nama in the waste sector: waste to resources for cities in .... imhen presentation.pdf · trained...

NAMA in the Waste Sector: Waste to Resources for Cities in

Vietnam

Dr. Do Tien Anh, Director

Climate Change Research Center Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change, Vietnam

Hanoi, 9th June 2016

Results and Activities of NAMA Programme

1.Update of the NAMA programme status

2.Key elements of the NAMA design

Results and Activities of NAMA Programme

Result Activity Status

1. National stakeholders are consulted in the preparation and design of the NAMA programme

1.1. Identify relevant stakeholders in Viet Nam involved in the MSW and climate change

Finished

1.2. Organize a kick-off workshop in Hanoi Finished

1.3. Organize and conduct a stakeholder consultation workshop in Hanoi

Finished

2. A NAMA-design study is prepared, with main elements of the programme summarized on a final policy brief

2.1. Elaborate the NAMA-design study Finished

2.2. Prepare a policy brief in both Vietnamese and English

Finished

2.3. Prepare to submit to the international NAMA Facility

Not yet

3. Identification and shortlisting of, at a minimum, two locations for carrying out pilot projects in the implementation phase of the NAMA programme

3.1. Prepare a methodology for selecting locations and pilot projects

Not yet

3.2. Conduct a survey to shortlist pilot cities and provinces

Not yet

3.3. Conduct field trips, if necessary to meet with stakeholder and validate the findings of the survey

Not yet

Key elements of NAMA Design

Part Chapter

1. Introduction

I-Context of Vietnam and background for proposing a NAMA programme for the solid waste sector

2. Analysis of the policy and institutional framework on climate change

3. Analysis of the solid waste management sector

4. Analysis of appropriate technologies for the solid waste sector in Viet Nam

II- Design elements of the waste-to-resource NAMA for cities in Vietnam

5. Elements of the waste-to-resource NAMA and boundaries of the programme

6. Baseline and GHG emission reduction scenarios of the NAMA

7. Institutional arrangements and Financing of the NAMA

8. Roadmap of implementation

9. List of references

Steps of the NAMA

The “Waste-to-Resource” NAMA is formally endorsed/enacted at national level by relevant ministries

The NAMA Management Board is established

Provincial and city authorities are informed about the NAMA and its operationalmethods, other actors with a stake in the solid waste sector

Cities that agree to be part of the NAMA prepare a detailed implementation plan

City-specific plans are submitted to the NAMA Management Board and will be assessed

Eligible activities are communicated to the local government.

The Board will:

- request line ministries or VEPF to mobilize the necessary funds

- appraise the capacity building requirements of the local government

- deliberate on the type of support to assign

Based on the funds mobilized,

local government initiates the activities proposed,

which would be subject to MRV procedures

Chapter 2. Analysis of the policy and institutional framework on climate change in Viet Nam

Figure 2.1 – Key mitigation documents, plans and programmes for climate change in Viet Nam.

Chapter 2. Analysis of the policy and institutional framework on climate change in Viet Nam (cont)

Figure 2.2 – Organizational structure of the State management on climate change in Vietnam.


Proposal Organizations Involved

Time frame

Waste-to-resource for cities in Viet Nam IMHEN; UNESCAP 2013-2014

Support wind power development in Viet Nam

IMHEN; DMHCC; UNEP Risoe

2013-2014

Wind power development fund for Viet Nam

MOIT; GIZ 2013

Support bioenergy development in Viet Nam

Climate change and Sustainable Development Center; DMHCC; UNEP Risoe

2013-2014

Research and application of electric cars and hybrid electric vehicles in Viet Nam

IMHEN; Mai Linh Corporation

2013-2014

Energy efficiency in commercial buildings

DMHCC; UNEP 2014

Table 2.1 – Progress in developing NAMA proposals in Viet Nam as of June 2014.


1. Lack of guidelines and regulations

2. Insufficient policy, regulatory and market incentives

3. Complex, unclear, overlapping Institutional arrangements

4. Limited availability of funds

5. Lack of capacity, know-how and expertise

Barriers and

challenges

Chapter 3. Analysis of the solid waste management sector

Figure 3. 1 – Historical trend of MSW generated per day in 2007-2010 (Source: MONRE (2011), National Environmental Report: Solid Waste, p.16)

Figure 3. 2 – Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Waste (Source: MONRE, 2011)

Chapter 3. Analysis of the solid waste management sector (cont)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

1994 2000 2005 2010

6C – CO2 emission from waste incineration

6B – N2O emission from human sewage

6B2 – CH4 emission from domestic wastewater

6B1 – CH4 emission from industrial wastewater

6A – CH4 emission from solid waste disposal sites

Figure 3. 2 – GHG emissions from waste sector in 1994, 2000, 2005 and 2010 (Source: INC, (2000) SNC (2003); NIR 2005 (2014); NIR 2010 (2014))*


2009 2012 Dec 2012

National Strategy for Integrated Management of Solid Waste up to 2025, vision towards 2050 sets the vision that by 2050 that all kinds of solid wastes will be collected, reused, recycled and treated completely by advanced technologies which are environmentally friendly, suitable to each locality and limiting the landfilling waste to the minimal level.

National Strategy for Climate Change:

Plan "Management of greenhouse gas emissions; management of the activities of trading carbon credits to the international market” by 2020 reducing GHG emissions by 5% in the waste sector

by 2020 90% of the total volume of urban domestic solid wastes should be collected and treated, of which 85% is to be recycled and reused.


MOIT MONRE MOC MOH MARD

Industrial Waste

Non-

Hazardous

waste

Municipal

Waste

Medical Waste

Agricultural Waste

Rural and

Agriculture

waste

Waste from

craft villages Hazardous

waste

Non-

Hazardous

waste

Hazardous

waste

Figure 3.3 – Solid waste management arrangements in Viet Nam (MONRE, 2011). Dashed lines indicate an indirect relationship among entities or sectors.


Level Barriers to integrated MSW management in Viet Nam

Policy - No legal documents enforcing 3R implementation - Few guidelines or policies on waste separation at source - Lack of specific fiscal and economic incentives to stimulate environmentally-sound technologies for MSW

Institutional Duplication of responsibilities at central level, i.e. between MONRE & MOC, and at local levels.

Economic & Financial - Income from collection fees may suffice to cover the operational costs of waste management but not enough to cover investment requirements - Local banks do not have the capital and the technical know-how to finance waste processing facilities

Social and behavioural communities are typically unaware of the need for their engagement in sustainable waste management practices (E.g. by reducing the generation of waste, and participating in waste segregation practices)

Technical, operational, managerial, etc.

Low-level of capacities among a wide range of stakeholders in the development and implementation of waste-to-resource initiatives


Chapter 4. Analysis of appropriate technologies for the solid waste sector of Viet Nam

Figure 4.1 – Waste management hierarchy.

Chapter 4. Analysis of appropriate technologies for the solid waste sector of Viet Nam (cont)

• Generation and waste segregation

• Treatment at source (e.g. home-composting)

Source

•Optimization of collection/transportation routes

• Establishment of waste transfer stations

Collection and transportation

• Biological/chemical technologies: anaerobic digestion; composting; fermentation techniques;

• Physical processes (e.g. refused-derived fuel; densification/ pelletization)

• Incineration and other thermal combustion technologies.

Intermediate or final treatment

Figure 4.2 – Options for waste diversion.

Indicator Composting Anaerobic Digestion Refuse-Derived Fuel Material Recovering and

Recycling

Desirable

context for the

application of the

technology/

measure

High fraction of the

biodegradable

component of waste

Relative proximity to

demand centers for

(organic) fertilizers

Favorable climate

conditions

High fraction of the

biodegradable component

of waste

Proximity to demand

sources for the biogas

generated

Favorable climate

conditions

Proximity to demand sources for

the RDF generated, such as

cement factories, brick kilns, etc.

Significant portion of waste is

composed of recyclables

Desired Waste

Composition

Waste rich in

biodegradable organic

matter.

Waste rich in biodegradable

organic matter

Waste should be classified.

Source segregation program can

improve the quality of the product

Waste streams rich in

recyclable materials, such as

plastic, aluminum, glass, etc.

Quality of waste

requirements

Medium (low

heavy metal)

quality required

Source separated

waste would be

highly desired

Medium (low heavy

metal) quality required

Source separated

waste is a key success

factor

Low quality (no dioxin

emitting waste)

PVC with chlorine should

be controlled to avoid

emission of highly toxic

gases (dioxin and furan).

Some level of

separation of waste is

necessary, otherwise

the quality of

recyclables may be too

low to ensure resource

recovery.

Moisture content

requirements

Medium Medium Preferably low, N/A

Calorific value of

the waste

requirements

N/A N/A Preference for waste streams

with components high in calorific

value, such as plastic residues,

rags, etc.

N/A (Recycling and material

recovery is not a waste-to-

energy process)


Indicator Composting Anaerobic Digestion Refuse-Derived Fuel Material Recovering

and Recycling

Investment and

operational costs

$100–$30,000/ton $350–$500 per m3 of

digester size)

$75,000–$100,000/ton of

design capacity

Dependent on the material to

be recycled

Operational

requirements

No need for specific

training in small-scale

settings, such as home

composting

Trained manpower

required in medium to

large-scale plants

Trained and qualified

manpower required in

medium to large-scale

plants

On a wet digestion

process, may be

necessary to re-

circulate water

Trained manpower required Trained manpower may be

required for material recycling

facilities, depending on the

complexity of the process and

the material recycled.

Barriers to the marketing

of outputs

Low-price of compost

in Vietnam (~30

USD/ton), which is a

challenge to the

financial sustainability

of composting

Difficulties in selling the

biogas or the electricity

produced from it in the

absence of support schemes,

such as feed-in tariffs

May be challenging to

sell the final product

without a demand for it

in the proximity, such

as cement factories or

brick kilns

Government support

may be required to

ensure adequate levels

of return of the facilities

Depending on the

product, market price of

the recyclables may

significantly fluctuate

throughout a given year

Capacity of the

Project/Facility

Household to large scale Household to large scale Medium to large scale Small to large scale

Emission reduction

potential (tCO2 e/ton

waste)

One ton of organic waste may

reduce 0.5 ton of CO2

Data not available

One ton of waste may avoid

0.54 tonnes of carbon dioxide

equivalent from being emitted

in landfill gas.

Data not available


Waste IRRC

• Organic Waste

• Inorganic Waste

• Used Cooking Oil

• Others

Compost

Biogas

Recyclables

RDF

Biodiesel

CERs

Residues

Cost and Liability Processing Resources1 2 3

90%

10%

An Integrated Resource Recovery Center (IRRC) is a facility where a

significant portion (80-90%) of waste can be processed in a cost effective way, in

proximity to the source of generation, and in a decentralized manner. The IRRC

concept is based on 3R principles.



Figure 4.3 – Options for processing waste through the IRRC model

Chapter 5. Elements of the waste-to-resource NAMA and boundaries of the programme

To support Viet Nam in reducing GHG emissions from the solid waste sector through the implementation of waste management practices that are in line with the principles of 3R and the recovery of resources from waste, while at the same time contributing to sustainable development goals in Viet Nam.

Overarching goal

Scope

- Any city in Viet Nam is eligible to be part of the NAMA programme. - Elements: domestic (unilateral), internationally supported NAMAs & credited NAMA

- Reduction of solid waste generated and implementation of waste segregation practices, preferably at source;

- Diversion of waste streams from final disposal sites, with diverted waste being treated applying the following approaches:

Eligible Measures

Chapter 5. Elements of the waste-to-resource NAMA and boundaries of the programme (cont)

•Promotion of

waste

separation at

sources

•Establishme

nt of waste

separation

centers/comp

anies

•Waste

treatmentand

recycling

•Market

creation

Waste

collection

Electricity

generation

Sustainable

development

benefits

GHG

reduction

Outputs Outcomes Impacts

Reporting to

donors

Domestic

mitigation

registry

UNFCCC

registry

Activities

Indicator Indicator

NAMA boundary

Waste

separation

RDF

production

Material

recycling

Figure 5.1 – Boundary and scale of the Waste-to-Resource NAMA

- Establishment of a NAMA Management Board & financial mechanism at national level ;

- Expertise on GHG emission inventories

Cities and provinces voluntarily take part in the NAMA

Approach


top-down

bottom-up

Barriers Measures to address Barriers

1. Implementing national plans, strategies and targets for 3R

Cities and provinces will be encouraged to voluntarily propose their own 3R targets based on the “National Strategy for IMSW up to 2025 and Vision towards 2050”.

2. Institutional arrangements

Establishment of a NAMA Management Board which will be vested with supervisory and operational responsibilities of the NAMA

3. Market creation City and province level: payment of tipping fees to waste treatment plant operators, allocation of land free /low cost, a programme to purchase compost at above-market prices, etc.;

National level: tax rebates or tax holidays on equipment, standards and regulation on compost, set-up of a FOT scheme for biogas generated from AD of MSW, etc.

International level: support for expensive measures through: e.g. ODA, a crediting mechanism (CDM or NMM), or GCF.

4. Capacity building and MRV

The NAMA/MRV system is expected to be set up with the support of international climate finance.



Expected Benefits

a cleaner and healthier

environment through the adoption of improved waste collection and

treatment methods

create business opportunities along

the waste management value

chain

contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of

communities

support Viet Nam in achieving several

Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs)

Chapter 6. Baseline and GHG emission reduction scenarios of the NAMA

Mitigation options Methods to estimate the GHG emissions

(i) Composting - ASM.III.F (Avoidance of methane emissions through composting) developed by UNFCCC

(ii) RDF - “Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories – Emissions from Waste Incineration” (IPCC)

- AM0025/Version 5: Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment processes”

(iii) Recycling - AMS-III.AJ - Small-scale Methodology: Recovery and recycling of materials from solid wastes (Version 4.0) developed by UNFCCC

(iv) Anaerobic digestion

- AM0075: Methodology for collection, processing and supply of biogas to end-users for production of heat (version 1.0)

- AMS-I.C: Thermal energy production with or without electricity (version 19)

Chapter 6. Baseline and GHG emission reduction scenarios of the NAMA (cont)

Assumptions

• waste generated :

• 60% is treated through composting,

• 20% is recycled,

• 10% is processed through anaerobic digestion,

• 10% is recovered for the production of refuse-derived fuel

NAMA scenario

(2030)

• currently practiced methods of disposing and not treating of waste continue unchanged,

• waste generation rates increasing annually by 10%,

• waste composition remaining the same

Baseline scenario

(2010-2030)

Chapter 6. Baseline and GHG emission reduction scenarios of the NAMA (cont)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

CO

2e

q (

mill

ion

to

ns)

Year

PE y ER comp,y ER paper recycling,y ER RDF,y ER AD,y

Figure 6.1– Total emission reductions (expressed in million ton of CO2eq) from the “Waste-to-Resource” NAMA.

Legend: PE: project emissions, ER: Emission Reductions; comp: composting; RDF: refuse-derived fuel; AD:

anaerobic digestion.

Chapter 7. Institutional arrangements and Financing of the NAMA

MoNRE MoC MARD MoIT

DMHCC DSTEVEAVEPF

Green Climate

Fund

Development

Banks

Other

international

donors

Provincial

Governments

Municipal

Governments

Project Developers

URENCOs

National Level

Sub-national Level

IMHEN

NAMA Facility

Figure 7.1– Proposed organizational structure of the Waste-to-Resource NAMA

Institutional arrangements

• An average minimum investment of 110 million USD (2.4 trillion VND) per year, until 2030, in solid waste treatment facilities (excludes costs associated with establishing the institutional arrangements, capacity building initiatives, and other diverse supporting activities)

– 80% of these investment requirements be met by domestic sources of financing, both public and private,

– 20% (approx. 22 million USD per year, or 485 billion VND): international climate financing. E.g. Green Climate Fund, ODA, market-based schemes, and/or “pay-for-performance” programmes.

• Vietnam Environmental Protection Fund (VEPF) would be established as the national-level financial entity:

– gathering funds from both national and international sources

– disbursing them to cities, provinces and other eligible entities

Chapter 7. Institutional arrangements and Financing of the NAMA (cont)

Financing

Chapter 8. Roadmap of implementation

Formalize approval of the NAMA

NAMA Design Piloting and testing NAMA up-scaling

1 2 3

(Jan. 2015 - Dec. 2015) 1. setting-up of the

institutional framework of the NAMA;

2. capacity building of stakeholders;

3. piloting of the key elements of the programme.

(Jan. 2016 - Dec. 2020) 1. full-implementation of

the programme, nation-wide

2. could be initiated at the earliest after 1.5 years of preparation and demonstration experience.

(Oct. 2013 - Dec. 2014) 1. - Elaboration of a

detailed study on the NAMA

2. Conduct national kick-off workshop

3. Final stakeholders consultation and national endorsement of the NAMA

Chapter 8. Roadmap of implementation (cont)

Activity Proposed

timeframe

Budgetary

requirements*

1. Preparation of

Terms of

Reference

3 months N/A

2. Mobilization of

funds for fulfilling

ToRs

2 months N/A

3. Staffing 3 months N/A

4. Enactment and

operation Rolling basis

5,000 USD per

month **

Table 8.1 – Activities for establishing the institutional

arrangements of the NAMA in Phase II.

Activity Proposed

timeframe

Budgetary

requirements*

1. Capacity building of

VEPF staff 9 months***

Up to 50,000

USD

2. Capacity building of

“other” stakeholders 1 year***

Up to 100,000

USD

3. Curricula for capacity

building sessions 1.5 years

Up to 100,000

USD

4. Setting-up of training/

competence center 1 year

Up to 100,000

USD

5. Training of sub-

national stakeholders 6 months

Up to 100,000

USD

Table 8.2 – Activities for capacity building initiatives as part of

Phase II of the NAMA.

• Specific elements of the programme would need to be demonstrated and operationalized

• Two cities would be selected to pilot the programme (where a waste-to-resource facility is already in operation, e.g. how the MRV system could work in practice).

• Technical and financial assistance from international donor organizations are expected although domestic sources would also be mobilized

the programme could be up-scaled nation-wide, expected, at the earliest, in the first quarter of 2018.

Chapter 8. Roadmap of implementation (cont)

Thank you!

Contact information: Dr. Do Tien Anh Acting Director Climate Change Research Center Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change Email: [email protected] Joao Aleluia

Project Coordinator Environment and Development Division

United Nations Economic and Social for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP) Email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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