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N85 13855

A $1llm&iff _ _ ISk83

Cia_le _o Ke_.ler

I_u_ley Resear_ Ce_texHampton, Vl_La

49

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850005546 2019-02-03T22:20:42+00:00Z

_P OBJECTIVES

The use of flywheels _o perform the functions of attitude control ami/orenergy stor_e on a _£ety of space =dss£ons has been of /nt_t to NASA for

severa/ years. Pr_1_-_nary studies were Initiated /n the early 1970'8 and havebeen carr£ed forward by both &_veranent snd industrLal concerns ever slnce. Eecent

lnterest in thls tedmology, on tie paz_ of NASA. resultld /n tie IntegratedFlywhee.l Technology - 1983 Workshop held at the Coddard Space FIJ4_ht Center in

August: 1983. This workshop had fo_ primary obJect£ves. 8ho_ :Ln f/_re 1:

I) Deteralne the potentlal of flywheels for energy storage 8ystesapplications as _ as for coahtned energy storage and attltude controlCODcepl_.

2) Asse_l the state.off-the-art (,_) _n Integrated flyvhee_ technologythrough a review of government sponso:ed programs.

3) From t,18 assessment, Identlfy those technology a_eas _aleh are incritical _ of development r_ _ projected spax_ w/sslon requlrements.

4) And £1na/ly, scope a program for the coordinated developam_ of therequired technology.

The resu_8 of th_8 workshop are coata£aed In NASA CP-2290 (re£. 1) and ares_martzed _n th_ presenter_ton.

0 IL_E_I_E P0]EMrlAL OF _ 0NH_PTS

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ASSESS SOA IN _TEI) FLI_EEL SYS_'NS IEQMOLO6Y

XIM_TIFY CRITICAL _MIOLOGY

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0 SC(I_E _ F_ G}O@I_.I[I) ,g'l'I_l'n"

PARTICIPATION

A total of 34 participants represent1_ var£ous government proErams andluterestsattendedthe 1983 Inte4_rated Flywheel Technology Workshop. The h_gh level

of lnterest In ch_ CechnoloEy wlthln NASA Is evident from the n_ber of organ/za-

tlons represented at th_s conference (flg. 2). Presentations _ made by many of

the partIc/pants coverlug the d_sc/pllnes of systems, power, and control. A

coupilatlon of those papers is contained in reference I.

0

0

ORGANIZATIONS

- NASAIIEAI)Og_I'Ei_

- GODDAKDSPACE FLIGHT CENTER

- JET PROPULSION I..A1BOI_TOII_Y

- JOImSOIISPACECENTER

- LANGLEYIIIESEMCH (Z_NTEit

- LEWIS IESEJ_OI

- _ SPACE FLI_'i" CENTER

- _P_Xm_T 0F _

DISCIPLINES

- SYSTERS

- PONER

-

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The system coacel_ d£scussed dur£ng tlm workshop is dep£cted £n £Lgure 3. Ascsn be seen, 801at eoet_j_ :£8 converted to electri_ty by 803_r 4_-ray8 durlug thesunJ_t portion of the orbit. This _8 used to power the spacecraft's 8ubsystens,. 88yell 88 to accelerate a rotat£nK flywheeZ thereby 8tor£u_ energy for future use.Durlz_ the occulted port£on of r_e orbit, umb=8 _ £8 obta_Losd by deceleratingthe rotatllg _ and converting the kinetic energy to electricity via a generatorattached to the _eel shaft. _ approach pe.rm_s the _]4m4_a_on o£ the

couvent£onsJ, l_ttez 7 storage _VStea. In add£t£on, funct£ona_ _ntegrat£on _th theveh_e._Le's momentun cont_o_ system csn be effected, for example, by mount_nS theseu_-e_s on a set of _Lmbals.

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PRESENTATION TOPICS

The range of topics covered by the various presentac£0ns t8 shown in fiEure 4.These covered: system sizing and performance study results; information on state-of-the-art and advanced flywheel enerEy storage system concepts; a descr/ptton of

the DOE program on advanced composite uaterlal rotor developaents; an overview oftechnology efforts abrood; data from system trade studies; a stmmarv of advancedter.hnologN developments in electronics, rotor suspension and actuators; adefin_tton of 8 technoloEy program approach 8nd of plsnued lnteErated system

test£nE actlvlcles, A sample hIEhlIEht of some of these topics is shown in the

figures that follow.

0 SYSTEH SIZING TRADES AND PERFORP,ANCE STUDIES

o ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEH CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS

0 FLY_4EEL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPflENTS FOR TERRESTRIAL APPLICATIONS

o OVERVIEW OF EUROPEAN DEVELOPHENTS

o POMER. ENERGY STORAGE. AND ATTITUDE CONTROL TRADE STUOIES

o TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEHENTS IN ELECTRONICS, ROTOR SUSPENSION.

AND _TUATORS

o TECHNOLOGY _ OUTLINE

0 ]RTEGI_TED SYSTEH TEST BED ACTIVITIES

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53

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D_ISSION APPLICATIONS STUDY

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one of _he system studies, performed in the early 1970's, was to examine the

applicability of an integrated power/attitude control system (IPACS) concept over abroad range of m£_lou types. ,'he IPACS utll£z_ zo_atl_ flywhee_ to perform the

d_l _unctions of energy storage/power generat£on and attitude contzol. The types

of missions examined during this study _re listed in the table of fi_tre 5. ks canbe noted, tb.ese selected _ssions encompassed 8mall near-Earth 8atel3._tes,

geosynchronous satellites, J ntecp]_zletary _[N_iO_, _bd _mn_ space 8t;atlons.POwer requirements ranged from a fev hundred watts (180 W) to s_veral kilowatts.Att£tude control was spedf£ed at between 1 arcseeond and 1 degree. Results £zo_that effort £nd£cated that s_f£cant we_j_ht, voZume, and _ost _av_nKs could berealized by usl_ the IPACS concept over the proposed con_entlona_ approach got all

_iss_on _-lasses except the Interplanetary f'l_ght (ref. 2)

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STATE-OF-THE-ART FLYWI_L STORAGE UNIT

The encouragluE results obtained from the previously _ent£oued study led to

the des/_u and fabrication of a flywheel storaEe m_t. This de_Ice, shown Infigure 6, _= representatlve of the state of the art _ homogeneous matert_fl_hee18o Thl8 unlt 18 fabricated out of t_tani-_, is suspended on conventional

anK,,38r cou;act ball hearlng8, and is driven by two brusbles8 d.c. motor/generators. Storage capaclry of this unlt at 35,000 rl_ is about 1.5 kW-brs. Thls

device generaCe8 2.5 kW of power a_ 52 volts d.c.. A detailed descrlpclon of thisun/c can be found in reference 3.

ORIGINAL PAG_ _S

OF POOR QUALITy,

.

55

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_DVANC_D STORAGE UNIT CONCEPT

Capitsl£ztng on s_£cant advances in the state o£ the technology in

compos£te nmtertals and eleetromagnettcs, several advauced storage _rstea conceptshave been posc,,lated. Typlcal of such concepts /s the un_c shc_n lu flgure 7.This mpp_oach utll£zes a pa£_' Of counter-rotating _eels co udnt_Lse the impact on

the vehicle'control system resulting £rcm momentum var£ations lucu_red by thewheels during energy state cha_es. In addition to striving for h_her euergy

denslcy and safety Chrough the use of composite materials, this concept proposesthe use of nUtLmetic bear£ugs for lover system losses and thus hJ4_her e_fft_Leocy andlongez operattoual life. Addictoual efftr.tLency and operational [Life gains areanticipated by. _loytng permanent magnet brushless d.c. motor/generators. Detailsof chls concept c_m be found In :efe:ences 4-6.

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F'_,sm'e 7

A--COMPOSITE WHEEL

B--MAGNETIC SUSPENSION

C_MOTOR/GENERATOR

D--CONT_NMENT

E--ELECTRONK_

Om_NAL PAGE [SOF POOR (_ALrrY

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FLYmmEL VatTERIALS

Compos£te materials applications co _Cl_iheels have, uncLt very recently, beenconcentrated in the Department of Enecgy. Typ£c_L_ enerEy densities re_tzed andPOstulated for fly_ee/a us£ug these macerta/s are shoim tu f_e 8. _r'oe benefits

• offered by composites over £soCrop£c msCerlals are quite ev/dent In chts £-Zgure. A

statuary of cbe D_ prog:_- can. be fourth _ reference 1, pages 35-_6. In addition,advau_ed flyvheels Performance PrOjeCtions ace _Lven in z'efereuce 7.

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000YEAR

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D._ FLY_FdD_ CONC_1"S

In the course of the DOE prosr#m, several flywheel desJJrnm were generated, kumber of these are shouu In f_re 9. The ten conf_atlo_ depicted hererepresen_ three generlc des_J_n cateSor£e8, namely rt_, (Ltsks, or rtl/dlsk byhr£dsoEach of these _oncepts =epresent8 a _f£r.ant advance in tl_ #_pplicatto_ ofco_postte materials [o flyvbeel use.

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OF POOR QUALITY

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SYSTEMS TRADE STUDIES

A typical exampXe of a large variety of systems trade studies _s demonstrated

in f_re 10. In this study, performed !_ R. Giud£c£ of t_SFC (ref. l, pages 4._-57),

the weight to orbit of various energy storage/attitude control system concepts over

the life o£ the intended mission £s compared. As can readily be noted, £lywheel

systems do appe_ to be very compec_tive tr£th other postu2ated concepts.

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TECHNOLOGYADV_C_NTS

A recurring theme at the 1983 Integrated Fly_heel Technology Vorkshop u_ theneed for techuology advanced in the areas of cordite materials and their orAJ_tza-tiou. rotor suspension, and brushle88 d.c. motor/generators. Some stepo have beentaken in these areu and are contained £n the Langley Re.arch Center AnnularNomentun Control Device (A_D). Th_ 5.5 ft. diameter Eraphlte-epoxy r£ng issuspended on three m_uetlc bea=Ing stations located ar_md the rla, and is dr£v_aby a r_ drive brushless d.c. iotor (gig. II). As can be noted, no eontectLngelements are used in tbls unlt= there£ore, sd_n_flcant egflc_enc7 and operationalli£e ga/ns can he achieved. Det-4l,s of this concept and its a_."_licatlons can befound £n references 8 and 9.

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6OOF POOR O_ALN_

INTF.CgATEDSYST_I _STI_

An integral pare of the technology evolul:lou p_ocess ls a thorough

ground-based trait IIogran _xtch rosy o: am/ not be complemented by flight exper£meu-

Cation. In C1_ _ o£ c_ luertla/ energy storage system concept, testing oo an

attitude con_._ol sys:e: _est bed, as v_L1 as a pore= syste: test-bed, s/:_LlCan-

eously or sepa:a_ely, Is be_ considered. Such a test-bed activity is descr£bed

in f:r_n:e 12.

5"t'A't"%0t4A't_ CONTROL_ 9:IMX.ATOR

- _ tNmE a BEIB _ I_Rq _ILE I_mID BY Mtll_

I_NE _D_. _lg_lt UtME m_3_- _ f 11_ _._. --_--_mJ_--_ _ 1NE

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TI_CI_LOGY ZSSO'I_

In addlC£ou Co the technical dJ-Icuss|on_ cmsdueCed aC this vorkshopp a panelof ezpercs, composed of oae represeucac£ve £rom each parctc_psc/ng NASA f-l_dcenter, addressed the questions of critical technology, myscem ince4_ar.toss,technology program jusc£flcaC£on and def£uition. The cr£C£cal t_chnolo_v /_suestdenCl£ied as a result of these efforts are shmm /n £/4Jure 13, and cover such a_easas materials, rotor suspension, elecCr_ec£cs, eleccroutcs, systems /nce4_&t_Lon,and safety.

o HATERIALS

_YSI$ CAPkSILITY OF _TERIAL PERFORIMJI_E

OPTDIJII UTILIZATION OF _TERIAL PROPERTIES

IHPACT OF ENVI_T ON MATERIAL PROPERTIES

0 ROTOR SUSPENSION

M_.GNETIC 8F.ARIN6S (DYNAMIC CONTROL NO STABILITY)

NECHANICAt BEARINGS (LUBRICATION. VIBP.AIION IP_SSIOB. I_NTE_,

ON-LINE BALANCING A_T TO ON-ORBIT BEARINGRE_, REDLI)AMCY)

o POWER6ENERATION

_T_I_T_ _SI_ _ __S

NOT_IE_T_ EFFICIENCY

ELECTI_CS E$I_ _ _CIE-_ICY

P_/_TA_E LEVELS _ BUS _GIILA_

o __

IMPACT OF ]]11_-6_Ji_ _ OONIR(N. _ AND _

OPERATION _L_ _ F_L_

IIOOULAJ_II"YIDIOR _.ALAB_TJ.II"Y

COeaSIDEI?J_

DATA BASE FOR _1_]q AND

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RORKSHOP RECO_4ENDATIONS

A major result arising from this workshop was that a genera/ consensus wasreached regsrdlng the existence of strca E support within the agency for integrated

flywheel technology development, and that systems incorporating that technology

have strong potentlsl as an a/ternat£ve e_erg7 storage approach for spacecraft

appllcatlons. As such, the followlng recommendations (fig. IA) were made:

1) conduct a state of the technoloE_ workshop w/th Industry, university, and

goverument partlclpatlon; 2) undertake a vlgorous technology- program to addres_ andresolve all the technical issues raised during this conference; and flnslly,

3) adopt a lead center concept to insure a streaallned a_d coordinated technology

program.

• COflDUCT STATE OF TECHNOLOGYWORKSHOP(ASA")

INDUSTRY

UNIVERSITY

GOVERM'iERT

• UNDERTRKEVIGOROUS TECHNOLOGYPROfiRAB

C(MPOSITE I_TERIALS _ FLYig-IEELS

I'IAGIIETIC SUSPENSION

l',/fi _ ELECTRONICS

SYSTER IIlTEfiRATION ,eND OPERATIONS

SYSTER 11tADES AND kNALYSE$

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• ADOPT LFJl])_ aliOi3PT

COOP.DINAHOll OF If.A]}gOARTERS OFFICE GOALS".;

AIg) RESOORCES

CAPITALIZING ON S11RENGTlISOF PARTICIPATING

(RGMIZATIOIIS

NIII]IIIZIIIG DIJPLICATIOIlS OF EFFORT ABONG AGENCIES

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REFERENCES

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Keckler, C. R.; Rodriguez, G. E.; and Groom, N. J. (EdXtors):Flywheel Technology - 1983. NASA (_-2290, Dece_er 1983.

Integrated

Nott£, Jo E.; Cormack, A.; and Schn:Lll, W. Co: ZuteErated Power/Att£tudeCoutrol System ([PACS) Study;, Volune I - Feasibility Stud£es. HAS& CE-2383,Apr_l 1974.

Coraack, A.; and NotC£, J. E.: Dem/4_n Report for the Eotatin 8 Assembly for an

Iute4_rated Pover/Attttude Control Swstem. R_ lnternat£onal ReportSD74-SA-0100, Sept. 1974. (Available as NASA CR-172317.)

K/rk, J. A.; Sruder. P. A.; and Evans, H. E.: Mechanical Capac:Lto=.TN D-8185, 1976.

14JLchael£s, T. D.; Schl£eben, E. W.; and Scott, _. D.: l)es_ l)efin_tiou of aMechanical Capacitor. NASA CR-152613, 1977.

Scott, R. D.: Mechanical Capac.iCor Energy Storage Systea. NASA O_-170613,1978.

Kulkaru/, S. V.:Material Flywheels.September 1982.

Per£or_nce ProJectio_ o£ Fiber-Reinforced CoapostteLawrence Llvermore Laboratory Report UC13)-19582,

Anderson, W. W.; and Grooa, N.J.: The Annular Hoaent_a Control Device (AIqCD)and Potential Applications. NASA llq 1)-7866, _areJa 1972.

Ball Brothers Research Corporation: Annular Homentoa Control Device (AM(2)).Volumes I and II. )[aSA C1_1_A917, 1976.

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