62, 67–68, 88–89, 97, 154,155, 184–85

Red Mosque (Lal Masji), 161, 186, 192

resurgence, xiii, 9, 13, 78, 80, 147, 152, 158, 201, 214

Rice, Condoleezza, 7, 12, 14–16,199, 200, 203, 204

I n d e x 249

Riedel, Bruce, 78, 130, 156Rushdie, Salman, 168, 169, 218Russia (Soviet Union, USSR), xii–xiv,

2–5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 24,26, 30–34, 37, 39, 41, 46, 51–52, 56, 59, 61, 62, 65, 67,68, 73, 75, 79, 81, 86, 88–91, 97–104, 110, 115, 117–20, 126, 129–32, 134, 135, 138, 143, 150, 152, 155, 162, 175,178, 181–84, 187, 191

Saeed, Hafiz, 70, 113, 131, 160, 165, 188, 190, 216

Sanger, David, xiv, 14, 105–6, 197,200, 204, 205, 208, 209, 211, 216

Sarila, Narendra Singh, 26–27, 154, 201

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 160Saudi Arabia, xiv, 8, 26, 57–58, 62,

65–66, 68, 71, 73, 78–79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 90, 98, 99, 102, 104, 108, 132, 134, 135, 144,168–71, 175, 186, 191, 205

secularism, 7, 21, 24, 25, 36, 42, 43, 60, 100, 148, 149, 167, 184

September 11, 2001 (9/11) 1, 8–10,18, 20, 24, 48, 62, 71, 73, 75,76, 80, 82, 97–100, 102, 104,106, 107, 113, 114, 119, 121, 126, 130, 131, 137, 141, 143,162, 167, 168, 171, 172, 181, 182, 186, 187, 189, 191, 194,208, 219, 221

aftermath of, 18, 102, 107, 113, 114, 141, 143, 150, 167, 182, 186

Shah, Pir Zubair, 173Shahi, Agha, 176, 217Shahzad, Faisal, 20, 103, 121, 165–66Shahzad, Saleem, 11, 134, 158, 192Sharia, 9, 12, 42, 78, 79, 81, 84,

86, 110, 115, 136, 148, 149, 161, 167, 168, 182, 213, 214

Sharif, Nawaz, 2, 18, 57, 65, 67–69, 90–93, 116

Sheikh, Ahmad Omar Saeed, 74,83, 93, 114, 165

Shiite Muslims, v, 9, 31, 42, 58, 72,76, 83, 95, 108, 110, 114, 118, 141, 150–51, 173, 191, 192, 194, 221

Shimla Agreement (SimlaAgreement), 28, 44, 53

Shukrijumah, Adnan el-, 20, 82Siachen, 6, 203Siddiqa, Ayesha, 199, 214Sikhs, 25, 34, 80, 94, 152, 183Simla Agreement, see Shimlae

AgreementSindh, 6, 43, 44, 58, 85, 101, 149,

172, 179, 183, 191, 195Singh, Bhagat, 151Singh, Hari, 35–36Singh, Jaswant, 134Singh, Manmohan, 48, 157, 187,

189, 203Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP), xx, 11, 18,

82, 83, 85, 100, 114, 115, 188South Asia, vii, xi, 4, 24, 34, 37,

43, 70, 72, 82, 85, 91, 99, 103, 118, 120, 128, 129, 134,135, 168, 169, 172, 187, 198, 202–4, 206, 208, 211, 212,214, 218, 220

South Asian Treaty Organization(SEATO), xiii, xx, 4, 33, 38,45, 57, 58, 150, 184

South East Asia, 34, 135sovereignty, xv, 39, 47, 105, 109,

132, 140, 144, 150, 153, 158, 164, 165, 178, 190

Soviet Union, see RussiaeStafford Cripps, Richard, 27Sufism, 43, 79, 98, 110, 183, 188,

191Suhrawardy, Huseyn Sahaheed, 43suicide attacks (bombings), 13, 17,

20, 56, 63–64, 71, 74, 77, 86, 87, 95, 97, 98, 101, 104,113–15, 133, 146, 155, 156, 175–77, 187–89, 191, 194, 216

I n d e x250

Sunnah, 42, 148Sunni Muslims, 9, 11, 31, 43, 45,

58, 72, 73, 78, 81–83, 85, 95,100, 103, 108, 114, 116, 118,126, 161, 188, 191, 202

Suri, Abu Musab al-, 71, 165, 204Swami, Praveen, 37, 202Swat Valley, 81, 105, 160, 161, 167–68,

170, 177, 179, 187, 217Symington Amendment, 59, 63, 68

see also Foreign Assistance ActoSyria, 57, 66, 71, 73

Tajikistan (Tajik), 81, 84, 91, 103,139, 145–47, 155, 182, 189

Takfir, 73, 74Taliban, viii, ix, xi–xiv, xx, 1–2, 7,

9–20, 33, 44, 47, 69, 73–87,91–92, 95, 97–100, 102–21,124, 126, 132–35, 137–41, 143–48, 154–55, 157–68, 171–79, 181–83, 186–90, 192–95, 206–10, 212–14, 216–19, 221

see also Tehreek-e-Taliban oPakistan

Tankel, Stephen, 205, 215, 219,220, 221

Taseer, Salman, 192Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan

(Pakistan Taliban, TTP), xx, 3, 17, 18, 55, 71, 72, 85, 86, 114,115, 158, 160, 161, 163–65, 167, 168, 175–77, 188, 194

Tehrik-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM),xx, 85, 97, 114

Tellis, Ashley, 85, 207, 210, 237Tenet, George, 16terrorism, ix, xi, xii, xiv, xv, 1–7,

10–17, 19–24, 29, 31, 34, 37, 40, 46–47, 53, 55, 60, 63–65, 70–78, 80–87, 90,93–95, 97–121, 124, 126, 128–41, 143–48, 151,

155–62, 164–66, 168–70, 173, 175, 178–80, 182, 185–92

homegrown, 109, 136, 161, 180see also War on Terror;o and

specific incidentsThailand, 38Times Square, 121, 164, 166Tipu Sultan, 38, 202Tomsen, Peter, 137, 138Turkey, 23, 38, 55, 57, 66, 191Two-Nation Theory, 44–45, 53,

149–52

ul-Haq, Zia, see Zia ul-HaqeUnited Nations (UN), xx, 1, 30,

32, 35–39, 61–63, 70, 102, 109, 113, 120, 137, 173, 179

Security Council, xiii, 30, 32, 35–37, 39, 41, 109, 147, 177, 187, 202

United States (US), vii, viii, ix, x, xi, xv, 1, 3, 6, 8, 11–13, 16, 23, 25, 31–39, 45, 47–49, 53–54,59, 61, 67, 69, 70, 72, 75, 77,78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 91,93, 97, 101–3, 107, 108, 111,113, 114, 116–21, 125, 128,129, 131, 132, 134–39, 141, 143–45, 147, 156, 157, 159, 160, 162–64, 166, 168, 173, 174, 179, 181, 185–87, 189, 191, 193, 197, 198, 200–204,206, 209, 211, 213, 219

foreign aid, 5, 47, 58, 113, 118, 193, 204–5, 218, 220

policy, vii, ix, 138, 200, 211, 213uranium, 5, 59, 63, 88, 89, 91, 118,

122–24, 129, 130enriched, 57, 60, 122, 124, 163

URENCO (Uranium Enrichment Company), 60, 130

USSR, see RussiaeUzbekistan (Uzbek), 84, 85, 91,

103, 110, 139, 145, 146, 147, 155, 165, 176, 182, 189, 192

I n d e x 251

Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 92, 93, 157,187

Vendrell, Francesc, 112Von Tunzelmann, Alex, 151

Wahhabi Islam, viii, 8, 10, 18, 68, 71, 78, 79, 81, 85, 86, 102,135, 144, 168, 179, 183

War on Terror, xiv, 4, 6, 7, 13, 14, 18, 37, 78, 105, 106, 115, 119,125, 126, 131, 143, 145, 148, 155, 159, 177, 178, 181, 186,190, 209, 210, 215, 220, 221

see also counterterrorismoWavell, Lord, 26, 154, 215Waziristan, 14, 17, 81, 85, 87, 97,

113, 119, 139, 140, 141, 158,160, 161, 163, 167, 176, 177, 192

weapons of mass destruction (WMD), xx, 62, 106–8, 125, 126

West Pakistan, 43, 52, 62, 69, 121Wikileaks, 112Witte, Griff, 81Wolpert, Stanley, 215

Woodward, Bob, 159, 166, 179,208, 215–17, 219

World Bank, 4, 40, 147World Islamic Front (WIF), 71World Trade Center, 109Wright, Lawrence, 133

Xinjiang, China, 81, 94, 118, 135, 160, 184

Yemen, xii, 77, 82, 87, 163

Zaeef, Abdul, 137, 213Zardari, Asif Ali, xv, xxii–xxiii, 2,

7, 11, 16, 18, 20, 83, 100, 106, 116, 135, 144, 164, 169, 194, 213

Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, 71, 108Zawahiri, Ayman al-, xiii, xiv, xix,

71, 72, 74, 135, 144, 160, 165, 190

Zia ul-Haq, xiii–xiv, 5, 7–10, 34, 42, 46–47, 56, 58–61, 63, 65,67–68, 83, 88–90, 93, 100, 104, 110, 145, 164, 169, 182, 185

Zubayda(h), Abu, xiv, 119, 171