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TRANSCRIPT
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Slide 1
Introduction to IEEE Std. 802.22-2011 and its Amendment PAR for P802.22b: Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Name Company Address Phone email
Apurva N. Mody
BAE Systems 130 D. W. HWY
Merrimack, NH
404-819-
0314
Zander
(Zhongding) Lei
Institute for Infocomm
Research (I2R)
1 Fusionopolis Way
#21-01 Connexis,
Singapore 138632
65-6408-
2436 [email protected]
Gwangzeen Ko ETRI Korea +82-42-860-
4862 [email protected]
Chang Woo Pyo NICT 3-4 Hikarion-Oka,
Yokosuka, Japan
+81-46-847-
5120 [email protected]
M. Azizur
Rahman NICT
3-4 Hikarion-Oka,
Yokosuka, Japan
Authors:
Notice: This document has been prepared to assist IEEE 802.22. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is
subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.
Release: The contributor grants a free, irrevocable license to the IEEE to incorporate material contained in this contribution, and any modifications thereof, in the creation of an IEEE Standards publication; to
copyright in the IEEE’s name any IEEE Standards publication even though it may include portions of this contribution; and at the IEEE’s sole discretion to permit others to reproduce in whole or in part the
resulting IEEE Standards publication. The contributor also acknowledges and accepts that this contribution may be made public by IEEE 802.11.
Patent Policy and Procedures: The contributor is familiar with the IEEE 802 Patent Policy and Procedures <http://standards.ieee.org/guides/bylaws/sb-bylaws.pdf>, including the statement "IEEE
standards may include the known use of patent(s), including patent applications, provided the IEEE receives assurance from the patent holder or applicant with respect to patents essential for compliance with both
mandatory and optional portions of the standard." Early disclosure to the Working Group of patent information that might be relevant to the standard is essential to reduce the possibility for delays in the
development process and increase the likelihood that the draft publication will be approved for publication. Please notify the Chair Apurva N. Mody <[email protected]> as early as possible, in written or
electronic form, if patented technology (or technology under patent application) might be incorporated into a draft standard being developed within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group. If you have questions,
contact the IEEE Patent Committee Administrator at <[email protected]>.
Abstract
This tutorial is to be presented during the IEEE 802 Plenary session in November 2011 in Atlanta.
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 2
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Problem: Digital Divide has Resulted in an Opportunity
• According to the recent TIME Magazine article (October 31st issue), 73% of
the world population (5.1 Billion people) does not have access to internet
• 49.5% of the people (3.465 Billion) in the world live in rural areas.
• It is expensive to lay fiber / cable in rural and remote areas with low population
density. Wireless is the only solution.
• Backhaul / backbone internet access for rural areas is very expensive (50% of the
cost)
• Traditional wireless carriers have focused on urban areas with high populations
density (faster Return on Investment) using licensed spectrum
• This has created a DIGITAL DIVIDE and an OPPORTUNITY
• Other Machine to Machine Applications will Drive Up the Volumes
Slide 3
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
b
Population density ( per km2)
Rela
tive
co
mp
lexit
y/c
ost (%
)
Su
bu
rban
Urb
an
Den
se
urb
an
Ru
ral
Sp
ars
ely
po
pu
late
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
www.crc.cawww.crc.ca
b
Population density (per km2)
Rela
tiv
e c
om
ple
xit
y &
co
st p
er s
ub
scri
ber (%
)
Su
bu
rban
Urb
an
Den
se
urb
an
Ru
ral
Sp
ars
ely
po
pu
late
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
www.crc.cawww.crc.cawww.crc.cawww.crc.ca
Optical fiber
Cable modem
ADSL
Satellite
0.4 M
0.8 M
1.2 M
1.6 M
2.0 M
0.0 M
Pop
ula
tion
per
den
sity
bin
(M
illi
on
)
2.4 M
Mobile broadband
Fixed broadband
at lower frequency
Satellite WRAN 100 W Base Station 4 W User terminal
ADSL, Cable, ISM and UNII Wireless and Optical Fiber
4 W Base Station
FCC Definition of „Rural‟ Courtesy: Gerald Chouinard: [email protected]
Rel
ati
ve
Co
mp
lex
ity
an
d C
ost
(%
) Relative Cost and Complexity of Various Technologies for Rural
and Regional Area Broadband Service
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
High Range and NLoS Operation are Necessary for
Broaband to Rural
• Range: VHF/ UHF Bands and
Television Whitespaces with
appropriate transmit / receive
power allowance are ideally
suited to deploy large Regional
Area Networks (RANs) due to
favorable propagation
characteristics.
• Deployment of Wireless Regional
Area Networks with greater range
allows more users per Base
Station, resulting in a viable
business model
4 Watts
Omni
5.8 GHz
2.4 GHz
900 MHz
VHF / UHF and TV
Whitespaces
Slide 5
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 6
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Television Whitespaces: A New Hope
Legend
Available TV channels
None
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 and +
Source: Gerald Chouinard, CRC and Industry Canada Southern Ontario Canada
More Channels
Available in Rural
Areas
Urban Areas
• TV Channels in VHF / UHF bands have highly favorable propagation characteristics
• Analog TV will be transitioned world-wide to Digital TV which is more spectrum efficient.
• Excess spectrum is called the digital dividend and it can be used to provide broadband access
while ensuring that no interference is caused to primary users.
• In some administrations like the United States, opportunistic license-exempt usage of the
spectrum used by the incumbents is allowed on a non-interfering basis using cognitive radio
techniques.
TV Channel Availability for Broadband
Slide 7
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
What can Television Whitespaces do?
• Television Whitespaces (TVWS) will allow broadband wireless access to regional,
rural and remote areas under Line of Sight (LoS) and Non Line of Sight (NLoS)
conditions.
• Other Applications:
• Triple play for broadcasters (e. g. video, voice and data),
• Smart grid
• Cheap backhaul using multi-profile RAN stations
• Off-loading cellular telephony traffic to un-licensed spectrum,
• Distance learning, civic communications, regional area public safety and
homeland security, emergency broadband services,
• Monitoring rain forests, monitoring livestock, border protection,
• Broadband service to multiple dwelling unit (MDU), multi tenant unit (MTU),
small office home office (SoHo), campuses, etc.
Wireless Regional Area Networks such as IEEE 802.22 systems using TV
Whitespaces can connect rural areas in emerging markets.
Slide 8
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Kinsley, Kansas,
USA
TV Channel
Availability
Courtesy: Spectrum
Bridge:
http://spectrumbridge.co
m/whitespaces.aspx
Rural Town,
Moderate
Density
Plenty of TV channels
are available in rural
areas for broadband
deployment
Slide 9
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Manhattan, New
York TV
Channel
Availability
Courtesy: Spectrum
Bridge:
http://spectrumbridge.co
m/whitespaces.aspx
Urban City
with very high
population
density
Large cities such as Manhattan are not the potential
target markets for IEEE 802.22 technology. Hardly
any TV channels are available in these dense urban
markets and there are plenty of other options for
broadband such as cable and fiber.
Slide 10
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 11
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
802.22
WRAN
Courtesy, Paul Nikolich,
Chair, IEEE 802
IEEE Standards Association Hierarchy
802.15
WPAN
802.11
WLAN
Slide 12
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
IEEE 802.22 WG on Wireless Regional Area Networks
IEEE 802.22 Standard –
Wireless Regional Area
Networks: Cognitive Radio
based Access in TVWS:
Published in July 2011
802.22.1 – Std
for Enhanced
Interference
Protection in
TVWS:
Published in
Nov. 2010
802.22.2 – Std for
Recommended
Practice for
Deployment of
802.22 Systems:
Expected
completion - Dec
2012
802.22a –
Enhanced
Management
Information Base
and Management
Plane Procedures:
Expected
Completion - Dec.
2013
www.ieee802.org/22
802.22b -
Enhancements
for Broadband
Services and
Monitoring
Applications
Slide 13
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
802.22 Unique Proposition
First IEEE Standard for operation in Television Whitespaces
First IEEE Standard that is specifically designed for rural and regional area broadband access aimed at removing the digital divide
First IEEE Standard that has all the Cognitive Radio features
Recipient of the IEEE SA Emerging Technology of the Year Award
Slide 14
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 15
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011 Slide 16
Abstract
TV Channel Characteristics
IEEE 802.22 PHY Features
Conclusions
Contributor
Slide 16
Name Company Address Phone Email
Zander (Zhongding) Lei
Institute for
Infocomm
Research (I2R)
1 Fusionopolis Way
#21-01 Connexis,
Singapore 138632
65-6408-2436
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011 Slide 17
TV Channels Multipath Channel Characteristics
Frequency selective with large excessive delay
Excessive delay (measurements in US, Germany, France*)
Longest delay: >60 μsec
85% test location with delay spread ~35 μsec
Low frequency (54~862 MHz)
Long range (up to 100 km)
Slow fading
Small Doppler spread
(up to a few Hz)
* WRAN Channel
Modeling, IEEE802.22-
05/0055r7, Aug 05
Profile C
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Excess delay (usec)
Re
lati
ve
att
en
ua
tio
n (
dB
)
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011 Slide 18
PHY Features
• Worldwide Operation (6, 7, and 8 MHz Bandwidths supported)
• Simple and Light Specs
• Robust OFDMA and High throughput
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding
• Preamble, Pilot Pattern and Channelization
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011 Slide 19
Worldwide Operation
• Support worldwide TV channels (6, 7, or 8 MHz) in the VHF/UHF broadcast bands from 54 MHz to 862 MHz
• Same frame/symbol structure, preamble/pilot pattern, FFT size, number of data/pilot subcarriers, modulation and coding, interleaving etc.
• Sampling frequency, carrier spacing, symbol duration, signal bandwidth, and data rates are scaled by channel bandwidth
• TDD
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011 Slide 20
Simple and Light Specs
• Single PHY mode: OFDMA
• Single FFT mode: 2048
• Single antenna spec
• Heavy multiple antennas specs (MIMO or beamforming) are not supported due to physical sizes of antenna structures at lower frequencies
• Linear burst allocation
• DS: little time diversity gain could be achieved across symbols due to channel changes slowly
• US: allocated across symbols to minimize the number of subchannels used by a CPE, hence reducing (EIRP) to mitigate potential interference to incumbent systems
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011 Slide 21
Robust OFDMA Design with High Throughput
• Robust OFDMA Design
• Longer symbol time
• 1/Δf ~ 300 μsec*; CPmax ~ 75 μsec
• WiMAX: CP ~ 11.2 μsec
• Slow fading
• Δf ~3.3 kHz (Robustness to ICI better than WiMax in 3.5 GHz)
• WiMAX: Δf ~11 kHz (Overkill in VHF/UHF band)
• High throughput
• Peak data rate per channel: 22.69 Mb/s (rate 5/6, 64-QAM)
• WiMAX: 15.84 Mb/s (rate 5/6, 64-QAM)
* US 6 MHz TV channel
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011 Slide 22
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
• 4 CP factors: 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32
• 3 modulations (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) with 4 coding rates (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6)
• Mandatory CC + optional turbo (CTC or SBTC) and LDPC codes
• Turbo-block bit interleaver and subcarrier interleaver
• Maximize the distance between adjacent samples to achieve better frequency diversity
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011 Slide 23
Preamble, Pilot Pattern and Channelization
• 3 types preambles
• Superframe
• Frame
• CBP
• Tile pilot pattern
• For each symbol, every 7 useful subcarriers has a pilot
• For each subcarrier, every 7 symbols has a pilot
• Robust channel estimation combining 7 OFDMA symbols.
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011 Slide 24
Conclusions - PHY
• IEEE 802.22 standard is optimized for VHF/UHF TV channels to provide broadband services with up to 100km coverage
• Simple and light specs
• Robust to large delay spread
• Robust to Doppler spread
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 25
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Abstract
This contribution summarizes the MAC and Cognitive
Capability (CC) features in the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard.
Contributors
Slide 26
Name Company Address Phone email
Gwang-Zeen Ko ETRI Korea +82-42-860-4862 [email protected]
Byung Jang Jeong ETRI Korea +82-42-860-6765 [email protected]
Sung-Hyun Hwang ETRI Korea +82-42-860-1133 [email protected]
Jung-Sun Um ETRI Korea +82-42-860-4844 [email protected]
Antony Franklin ETRI Korea +82-42-860-0752 [email protected]
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Contents
802.22 MAC Features
Introduction
Super-frame/Frame Structure
CBP summary and Coexistence schemes
Dynamic QP Scheduling
Self-Coexistence Schemes
Cognitive Capabilities in 802.22
Spectrum Manager
Channel Classification
Spectrum Sensing
Geo-location
DB Access
Slide 27
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
MAC Introduction (1)
• Some aspects of IEEE 802.22-2011 MAC have been inspired from the IEEE 802.16 MAC standard
• Combination of polling, contention and unsolicited bandwidth grants mechanisms
• Support of Unicast/Multicast/Broadcast for both management and data
• Connection-oriented MAC – Connection identifier (CID) is a key component
• IEEE 802.22-2011 CID can be constructed from Station ID (SID) and Flow Identifier (FID) [1]. This new CID definition can reduce overhead and storage requirements [2].
– Defines a mapping between peer processes
– Defines a service flow (QoS provisioning)
Slide 28
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
MAC Introduction (2)
• However, major enhancements have been made
– Support of Cognitive functionality
• Dynamic and adaptive scheduling of quiet periods
• Various incumbent user detection and notification methods
– Coexistence with both incumbents and other 802.22 systems (self-coexistence)
• Measurements (incumbents and 802.22 operation)
• Spectrum management (time, frequency and power)
• The Coexistence Beacon Protocol (CBP)
• The Incumbent Detection Recovery Protocol (IDRP)
• Wireless microphone beacon mechanism (IEEE 802.22.1)
– Self-coexistence mechanisms
• Spectrum Etiquette
• On-demand Frame Contention
Slide 29
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Summary of Cognitive Capabilities
Spectrum Manager
Policies
Incumbent Database
Service
Incumbent Database
Spectrum Sensing
RF sensing performance
0.1%
1.0%
10.0%
100.0%
-26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2
SNR (dB)
Pro
bab
ilit
y o
f m
isd
ete
cti
on
(P
md
)
Energy - 1dB Pfa=10% 5 ms
Energy - 0.5dB Pfa=10% 5 ms
Energy - 0dB Pfa=10% 5ms
Thomson-Segment Pfa=10% 4 ms
I2R Pfa=0.1% 4ms
I2R Pfa= 1% 4ms
I2R Pfa=10% 4 ms
Qualcomm Field Pfa=10% 24 ms
Qualcom Field Pfa=1% 24 ms
Thomson Field Pfa=10% 24 ms
Thomson Field Pfa=1% 24ms
Channel Set Management Subscriber Station
Registration and Tracking
Self Co-existence
time
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 3 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Super-frame N (16 Frames) Super-frame N+1 (16 Frames)
… … …
Coexistence Beacon WindowsData Frames
TV Channel
X
Geo-location
Slide 30
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Superframe n-1 Superframe n Superframe n+1 ......
frame 0
Superframe
PreambleSCH
frame
Preamble
frame 1
Superframe
PreambleSCH
frame
Preamble
frame 15
frame
Preamble
WRAN 0
WRAN 1
......
......
160 ms
10 ms
Time
frame n-1 frame n frame n+1 ...Time
...
Frame
PreambleFCH DS burst 1 DS burst 2 DS burst x...
UDCOptional
Broadcast
MAC PDU
MAC PDU 1 ... MAC PDU y Pad
MAC
HeaderMAC Payload CRC
Ranging
slots
BW request
slots
US Burst
(CPE m)
US PHY PDU
(CPE p)...
MAC PDU 1 ... MAC PDU k Pad
MAC
HeaderMAC Payload CRC
UCS
Notification
Slots
DS subframe
US-MAPDS-MAP DCD
US subframe
TTGSelf Coexistence
WindowRTG
Nov. 2011
IEEE 802.22 Frame Structure (Logical View)
Super frame Structure
Frame Structure
Slide 31
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
IEEE 802.22 Frame Structure (Physical View)
DS sub-frame
TTG
RTG
US sub-frame(smallest US burst portion on a given subchannel= 7 symbols)
26 to 42 symbols corresponding to bandwidths from 6 MHz to 8 MHz and cyclic prefixes from 1/4 to 1/32
Fram
e Pr
eam
ble
FCH
DS-M
AP
Burs
t 1DC
D
Burs
t 2 ti
me
buff
er
tim
e bu
ffer
Self
-coe
xist
ence
win
dow
(4 o
r 5
sym
bols
whe
n sc
hedu
led)
Burst 1
60 s
ubch
anne
ls
Burst 2
Burst 3
more than 7 OFDMA symbols
Burst
Burst n
Burst
Burs
t m
Ranging/BW request/UCS notification
Burst
Burst
Bursts
Burs
ts
frame n-1 frame n frame n+1... Time...
10 ms
US-
MAP
US-
MAP
UCD
Slide 32
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Concept of 802.22 Frame Operation
Slide 33
The propagation time for
CPEs beyond 30km will
be accommodated by
scheduling of late
upstream bursts
BS
CPE
T=0
T=10ms
Neighbor
Cell CPE
Neighbor BS
Down Stream BurstsUp Stream Bursts
SCW
Home Cell Coverage
Neighbor Cell Coverage
Long distance From BS
Short distance From BS
Frame N
CPE
The allocation of burst
could be based on
distance of CPE from BS
in order to compensate
the propagation delay
under overlapping cells
Contention
for all CBP
transmitters
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
SCH and CBP Features
• The Super-frame Control Header (SCH) – Provides the control information for a WRAN cell
– Support the intra-frame and inter-frame quiet periods management mechanisms for sensing
– Support coexistence with incumbents and other WRAN cells (self coexistence)
• An SCH can include various CBP (Coexistence Beacon Protocol) IEs
– Backup channel information IE
– Frame Contention information IE
– Terrestrial Geo-location information IE
– Signature IE, Certificate IEs (CBP frame security)
• Using SCH, WRAN BS can intelligently manage the operation of its associated CPEs
• Also, using CBP (Extended version of SCH), WRAN BS can intelligently manage the operation of neighboring WRAN cell under co-existence situation
Slide 34
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Dynamic Quiet Period Scheduling
Superframe n-1 Superframe n Superframe n+1 ......
SCH frame 0 ...
160 ms
Time
frame 2 ...
10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms
Quiet Period Quiet Period
Superframe n-1 Superframe n Superframe n+1 ......
SCH
160 ms
Time
10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms
Quiet Period
S
C
H
...
Superframe n-1 Superframe n Superframe n+1 ......
SCH frame 0 frame 15...
160 ms
Time
frame 1 frame 2 ...
10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms
Quiet Period Quiet Period
FCH
Intra-Frame QP scheduling
(Some part of super-frame)
QP < 1Frame
Intra-Frame QP scheduling
(Some part of super-frames)
QP = 1 Frame
Inter-Frame QP scheduling
(whole super-frame except SCH)
Slide 36
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Self-Coexistence Mechanism (1)
• Self-Coexistence: Co-existence among WRAN Systems [4]
(Exchange of information between BSs through CPEs using the self-coexistence window)
Coexistence beacon protocol
On
-de
ma
nd
fra
me
co
nte
nti
on
Sp
ec
tru
m
eti
qu
ett
e
Orthogonal channel selection
for operating channel and first
backup channel
Frame allocation signalled
by the super-frame control
header (SCH)
MAC self-coexistence schemes PHY coexistence mechanisms
Spectrum Etiquette
Frame contention
Spectrum Etiquette
Frame-based On-demand
Spectrum contention
Enough channels
available
Two or more cells
need to coexist on
the same channel
Slide 37
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Self-Coexistence Mechanism (2)
• Spectrum Etiquette • Orthogonal channel assignment scheme between adjacent cells
– different operating channel for overlapping or adjacent cells
– different first backup channel
1, 2, 73, 4, 2, 6, 7
5, 6, 2, 7, 84, 8, 2, 6, 7
3, 7, 2, 5, 8
6, 4, 2, 5, 7 8, 5, 2, 4, 7
( a) ( b)
7, 53, 4, 6
5, 6, 2, 84, 8, 2, 6
3, 2, 5, 8
6, 4, 2, 5 8, 5, 2, 4
1 2
Operating Channel Number
Backup Channel Number
Candidate Channel number
Candidate Channel number
Incumbents are arrived
at CH # 1 and 2
New Operating Channel Number
New Backup Channel Number
Requires that information on operating, backup and candidate channels
of each cell is shared amongst WRAN cells: exchanged by CBP packets [5]
Slide 38
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Self-Coexistence Mechanism (3)
• On-demand Frame Contention • Two or more cells need to co-exist on the same channel
Superframe n-1 Superframe n Superframe n+1 ......
SCH frame 0 frame N...
160 ms
Time
...
10 ms
FCH
10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms10 ms
SCH ......
SCH ......
No Tx
SCW
frame 1
No Tx No Tx No Tx
frame 1
frame 0
No Tx No Tx
No Tx No Tx
frame 0
No Tx
No Tx No Tx
No Tx
No Tx
WRAN Cell 1
WRAN Cell 2
WRAN Cell 3
Using SCW, BS exchange CBPs and
decides next frame owner using contention
frame 2
No Tx
SCW does not have to be allocated at each frame
time
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 3 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Super-frame N (16 Frames) Super-frame N+1 (16 Frames)
… … …TV Channel
X
Slide 39
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Cognitive Capability
Higher layer
MAC
PHY
MLME
PLME
Spectrum Manager(SM)
Geo-
location
SAP SAP
SAP
SAP
SAP
SAP
SA
PS
AP
Station Management
entity
(SME)
Management PlaneData/Control Plane
Cognitive Plane
Spectrum
Sensing
Function
(SSF)
From Sensing
Antenna
Location Information
from Satellites
From CPEs
From Database
A
B
D
C
MAC : Medium Access Control
PHY: PHYsical Layer
MLME: MAC Layer Management Entity
PLME: PHY Layer Management Entity
SAP: Service Access Point
• Collection of Spectrum Information
– Geo-location information (A)
– TVWS Database (B)
– CPE Spectrum Sensor (C)
– BS Spectrum Sensor (D)
• Cognitive Engine (Decision Maker)
– Spectrum Manager (BS)
– Spectrum Automation (CPE)
• Configurable Communication System
– 802.22 PHY
– 802.22 MAC
Slide 40
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
SM Channel Classification [5]
Two step channel decision
External to IEEE 802.22 System
Internal to IEEE 802.22 System
Incumbent
DB exist?
Incumbent Data Base
Channel
Availability?Yes No
Incumbent Protection
Requirements
(i.e., FCC Rules in US)
Yes
Available
ChannelsUnavailable
Channels
No
Is the channel
Sensed?
S
M
Decision Considerations
- Empty or not
- Own WRAN cell used
- WMP used
- TV used
- Other WRAN cells used
- Cumulated Empty time
- History
- local regulatory
- etc.
CandidateBackupOperating ProtectedDisallowed Unclassified
Yes
No
Channel
Classification
Start
end
Slide 41
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Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Spectrum Sensing
• IEEE 802.22 supports spectrum sensing capability by using SSA and SSF
• Spectrum Sensing Automation (SSA, sensing manager)
– All the IEEE 802.22 devices (BS and CPEs) shall also have an entity called the Spectrum Sensing Automaton (SSA). The SSA interfaces to the Spectrum Sensing Function (SSF) and executes the commands from the SM to enable spectrum sensing
• Spectrum Sensing Function (SSF, sensor)
– Spectrum sensing is the process of observing the RF spectrum of a television channel to determine its occupancy (by either incumbents or other WRANs).
– The base station and all CPEs shall implement the Spectrum Sensing Function (SSF)
– The SSF shall be driven by the SSA. The SSF shall observe the RF spectrum of a television channel and shall report the results of that observation to the SM (at the BS) via its associated SSA
Slide 42
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
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November 2011
Nov. 2011
Spectrum Sensing
Spectrum Sensing Automation state machine Input/Output of the Spectrum Sensing Function
Slide 43
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Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
Geo-Location • Satellite based geo-location
– Requires GPS antenna at each device
– NMEA 0183 data string used to represent geo-location
– Poor accuracy in Northern hemispheres
• Terrestrial based geo-location
– Besides satellite-based geo-location, the 802.22 standard includes terrestrial geo-location using inherent capabilities of the OFDM based modulation and the coexistence beacon protocol bursts transmitted and received among CPEs
– Propagation time measured between BS and its CPEs and among CPEs of the same cell using Fine Time Difference of Arrival: TDOA
BS
Vernier-1
Vernier-2
CPE 1
Downstream
Upstream
Vernier-3 CPE 2
CBP
burst
Vernier-1
Slide 44
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011
DB Access
• WRAN DB access
– 802.22 WG defined DB access structure
– Interfaces are defined between DB and BS
• Defined number of primitives for DB access
– M-DB-AVAILABLE-REQUEST
– M-DEVICE-ENLISTMENT-REQUEST
– M-DB-AVAILABLE-CHANNEL-REQUEST
– M-DB-AVAILABLE-CHANNEL-INDICATION
– M-DB-DELIST-REQUEST
– Etc.
Structure of the IEEE 802.22 WRAN
access to the database service
Slide 45
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 46
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Abstract
This document introduces ten (10) usage cases for the 802.22 New SG “regional area smart grid and critical infrastructure monitoring study group”
These usage cases are grouped by three (3) categories
Contributors Name Company Address Phone email
Chang-Woo Pyo NICT 3-4 Hikarion-Oka,
Yokosuka, Japan
+81-46-847-
5120
Zhang Xin NICT 20 Science Park Road, #01-
09A/10 TeleTech Park,
Singapore
rg
Chunyi Song NICT 3-4 Hikarion-Oka,
Yokosuka, Japan
M. Azizur Rahman NICT 3-4 Hikarion-Oka,
Yokosuka, Japan
Hiroshi Harada NICT 3-4 Hikarion-Oka,
Yokosuka, Japan
Apurva N. Mody BAE Systems 130 Daniel Webster
Highway, Mail Stop 2350
Merrimack, NH 03054
apurva.mody@baesyst
ems.com
Nancy Bravin Bravin
Consulting
Bakersfield CA bravinconsulting@iee
e.org
Slide 47
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
802 Standard Activities for Smart Grid and Critical Infrastructure Monitoring
Slide 48
P802.15.4m
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Enhanced Broadband and Monitoring Use Cases for Proposed P802.22b Project
Category Usage Cases Properties
A) Smart Grid &
Monitoring
A1) Regional Area Smart Grid/Metering • Low capacity/complexity CPEs
• Very large number of monitoring CPEs
• Fixed and Potable CPEs
• Real time monitoring
• Low duty cycle
• High reliability and security
• Large coverage area
• Infrastructure connection
A2) Agriculture/Farm House Monitoring
A3) Critical Infrastructure/Hazard Monitoring
A4) Environment Monitoring
A5) Homeland Security/Monitoring
A6) Smart Traffic Management and
Communication
B) Broadband
Service
Extension
B1) Temporary Broadband Infrastructure
(e.g., emergency broadband infrastructure)
• Fixed and Portable CPEs
• Higher capacity CPEs than Category A)
• High QoS, reliability and security
• Higher data rate than Category A)
• Easy network setup
• Infrastructure and Ad hoc connection
B2) Remote Medical Service
B3) Archipelago/Marine Broadband Service
C) Combined
Service
C1) Combined Smart Grid, Monitoring and
Broadband Service • Category A) and B)
Slide 49
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November 2011
A1) Regional Area Smart Grid/Metering
Usage
Regional Area Smart Grid/Metering
by Low Capacity/Complexity CPEs
(LC-CPEs) such as smart meters
Properties
1) Low capability/ complexity CPE
(LC-CPE)
2) Large number of fixed LC-CPEs
3) Low duty cycle, high reliability
and security
4) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-
CPEs as well as perform
monitoring
Topology
Fixed Infrastructure mode Fixed Point-to-Multipoints
Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 50
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
A2) Agriculture / Farm Monitoring
Usage
Agriculture/Farm house Monitoring
by LC-CPEs, which may be attached
in portable objects or fixed stations
Properties
1) Low capability/complexity CPE
(LC-CPE)
2) Large number of fixed /portable
LC-CPEs
3) Real-time monitoring
4) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-
CPEs as well as perform
monitoring
Topology
Infrastructure mode Point-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints
Communications
CPE
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 51
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
A3) Critical Infrastructure/Hazard Monitoring
Usage
Critical Infrastructure/Hazard
Monitoring by infrastructure
monitoring CPEs, which may be
attached in the portable stations
Properties
1) Low capability/ complexity CPE
(LC-CPE)
2) Large number of fixed /portable
LC-CPEs
3) Real-time monitoring
4) Low latency communication
5) High reliability and security
6) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-
CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure mode Point-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints
Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 52
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
A4) Environment Monitoring
Usage
Environment monitoring by monitoring
CPEs, which will detect the change of
temperature, climate, or unintended
events in a very wide area
Properties
1) Low capability/ complexity CPE
(LC-CPE)
2) Very large number of
fixed/portable LC-CPEs
3) Real-time monitoring
4) Low duty cycle, low latency
communication
5) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-
CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure mode Point-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints
Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 53
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
A5) Homeland Security/Monitoring
Usage
Homeland security or monitoring by
security CPEs, which may be attached
in the barrier of land, coast or airport
to detect illegality or contaminants
Properties
1) Low capability/ complexity CPE
(LC-CPE)
2) Fixed/Portable LC-CPEs
3) Real-time monitoring
4) Very low latency communication
5) High reliability and security
6) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-
CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure mode Point-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints
Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 54
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
A6) Smart Traffic Management and Communication
Usage
Smart Traffic Management and
Communication by traffic CPEs,
which may be attached in the traffic
sign poles or cars
Properties
1) Low capability/ complexity CPE
(LC-CPE)
2) Fixed/Portable LC-CPEs
3) Real-time monitoring
4) Very low latency communication
5) CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul for LC-
CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure mode Point-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints
Communications TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 55
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
B1) Temporary Broadband Infrastructure
Usage
Temporary Broadband Infrastructure
by portable HC-CPEs, which may be
attached in the infrastructure vehicles
on emergency
Properties
1) Higher capacity CPEs (HC-
CPEs) rather than monitoring
CPEs of A1~A6
2) Large number of portable CPEs
3) Easy network setup
4) High reliability of connections
Topology
Ad hoc connection Peer to Peer Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 56
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
B2) Remote Medical Service
Usage
Remote Medical Service by medical
service HC-CPEs, which may be
applied in home media products
Properties
1) Higher capacity CPEs (HC-
CPEs) rather than monitoring
CPEs of A1~A6
2) Higher QoS and reliability
3) Real-time and low latency
communication
4) HC-CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul to other
HC-CPEs or LC-CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure mode Fixed Point-to-Multipoints
Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 57
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
B3) Archipelago/Marine Broadband Service
Usage
Archipelago/ marine broadband
service by broadband HC-CPEs,
which may be located in islands or be
applied in ships.
Properties
1) Higher capacity CPEs (HC-
CPEs) rather than monitoring
CPEs of A1~A6
2) Fixed/Portable CPEs
3) Higher QoS and reliability of
connections
4) HC-CPEs may provide an
infrastructure backhaul to other
HC-CPEs or LC-CPEs
Topology
Infrastructure mode Point-to-Fixed/Portable Multipoints
Communications
TVDB (TV Database)
Slide 58
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
C1) Combined Smart Grid, Monitoring and Broadband Services
Usage
Combined Smart Grid, Monitoring and
Broadband Services by different types
of CPEs
Properties
1) 802.22 RA smart grid and critical
infrastructure monitoring
application will be complimentary
to other short range applications at
the users’ end
2) We may have different types of
CPEs in 802.22 new SG
3) Currently CPEs can not
communicate to each other. We
need this capability
4) Improved broadband service by
using wider bandwidth through
channel aggregation
Topology
Infrastructure mode & Ad mode
Slide 59
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Conclusion
Categories Usage Case End Device
Capability
Num of
Devices Communication Mobility Topology
A) Smart Grid
& Monitoring
A1) Regional Area Smart
Grid/Metering
Low Very
large
Low duty cycle Fixed Infrastructure
(Fixed point-to-multipoints)
A2) Agriculture/Farm House
Monitoring
High-reliability,
Real-time,
Low latency
Fixed/
Portable
Infrastructure
(Point-to-fixed/portable
multipoints)
A3) Critical
Infrastructure/Hazard
Monitoring
A4) Environment Monitoring
A5) Homeland
Security/Monitoring
A6) Smart Traffic Management
and Communication
B) Broadband
Service
Extension
B1) Emergency Temporary
Broadband
Infrastructure
High Large
High reliability,
Easy connection Portable
Ad hoc
(Portable-to-Portable)
B2) Remote Medical Service Real-time,
Low latency Fixed
Infrastructure
(Fixed point-to-multipoints)
B3) Archipelago/Marine
Broadband Service
High QoS and
reliability
Fixed/
Portable
Infrastructure
(Point-to-fixed/portable
multipoints)
C) Combined
Service
C1) Combined Smart Grid,
Monitoring and Broadband
Service
High and
Low
Very
Large Category A) and B)
Fixed/
Portable Infrastructure and Ad-hoc
Slide 60
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Outline
• Digital divide: Today’ s problem and its solution
• Television Whitespace (TVWS): A New Hope
• Overview of the IEEE 802.22-2011 Standard
• PHY Characteristics
• MAC Characteristics and Cognitive Radio Characteristics
• Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use-cases
• P802.22b PAR – Broadband Extension and Monitoring
Slide 61
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November 2011
November 2011 Slide 62
P802.22b PAR Approved by IEEE SA NESCOM
• The P802.22b PAR Amendment for Broadband Enhancements and Monitoring Applications was approved by the IEEE SA NESCOM.
• The press release can be found at the following URL:
• Click: IEEE 802.22b Press Release
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
November 2011 Slide 63
Conclusions
• IEEE 802.22 standard is optimized for VHF/UHF TV channels to provide broadband services
• First IEEE Standard for operation in Television Whitespaces
• First IEEE Standard that is specifically designed for rural and regional area broadband access aimed at removing the digital divide
• First IEEE Standard that has all the Cognitive Radio features
• Recipient of the IEEE SA Emerging Technology of the Year Award
• The IEEE P802.22b Project will provide combined broadband services and monitoring applications aimed at a wide variety of applications such as smart grid, critical infrastructure monitoring, environment monitoring, emergency broadband etc.
• We look forward to your continued support and participation in the IEEE 802.22 Standards Development Process.
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
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November 2011
Slide 64
References • IEEE 802.22 Working Group Website – www.ieee802.org/22
• IEEE 802.22-2011TM Standard
• Apurva Mody, Gerald Chouinard, “Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Standard on
Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) and Core Technologies”
http://www.ieee802.org/22/Technology/22-10-0073-03-0000-802-22-overview-
and-core-technologies.pdf
• 22-10-0054-02-0000_OFDM-based Terrestrial Geolocation.ppt
• IEEE 802.22 PHY Overview https://mentor.ieee.org/802.22/dcn/10/22-10-0106-
00-0000-ieee-802-22-phy-overview.pdf
• IEEE 802.22 MAC Overview - https://mentor.ieee.org/802.22/dcn/11/22-11-
0130-02-0000-ieee-802-22-mac-cc-overview.pdf
• IEEE 802.22 Broadband Extension and Monitoring Use Cases -
https://mentor.ieee.org/802.22/dcn/11/22-11-0073-02-0000-usage-cases-in-802-
22-smart-grid-and-critical-infrastructure-monitoring.ppt
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Nov. 2011 Gwangzeen Ko, ETRI
References
[1] “Additional text to implement new connection identifier management approach”, 22-10-0137-02-0000, Aug. 2010.
[2] “New connection identifier approach”, 22-09-0112-05-0000, Jul. 2010.
[3] “Overview of CBP”, 22-07-0136-00-0000, Apr. 2007.
[4] “802.22 Coexistence Aspects ”, 22-10-0121-02-0000, Sep. 2010.
[5] “Channel Management in IEEE 802.22 WRAN Systems”, IEEE Communication Magazine, vol.48, No.9, Sep. 2010.
[6] “IEEE P802.22-2011: Standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks Part 22: Cognitive Wireless RAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Policies and procedures for operation in the TV Bands”, Jul. 2011.
[7] “IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks”, 22-10-0073-03-0000, Jun. 2010.
doc.: IEEE 802.22-11/0132r03
Submission
November 2011
Reference
• PAR for Enhanced Broadband and Monitoring - https://mentor.ieee.org/802.22/dcn/11/22-11-0118-01-rasg-par-for-enhanced-broadband-and-monitoring-amendment.pdf
66