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  • 8/3/2019 N. Uchimura and R.A. North- Muscarine Reduces Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Conductance in Rat Nucleus Accumbens Neurones

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  • 8/3/2019 N. Uchimura and R.A. North- Muscarine Reduces Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Conductance in Rat Nucleus Accumbens Neurones

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    N . UCHIMURA AND R . A . NORTHF i b i g e r & W i c k s o n , 1 9 7 1 ; H e r k e n h a m , Moon E d l e y & S t u a r t , 1 9 8 4 ; M e s u l a m ,M u f s o n , L e v e y & W a i n e r , 1 9 8 4 ) , w h i c h a r e f o u n d p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e a c e t y l -c h o l i n e s t e r a s e - r i c h n e u r o c h e m i c a l c o m p a r t m e n t r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e m a t r i x ( G r a y b i e l ,Baughman & E c k e n s t e i n , 1 9 8 6 ) . T h e n e u r o n e s a l s o e x p r e s s h i g h l e v e l s o f m u s c a r i n i cl i g a n d b i n d i n g s i t e s ( C o r t e s & P a l a c i o s , 1 9 8 6 ; N a s t u k & G r a y b i e l , 1 9 8 8 ) , a n d t o g e t h e rt h e s e f i n d i n g s i m p l y t h a t ACh p l a y s a f u n c t i o n a l r o l e w i t h i n t h e n u c l e u s , p r e s u m a b l yi n s o m e a s p e c t o f t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f v o l u n t a r y movement ( J o n e s , M o g e n s o n & Wu,1 9 8 1 ; A u s t i n & K a l i v a s , 1 9 8 8 ) .

    N e u r o n e s o f t h e s t r i a t u m a r e e x c i t e d b y a p p l i c a t i o n o f e x o g e n o u s ACh ( B l o o m ,C o s t a & S a l m o i r a g h i , 1 9 6 5 ; H e r z & Z i e g l g i i n s b e r g e r , 1 9 6 8 ) ; more r e c e n t l y , Dodt &M i s g e l d ( 1 9 8 6 ) s h o w e d t h a t t h e e x c i t a t i o n was a c c o m p a n i e d b y a n i n c r e a s e i n t h ea p p a r e n t i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e n e u r o n e s a n d i n f e r r e d t h a t i t w as d u e t o a r e d u c t i o ni n p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e . H o w e v e r , t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e m e c h a n i s m o f e x c i t a t i o n h a v eb e e n s t u d i e d f o r o t h e r t r a n s m i t t e r s : s u b s t a n c e P r e d u c e s a n i n w a r d l y r e c t i f y i n gp o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e i n r a t s t r i a t a l c e l l s i n c u l t u r e ( S t a n f i e l d , N a k a j i m a &Y a m a g u c h i , 1 9 8 5 ) a n d 5 - h y d r o x y t r y p t a m i n e ( 5 - H T ) h a s a s i m i l a r a c t i o n o n r a tn u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s n e u r o n e s i n t i s s u e s l i c e s ( N o r t h & U c h i m u r a , 1 9 8 9 ) . Thee x p e r i m e n t s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r h a d two p r i m a r y p u r p o s e s . T h e f i r s t w ast o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r ACh e x c i t e d n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s n e u r o n e s b y a f f e c t i n gp r i m a r i l y o r e x c l u s i v e l y t h e s a m e i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e a s t h a tr e d u c e d b y 5 - H T ; t h e s e c o n d was t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s u b t y p e o f t h e m u s c a r i n i cr e c e p t o r s i n v o l v e d i n t h e e x c i t a t i o n o f t h e n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s n e u r o n e s . Ap r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t h a s b e e n made t o t h e P h y s i o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y ( U c h i m u r a , 1 9 8 9 ) .

    METHODST h e f o r e b r a i n s o f m a l e r a t s ( 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 g ) w e r e r e m o v e d u n d e r l i g h t e t h e r a n a e s t h e s i a . F r o n t a ls l i c e s ( 3 0 0 g t m ) w e r e c u t w i t h a v i b r a t o m e ; o n e was p l a c e d i n a r e c o r d i n g c h a m b e r ( v o l u m e 5 0 0 , u l )w h e r e i t w a s s u b m e r g e d i n a c o n t i n u o u s l y f l o w i n g s o l u t i o n ( 3 m l m i n - ' ) a t 3 6 ' C . T h e c o m p o s i t i o no f t h e s o l u t i o n was ( m M ) : N a C l , 1 2 6 ; K C l , 2 - 5 ; N a H 2 P O 4 , 1 - 2 ; M g C l 2 , 1 - 3 ; C a C l 2 , 2 - 4 ; g l u c o s e , 1 0 ;N a H C O 3 , 2 6 ; g a s s e d w i t h 95% 0 2 a n d 5% C O 2 . M u s c a r i n e a n d o t h e r d r u g s w e r e a p p l i e d t o t h et i s s u e b y c h a n g i n g t h i s s o l u t i o n t o o n e t h a t d i f f e r e d o n l y i n t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e d r u g . T h e e f f e c t o fm u s c a r i n e r e a c h e d a s t e a d y s t a t e w i t h i n 2 - 3 m i n ; t h e a c t i o n o f p i r e n z e p i n e t o o k 2 0 - 3 0 m i n t o r e a c ha s t e a d y s t a t e .T h e n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s was i d e n t i f i e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l c e r e b r a l f i s s u r e , t h e l a t e r a lv e n t r i c l e a n d t h e a n t e r i o r c o m m i s s u r e . I n t r a c e l l u l a r r e c o r d i n g s w e r e made f r o m a r e g i o n a b o u to n e - t h i r d o f t h e d i s t a n c e a l o n g t h e r o s t r a l - c a u d a l e x t e n t o f t h e n u c l e u s a n d w i t h i n 2 0 0 g m v e n t r a la n d / o r m e d i a l t o t h e a n t e r i o r c o m m i s s u r e . G l a s s m i c r o e l e c t r o d e s w e r e u s e d ; t h e y c o n t a i n e dp o t a s s i u m c h l o r i d e ( 2 M ) a n d h a d r e s i s t a n c e s o f 4 0 - 8 0 M Q . S i g n a l s w e r e a m p l i f i e d w i t h a s i n g l e -e l e c t r o d e v o l t a g e c l a m p a m p l i f i e r ( A x o c l a m p 2 A ) a n d d i s p l a y e d o n a c h a r t r e c o r d e r ( G o u l d , p e nr e s p o n s e 0 - 3 0 0 H z ) . Membrane c u r r e n t s w e r e m e a s u r e d u s i n g a 2 - 5 3 - 5 kHz s w i t c h i n g f r e q u e n c y .C u r r e n t - v o l t a g e r e l a t i o n s w e r e p l o t t e d b y two m e t h o d s , w h i c h g a v e t h e same r e s u l t . F i r s t , c u r r e n t sw e r e m e a s u r e d a t t h e e n d o f v o l t a g e s t e p s ( 0 5 - 5 s ) f r o m t h e h o l d i n g p o t e n t i a l ( t y p i c a l l y -80 m V )t o v a r i o u s p o t e n t i a l s . S e c o n d , c u r r e n t w a s p l o t t e d o n a n X-Y p l o t t e r i n r e s p o n s e t o a s l o wd e p o l a r i z i n g ramp command ( 1 mV s - ' f r o m - 1 3 0 t o -55 m V ) . A c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m ( S t a t i s t i c a lG r a p h i c s C o r p o r a t i o n ) w as u s e d t o f i t c u r r e n t - v o l t a g e c u r v e s t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s b ya s s u m i n g t h a t m e m b r a n e c u r r e n t p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h r e e c o n d u c t a n c e s : G 1 ( v o l t a g e - i n d e p e n d e n tp o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e ) , G i r ( i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e [ = G i r , m a x / ( +exp( ( V - V 0 . 5 ) / k ) ) ] ) a n d G i n ( a l l o t h e r c o n d u c t a n c e s ) . T h e r e v e r s a l p o t e n t i a l f o r t h e p o t a s s i u m c u r r e n t s

    3 7 0

    ) by guest on October 27, 2010jp.physoc.orgDownloaded from J Physiol (

    http://jp.physoc.org/http://jp.physoc.org/http://jp.physoc.org/
  • 8/3/2019 N. Uchimura and R.A. North- Muscarine Reduces Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Conductance in Rat Nucleus Accumbens Neurones

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    MUSCARINE RECEPTORS AND G K DECREASE( E . ) w a s t a k e n a s t h e p o t e n t i a l a t w h i c h m u s c a r i n e c a u s e d n o n e t c u r r e n t ( E r e v ) . C u r r e n t s w e r ef i t t e d t o

    I = { G j [ V + E K ] } + { G i r m a x [ V + E K ] / ( 1 + e x p ( ( V - V o . 5 ) / k ) ) } + { ( G i n [ 4 0 - V ] }t o p r o v i d e t h e l e a s t - s q u a r e s e s t i m a t e s o f G 1 , G i r , m a x ' V O . 5 ( t h e p o t e n t i a l a t w h i c h G i r = 0 - 5 G i r , m a x ) a n d k( t h e s l o p e f a c t o r ( m V ) o f t h e i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r c o n d u c t a n c e ) . I n t h e f i t t i n g p r o c e d u r e , G i n was r e p l a c e db y t h e s o l u t i o n o f

    { G l [ V r + E K ] } + { G i r , m a x [ V r + E K ] / ( l + e x p ( ( V r -V 0 . 5 ) / k ) ) } + { G i n [ V r - E i n ] } = 0b e c a u s e membrane c u r r e n t i s z e r o when V = V r ( t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y m e a s u r e d r e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l i nc o n t r o l s o l u t i o n o r i n m u s c a r i n e ) . E i . ( t h e r e v e r s a l p o t e n t i a l f o r membrane c u r r e n t s p a s s i n g t h r o u g hG i n ) w a s a s s u m e d t o b e 4 0 mV b u t t h e r e s u l t s w e r e l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t i f t h i s w a s t a k e n a s -20 m V; G i n w a sa s s u m e d t o b e u n a f f e c t e d b y m u s c a r i n e .D r u g s u s e d w e r e a c e t y l c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e , 5 - h y d r o x y t r y p t a m i n e , m u s c a r i n e c h l o r i d e ( b a t c h e s u s e dw e r e r e p o r t e d t o b e 40% p u r e ) , p i r e n z e p i n e , 4 / ? - p h o r b o l - 1 2 , 1 3 - d i a c e t a t e , 4 f l - p h o r b o l - 1 2 , 1 3 -d i d e c a n o a t e , 4 a - p h o r b o l - 1 2 , 1 3 - d i d e c a n o a t e a n d s c o p o l a m i n e . T h e y w e r e p u r c h a s e d f r o m S i g m a ,w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f p i r e n z e p i n e , w h i c h was a g i f t f r o m B o e h r i n g e r .

    RESULTSI n t r a c e l l u l a r r e c o r d i n g s f r o m 1 0 7 n e u r o n e s a r e i n c l u d e d . Th e c e l l s h a d a r e s t i n g

    p o t e n t i a l o f -821 + 0 7 mV ( m e a n + S . E . o f t h e m e a n ) .M u s c a r i n e r e d u c e s p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e

    M u s c a r i n e d e p o l a r i z e d 1 0 1 c e l l s . T h e t i m e c o u r s e o f t h e a c t i o n o f m u s c a r i n e i ss h o w n i n F i g . 1 , f r o m w h i c h i t c a n b e s e e n t h a t t h e e f f e c t r e v e r s e d q u i c k l y when t h es o l u t i o n was c h a n g e d b a c k t o o n e t h a t d i d n o t c o n t a i n m u s c a r i n e . A c e t y l c h o l i n e( 1 mM) a l s o d e p o l a r i z e d n e u r o n e s , b y 5 - 0 + 0 - 7 mV ( n = 5 ) . D e p o l a r i z a t i o n s c a u s e d b ye i t h e r ACh ( n = 2 ) o r m u s c a r i n e ( 3 0 , a M , n = 2 ) w e r e c o m p l e t e l y b l o c k e d b ys c o p o l a m i n e ( 1 / L M ) .M u s c a r i n e c a u s e d a n i n w a r d c u r r e n t i n c e l l s v o l t a g e c l a m p e d a t t h e r e s t i n gp o t e n t i a l ( F i g . 1 B ) . H i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f m u s c a r i n e c a u s e d p r o g r e s s i v e l y g r e a t e re f f e c t s , w h e t h e r t h i s was d e p o l a r i z a t i o n o r i n w a r d c u r r e n t . F i g u r e 2 i l l u s t r a t e s s u c hr e s u l t f r o m a s i n g l e n e u r o n e ( F i g . 2 A ) a n d f r o m m a n y n e u r o n e s ( F i g . 2 B ) . A l s oi l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 1 C a n d D a r e t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s t h a t t h e d e p o l a r i z i n g r e s p o n s e t o

    m u s c a r i n e w as u n a f f e c t e d b y t e t r o d o t o x i n ( 1 / t M , n = 4 ) a n d t h a t i t p e r s i s t e d i ns o l u t i o n s h a v i n g a r e d u c e d c a l c i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( c a l c i u m - f r e e ( n = 2 ) , c a l c i u m - f r e ew i t h 2 m M - c o b a l t ( n = 3 ) , 0 - 2 4 m M - c a l c i u m w i t h 5 mM-magnesium a n d 2 m M - c o b a l t( n = 2 ) ) .T h e r e s p o n s e t o m u s c a r i n e was d e p e n d e n t o n t h e membrane p o t e n t i a l . F i g u r e 3Ai l l u s t r a t e s o n e o f t h r e e e x p e r i m e n t s i n w h i c h t h e membrane p o t e n t i a l was a l l o w e d t oc h a n g e : t h e membrane p o t e n t i a l was s e t t o a n i n i t i a l v a l u e b y p a s s a g e o f c u r r e n t a n dt h i s c u r r e n t was t h e n u n a l t e r e d d u r i n g t h e a c t i o n o f m u s c a r i n e . T h e d e p o l a r i z a t i o nc a u s e d b y m u s c a r i n e a t t h e r e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l (-80 mV i n t h i s c a s e . ) became s m a l l e rw i t h h y p e r p o l a r i z a t i o n a n d r e v e r s e d p o l a r i t y a t a b o u t - 1 0 5 mV. M o s t e x p e r i m e n t sw e r e d o n e b y v o l t a g e c l a m p ( F i g . 3 B ) . C u r r e n t - v o l t a g e r e l a t i o n s f o r t h e n e u r o n e s

    3 7 1

    ) by guest on October 27, 2010jp.physoc.orgDownloaded from J Physiol (

    http://jp.physoc.org/http://jp.physoc.org/http://jp.physoc.org/
  • 8/3/2019 N. Uchimura and R.A. North- Muscarine Reduces Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Conductance in Rat Nucleus Accumbens Neurones

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    N . UCHIMURA AND R . A . NORTHg e n e r a t e d b e f o r e a n d a f t e r a d d i n g m u s c a r i n e i n t e r s e c t e d a t - 1 0 6 - 6 + 1 - 6 mV( n = 1 0 ) . T h i s r e v e r s a l p o t e n t i a l ( E r e v ) b e c a m e l e s s n e g a t i v e w h e n t h e p o t a s s i u mc o n c e n t r a t i o n ( [ K + ] ) was r a i s e d ( F i g . 3 C ) a c c o r d i n g t o E r e v = 5 7 l o g ( [ K + ] / 1 8 5 ) .T h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s n e u r o n e s i n t h e v o l t a g e r a n g e -60 t o

    A M u s c a r i n e ( 3 0 . u M )

    V 1 0 1 mV

    /lTn | 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0 pB M u s c a r i n e ( 3 0 P M )V 1 1 0 m V

    < ; : ~ ~ ~ 1 0 0 p A

    F i g . 1 . M u s c a r i n e d e p o l a r i z e s a n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s n e u r o n e . A , r e c o r d i n g o f m e m b r a n ep o t e n t i a l ( V ) a n d membrane c u r r e n t ( I ) . R e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l -82 mV. M u s c a r i n e w a sa p p l i e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d i n d i c a t e d b y t h e b a r . I n t h i s a n d o t h e r f i g u r e s t h e a p p a r e n td e l a y i n o n s e t a n d o f f s e t o f a c t i o n i s i n p a r t d u e t o t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e s u p e r f u s i n gs o l u t i o n t o p a s s t h r o u g h a h e a t e r b e f o r e r e a c h i n g t h e c h a m b e r t h a t c o n t a i n e d t h e t i s s u e .T h e d e p o l a r i z a t i o n c a u s e d b y m u s c a r i n e i n i t i a t e d a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s ( f u l l a m p l i t u d e n o tr e s o l v e d b y p e n r e c o r d e r ) a n d w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e( d o w n w a r d d e f l e c t i o n s a r e e l e c t r o t o n i c p o t e n t i a l s r e s u l t i n g f r o m r e c t a n g u l a r ( 5 0 0 m s )c u r r e n t p u l s e s o f 1 0 0 p A ) . B , a s i m i l a r e x p e r i m e n t u n d e r v o l t a g e c l a m p . H o l d i n g p o t e n t i a l-75 mV. ( R e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l w a s -82 m V . )

    -120 mV c a n b e d e s c r i b e d b y a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e r e a r e t w o p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e s( U c h i m u r a , C h e r u b i n i & N o r t h , 1 9 8 9 ) . T h e f i r s t ( G 1 ) i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f membranep o t e n t i a l a n d u n a f f e c t e d b y l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( < 1 0 0 , M ) o f b a r i u m . T h e s e c o n d( G i r ) c h a n g e s w i t h membrane p o t e n t i a l ( V ) a c c o r d i n g t o G i r , m a x / ( 1 + e x p ( ( V - V o . 5 ) / k ) )( s e e M e t h o d s ) . T h e a v e r a g e v a l u e s ( n = 8 ) o f t h e membrane c u r r e n t ( I ) a t d i f f e r e n t p o -t e n t i a l s ( V ) w e r e f i t t e d t o t h e f u n c t i o n l = ( G 1 [ V-EK]) + ( G i r [ V - E K ] ) + ( G i n [ V - E i n ] )( s e e M e t h o d s ) . I n t h e a b s e n c e o f m u s c a r i n e t h e v a l u e s w e r e 0 1 = 9 - 2 + 0 - 2 n S ,G i r , m a x = 3 3 - 2 + 0 - 8 n S , V 0 . 5 = - 1 0 2 - 5 + 0 7 mV a n d k = 1 6 - 4 + 0 5 mV. I n m u s c a r i n e( 3 0 , U M ) , t h e v a l u e s w e r e 7 - 8 + 0 - 2 n S , 2 5 - 9 + 0 9 n S , - 9 9 . 3 + 0 - 9 mV a n d 1 4 - 8 + 0 7 mV.A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s a n a l y s i s , m u s c a r i n e r e d u c e d b o t h t h e i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r a n d t h el i n e a r ( o r l e a k a g e ) c o n d u c t a n c e t o p o t a s s i u m i o n s , b u t t h e p r e d o m i n a n t e f f e c t w a s o nt h e i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r .

    A n o t h e r w ay t o s e p a r a t e t h e p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e s i s i n t o b a r i u m - s e n s i t i v e( i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r ) a n d b a r i u m - i n s e n s i t i v e ( l i n e a r ) c o m p o n e n t s ( U c h i m u r a e t a l . 1 9 8 9 ) .F i g u r e 4 s h o w s t h a t m u s c a r i n e e v o k e d n o membrane c u r r e n t i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f

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    ) by guest on October 27, 2010jp.physoc.orgDownloaded from J Physiol (

    http://jp.physoc.org/http://jp.physoc.org/http://jp.physoc.org/
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    F i g . 2 . A a n d B , m u s c a r i n e a c t i o n d e p e n d s on c o n c e n t r a t i o n . A s h o w s r e s p o n s e s o f o n en e u r o n e t o f i v e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f m u s c a r i n e . I n i t i a l m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l was s e t t o - 7 5 m V ;e l e c t r o t o n i c p o t e n t i a l s were e v o k e d b y 1 0 0 p A p u l s e s o f 5 0 0 m s d u r a t i o n . B , e f f e c t s o fm u s c a r i n e on m e m b r a n e p o t e n t i a l ( @ ) a n d c u r r e n t ( A ) i n s e v e r a l n e u r o n e s ( b a r s i n d i c a t eS . E . M . ; number o f c e l l s b e s i d e e a c h p o i n t ) . H o l d i n g p o t e n t i a l s w e r e b e t w e e n -75 a n d-77 mV. C a n d D , a c t i o n o f m u s c a r i n e i s u n a f f e c t e d b y t e t r o d o t o x i n ( 1 g M , C ) o r b yc a l c i u m - f r e e s o l u t i o n ( a l s o c o n t a i n i n g 2 m M - c o b a l t , D ) . I n e a c h c a s e , t h e b a r i n d i c a t e s t h ea p p l i c a t i o n o f m u s c a r i n e ( 3 0 p U M ) . P o t e n t i a l s e t t o -75 mV; r e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l s were-83 mV ( C ) a n d -85 mV ( D ) .i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f o n e ( n = 3 ) , t w o ( n = 2 ) o r t h r e e ( n = 2 ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o fp i r e n z e p i n e . F i g u r e 5 i l l u s t r a t e s a r e s u l t f r o m t h e m o s t c o m p l e t e s u c h e x p e r i m e n t .P i r e n z e p i n e a c t e d a s a c o m p e t i t i v e a n t a g o n i s t o f m u s c a r i n e , f o r t h e S c h i l d p l o t w ass t r a i g h t w i t h u n i t s l o p e ( A r u n l a k s h a n a & S c h i l d , 1 9 5 9 ) . F o r t h e f o u r c e l l s i n w h i c ht w o o r t h r e e p i r e n z e p i n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e u s e d , t h e d i s s o c i a t i o n e q u i l i b r i u mc o n s t a n t was 1 1 5 + 2 - 6 n M . I n c l u s i o n o f t h e t h r e e e s t i m a t e s f r o m e x p e r i m e n t s w i t hs i n g l e p i r e n z e p i n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s g a v e a v a l u e o f 1 I 7+ 26 ( n = 7 ) . Th e 4 - c h l o r o -

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    -1.6 P o t a s s i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( m M )F i g . 3 . M u s c a r i n e a c t i o n r e v e r s e s a t p o t a s s i u m e q u i l i b r i u m p o t e n t i a l . A , p o t e n t i a l c h a n g e se v o k e d b y m u s c a r i n e a t f i v e h o l d i n g p o t e n t i a l s ( i n d i c a t e d b e s i d e e a c h t r a c e , m V ) . B ,membrane c u r r e n t s e l i c i t e d b y a ramp d e p o l a r i z i n g v o l t a g e c o m m a n d , i n t h e a b s e n c e andp r e s e n c e o f m u s c a r i n e ( 3 0 / z M ) . P o t a s s i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n 6 - 5 m m . C , r e v e r s a l p o t e n t i a l o fc u r r e n t c a u s e d b y m u s c a r i n e p l o t t e d as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e p o t a s s i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( f r o me x p e r i m e n t s s u c h a s t h e one i l l u s t r a t e d i n B ) . P o i n t s a r e mean+ S . E . M . f o r number o f c e l l si n d i c a t e d b e s i d e e a c h p o i n t .

    p h e n y l a n a l o g u e o f M c N - A - 4 3 4 , w h i c h i s a somewhat s e l e c t i v e M1 r e c e p t o r a g o n i s t i nsome t i s s u e s ( E l t z e , G m e l i n , W e s s , S t r o h m a n n , T a c k e , M u t s c h l e r & L a m b r e c h t ,1 9 8 8 ) d e p o l a r i z e d t h e neurones ( n = ) . Th e a m p l i t u d e s o f t h e d e p o l a r i z a t i o n weren o t d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e c a u s e d b y t h e same c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f m u s c a r i n e ( F i g . 2 B ) .5 - h y d r o x y t r y p t a m i n e a n d p h o r b o l e s t e r 8 o c c l u d e t h e e f f e c t o f m u s c a r i n eI t was f o u n d r e c e n t l y ( N o r t h & U c h i m u r a , 1 9 8 9 ) t h a t 5-HT a c t s a t 5 - H T 2r e c e p t o r s on n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s n e u r o n e s t o r e d u c e t h e me mb ra n e p o t a s s i u mc o n d u c t a n c e . K e t a n s e r i n ( 1 / S M ) , w h i c h b l o c k s t h e a c t i o n o f 5-HT ( N o r t h &

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    MUSCARINE RECEPTORS AND G r K DECREASE 3 7 5U c h i m u r a , 1 9 8 9 ) , d i d n o t a f f e c t t h e r e s p o n s e t o m u s c a r i n e ( n = 2 ) . T h e p r o p e r t i e s o ft h e p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e r e d u c e d b y 5-HT a r e v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h o s e d e s c r i b e da b o v e f o r m u s c a r i n e , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e y ma y b e t h e s a m e s e t o f c h a n n e l s . F i g u r e6 s h o w s t h e r e s u l t o f a n e x p e r i m e n t i n w h i c h t h e c u r r e n t c a u s e d b y m u s c a r i n eo c c l u d e d t h e a c t i o n o f 5 - H T . S i m i l a r f i n d i n g s w e r e o b t a i n e d i n t h r e e o t h e r c e l l s .A BmO0 - m v 0 - 5

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    F i g . 4 . M u s c a r i n e - s e n s i t i v e c u r r e n t i s b l o c k e d b y b a r i u m . A , c u r r e n t - v o l t a g e r e l a t i o nb e f o r e ( * ) a n d a f t e r a d d i n g m u s c a r i n e ( 0 , 3 0 / u M ) . P o i n t s w e r e m e a s u r e d f r o mt e r m i n a t i o n o f c u r r e n t s s u c h a s t h o s e s h o w n i n C . H o l d i n g p o t e n t i a l w a s -90 mV. B ,b a r i u m ( 1 0 0 / S M ) d e p o l a r i z e d t h e c e l l b y a b o u t 2 5 mV a n d c o m p l e t e l y b l o c k e d t h e i n w a r dr e c t i f i c a t i o n . M u s c a r i n e ( 0 ) h a d n o e f f e c t i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f b a r i u m ( - , c o n t r o l ) . C ,t y p i c a l m e m b r a n e c u r r e n t s i n r e s p o n s e t o v o l t a g e c l a m p s t e p s f r o m -90 t o -140 mV,b e f o r e a n d a f t e r a d d i n g m u s c a r i n e ( 3 0 , U M ) . D , a s i m i l a r e x p e r i m e n t i n t h e p r e s e n c e o fb a r i u m ( 1 0 0 , t M ) .4 f l - P h o r b o l - 1 2 , 1 3 - d i a c e t a t e a l s o d e p o l a r i z e d n e u r o n e s ( F i g . 7 A ) . U n d e r v o l t a g e

    c l a m p , p h o r b o l e s t e r s c a u s e d a membrane c u r r e n t t h a t w a s i n w a r d a t t h e r e s t i n gp o t e n t i a l a n d r e v e r s e d t o o u t w a r d a t t h e p o t a s s i u m e q u i l i b r i u m p o t e n t i a l ( n = 3 ) .4 f l - P h o r b o l - 1 2 , 1 3 - d i a c e t a t e ( 3 j a m ) d e p o l a r i z e d b y 5 . 0 + 0 . 4 mV ( n = 3 ) a n d c a u s e d a ni n w a r d c u r r e n t a t -76 mV o f 6 2 - 5 + 1 1 P 5 p A ; a t 1 0 jm t h e s e e f f e c t s w e r e 7 . 3 + 0 - 9 mV( n = 4 ) a n d 8 2 - 5 + 1 2 - 4 pA ( n = 7 ) . T h e i n w a r d c u r r e n t e v o k e d b y t h e p h o r b o l e s t e r( 3 o r 1 0 j a m ) c o m p l e t e l y o c c l u d e d t h e a c t i o n o f b o t h m u s c a r i n e ( 3 0 j m , n = 5 ) a n d 5 -HT ( 1 0 0 j m , n = 5 , F i g . 7 B ) . 4 , J - P h o r b o l - 1 2 , 1 3 - d i d e c a n o a t e ( 1 0 j a m ) h a d t h e s a m ee f f e c t a s t h e d i a c e t a t e ( n = 4 ) b u t 4 a - p h o r b o l - 1 2 , 1 3 - d i d e c a n o a t e w a s i n a c t i v e( n = 2 ) .

    ) by guest on October 27, 2010jp.physoc.orgDownloaded from J Physiol (

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    F i g . 5 . M u s c a r i n e a c t s a t M 1 r e c e p t o r s . A , d e p o l a r i z a t i o n s c a u s e d b y m u s c a r i n e i n t h ea b s e n c e a n d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f 3 0 , 1 0 0 a n d 3 0 0 n M - p i r e n z e p i n e . R e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l - 79 m V.B , d e p o l a r i z a t i o n s c a u s e d b y d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f m u s c a r i n e , w i t h a n d w i t h o u tp i r e n z e p i n e . C , S c h i l d p l o t ( A r u n l a k s h a n a & S c h i l d , 1 9 5 9 ) w a s s t r a i g h t w i t h u n i t s l o p e .L i n e i s d r a w n b y e y e . E s t i m a t e d d i s s o c i a t i o n e q u i l i b r i u m c o n s t a n t i n t h i s c e l l i s 1 1 n M . DRi s t h e r a t i o o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f m u s c a r i n e t h a t c a u s e d t h e s a m e d e p o l a r i z a t i o n i n t h ep r e s e n c e a n d a b s e n c e o f p i r e n z e p i n e .

    DISCUSSIONA l m o s t a l l t h e n e u r o n e s w e r e d e p o l a r i z e d b y m u s c a r i n e . T h e r e s u l t s w i t h

    p i r e n z e p i n e s u g g e s t t h a t t h i s i n v o l v e s t h e M l m u s c a r i n i c r e c e p t o r , r a t h e r t h a n t h ec a r d i a c M2 o r g l a n d u l a r M2 r e c e p t o r s ( a l s o known a s m 2 a n d m 3 r e c e p t o r s : D o o d s ,M a t h y , D a v i d e s k o , v a n C h a r l d o r p , d e J o n g e & v a n Z w i e t e n , 1 9 8 7 ; B o n n e r , 1 9 8 9 )a l t h o u g h e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h o t h e r a n t a g o n i s t s w o u l d h e l p t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e r e c e p t o rm o r e f u l l y .

    S e v e r a l f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e d e p o l a r i z a t i o n f r o m t h e r e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l r e s u l t sf r o m a r e d u c t i o n i n a s t a n d i n g o u t w a r d p o t a s s i u m c u r r e n t ; t h e m o s t p e r s u a s i v e i s t h er e v e r s a l o f t h e e v o k e d c u r r e n t a t a p o t e n t i a l w h i c h s h i f t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l o g a r i t h mo f t h e p o t a s s i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n . E x c i t a t i o n b y m u s c a r i n i c a g o n i s t s r e s u l t i n g f r o mr e d u c t i o n i n p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e w a s f i r s t p r o p o s e d b y W e i g h t & V o t a v a ( 1 9 7 0 )a n d b y K r n j e v i c ' , Pumain & Renaud ( 1 9 7 1 ) a n d h a s s i n c e b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n m a ny

    ) by guest on October 27, 2010jp.physoc.orgDownloaded from J Physiol (

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    MUSCARINE RECEPTORS AND GK DECREASE 3 7 7n e u r o n e s ( r e v i e w e d b y N o r t h , 1 9 8 9 ) . Th e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c er e d u c e d b y m u s c a r i n e v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o m c e l l t o c e l l . I n m a n y i n s t a n c e s , t h ep o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e a f f e c t e d i s n o t d e m o n s t r a b l y v o l t a g e o r t i m e d e p e n d e n t ( t h eb a c k g r o u n d , o r l e a k a g e , p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e ) , w h e r e a s i n o t h e r c e l l s , M - c u r r e n t s ,A - c u r r e n t s a n d two d i f f e r e n t c a l c i u m - a c t i v a t e d c u r r e n t s a r e r e d u c e d ( s e e N o r t h ,1 9 8 9 ) . M u s c a r i n e o f t e n r e d u c e s t w o o r more d i s t i n c t p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e s i n t h es a m e c e l l s ( e . g . r a t h i p p o c a m p a l p y r a m i d a l c e l l s : D u t a r & N i c o l l , 1 9 8 8 ; g u i n e a - p i gs y m p a t h e t i c g a n g l i o n c e l l s : C a s s e l l & M c L a c h l a n , 1 9 8 7 ) .

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    F i g . 6 . C u r r e n t c a u s e d b y 5-HT i s o c c l u d e d b y c u r r e n t c a u s e d b y m u s e a r i n e . 5-HT( 1 0 0 # M ) was a p p l i e d b e f o r e ( A ) , d u r i n g ( B ) a n d 2 0 min a f t e r ( C ) m u s c a r i n e ( 3 0 / t M ) . B o t ho f t h e s e a r e m a x i m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . R e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l was -78 mV; i n i t i a l h o l d i n gp o t e n t i a l w a s -70 mV.

    W h i c h c o n d u c t a n c e i s t h e p r i n c i p a l t a r g e t o f m u s c a r i n e a c t i o n i n t h e n u c l e u sa c c u m b e n s d e p e n d s o n t h e manner i n w h i c h t h e c o n d u c t a n c e s a r e d e f i n e d . I f t h ei n w a r d r e c t i f i e r c o n d u c t a n c e i s d e f i n e d p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l l y a s t h a t w h i c h i s s e n s i t i v et o b a r i u m ( 1 0 0, U M ) , t h e n m u s c a r i n e a f f e c t s o n l y t h e i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r a n d h a s noe f f e c t o n t h e l i n e a r c o m p o n e n t ( F i g . 4 B ) . The m o d e l l i n g o f t h e I - V c u r v e s on t h ea s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e y c a n b e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y t h e s um o f two p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e s( l i n e a r a n d i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r c o m p o n e n t s ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e w as a r e d u c t i o n i n b o t ht h e i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r a n d t h e l i n e a r c o m p o n e n t . I n a n y e v e n t , t h e m a x i m u m a c t i o n o fm u s c a r i n e w as r a t h e r s m a l l ( F i g . 2 B ) , o f t e n i n s u f f i c i e n t t o b r i n g t h e n e u r o n e s t ot h r e s h o l d f o r a c t i o n p o t e n t i a l g e n e r a t i o n u n d e r o u r e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s( a l t h o u g h s e e F i g . I A ) . Th e m a x i m u m e f f e c t a t t h e r e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l ( - 8 2 mV) w ast o r e d u c e t h e c o n d u c t a n c e b y 2 7 n S , w h i c h i s o n l y 16% o f t h e c e l l c o n d u c t a n c e a tt h i s p o t e n t i a l . A t t h e m e c h a n i s t i c l e v e l , t h i s i m p l i e s t h a t t h e r e i s a l a r g e p o p u l a t i o no f p o t a s s i u m c h a n n e l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y o f i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r s , w h i c h c a n n o t b e c l o s e d b y

    ) by guest on October 27, 2010jp.physoc.orgDownloaded from J Physiol (

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    N . UCHIMURA AND R . A . NORTHm u s c a r i n e . T h e s e c h a n n e l s a r e , h o w e v e r , r e a d i l y b l o c k e d b y q u i t e l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n so f b a r i u m ; a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 3 - 1 0 / u M - b a r i u m h a d a b o u t t h e same e f f e c t on t h e I - Vr e l a t i o n a s d i d a m a x i m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a g o n i s t ( s e e F i g . 4 ; f o r d e t a i l s o f b a r i u ma c t i o n s e e U c h i m u r a e t a l . 1 9 8 9 ) .

    A PD A ( 3 u M )

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    5 - H T ( 1 0 0 p M ) M u s c a r i n e ( 3 0 t M )a _ So 7 1 0 0 p A

    PD A ( 3 u M )M u s c a r i n e 5 - H T

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    F i g . 7 . P h o r b o l e s t e r s m i m i c a n d b l o c k t h e e f f e c t s o f m u s c a r i n e a n d 5 - H T . A ,d e p o l a r i z a t i o n c a u s e d b y 4 , 6 - p h o r b o l - 1 2 , 1 3 - d i a c e t a t e ( P D A ) . Membrane p o t e n t i a l-80 mV. E l e c t r o t o n i c p o t e n t i a l s e v o k e d b y 2 0 0 pA c u r r e n t p u l s e s o f 5 0 0 m s . B , r e s p o n s e st o 5-HT ( 1 0 0 / M ) a n d m u d s c a r i n e ( 3 0 p 1 m ) b e f o r e ( a ) , d u r i n g ( b ) a n d 3 0 min a f t e r p e r f u s i o n( c ) w i t h 4 , f - p h o r b o l - 1 2 , 1 3 - d i a c e t a t e . R e s t i n g p o t e n t i a l o f c e l l i n B was -83 mV; h e l d a t-75 mV.Tw o f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h a t 5-HT a n d p h o r b o l e s t e r s r e d u c e d t h e same p o p u l a t i o n

    o f p o t a s s i u m c h a n n e l s t h a t a r e a f f e c t e d b y m u s c a r i n e . F i r s t , t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h ec o n d u c t a n c e a r e t h e s a m e , a n d t h e m a x i m a l c u r r e n t c a u s e d b y m u s c a r i n e was n o td i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d f o r 5-HT ( N o r t h & U c h i m u r a , 1 9 8 9 ) ; i t w asa l s o t h e s a m e a s t h a t c a u s e d b y 1 0 / t M - p h o r b o l e s t e r s , w h i c h was t h e h i g h e s tc o n c e n t r a t i o n t e s t e d . S e c o n d , m u s c a r i n e c a u s e d n o i n w a r d c u r r e n t when p o t a s s i u mc h a n n e l s w e r e a l r e a d y c l o s e d b y 5-HT o r p h o r b o l e s t e r s . M u s c a r i n e r e c e p t o ra c t i v a t i o n i s w e l l known t o s t i m u l a t e t h e h y d r o l y s i s o f p h o s p h a t i d y l i n o s i t o l i n b r a i na n d o t h e r t i s s u e s ( F i s h e r , K l i n g e r & A g r a n o f f , 1 9 8 3 ; s e e B o n n e r , 1 9 8 9 ) a n d o n ei n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s i s t h a t a c t i v a t i o n o f C k i n a s e i s a n i n t e r m e d i a t e s t e p i nt h e p a t h w a y f r o m m u s c a r i n i c r e c e p t o r t o p o t a s s i u m c h a n n e l : i f t h i s i s t r u e , t h e n o n l ya s u b s e t o f i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r p o t a s s i u m c h a n n e l s c a n b e c l o s e d b y C k i n a s e ( a n d h e n c eb y a g o n i s t s u s i n g t h i s p a t h w a y ) w h e r e a s a l l i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r c h a n n e l s c a n b e c l o s e db y b a r i u m . H o w e v e r , i t m i g h t b e b o r n e i n mind t h a t i n f r o g s y m p a t h e t i c g a n g l i am u s c a r i n i c a g o n i s t s a c t i v a t e p h o s p h a t i d y l i n o s i t o l m e t a b o l i s m a n d r e d u c e ap o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e b u t t h e s e t w o e f f e c t s s e e m n o t b e c a u s a l l y r e l a t e d ( P f a f f i n g e r ,L e i b o w i t z , S u b e r s , N a t h a n s o n , A l m e r s & H i l l e , 1 9 8 8 ) .T h e f u n c t i o n a l r o l e o f ACh w i t h i n t h e n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s r e m a i n s l i t t l e u n d e r s t o o d .

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    MUSCARINE RECEPTORS AiND G DECREASE37A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f d o p a m i n e i n t o t h e n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s , o r m o r e u s u a l l ya m p h e t a m i n e w h i c h e x e r t s i t s e f f e c t s b y r e l e a s i n g d o p a m i n e , s t i m u l a t e s l o c o m o t o ra c t i v i t y ( K e l l y , S e v i o u r & I v e r s e n , 1 9 7 5 ) . C o n v e r s e l y , m u s c a r i n i c a g o n i s t s i n h i b i ta n d m u s c a r i n i c a n t a g o n i s t s f a c i l i t a t e l o c o m o t o r a c t i v i t y ( F i b i g e r , L y t l e & C a m p b e l l ,1 9 7 0 ) , l e a d i n g t o t h e g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d n o t i o n t h a t t h e a c t i o n s o f d o p a m i n e i n somew ay ' b a l a n c e ' t h o s e o f ACh ( s e e Lehmann & L a n g e r , 1 9 8 3 ) . The p r e d o m i n a n t a c t i o no f d o p a m i n e i n t h e n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s i s i n h i b i t i o n ( W o o d r u f f , M c C a r t y & W a l k e r ,1 9 7 6 ) ; t h i s r e s u l t s f r o m a n i n c r e a s e i n p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e , c o n s e q u e n t t oa c t i v a t i o n o f D 1 r e c e p t o r s ( U c h i m u r a , H i g a s h i & N i s h i , 1 9 8 6 ; H i g a s h i , I n a n a g a ,N i s h i & U c h i m u r a , 1 9 8 9 ) . I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i t was f o u n d t h a t a l m o s t a l l c e l l s a r ee x c i t e d b y m u s c a r i n e ; t h u s t h e ' b a l a n c e ' c o u l d a r i s e f r o m t h e d i r e c t l y o p p o s i n ga c t i o n s o f t h e t w o t r a n s m i t t e r s o n t h e s a m e p r o j e c t i o n c e l l s o f t h e n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s- d o p a m i n e t o o p e n p o t a s s i u m c h a n n e l s a n d ACh t o c l o s e t h e m . A g o n i s t s a t D 1d o p a m i n e r e c e p t o r s a p p e a r t o e x e r t t h e i r e f f e c t s t h r o u g h a n i n c r e a s e i n c e l l u l a r l e v e l so f c y c l i c a d e n o s i n e 5 ' - m o n o p h o s p h a t e ( U c h i m u r a e t a l . 1 9 8 6 ; H i g a s h i e t a l . 1 9 8 9 )w h e r e a s t h e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d t o s u g g e s t t h a t m u s c a r i n e a c t st h r o u g h a c t i v a t i o n o f C k i n a s e . I t w i l l b e o f i n t e r e s t t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e s a m ep o p u l a t i o n o f p o t a s s i u m c h a n n e l s a r e t h e f i n a l t a r g e t s f o r t h e s e t w o i m p o r t a n ts t r i a t a l n e u r o t r a n s m i t t e r s .

    T h i s w o r k w a s s u p p o r t e d b y g r a n t s f r o m t h e US D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d Human S e r v i c e s .( D A 0 3 1 6 0 , D A 0 3 1 6 1 a n d M H 4 0 4 1 6 ) .

    REFERENCESA R U N L A K S H A N A , 0 . & S C H I L D , H . 0 . ( 1 9 5 9 ) . Some q u a n t i t a t i v e u s e s o f d r u g a n t a g o n l i s t s . B r i t i s hJ o u r n a l o f P h a r m a c o l o g y a n d C h e m o t h e r a p y 1 4 , 4 8 - 5 8 .A U S T I N , M . C . & K A L I V A S , P . W. ( 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e e f f e c t o f c h o l i n e r g i c s t i m u l a t i o l l i n t h e n l u c l e u sa c c u m b e n s o n l o c o m o t o r b e h a v i o r . B r a i n R e s e a r c h 4 4 1 , 2 0 9 - 2 1 4 .B L O O M , F . E . , C O S T A , E . & S A L M O I R A G H I , G . C . ( 1 9 6 5 ) . A n a e s t h e s i a a n d t h e r e s p o l n s i v e l n e s s o fi n d i v i d u a l n e u r o n s o f t h e c a u d a t e n u c l e u s o f t h e c a t t o a c e t y l c h o l i n e , n o r e p i n e p h r i n e a n dd o p a m i n e a d m i n i s t e r e d b y m i c r o e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s . J o u r n a l o f P h a r m a c o l o g y a n d E x p e r i m e n t t a lT h e r a p e u t i c s 1 5 0 , 2 4 4 - 2 5 2 .B O N N E R , T . I . ( 1 9 8 9 ) . Th e m o l e c u l a r b a s i s o f m u s c a r i n i c r e c e p t o r d i v e r s i t y . T r e n d s i n N e u r o s c i e t n c e1 2 , 1 4 8 - 1 5 1 .C A S S E L L , J . F . & M C C L A C H L A N , E . M . ( 1 9 8 7 ) . M u s c a r i n i c a g o n i s t s b l o c k f i v e d i f f e r e l n t p o t a s s i u l l mc o n d u c t a n c e s i n g u i n e a - p i g s y m p a t h e t i c n e u r o n e s . B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f P h a r m a c o l o g y 9 1 , 2 5 9 - 2 6 1 .C O R T E S , R . & P A L A C I O S , J . M . ( 1 9 8 6 ) . M u s c a r i n i c c h o l i n e r g i c r e c e p t o r s u b t y p e s i n t h e r a t b r a i n . I .Q u a n t i t a t i v e a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c s t u d i e s . B r a i n R e s e a r c h 3 6 2 , 2 2 7 - 2 3 8 .D O D T , H . U . & M I S G E L D , U . ( 1 9 8 6 ) . M u s c a r i n i c s l o w e x c i t a t i o n a n d m u s c a r i n i c i n h i b i t i o l l o f

    s y n a p t i c t r a n s m i s s i o n i n t h e r a t n e o s t r i a t u m . J o u r n a l o f P h y s i o l o g y 3 8 0 . 5 9 3 - 6 0 8 .D o O D S , H . N . , M A T H Y , M . - J . , D A V I D E S K O , D . , VAN C H A R L D O R P , K . J . , DE J O N G E . A . & VANZ W I E T E N , P . A . ( 1 9 8 7 ) . S e l e c t i v i t y o f m u s c a r i n i c a g o n i s t s i n r a d i o l i g a n d a n d i n i n 1 i c i oe x p e r i m e n t s f o r t h e p u t a t i v e M 1 , M 2 a n d M 3 r e c e p t o r s . J o u r n a l o f P h a r m a c o l o g y a n d E x p e r i n m e n t a lT h e r a p e u t i c s 2 4 2 , 2 5 7 - 2 6 2 .D U T A R , P . & N I C O L L , R . A . ( 1 9 8 8 ) . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f m u s c a r i n i c r e s p o n s e s i n h i p p o c a m p u s i n t e r m so f r e c e p t o r s u b t y p e s a n d s e c o n d - m e s s e n g e r s y s t e m s : e l e c t r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s i n e i t r o .J o u r n a l o f N e u r o s c i e n c e 8 , 4 2 1 4 - 4 2 2 4 .E L T Z E , M . , G M E L I N , G . , W E S S , J . , S T R O H M A N N , C . , T A C K E , R . , M U T S C H L E R . E . & L A M B R E C H T . G .( 1 9 8 8 ) . P r e s y n a p t i c m u s c a r i n i c r e c e p t o r s m e d i a t i n g i n h i b i t i o n o f n e u r o g e n i c c o n t r a c t i o n s i nr a b b i t v a s d e f e r e n s a r e o f t h e g a n g l i o n i c M , - t y p e . E u r o p e a n J o u r n a l o f P h a r m a c o l o g y 1 5 8 ,2 3 3 - 2 4 2 .

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    8 N . UCHIMURA AND R . A . NORTHF E L D B E R G , W V . & V O G T , M . ( 1 9 4 8 ) . A c e t y l c h o l i n e s y n t h e s i s i n d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s o f t h e c e n t r a ln e r v o u s s y s t e m . J o u r n a l o f P h y s i o l o g y 1 0 7 , 3 7 2 - 3 8 1 .F I B I G E R , H . C . , L Y T L E , L . D . & C A M P B E L L , B . A . ( 1 9 7 0 ) . C h o l i n e r g i c m o d u l a t i o n o f a d r e n e r g i ca r o u s a l i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g r a t . J o u r n a l o f C o m p a r a t i v e P h y s i o l o g y a n d P s y c h o l o y y 7 2 . 3 8 4 - 3 8 9 .F I S H E R , S . K . , K L I N G E R , P . D . & A G R A N O F F , B . W V . ( 1 9 8 3 ) . N l u s c a r i n i c a g o n i s t b i n d i n l g a n d l

    p h o s p h o l i p i d t u r n o v e r i n b r a i n . J o u r n a l o f B i o l o g i c a l C h e m i s t r y 2 5 8 , 7 3 5 8 - 7 3 6 3 .G , R A Y B I E L , A . A I . , BAUGHMAN, R . W. & E C K E N S T E I N , F . ( 1 9 8 6 ) . C h o l i n e r g i c n e u r o p i l o f t h es t r i a t u m o b s e r v e s s t r i o s o m a l b o u n d a r i e s . N a t u r e 3 2 3 , 6 2 5 - 6 2 7 .H E B B , C . 0 . & S I L V E R , A . ( 1 9 5 6 ) . C h o l i n e a c e t y l a s e i n t h e c e n t r a l n e r v o u s s v s t e m o f ma n a n d s o m eo t h e r m a m m a l s . J o u r n a l o f P h y s i o l o g y 1 3 4 , 7 1 8 - 7 2 8 .HERKENHAM, M . , MOON E D L E Y , S . & S T U A R T , J . ( 1 9 8 4 ) . C e l l c l u s t e r s i n t h e n i u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s o ft h e r a t , a n d t h e m o s a i c r e l a t i o n s h i p o f o p i a t e r e c e p t o r s , a c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a s e a n d s u b c o r t i c a la f f e r e n t t e r m i n a t i o n . N V e u r o s c i e n c e 1 1 , 5 6 1 - 5 9 3 .H E R Z , A . & Z I E G L G X N S B E R G E R , W. ( 1 9 6 8 ) . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f m i c r o e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c a l l y - a l ) l ) l i e db i o g e n i c a m i n e s , c h o l i n o m i m e t i c s a n d p r o c a i n e o n s y n a p t i c e x c i t a t i o n i n t h e c o r p u s s t r i a t u m .I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f N e u r o p h a r m a c o l o g y 7 , 2 2 1 - 2 3 0 .H I G A S H I , H . , I N A N A G A , K . , N i S H I , S . & U C H I M U R A , N . ( 1 9 8 9 ) . E n i h a n c e m e n t o f d o p a m i n e a c t i o n so n r a t n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s n e u r o n e s i n v i t r o a f t e r m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e t r e a t m e n t . J o u r n a l o fP h y s i o l o g y 4 0 8 , 5 8 7 - 6 0 3 .J O N E S , D . L . , M O G E N S O N , G . J . & W U , M . ( 1 9 8 1 ) . I n j e c t i o n s o f d o p a m i n e r g i c . s e r o t o n i n e r g i c a n dG A B A e r g i c d r u g s i n t o t h e n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s : e f f e c t s o n l o c o m o t o r a c t i v i t y i n t h e r a t .N e u r o p h a r m a c o l o g y 2 0 , 2 9 - 3 7 .K E L L Y , P . H . , S E V I O U R , P . W V . & I V E R S E N , S . D . ( 1 9 7 5 ) . A m p h e t a m i n e a n d a p o m o r p h i n e r e s p o n i s e si n t h e r a t f o l l o w i n g 6-OHDA l e s i o n s o f t h e n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s s e p t i a n d c o r p u s s t r i a t u m . B r a i nR e s e a r c h 9 4 , 5 0 7 - 5 2 2 .K R N J E V I C , K . , P U M A I N , R . & RENAUD, L . ( 1 9 7 1 ) . Th e m e c h a n i s m o f e x c i t a t i o n b y a c e t y l c h o l i n ei n t h e c e r e b r a l c o r t e x . J o u r n a l o f P h y s i o l o g y 2 1 5 , 2 4 7 - 2 6 8 .LEHMANN, J . & L A N G E R , S . Z . ( 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e s t r i a t a l c h o l i n e r g i c i n t e r n e u r o n : s y n a p t i c t a r g e t o fd o p a m i n e t e r m i n a l s ? N e u r o s c i e n c e 1 0 , 1 1 0 5 - 1 1 2 0 .

    M C G E E R , P . L . , MCGEER, E . G . , F I B I G E R , H . C . & W I C K S O N . V . ( 1 9 7 1 ) . N e o s t r i a t a l c h o l i n i ea c e t y l a s e a n d c h o l i n e s t e r a s e f o l l o w i n g s e l e c t i v e b r a i n l e s i o n s . B r a i n R e s e a r c h 3 5 , 3 0 8 - 3 1 4 .MESULAM, M . - M . , M U F S O N , E . J . , L E V E Y , A . I . & W A I N E R , B . H . ( 1 9 8 4 ) . A t l a s o f c h o l i n e r g i cn e u r o n s i n t h e f o r e b r a i n a n d u p p e r b r a i n s t e m o f t h e m a c a q u e b a s e d o n m o n o c l o n a l c h o l i n ea c e t y l t r a n s f e r a s e i m m u n o h i s t o c h e m i s t r y a n d a c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a s e h i s t o c h e m i s t r y . N \ e u r o , s c i e n c e1 2 . 6 6 9 - 6 8 6 .N A S T U K , M . A . & G R A Y B I E L , A . M . ( 1 9 8 8 ) . A u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c l o c a l i z a t i o n a n d b i o c h e m i c a lc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f M 1 a n d M2 m u s c a r i n i c b i n d i n g s i t e s i n t h e s t r i a t u m o f t h e c a t , m o n k e y . a n dh u m a n . J o u r n a l o f N e u r o s c i e n c e 8 , 1 0 5 2 - 1 0 6 2 .N O R T H , R . A . ( 1 9 8 9 ) . M u s c a r i n i c c h o l i n e r g i c r e c e p t o r r e g u l a t i o n o f i o n c h a n n e l s . I n M u s c a r i n i cC h o l i n e r g i c R e c e p t o r s , e d . BROWN, J . H . , p p . 3 4 1 - 3 7 3 . Humana, Ne w Y o r k .N O R T H , R . A . & U C H I M U R A , N . ( 1 9 8 9 ) . 5 - H y d r o x y t r y p t a m i n e a c t s a t 5 - H T 2 r e c e p t o r s t o d e c r e a s ep o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e i n r a t n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s n e u r o n e s . J o u r n a l o f P h y s i o l o g y 4 1 7 . 1 - 1 2 .P F A F F I N G E R , P . J . , L E I B O W I T Z , M . D . , S U B E R S , E . M . , N A T H A N S O N , N . M . , A L M E R S , W. &H I L L E , B . ( 1 9 8 8 ) . A g o n i s t s t h a t s u p p r e s s M - c u r r e n t e l i c i t p h o s p h o i n o s i t i d e t u r n o v e r a n d C a 2 +t r a n s i e n t s , b u t t h e s e e v e n t s d o n o t e x p l a i n M - c u r r e n t s u p p r e s s i o n . N e u r o n 1 , 4 7 7 - 4 8 4 .S T A N F I E L D , P . R . , N A K A J I M A , Y . & Y A M A G U C H I , K . ( 1 9 8 5 ) . S u b s t a n c e P r a i s e s n e u r o n a l e x c i t a b i l i t yb y r e d u c i n g i n w a r d r e c t i f i c a t i o n . N a t u r e 3 1 5 , 4 9 8 - 5 0 0 .U C H I M U R A , N . ( 1 9 8 9 ) . M u s c a r i n e a c t s o n M 1 r e c e p t o r s t o r e d u c e t h e i n w a r d r e c t i f i e r p o t a s s i u mc o n d u c t a n c e i n r a t n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s n e u r o n e s . J o u r n a l o f P h y s i o l o g y 4 1 5 , 4 2 P .U C H I M U R A , N . , C H E R U B I N I , E . & N O R T H , R . A . ( 1 9 8 9 ) . I n w a r d r e c t i f i c a t i o n i n r a t n u c l e u sa c c u m b e n s n e u r o n s . J o u r n a l o f N e u r o p h y s i o l o g y 6 2 ( i n t h e P r e s s ) .U C H I M U R A , N . , H I G A S H I , H . & N I s H I , S . ( 1 9 8 6 ) . H y p e r p o l a r i z i n g a n d d e p o l a r i z i n g a c t i o n s o fd o p a m i n e v i a D - 1 a n d D - 2 r e c e p t o r s o n n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s n e u r o n s . B r a i n R e s e a r c h 3 7 5 ,3 6 8 - 3 7 2 .W E I G H T , F . F . & V O T A V A , J . ( 1 9 7 0 ) . S l o w s y n a p t i c e x c i t a t i o n i n s y m p a t h e t i c g a n g l i o n c e l l s :e v i d e n c e f o r s y n a p t i c i n a c t i v a t i o n o f p o t a s s i u m c o n d u c t a n c e . S c i e n c e 1 7 0 , 7 7 5 - 7 5 8 .WOODRUFF, G . N . , MCCARTHY, P . S . & WALKER, R . J . ( 1 9 7 6 ) . S t u d i e s o n t h e p h a r m a c o l o g y o fn e u r o n e s i n t h e n u c l e u s a c c u m b e n s o f t h e r a t . B r a i n R e s e a r c h 1 1 5 , 2 3 3 - 2 4 2 .

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