Good Afternoon

Konnichiwa

NAMASKAR

Biofuels and Future Challenges

Dr. Pradeep Verma (INDIA)(JSPS Fellow)

Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH) Laboratory of Biomass Conversion

Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, JAPAN

Ritsumeikan High School15 July, 2008

Academic Qualification:Ph.D. 2002, Sardar Patel University, Gujarat, India, Microbiology

M.Sc. 1997, Maharish Dayanand Saraswati University, Rajasthan, India MicrobiologyB.Sc. 1994, Maharish Dayanand Saraswati University, Rajasthan, India, Biology

Academic Honors:JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow, Japan

Ron Cockcroft Award by IRG-WP, Sweden German Science foundation (DFG), Postdoctoral Fellow, Germany

UNESCO Fellow, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, (ASCR) Prague, Czech Republic Senior Research Fellow, Department of Biotechnology (DBT), New Delhi, India

Junior Research Fellow, National Dairy Development Board/NTGCFL, Gujarat, India

Dr. Pradeep Verma (INDIA)

Why should we be concerned about Global Warming?Introduction

Global Warming ?

The Greenhouse Effect traps heat inside the Earth’s atmosphere. This causes increase in temperature. This is known as Global Warming.

VehiclesIndustrial Gases

Some of the Reasons……..

Air pollution

Aeroplanes

Reduced rainfall in rainforest due todeforestation

Floods in Bangladesh

Drier conditions

Floods in Florida

You may see some of the effects worldwide…

Some of them are here

Some of the Effects…

Ice Berg Melting

Sea Level Rising

People or Global Warming

Choose?

If Not Now- When?

If Not Earth - Where?

If Not Us -Who?

We have taken small step towards reduction of Global Warming

EnergyEnergy

Chemicals/Chemicals/MaterialsMaterials FuelsFuels

Biomass is our only renewable source of

carbon-based fuels and chemicals

Renewable Fuels

Renewable Fuels

CO2 emissionCO2 fixation

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Solar energySolar energy

BiomassBiomass

CO2 emissionFossil resourcesFossil resources

（（OilOil・・CoalCoalNatural gasNatural gas））

EnergyEnergy

Chemicals/Chemicals/MaterialsMaterials

EnergyEnergy

Chemicals/Chemicals/MaterialsMaterials

woodwood

bagasse

LignocelluloseLignocellulose: Lignin+ (hemi)cellulose= main component of plant cell walls

bamboobamboo

http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/isagiy/research/phyllostachys2.html

Lignocellulosic biorefinery

Soluble polysaccharides

starch

sugar

grassgrass

FoodNon-food

woodwood

Lignocellulosic biorefinery

grassgrass

bamboobamboo

Fuels

CO2 emission

CO2 fixation

Photosynthesis

Chemicals/Chemicals/MaterialsMaterials

Fuels

Chemicals/MaterialsChemicals/Materials

OilOilCO2emission

Integrated system to produce chemicals, fuels and energy Integrated system to produce chemicals, fuels and energy from from lignocellulosicslignocellulosics..

Biomass → Rural development

Oil refinery

Large scale investment・Oil-producing countries・Oil transportation・Oil refining companies

in coastal industrial zone

http://www.japt.org/abc/

Objectives:Reduce the Cost of Biofuels ProductionEffective Pretreatment ProcessUse Different types of BiomassEnvironmental Friendly TechnologyFeasible Technology

Our Work Objectives…

Why Biomass?Biomass major fuel of the futureBiomass is renewableConsumes atmospheric CO2 during growth and is a CO2 neutral resource in life cycleTo produce technologies for sustainable developmentSolving rural problems Focus on technology development

Fungus growing on woody biomass

Biomass

Lignin

Hemicellulose

Cellulose

Biomass

Separate three components•Physical, Chemical, Thermochemicaland Biological Pretreatments

Lignin degrading fungi(white rot fungi)

Microwave irradiation

Hemicellulose

Hemicellulose

Lignin

Lignin

Cellulose

Cellulose

Cellulose

J. Bidlack, M. Malone, and R.Benson, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 72:51-56 (1992)

Physical Treatments: Grinding, Steam explosion

Chemical Treatments: Acid or base, various solvent treatments or combination of both

Fungal Treatments: Using selective lignin removal fungalspecies e.g. C. subvermispora, P. osteratus

Catalytic Systems: Using environmental friendly chemicalsto mimic the reaction to degrade lignin selectively

Processes

Enzymes are one of the keys to the process for biomass conversion

Collection

Biomass Collection Pre-treatment

EnzymeHydrolysis

Fermen-tation

Recovery/distillation

GlucosePre-

treatedbiomass

Biomass Ethanol

Our Work……. Biomass Based Fuel Ethanol

Pretreatments:

Autoclaved:

Wood chips: Japanese Cedar (Sugi) and Beech (Buna) wood

Using various conditions e. g.time, temperature

Treated with various developed systems

Autoclave Pretreatment

Small autoclave machine

Microwave Pretreatment

Microwave:Using various conditions treatedwith various developed systems

Frequency 2.45 MHz

At various temperature and time Small microwave machine

Big microwave machineSample port

Fungal Pretreatment

Process:

Various fungal strains e.g. Ceriporiopsis subvermispora

Selective lignin degrading fungi

Incubation 7-8 weeks

Fungal treated wood in poly-begs

A B

C D

Catalytic System

A: ControlB: Catalyst onlyC: Peroxide onlyD: Catalyst + Peroxide

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0 Conblockund

Conblockdeg

Conbagdeg

Block10unde

Block10deg

Bag10deg

Abs

orpt

ion

Wavenumber [cm-1]

Before Pretreatment After Pretreatment

Pulp

Samples

FTIR machine FTIR spectra

Advantages and Challenges to Use Biomass for Biofuels

Advantages:Significant Carbon Emission ReductionLow PollutionCheaper Fuel for ConsumersRegular Availability Energy SecurityDiversified SourcesFarmer Income IncreasesEmployment in Rural AreaFaster GDP growth

Challenges:

Increase Food Prices e.g. Cassava, Sugarcane and Corn

Focus only on few Biomass

No Systematic Approach

Solution to the problem… Biomass

Choose diversified sources e.g. Wood, Wastes

Crop Rotation

Educate the Farmers

Develop Technology to utilize various biomass

Solutions:

Wood

Solutions to the Challenges

Land Area:3,287,590 km2

Population: 1,103,600,000 (1.1 B)

Language: Hindi, English and 21 other official language

Religion: Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Sikhs andothers

INDIA (BHARAT)

Indus Valley Civilization

Indus valley civilization

One of the Oldest in World

The Indus Valley Civilization

REPUBLIC OF INDIA

Largest Democracy in the WorldProvince: 28Union Territories: 7Capital: New DelhiMajor Cities: Mumbai (Bombay), Calcutta

(Kolkata), Madras (Chennai) Literacy: 61%

National Emblem

Indian Parliament

Indian Parliament Building

Loksabha: 552 membersRajyasabha: 250 members

Animal: Tiger Bird: Peacock

Flower: Lotus Fruit: Mango

Tree: Banyan

Game: Hockey

National Symbols

Indian Currencies

Paper Note: Rupees

Coins:Paise

Most prominent personalityMahatma Gandhi

Father of the Nation

Well Known for…

Himalayan Chains Tajmahal, Agra

Rajasthan

Largest State: In terms of area of 342,239 km² (about the size of Germany)

Great Indian desert

Popular tourist destination AJMER

Aravalli MountainsThar Desert

Fascinating Scenes from Rajasthan

Indian Forts

Red Fort, New Delhi

Junagarh, Bikaner Tazia, Jaisalmer Gwalior

Agra Jaigarh, Jaipur

Captivating Scenes from India

Mumbai Night LifeGateway of India, Mumbai

Hawara Bridge, KolkataLotus Temple, Delhi

Captivating Scenes from India

Indian Beaches

Kerala

OrissaGoa

Geographical varieties:

Indian Food

Northern IndianEastern India Southern IndianWestern Indian North Eastern

Cuisine of India

Dances in India

Folk Dances in India

Indian Culture, Dresses and Fashion

Rangoli Women traditional dressWomen Jewelry

Women Saris

Rajasthan traditional dress

Indian Festivals

Deepawali

Holi

Rakshabandhan

ChandrashekharaVenkata Raman for

Physics, 1930 RAMAN" effect

RabindranathTagore

1913, for Literature

Har GobindKhorana for

Physiology or Medicine, 1968

Nobel Laureates from India

SubramanyanChandrasekhar

for Physics, 1983

Mother Teresa for Peace, 1979

Amartya Kumar Senfor Economics, 1998

Nobel Laureates from India

Rajendra Kumar Pachauri for peace on behalf of the IPCC,

along with co-recipient Al Gore 2007

Subhas ChandraBose

IndiraPriyadarshini

Gandhi

Famous Personalities from India

SrinivasaRamanujan

Mathematician

Acknowledgement

Professor Takashi Watanabe

Japan Society for the Promotion of the Science(JSPS)

Host Institute: Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH) Laboratory of Biomass Conversion

Thanks a lot !

Thanks a Lot for Your Kind Attention

This Biofuels Work Great !