n-p-k range of vermicompost using two types of earth worms

1

ACADEMY OF MARITIME EDUCATION AND TRAINING(AMET)

(Declared as Deemed to be University u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)

135, EAST COAST ROAD, KANATHUR, CHENNAI - 603 112.

TAMILNADU, INDIA

N-P-K Range of vermicompost using two types of earth

worms Eisenia fetida and Perionyx excavates

A Report on Internship

In

Department of Marine Biotechnology

By

A.Mugip Rahaman

AMBT18001

May 2020

2

INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. A. Mugip Rahaman (Reg. No. AMBT18001)

of M.Sc., Marine Biotechnology 2nd Year IV Semester has done the

work titled ”N-P-K Range of vermicompost using two types of earth

worms Eisenia fetida and Perionyx excavates” as a part of Home

Based Internship for a partial fulfillment of academic records. He

has taken 45 hours to complete the work and his report was found to

be excellent.

Signature of the Mentor

(Dr. L. Senthilnathan)

Signature of the HOD


INTERNSHIP ALLOCATION REPORT 2019-20

Name of the Department: Marine Biotechnology (In view of advisory from the AICTE, internships for the year 2019-20 are offered by the Department itself to facilitate the students to take up required work from their home itself during the lock down period due to COVID-19 outbreak) Name of the Programme : M.Sc Marine Biotechnology Year of study and Batch/Group : II Year, Batch -11 Name of the Mentor : Dr. L. Senthilnathan Title of the assigned internship :

N-P-K Range of vermicompost using two types of earth worms Eisenia fetida and Perionyx excavates

Nature of Internship : Individual/Group Reg No of Students who are assigned with this internship:

Reg. No. AMBT18001

Total No. of Hours Required to complete the Internship: 45 Hours


Signature of the Internal Examiner

Signature of HoD / Programme Head

INTERNSHIP EVALUATION REPORT 2019-20

Name of the Department: Marine Biotechnology (In view of advisory from the AICTE, internships for the year 2019-20 are offered by the Department itself to facilitate the students to take up required work from their home itself during the lock down period due to COVID-19 outbreak)

Name of the Student A. Mugip Rahaman

Register No and Roll No AMBT18001

Programme of study M.Sc Marine Biotechnology

Year and Batch/Group II Year, Batch -11

Semester IV

Title of Internship N-P-K Range of vermicompost using two types of earth worms Eisenia fetida and Perionyx excavates

Duration of Internship ………45……..Hours

Mentor of the Student Dr. L. Senthilnathan

Evaluation by the Department

Sl No.

Criterion Max. Marks Marks Allotted

1 Regularity in maintenance of the diary. 10 8

2 Adequacy & quality of information recorded 10 8

3 Drawings, sketches and data recorded 10 8

4 Thought process and recording techniques used 5 5

5 Organization of the information 5 5

6 Originality of the Internship Report 20 15

7 Adequacy and purposeful write-up of the Internship Report

10 9

8 Organization, format, drawings, sketches, style, language etc. of the Internship Report

10 9

9 Practical applications, relationships with basic theory and concepts

10 9

10 Presentation Skills 10 9

Total 100 85



Signature of HoD /Programme Head

3

CONTENTS

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS PAGE NO

1. ABSTRACT 4

2. INTRODUCTION 4

3. METHODOLOGY 7

4. CONCLUSION 12

5. LIST OF PHOTOGRAPH 3

4

N-P-K Range of vermicompost using two types of earth worms Eisenia

fetida and Perionyx excavates

ABSTRACT

Aim of the presentation is to produce vermicomposting from organic kitchen solid

wastes by using two types of earth worms like Eisenia fetida and perionyx excavatus and

check the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (N-P-K) level between Eisenia fetida and

perionyx excavatus. This study examines the potential of the Eisenia fetida and perionyx

excavatus in the vermicompost of kitchen waste. As kitchen waste is rich in organic material.

Physical and biochemical parameters where analyzed during the period of 60 days. Pre-

decomposition is 15 days and subsequent vermicomposting is 60 days indicates the rule of

these species of vermitechnology increase was found in all the parameters like, total

nitrogen(%) , available phosphorus(%), and exchangeable potassium(%) while a decrease

was found in pH and C:N ratio in Eisenia fetida as the timing of vermicomposting increased

from 0 days to 60 days.

Keywords: Eiseniafetida, Perionyx excavatus, vermicompost, Earthworm, Nitrogen,

Phosphorus, potassium, kitchen waste.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------

INTRODUCTION:

Fertilizers pesticides, herbicides, nematocides and fungicides have been use to

increase the crop yield but these all cause pollution and side effects on human and animal

health and make soil sick (Bharat Kumar, Divya Topal 2015). These long term use of

inorganic fertilizers without organic supplements damages the soil physical, chemical and

biological properties and cause environmental pollution. Fertility is a significant property of

an agricultural soil. Application of chemical fertilizer reduces land productivity and land

fertility. Land, need to be prevented from degradation. Green manures are effective

alternative to chemical fertilizers in the management and preservation of soil fertility and

productivity, adding organic matter and nutrients in the soil. Vermicompost appears to be the

most promising alternate. It is good source of different macro and micro nutrients particularly

NPK (S. Manivannan, M. Balamurugan, K. Parthasarathie, G.Gunasekaran and L.S.

Ranganathan 2014).

5

Vermicompost is used for conversion of solid wastes in to a nutrient rich material.

’Vermi’ means worms (earthworms) and ‘compost’ means farming (Meenakumari T,

Shekhar M, 2012).

Vermicompost also benefits the environment by reducing the need for chemical

fertilizers and decreasing the amount of waste going to landfills. Vermicompost production is

trending up worldwide and it is finding increasing use especially in Western countries, Asia-

Pacific and Southeast Asia (Eswaran N & Mariselvi S 2016).

On one hand, there is a large number of producer to human activities which are

reaching macro and micro nutrients while tropical soil is deficient in all necessary plant

nutrients and on other hand , large amount of such nutrient are getting in the form of domestic

waste and agricultural by product (Bharat Kumar., Divya Topal 2015).

Management of solid waste has become one of the biggest problems that we are

facing today. Vermicomposting is the better solution for this problem (M. Kokhia, 2015).

Vermicomposting is the operation of composting process of organic materials by

involving earthworms. Vermicompost (also worm castings, worm compost, vermicast, worm

humus or worm manure). Vermicompost is not only valuable compost and bio control agent

that also an effective way of solid waste management. Earthworms consume biomass and

excrete in digested form called worm cast. The casts are rich in nutrients, growth promoting

substance, beneficial soil from casts are popularly called black gold (micro flora and having

properties of inhibiting pathogenic microbes) (Rakesh Joshi, Jaswinder Singh, Adarsh pal

vig 2014).

Vermicompost is earthworm excrement, called castings, which can improve

biological, chemical, and physical properties of the soil. The chemical secretions in the

earthworm’s digestive tract help break down soil and organic matter, so the castings contain

more nutrients that are immediately available to plants. The Vermicompost caused by

earthworms metabolize and disposal mixture of soil and organic matter are the advance form

of the compost (Sodabeh Nadiri, Ghasemali Omrani, Mina Makki Ale Agha, Mozhgan

Emtyazjoo, 2011).

EARTHWORMS:

6

Earthworms are invertebrates, which mean they don’t have backbones. They are tube

shaped, segmented worm found in the phylum Annelida and class oligochaeta (Abdullah

Ansari, Sultan Ahmed Ismail 2015 ). Earthworms have a brain, five hearts to pump blood,

and parts inside their bodies which help them to breathe. It conducts respiration through the

skin. The earthworms body is covered with chemoreceptor(S Gajalakshmi and S A Abbasi,

2004).

Earth worm are commonly found living in soil, feeding on live and dead organic matter The

earthworm’s digestive system is a tube running straight from the mouth, located at the tip of

the front end of the body, to the rearofthe body, where digested material is passed to the

outside. Species vary in what they eat, but by and large there developing of fallen leaves

and/or soil allows the worms to move nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen

into the soil.

About 500 species of earthworms are known in India and over 5,000 in the world. The

most common members of the earthworm to be used in vermicomposting include: Eisenia

Andre, E. fetida, Dravida willsii, Endrilus euginee, Lamito mauritii, Lubrieus rubellus,

Lumbricus terrestris and Perionyx excavatus.

Eisenia fetida (savigny, 1826)

Eisenia fetida worms are used for vermicomposting of both domestic and industrial

organic waste (Albanell.E, Plaixats.J, Cabreo.T 1988).

Eisenia fetida known under various common names such as red worm, brandling

worm, pan fish worm, trout worm, tiger worm, red wiggler worm, red California earthworm

(Orozeo.F.H, Cegarra.J, Trujillo.L.M, Roig.A, 1996).

Native to Europe the species is now found on all the continents of the world. Except

for Antarctica (Frances.Dismore, 2016).

Perionyx excavatus (Blakemore, 2000)

Perionyx excavates is a commercially produced earthworm. Popular name for this

species include composting worms, blues, or Indian blue worm. It has recently become more

7

popular in North America for composting purposes. It may have its origins in the Himalayan

Mountains (Blakemore 2000).

Experimental setup (Muddasir Basheer,O.P Agarwal, 2013)

Two sets of experiment were conducted in the present study.

Pre-composting Experiment:

A worm bin of 45X30X15 cm measurement was filled with a mixture (5kg) of cow

dung and kitchen waste, it was daily sprinkle with water so that it gets decomposed. Also this

waste was turned up and down for proper aeration and decomposition. This experiment

continued for 15days.

Vermicomposting Experiment:

In this study Plastic container was filled with the pre composed mixture and cow

dung. Each 25 adult mature Eisenia fetida, Perionyx excavatus worms were taken from the

stock culture and were uniformly release on the top of the container of all the two

experimental containers.

The containers were covered by mesh garden cloth and were observed daily in order

to check the various parameters necessary for the survival and reproduction of earthworms.

This whole setup was maintained for 60days till the finely granular vermicompost was

prepared

During the composting process the material was analyzed for different physico-

chemical attributes such as pH, total N, P, K as per the methods suggested by other workers

(Piper, 1996; Jackson, 1973; Ishwaran 1980). During the course investigation the sample

were examined at periodic intervals after 45-60 days of the vermicompost.

Methodology:

Materials required:

Collection of materials:

Worm bin (45X30X15 cm)

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Kitchen waste (tomato, banana peals, dried leaves)

Cow dung

Collection of Earthworms:

Eisenia fetida

Perionyx excavatus

Process of pre compost:

Make a worm bin. Make smalls hole drilled in the bottom so water can drain from the

compost. Usually start with kitchen waste, since we have good worm bin, just add cow dung.

It needs to be moist, but not so wet. Leave the setup for 15days, pre compost is done.

Chopped hard materials are required. Sprinkle cow dung slurry on the heap for quick

decompose.

Vermicompost process:

Make two beds bed1 and bed 2.Place fine bedding material such as partially

decomposed cow dung/dried leaves etc. over the soil or sand layer. Release 25-35 mature

earth worms are added like Eisenia fetida (bed 1) and Periyonx excavatus (bed 2).

Allow to vermicomposting. Sprinkle water as and when necessary to maintain 70-80%

moisture content. Worms are continuously consuming the degraded organic materials and

excrete. The excreted matter is called as worm cast or vermicast.

Our final product vermicompost get in 60days.

The mature vermicompost sample were collected for each vermicompost bed about 250

gm and kept in the polythene bag which is free from contamination and they are analyze

the physico chemical parameters.

Analyzing the Physico chemical parameters of vermicompost mainly using IS method:

(i) Moister, per cent by weight (vi) Total phosphorus

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(ii) Color (vii) Total potassium

(iii) Odor (viii) Conductivity

(iv)Particle size (ix) pH

(v)Total nitrogen (x) C: N ratio

Result and Discussion:

S. No

PARAMETERS

METHOD

UNITS

RESULT

SPECIFI

CATON

Bed1

(Eisenia

fetida)

Bed2

(Perionyx

excavatus)

1 Moisture FAO method % 24.30 20.50 15.0-25.0

2 Color

Physical

observation

- Black Black Dark

brown to

black

3 Odor - No odour No odour Absence

of foul

odour

4 Bulk density FAO Method g/cm3 0.28 0.15 0.7-0.9

5 Total organic

carbon

IS Method % 24.30 20.50 Minimum

16.0

6 Total nitrogen IS Method % 0.98 0.9 Minimum

10

0.5

7 Total phosphorus IS Method %

17.8

15.2

Minimum

0.5

8 Total potassium IS Method % 2.34 0.75 Minimum

1.0

9 C:N Ratio By calculation - 12:05

12:70 20:1 or

less

10 pH EPA Method - 6.78 6.54 6.5-7.5

Above result table & discussion is not standard. It depends on test. It should be

depends according to environmental condition.The level of nutrients in compost depends

upon the source of raw materials and the species of earth worm.

Bed1 (Eisenia fetida) vermicompost shows the higher N-P-K (Nitrogen, Phosphorus

and Potassium) range than Bed2 (Perionyx exavatus).

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

NitrogenPhosphorusPotasium

Eisenia fetida ( Bed 1)

Perionyx excavatus(Bed2)

11

Effect of vermicompost on N-P-K range between Bed1 ( Eisenia fetida ) and Bed 2

(Perionyx excavatus)

Effect of vermicompost on pH and C: N range of kitchen waste

Impact of vermicomposting on weight loss of organic substrate

Vermicompost produced from the kitchen waste is not only having beneficial effects

on soil health and growth, quality and yield of crop but also playing vital role in eradication

of pollution hazards.

4.3

2.8

3.5 3.3

pH C:N

Eisenia fetida ( Bed 1 )

Perionx excavatus ( Bed 2 )

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Initial weight ofsubstrate

Final weight ofvermicompost

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Conclusion:

Plants require N – P – K (Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) nutrients for growth. Chemical

fertilizer boosted N – P – K for food productivity and quantity but also decreases its

nutritional quality and affects the soil fertility. The only alternative solution for this problem

various nutrients of biological origin such as vermicompost to be the answer for the ‘food

safety’ and ‘farm security’ in future. Vermicompost not only bio fertilizer it is also treatment

for waste management prevent the environment pollution. Earthworms are used to produce

the nutrient rich vermicompost. It also good friend for farmers

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REFERENCE:

1.Bharat Kumar, Divya Topal. Comparative study of normal soil and vermicompost ,

Uttrakhand; 2015; Vol 2,issue 2, pp:(4-8).

2. Manivannan S, Balamurugan M, Parthasarathie K, Gunasekaran G,

and Ranganathan L S. Effect of vermicompost of soil fertility and crop productivity – beans

(Phaseolus vulgarias), Coimbatore; 2014; 30(2); 275-281.

3. Eswaran N & Mariselvi S. Effect of organic manure and vermicompost on the nutrient

levels(Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in amended soil; 2016; Vol 8, issue, 01,

pp.25014-25019.

4. .Bharat Kumar, Divya Topal. Comparative study of normal soil and vermicompost ,

Uttrakhand; 2015; Vol 2, issue 2, pp:4-8.

5. Mzia Kokhia, Jaswinder Singh & Adarsh Pal Vig. Composting: Advantages and

Disadvantages; 2014; 1569-1705.

6. Ndegwa P M, Thompson S A, Das K C.Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on

vermicomposting of biosolids; 2005;

7. Meenakumari T, Shekhar M. Biotechnological solid waste management by

vermicomposting; 2012; Vol 1, issue 1 pp 01-03.

8. Rakesh Joshi, Jaswinder Singh, Adarsh pal vig. Vermicompost as an effective organic

fertilizer and biocontrol agent: effect on growth, yield and quality of plants; 2014; Vol 13; N

o 3.

9. Renuka Gupta, Anoop Yadav, George V K. Influence of vermicompost application in

potting media on growth and flowering of marigold crop;2014.

10. Sodabeh Nadiri, Ghasemali Omrani, Mina Makki Ale Agha, Mozhgan Emtyazjoo.

Determination of Biochemical Changes in Cow Manure during the Process of Vermicopost

with the Usage of Earthworms (Eisenia Fetida); 2011; 5(11); 3624-3628.

11. Abdullah Ansari, Sultan Ahmed Ismail. Earth worms and Vermiculture

Biotechnology;2015.

14

12. S Gajalakshmi and Abbasi S A. Earthworms and vermicomposting; 2004; Vol 3; pp 486-

494.

13. savigny, 1826. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenia-fetida.

14. Albanell E, Plaixats J, Cabreo T. Chemical changes during vermicopsting (Eisenia

fetida) of sheep manure mixed with cotton industrial waste. Biology and Fertility of soils;

1988; 6; 266-269.

15. Orozeo F H, Cegarra J, Trujillo L M, Roig A. Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the

earthworm Eisenia fetida: effects on C and N contents and the availabity of nutrients. Biol.

Fertility soils; 1996; 22; 162-166.

16. Blakemore.

http://WWW.annelida.net/earthworm/vermillennium%202000/Vermicology%201.pdf; 2000

17. Piper, C S. Chemical analysis saline soil. Soil and Plants Analysis. Hans Publication,

Bombay, India; 1966.

18. Jackson, M. L. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India;

1973

19. Iswaran V, and Marwaha, T S. A modified rapid Kjeldahal method for determination of

total nitrogen in agricultural and biological materials. Vol 7;281-282; 1980.

20. Muddasir Basheer, O.P Agarwal. Management of paper waste by vermicomposting using

epgeic earthworm, eudrilus eugeniae in Gwalior; 2013; vol 2; Num 4; pp 42 – 47.

http://www.annelida.net/earthworm/vermillennium%202000/Vermicology%201.pdf

1

ACADEMY OF MARITIME EDUCATION AND TRAINING (AMET)



TAMILNADU, INDIA

TITLE OF INTERNSHIP

INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE OF HALOPHILES

– A REVIEW


In


By B.BHUVANESWARI

AMBT18002

MAY 2020

2


This is to certify that Ms. B. Bhuvaneswari (Reg. No. AMBT18002) of

M.Sc., Marine Biotechnology 2nd Year IV Semester has done the work titled

”Industrial Importance of Halophiles – a Review” as a part of Home Based

Internship for a partial fulfillment of academic records. She has taken 45

hours to complete the work and her report was found to be excellent.







Industrial Importance of Halophiles – a Review


Reg. No. AMBT18002





INTERNSHIP EVALUATION REPORT 2019-20 Name of the Department: Marine Biotechnology

(In view of advisory from the AICTE, internships for the year 2019-20 are offered by the Department itself to facilitate the students to take up required work from their home itself during the lock down period due to COVID-19 outbreak)

Name of the Student B. Bhuvaneswari




Semester IV

Title of Internship Industrial Importance of Halophiles – a Review




Sl No.









10 10


10 9


10 9


Total 100 94




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Abstract

Extreme saline environments signify distinctive ecosystems for novel biological diversity

in diverse saline habitat. This shows the presence of different groups of micro and macro

organisms having the ability to produce nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and agricultural

feedstocks and have been isolated and characterized for plant growth under the salinity stress.

Hypersaline water are those with salt concentrations of 30–35% of NaCl and more than normal

seawater of 3.5% NaCl. The enzymes produced from halophilic organisms also called as

extremozymes that withstand extreme conditions. Currently halophilic organisms are mainly

isolated from saline environments and screened for their primary and secondary metabolites such

as natural pigments mainly carotenoids, Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids, phyco-colloids mainly of

agar, alginate, carrageenan etc., are important resources for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and

agrochemicals and renewable energy resource.

In addition, the halophilic organisms produce agriculturally important plant growth

promotors such as indole acetic acids, gibberellic acids, and cytokinin readily solubilize and bind

with mineral nutrients like phosphorus, potassium, zinc and increase the availability to roots

followed by the siderophores, which stimulate the plant defense reactions against pathogens, also

help in plant growth under tough saline environments. The halophilic PGP microbes increase the

plant growth, yields, and nutrient uptake under the saline condition.

In the present review discussed about the halophilic organisms from diverse ecosystems,

and its functional applications and mechanisms of action in sustainable agriculture, nutraceutical,

pharmaceutical and several biotechnological applications.

KEYWORDS: Carotenoids, Extremozymes, Exopolysaccharides, Halophiles.

4

Introduction

The Hypersaline environment is widely present around the world and can harbor three

different life domains such as archaea, bacteria, and Eukaryota together, these microorganisms

known as halophiles, which survive or even thrive in saline environments (DasSarma and

DasSarma, 2012). Halophiles, known as extremophiles based on the source of their habitation

they further categorized as acidophiles, alkalophiles, halophiles, thermophiles and psychrophiles.

They are able to thrive in unusual habitats can serve as a potential source of novel stress

responsive primary and secondary metabolites known to various applications and thus these

macro as well as microorganisms are extensively studied for their potential applications in

diverse industrial, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Halophilic organisms are not

only salt tolerant which providing a tremendous sources of feedstocks that can resist and carry

out reactions competently under extreme conditions.

The classification of halophiles based on their optimum growth salinity as mild

halophiles (1–6%, w/v NaCl), moderate halophiles (7–15%) and extreme halophiles (15–30%).

such as salt lakes, marine solar salterns, saline soils, and marine sediments, respectively.

However, halophile or extremophile bacteria have also been isolated from textile effluents,

halophytes and mine tailings (Madigan et al., 1997).

Microorganisms surviving in halophilic environment use different types of adaptations,

they synthesize compatible substances in cells that possess the transporters that help them to

survive in such type of extremophilic condition. Madigan (1999) have reported in the microbial

production of osmo-regulatory substances such as potassium, glutamate, proline, ectoine and

betaine. Many studies have focused on the isolation of bacteria harbored in hypersaline

environments and are classified as thalassohaline and athalassohaline, depending on whether

they originated or not from seawater, respectively. Ventosa and Arahal (2009) described the

thalassohaline environments are saline environments of marine origin having the ionic

compositions of following ions: Cl-, Na+, Mg2+, SO42-, K+, Ca2+, Br-, HCO3-, and F.

Some examples of thalassohaline are (i) Solar salterns also called as salt pan, Ventosa

and Arahal (2009) stated that the sites are having a similar composition of seawater and they are

used for salt production by solar evaporation, the concentration of salts increases slightly and

5

finally the ponds filled with crystals of common edible salt. (ii) Saline Soils are those with an

electrical conductivity (EC) higher than 4 dS mL, approximately 40mM NaCl (Shrivastava and

Kumar. 2015). Jamil et al. (2011) reported the annual increment of soil salinization at the rate

of 10% due to low precipitation, high surface evaporation, weathering of native rocks, irrigation

with saline water, and poor cultural species practices.

Extremozymes (Halophilic Enzymes)

Catalytic machinery called enzyme made of protein molecules catalyzes most of the

metabolic reactions in all living systems. A wide range of sources used for biologically active

enzymes production and may extended the commercial production. Microbial enzymes are

extensively used in numerous industries due to their vast availability, large productivity,

ecofriendly, chemical stability, low cost and fifty percent of the enzymes being used industrially

is from fungi and yeast and one third is from bacteria then the rest will be contributed from

animal (8%) and plant (4%) resources (Burhan et al., 2003). In addition to protein engineering,

there is always a chance of finding microorganisms from halophilic environment were producing

novel enzymes with better properties and suitable for commercial exploitation. Many researchers

suggests the importance of Lipases and Proteases extracted from halophiles and their role as the

largest groups of industrial enzymes and find application in pharmaceutical industry, food

industry, leather industry, detergents and bioremediation processes.

Enzymes are catalysts that have potential applications in food, feed, agrochemical,

biotechnological and many industrial applications with different formulations, such as, heavy

metal neutralization, softening of leather and in several industries. The potential withstanding

properties of extracellular extremophile enzymes can survive and catalyze reactions in unusual

physicochemical conditions. Moreover Onishi et al. (1972) described the extracellular salt and

thermo tolerant enzymes produced by moderate Halophilic bacteria of great interest for

biotechnological processes.

A diverse group of halophilic bacteria were first studied from soil sediment of Lunsu, a

natural salt water body of Himachal Pradesh, India and reported two types of halophilic and

halotolerant bacteria. This type of extremophiles can prove to be a valuable resource in various

industrial enzymes, specialized biotechnological processes and agricultural biotechnology. When

6

we are using halotolerant gene in genetic engineering techniques showed the increase salt

tolerance in different crops (Sonika Gupta et al., 2015).

A group of halophilic strains successfully isolated and reported by Rohban et al. (2009)

from a hypersaline Lake Howz Soltan located in central Iran. They exhibit a wide variety of

extracellular enzymes, with 84.4% lipase activity, 76.6% amylase, 43.2% protease, 41.1%

inulinase, 39.8% xylanase, 29.4% cellulase, 14.2% DNase, and 12.1% pectinase were members

of the following genera: Salicola, Halovibrio, Halomonas, Oceanobacillus, Thalassobacillus,

Halobacillus, Virgibacillus, Gracilibacillus, Salinicoccus, and Piscibacillus. Most of the lipase

and DNase producers belonged to the Gracilibacillus and Halomonas genera, respectively, while

most of the organisms capable of producing hydrolytic enzymes (amylase, protease, cellulase,

and inulinase) were part of Gram-positive genera, such as Gracilibacillus, Thalassobacillus,

Virgibacillus, and Halobacillus.

Amylases

Amylases playing a vital role in a wide range of applications in liquefaction of starch,

paper processing, desizing fabrics, paint formulation, breweries, production of sugar syrups and

pharmaceuticals. Extracellular amylases are among the significant enzymes that are of great

impact for biotechnology applications and were screened for several decades and produced from

halophilic microorganisms and many industrial applications for almost completely replaced

chemical hydrolysis of starch (Eman A. Elmansy et al., 2018). A report on the amylase activity

was presented by number of research team such as Good and Hartman found Halobacterium

salinarum in 1970, Onishi et al., presented Acinetobacter on 1980, Kobayashi et al., reported

Natronococcus amylolyticus during 1992, Coronado et al. confirmed the activity in Halomonas

meridiana on 2000, Haloferax mediterranei was reported by Perez Pomares et al., in 2003.

During 2005 Fukushima et al. identified the enzyme from the halophile Haloarcula sp. with

high tolerance to various organic solvents and a team of Enache et al. in 2009 demonstrated the

impact of ionic strength on the amylase activity, with various ratios of Na+ and Mg2+

concentrations similar to hard water. As per the statement described by Abdullah et al. (2014)

the demand of amylase production is continuously increasing and has reached up to 65% of

whole world enzyme market.

7

A New Extremely Halophilic, Calcium-Independent and Surfactant Resistant Alpha-

Amylase from Alkalibacterium sp. reported by Guozeng Wang et al. (2019) in Soda Lake. The

maximum activity of the purified enzyme was found to be extremely halophilic and at a nearly

saturated concentration of NaCl. Moreover, the enzyme withstands its maximum activity in the

absence of calcium ions and found to be strongly resistant to surfactants and hydrophobic

organic solvents hence it may be play a major role in detergent industry. The high ratio of acidic

amino acids and highly negative electrostatic potential surface might account for the halophilic

nature make a promising candidate enzyme for both basic research and various applications, such

as hypersaline waste treatment, processing seafood and saline food, and so on.

Proteases

Margesin et al., (2001), identified the proteases with high stability at saturated salt

concentrations or organic solvent tolerance from halophilic microorganisms that can have novel

applications mainly in detergents. In biotechnological processes, serine protease that has to be

used in peptide synthesis was isolated extracellularly from Halobacterium salinarum by the

research team (Ryu et al., 1994).

Lipases

Lipase is one of the most important lipolytic enzymes from hydrolases group with

prospective applications in various fields of food, pharmaceutical industry and agriculture.

Amoozegar et al. reported the production of the thermostable lipase from moderately to

extremely halophilic microorganisms from Salinivibrio sp. (2008).

Nucleases

Nucleases are comes under a group of hydrolases that degrade nucleic acids, with

extensive applications in biotechnology and the identification and characterization of the

nuclease from halophilic environment helps to do more critical enzymatic reactions. Onishi et al.

(1980) isolated from Bacillus halophilus bacteria having both DNase and RNase activities

reports halophilic microbial exonuclease production.

8

Cellulose-Degrading Enzymes

Cellulose is a major residual portion of the many industrial output hence the

environmentalists focusing on the celluloltic enzymes from several origins. During 1992,

Bolobova et al. first reported a cellulose-degrading, extremely halophilic bacterium which is

confirmed as obligate anaerobic organism and identified as Halocella cellulolytica and is utilize

cellulose as a sole carbon source. Another work by Vreeland et al. (1998) has confirmed the

presence of cellulose-utilizing extremely halophilic Archaea in subsurface of slatterns. A

preliminary work on extracellular hydrolytic enzymes of halophilic microorganisms from

subterranean rock on salt revealed the presence of cellulose done by Cojoc et al. (2009)

Pigments

Dyes and pigments are naturally and synthetically available substances used to add a

color or to change the visual appeal and are widely used in the textile, pharmaceutical, food,

cosmetics, plastics, paint, ink, photographic and paper industries. Dyes are colored or colorless

or fluorescent organic or inorganic substances that are incorporated and go into solution during

the application process and impart color by selective absorption of light such as paint, paper or

cotton, in which it is present and are widely used in the textile, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics,

plastics, paint, ink, photographic and paper industries. The pigments mainly dependent on its

chemical and physical properties, because of the interaction between light and medium and it is

estimated over 7 × 105 tons of synthetic and dyes are annually produced worldwide among the

quantity about 10,000 different dyes and pigments used industrially (Zollinger 1999; Chequer

et al. 2013).

Exploration of natural pigments from the marine environment, including microorganisms,

has rapidly increased, despite the enormous difficulty in isolating and harvesting halophiles from

marine are increasingly attractive to science because of their broad-range of food, feed and

pharmacological activities, especially those with unique colors. This current review paper gives

an overview of the pigmented natural compounds isolated from halophiles of marine origin,

based on research reports in the literature (Azamjon et al. 2011). Chemical studies of halophiles

9

particularly marine bacteria by Fenical (1993) presented a new hope to researchers because they

can produce potential colored bioactive compounds with unique biological properties. Mainly,

Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Bacillus, Vibrio, and Cytophaga isolated from

halophilic environment such as seawater, sediments, algae, and marine invertebrates with the

ability to produce colored bioactive agents.

Carotenoid

Halophilic microorganisms are a great source of diverse carotenoid pigments are one of

these natural products responsible for the yellow, orange, red, and purple colors. (Li Z et al.,

2012 and Cabral et al., 2011). More than 750 carotenoids have been described, among them

lycopene, beta-carotene, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein are the most important from a

commercial point of view (Vílchez et al., 2011). Carotenoid pigments are particularly prominent

in hypersaline environment. Aerial view of red and orangish color of hypersaline habitat is

because of the presence of pigment producing microorganisms, including Dunaliella, rich in

beta-carotene and bacterioruberin is been produced by Haloarchaea, Salinibacter ruber a

halophilic bacteria, producing a carotenoid called salinixanthin followed by Halorubrum sp. an

extremely halophilic archaeon produces high content of carotenoids (El-Banna Aaet al., 2012

and Jehlicka et al., 2013; Naziri et al., 2014).

The cultivation of pigment producing organisms without contamination is favored by the

high-salt tolerance of halophiles thus enables the cultivation under non-sterile conditions and the

extraction and purification of intracellular carotenoids are by direct lysis under hypoosmatic

condition; it is used to remove salt from product during processing. Melanin is nearly a

ubiquitous pigment having immense application potentials in the field of agriculture, cosmetics

and pharmaceutical industries (photoprotection and mosquitocidal activity isolated from

Streptomycete). The emerging global market for cosmetic and cosmeceutical products forecasted

to grow at a rate of 4.3% by 2022 with a value of USD 430 billion

(https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com). Rani et al., (2013) reported a halophilic black yeast,

Hortaea werneckii that produced a diffusible dark pigment on potato dextrose agar. It also

10

showed inhibitory activity against potential pathogens and activity was observed in Salmonella

typhi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Exopolysaccharides

Among the halophilic metabolites, polysaccharides of microbial origins, especially Exo

Poly Saccharides, are the most studied for cosmeceutical applications. EPSs produced not only

by bacteria but also by other microorganisms such as fungi and microalgae. However, bacteria

are amenable to the largest production (Nwodo, et al., 2012) and have major applications in

emulsifying, thickening, absorption and gel formation (Freitas et al., 2011).

Poli et al. (2010) reported that there has been increasing attention in isolating new

exopolysaccharide producing organisms mainly from extreme environments such as deep-sea

hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, polar and hypersaline ecosystems. Donot et al. (2012) reported

the most important producers of EPS from several taxa of bacteria and molds including

Agrobacterium sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Xanthomonas campestris, Bacillus sp., Zymonas

mobilis and Aureobasidium pullulans. Most of the thickening and gelling agents in

cosmeceutical formulations contributed from Marine-derived exopolysaccharides (Kim, 2011).

Alteromonas macleodii a halophile producing an exopolysaccharide have been commercially

used in cosmetics. An antiaging formulation added with the exopolysaccharide produced from

the Pseudoalteromonas sp. isolated from Antarctic waters enhances the synthesis of collagen I

and supporting the amelioration process of skin structural properties (Martins et al., 2014).

Amphipathic Glycoprotein, Glycolipids, Lipoproteins used as Emulsifiers, Thickeners,

Stabilizers

Chemical compounds with hydrophilic and a hydrophobic part called amphipathic

compounds act as thickeners and stabilizers (McClements and Gumus 2016). These compounds

made up of protein polysaccharide complexes, carbohydrate lipids complexes and lipid peptides

produced from a wide range of halophilic bacteria and fungi including Acinetobacter,

Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Halomonas, Myroides, Corynebacteria, Bacillus, Alteromonas sp.

have been extensively studied for production of amphipathic biosurfactants and

bioemulsifiers (Satpute et al., 2010).

11

In cosmetic and cosmeceutical formulations chitosan display properties as emulsifiers and

they are good polymer matrices for the delivery of bioactive compounds, hence it is preferred

than methyl cellulose due to its extensive hydrophilic nature suggesting the suitability of high

molecular weight chitosan as skin moisturizer and as delivery system in cosmeceutical

preparations for anti-aging products (Chen and Heh, 2000).

Extremophilic chitosan not only stimulates fibroblast production but also act as

moisturizing and anti-microbial agent that leads to remarkable healing properties. The chitosan

and chitosan derivatives used in absorption promoters and hydrating agents, anti-microbial and

anti-oxidant agents, delivery system and stabilizers due to their special physicochemical

properties. (Kumirska et al., 2011). In addition, the glyceryl chitosan a derivatives of chitin have

an emulsifying property, hence the substance used directly in shampoo and even carotenoids,

such as astaxanthin and have application in hair care products to protect hair from sunlight

exposure and chemical damage. (McClements and Gumus 2016).

12

Conclusions

Nearly a century, number of research and review papers has published and they give an

overview of all investigations that all of the halophilic isolates were helping the economy by

producing their valuable primary and secondary metabolites. While most of the reviews have

covered the biological activities of natural products from halophiles. Our paper is to review the

importance of economically important compounds from marine origin and their potential

pharmacological applications in food, feed, pharma and many more industries.

Halophiles are prone to acclimate or tolerate stress caused by salinity by excess

concentration of minerals as osmolytes. Since they withstand in hyper saline condition they have

several biotechnological applications, presently the use of substances derived from halophilic

microorganisms have significantly increased. Such as enzymes, stabilizers, and valuable

compounds for the development of biotechnological production processes. Halophiles are the

most probable source of extremozymes, since them also capable of tolerating alkaline pH and

high temperatures.

Overall, this review of halophilic compounds and their vast applications highlights the

importance of discovering novel metabolites from halophilic environment provide promising

avenues for both fundamental sciences, and applied biomedical research.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This review article study was supported AMET UNIVERSITY, Chennai. I would like

thank all my professors; I would like thank all the authors’ and their research work without

which this review would not been possible. My sincere thanks to DR.ARUNBABU who guide

me to finish this review article.

13

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1

ACADEMY OF MARITIME EDUCATION AND TRAINING (AMET)



TAMILNADU, INDIA

A REVIEW ON DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL DYE

PHOTOSENSITIZER FOR DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL


In


By

Manisha Kumari M

AMBT18003

May 2020

2


This is to certify that Ms. Manisha kumari. M (Reg. No. AMBT18003)

of M.Sc., Marine Biotechnology 2nd Year IV Semester has done the work

titled ”A Review on Development of Natural Dye Photosensitizer for Dye

Sensitized Solar Cell” as a part of Home Based Internship for a partial

fulfillment of academic records. She has taken 45 hours to complete the

work and her report was found to be excellent.







A Review on Development of Natural Dye Photosensitizer for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell


Reg. No. AMBT18003





INTERNSHIP EVALUATION REPORT 2019-20 Name of the Department: Marine Biotechnology

(In view of advisory from the AICTE, internships for the year 2019-20 are offered by the Department itself to facilitate the students to take up required work from their home itself during the lock down period due to COVID-19 outbreak)

Name of the Student M Manisha kumari




Semester IV

Title of Internship A Review on Development of Natural Dye Photosensitizer for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell




Sl No.









10 9


10 9


10 9


Total 100 90




3

CONTENTS

LIST OF NOTATIONS PAGE NO

Abstract 4

Introduction 5

Structure and working principle of dye-

sensitized solar cells 7

Materials and methods

9

Application of natural dyes in dye-sensitized

solar cells 14

Conclusion 15

Acknowledgement 16

References 16

4

DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL DYE PHOTOSENSITIZER FOR DYE

SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL

Abstract:

Dye sensitizer is an important factor to the performance of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC).

This article simply reviews the development of dye-sensitized solar cells. The conversion

efficiency of DSSC is mainly based on the dye coated on the porous semiconductor TiO2 film.

The use of natural dyes in solar cells is a promising development to this technology because it

cuts down the high cost of noble metals and chemical synthesis. Numerous kinds of pigments,

such as anthocyanin, carotenoid, chlorophyll, and flavonoid, extracted from various plant

components, such as leaves, fruits, and flowers, have been tested as sensitizers. The photo

stability of the DSSC sensitizer material must be capable of undergoing many redox cycles

without decomposition, and must also have the ability to carry attachment groups, such as

phosphonate or carboxylate, to promptly graft it to the TiO2 oxide. This paper highlights and

discusses the development of natural dye photosensitizers and the mechanisms affecting the

dye stability. which were characterized by the XRD, UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopic

techniques as well as SEM. To predict the photocatalytic efficiency of inflorescence dyed TiO2

nanoparticle, dry solar cell was prepared by doctor-blade technique. The development trend of

natural dye-sensitized solar cells.

Key words:

Dye-sensitized solar cell, pigment, Inflorescence Dye, Characterization Techniques

5

Introduction:

Photovoltaic devices use the charge separation at an interface of two materials of

different conductivity in order to produce electricity. The devices are usually solidstate junction

devices that are made of silicon in the semiconductor industry. Then, the third generation of

photovoltaic cells based on the Nonocrystalline and conducting polymer films challenges the

inorganic conventional photovoltaic device with its low cost of fabrication by replacing the

system with electrolyte, liquid, or gel in the photoelectrochemical cell. The dye sensitized solar

cells are based on the concept of photoelectrochemical cell with the optical light absorption by

the sensitizer dye and a wide band gap semiconductor of nanocrystalline morphology. The

device exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 12 % in diffuse daylight and high stability

researched by Gratzel.(O'Regan & Grätzel, 1991).

Dye-sensitized solar cells are photoelectrochemical devices that convert visible light into

electrical energy based on semiconductor sensitization with band gap energy. Dye-sensitized

solar cells (DSSC) consist of semiconductor materials, dye molecules, electrolytes containing

iodide/triiodide (I- /13), and counter electrodes that act as catalysts for electron regeneration, and

TiO2 as photoanode. Dye is a photosensitizer which is the key to developing highperformance-

sensitized solar cells. E Supriyanto. et., al 2019

The history of the research of Dye sensitized Solar Cell can be traced back to the 1960 s, because

of the photoelectric conversion efficiency has been very low, so the early research work was not

seriously viewed by people. Until 1991, professor Brian O 'Regan and professor Michael

Grätzel[1] in EPFL reported in the journal Nature of dye-sensitized cells photoelectric

conversion efficiency reached 7.1%, and the cost is low, which caused the attention of the world.

After more than ten years, scientists have done a lot of research in the operation mechanism of

the battery and battery components optimization improvement, etc , making the DSSC gets rapid

and steady development. Dye is one of the core parts of DSSC, whose function is to absorb

sunlight, optoelectronics, and transmits photoelectron to the conduction band of TiO2. Therefore,

the advantages and disadvantages of the performance of dye sensitizer play a decisive role to

photoelectric conversion efficiency of the entire unit. J.,Yin. et.,al 2016

First generation is a term that refers to the p-n junction photovoltaic, typically made from mono-

and poly-crystalline silicon doped with other elements. Both single (mono) and multi (poly)-

6

crystalline photovoltaic require long fabrication processes and enormous amount of silicon

materials. The PV devices that have recorded the highest efficiency are the first generation cells

based on mono crystalline silicon. However, these cells have high fabrication cost and

composition. From1954 to 1960, Hoffman developed a method to increase the PV cell efficiency

from 2% to 14%

Thin film photovoltaic cells are the second generation of PV devices based on amorphous

polycrystalline compound semiconductors. Historically, amorphous silicon (A-Si), cadmium

telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium selenite (CIGS), and to date, thin-film

polycrystalline silicon, have been regarded as key thinfilm candidates, among which the CdTe

thin film technology is the most expensive . The three types of thin film cell structures include

mono or single junction, double or twin junction, and multiple junctions. The main difference

among these structures is the number of p–i–n junction layers. Depositing thin material layers

with various band gaps improves cell efficiency, but increases cost due to several processes or

methods involved in depositing each layer of materials during fabrication. N.A.ludin.,el.al.2014.

The current state and developments in the field of photoelectrode, photosensitizer, and

electrolyte for DSSCs till 2015. They have included an interesting study of comparing the

performance of the DSSC module with that of the Si-based module by the graph shown in and

concluded that the performance of the DSSC module is far better than that of the Si module.

Also, the highest efficiency discussed in this review paper was 11.2% for N719 dye-based

DSSC. K.sharma.el.al.2019. fig represented in performance of dye.

7

Fig :1 The performance of dye PV modules increases with temperature

[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Short-review%3]

Structure and working principle of dye-sensitized solar cells:

Dye sensitized solar cell is a "sandwich" structure which is made of transparent conductive glass,

porous nanometer TiO2 membrane, electrolyte solution and platinum plating mirror of electrode

structure. The photoelectric conversion complete in several interfaces: (1) interface of dye and

TiO2 crystal porous membrane; (2) interface of the dye molecules and electrolyte; (3) interface

of the electrolyte and the electrode.

Photoelectric conversion mechanism is shown in Fig. 1, the physical and chemical process is as

follows: (1) the sun to the battery, the ground state dye molecules which absorb sunlight energy

is emitted, electron stimulated transition to the excited states of the dye molecules, dye molecules

lost electronic and turn to oxidation state; (2) the excited states of electronic quickly inject into

TiO2 conduction band; (3) electronic transfer very quickly in the TiO2 membrane, the progress

to reach contact surface of membrane and conductive glass can be instantaneous and then

electronic enrich on a conductive substrate, through the external flow of electrode; (4) at the

same time, dye molecules which is in oxidation state, get electronic provided by electrolyte

solution of the electron donor and returned to the ground; (5) after provide electronic in the

8

electrolyte solution, electron donor spread to the electrode, where it can get electronics and

reduction. Thus, DSSC completes a photoelectric chemical reaction cycle; also makes the battery

components back to the initial state.

Compared with the traditional solar cells, the biggest difference of Dye-sensitized solar cells is

the light absorption and carrier transmission is completed by different material; Its biggest

advantage is that it is accomplished by majority carrier transmission charge conduction, which

means it does not exist minority carrier and the charge transfer complex problems in material

surface recombination or carrier material in traditional solar cells. Because of the superiority,

preparation process of dye-sensitized cells doesn't need so hard environment; the cost of the

battery is much cheaper than conventional solar cells. J.yin.,el.al.2010

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Short-review%3

For DSSC, nano-crystalline TiO2 is a commonly used semiconductor because of its wide band-

gap and high electron negativity as working electrode coated on transparent ITO coated glass. In

the mechanism of DSSCs. Photons absorbed by a sensitizer and electron moves toward

conduction band of TiO2 photo electrode from photo excited state of dye molecule as given in

equation 1 and 2.


9

The counter electrode (cathode) material should be highly conductive as platinum, low resistance

to charge transfer and high current transfer rate. We have used carbon is used because of low

cost, high thermal resistance, high corrosion resistance. Electrolytes work as a mediator and help

to regenerate dye in its ground state as shown in equation 4.

Absorption [1]

Injection process [2]

Energy generated [3]

Regeneration of dye [4]

Regeneration reaction [5]

Measurement and characterization:

UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Lambda 25, Perkin Elmer) used for absorption spectra of

extracted dye. Perkin Elmer FTIR analysis done in the range of 400-4000 cm-1 using KBr.

Photoluminescence spectrophotometer (LS 45, Perkin Elmer) used for emission spectra.

A.Attri.,el.al.2018

4. Materials and methods:

Transparent glass substrate with one side conductive ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) coated of size 2*2

cm2 area with surface resistivity 15-25 Ω/sq. as body of DSSC. TiO2 of size of 7 nm (Purchased

from Merck) used as photoactive material with lower band gap of 3.2 eV. coating with TiO2 will

increase probability of light absorption in dye. All other reagents

4.1 preparation of natural dye sensitizers:

In nature, flowers, leaves, and fruits have different colors and contain several pigments that can

be readily extracted and used for DSSC fabrication. The electronic structure of pigments reacts

with sunlight to change the wavelengths. The specific color depends on the capacities of the

viewer. Pigments can be described by the maximum absorption wavelength (λmax). Natural

colorants are pigmentary molecules and dyes that are mainly obtained from plants (occasionally

from animals or minerals) with or without chemical treatments. Natural colorants have a

hydroxyl group in their structure and are water soluble. If an alternative dye, such as a plant dye,

can be made to perform

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as well as ruthenium complex dyes or organic dyes.

4.2 preparation dyed TiO2 Preparation:

TiO2 porous film electrode was manufactured by using a technique published in

reference(Nazeeruddin et al., 1993 nogueira and De Paoli,2000; Hao et al., 2004) ATiO2 paste

was prepared by blending TiO2(P-25) OF 3 G Powder, acetylacetone of 0.1 ml and distilled

water of 5ml in an agate mortar, then the mixture was ground for 30 min, finally alcohol of 1.0

ml containing emulsification agent (octylphenylether polyethylene) of 0.1 ml was slowly added

with grinding continuously fot other 30 min.

Method of dye TiO2 preparation web image



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4.3 preparation of solar cell

DSSCs differ from other types of photovoltaics in both their chemical construction and the

physical processes that control their operation. The performance of a solar cell depends on the

performance of each of these steps and is maximized by the material and the cell design. First

and second generation photovoltaic cells are based on solid semiconductor materials, while

typical DSSCs combine solid and liquid phases. Fundamentally, electricity is generated on the

photo electrode, which is a substrate consisting of a sintered nano porous TiO2 film on a

conducting oxide-coated glass substrate that is sensitized with a mono layer-thick dye and

penetrated with electrolyte. The operation of a DSSC under illumination, lighteners through the

front plate of a DSSC, and the incoming photons are absorbed by the layer of dye molecules,

which leads to the excitation of the dye to an electronically excited state (S*) that lies

energetically above the conduction band edge (CB) of the TiO2 particles. The dyed TiO2

obtained by sol-gel technique was made into a paste using titanium isopropoxide solution. A thin

film was coated on the glass plate using the dyed TiO2 paced by “doctor-blade” technique with

the already prepared dye mixed TiO2 paste. The dyed TiO2 photo anode was ready after drying.

The dipping of TiO2 film into the dye solution in the conventional process to adsorb dye is not

necessary in the modified solgel technique due to the adsorption of dye molecules during the

synthesis itself. C. divya1 et.,al. 2017.

4.4 Characterization:

A UV visible spectroscopy, FTIR, IR spectroscopy, Powder XRD and Scanning Electron

Microscope were used to conform the surface structure and crystallinity of the sample

UV-Vis Analysis:

UV – V is analysis web image(https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Short-review%3)


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The absorption spectrum shows that the pure TiO2 does not absorb the solar radiation above 320

nm. Hence TiO2 needs a dye sensitizer to become a good solar cell photo anode material

Powder XRD:

the mixing of natural dye during synthesis of TiO2 has improved the crystalline nature of the

anatase phase TiO2. Fig. 2(c) shows the PXRD of the dyed TiO2 after calcined at a temperature

of 250 °C for about 2 hrs. The nano crystalline anatase structure was confirmed by the existence

of (1 0 1), (0 0 4), (2 0 0), (2 1 1) and (0 0 2) diffraction peaks. The lack of orientation

corresponding to the plane (1 1 0) confirms the absence of rutile phase and complete presence of

anatase phase. Particle size was obtained by Scherrer equation,

D=Kλ/ (β cos θ)

Where, ‘D’ is the particle size, ‘λ is the wavelength, ‘

Powder XRD web image(https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Short-review%3)

Scanning Electron Microscope:

So natural dye takes an additional role of a capping agent. The average crystalline size of TiO2

nano particles is 50 nm and it agrees well with the value obtained from PXRD

Electron microscope image (https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Short-review%3)



13

FTIR Analysis:

FTIR spectrum was used to calculate the various functional groups present in titanium dioxide

nanoparticles. Fig. 4 represents the FT-IR spectra of sol-gel derived comparison of pure TiO2

and dyed TiO2 in the range of 400-4000 cm−1

4.5 Efficiency Studies:

The fill factor (FF) was found using the equation:

Fill Factor = (Imax ×Vmax)/ (Isc ×Voc) (1)

where Imax and Vmax denote the maximum output value of current and voltage respectively,

and Isc and Voc denote the short circuit current and open-circuit voltage, respectively. The

values of Jsc = 1.64 mAcm−2, Voc = 0.65 V and the calculated value of FF=0.50. The total

energy conversion efficiency was calculated using the following equation:

ή = (Jsc ×Voc ×FF) /Pin (2)

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where Pin denotes the energy of incident photon. The efficiency was calculated as 0.78% which

is a good value for a natural dye sensitized DSSC and for a modified sol-gel synthesis. C. divya1

et.,al. 2017.

5. Application of natural dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells:

Dye is one of the core materials of DSSC, its main function is to absorb the sun's rays, and

transmit the photoelectron to guide band of TiO2, the pros and cons of the performance of the

DSSC photoelectric conversion efficiency plays a decisive role. In the last 20 years, the

researchers of natural dye sensitizer research focused on the chlorophyll, anthocyanins,

carotenoid pigment and tannin acid etc.

Tannins and its derivatives sensitizing DSSC. Tannins and their derivatives are polyphone

compounds, can occur strong complexation action with Ti4+, formatting insoluble colored

compound, its absorption peak at about 560 nm, to TiO2 electrode has good sensitization effect.

As a result, the tannins can be a good sensitizer of dye-sensitized cells. K.Tennakone, etc [6]

have done a deep research on the tannic acid and its derivatives as sensitizer of the performance

of dye-sensitized cells. Their tannins extracted from black tea and so on as a sensitizer , and use

CuI as a solid electrolyte. The maximum short circuit current is 7 ~ 9 mA/m2, and photocurrent

decline rate is less than 5%/h (under the sun rays simulator of 950 W/m2). Using porous carbon

instead of Pt as the electrode, the performance of the battery is better, the short circuit current

and open circuit voltage respectively 3 ~ 4 mA/m2 and 0.5 V, the author thinks that if using

other tannins kind material, optical current also increases. J. Yin1 el.,al. 2016

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6. Conclusion

We concluded that one of several factors which influence the performance of DSSC is the type

of natural dye locally made. In this review paper, we discussed about natural dyes, various plant

pigments present in natural dye and potential of some of the natural dye from various research

papers. DSSC prefers natural dye due to its eco-friendly nature, non-toxic, easy availability and

low cost. The comparisons of extracted Pigment and its effect on the absorption spectra were

investigated. The dye solutions extracted from parts of the plant material contains chlorophyll.

The structural, optical and morphological properties of pure and dye sanitized solar cell mixed

TiO2 were analyzed using XRD, UV visible spectroscopy, SEM and FTIR analyses. The TiO2

Nano particles prepared are crystalline and comparatively smaller particle size having spherical

morphology. Although there are some problems at the moment, but along with the advance of

technology, its good application prospect will be apparent, and it is bound to have practical

application certainly. This will help to solve the human energy needs, and relief increasingly

prominent environmental problems owing to burning fossil fuels.

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7. Acknowledgments:

This review article study was supported AMET university, Chennai, India; and I would like to

thank all my professors. I would like to thank all the authors and their research work without

which this review would have not been possible.

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