name date class properties of matter 2 · pdf filechapter 2 matter and change 31 section...

Chapter 2 Matter and Change 31

Section Review

Objectives• Identify physical properties and physical changes

• Distinguish intensive properties from extensive properties

• Differentiate among three states of matter

Vocabulary

Part A CompletionUse this completion exercise to check your understanding of the concepts and termsthat are introduced in this section. Each blank can be completed with a term, shortphrase, or number.

Properties used to describe matter can be classified as 1.

or . The of an object is a measure of the amount of 2.

matter the object contains. The of an object is a measure of 3.

the space occupied by the object. An extensive property is one that 4.

depends on the of matter. An intensive property is one that 5.

depends on the of matter. 6.

A is matter that has uniform and definite composition. 7.

A solid has a definite and . A liquid has a definite 8.

volume, but takes the of its container. A takes 9.

both the shape and volume of its container. 10.

11.

Part B True-FalseClassify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT.

________ 11. Matter has mass and occupies space.

________ 12. A liquid has a definite shape.

________ 13. Heating a solid to 200!C will cause it to change to a liquid.

________ 14. Gases are easier to compress than liquids.

1110

98

7

6

5

4

32

1

• mass

• volume

• extensive property

• intensive property

• substance

• physical property

• solid

• liquid

• gas

• vapor

• physical change

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

PROPERTIES OF MATTER2.1

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32 Core Teaching Resources

Part C MatchingMatch each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A.

Part D Questions and ProblemsAnswer the following questions in the space provided.

26. Classify each of the following as a solid, liquid, gas, or vapor.

a. steam a.

b. apple juice b.

c. gasoline c.

d. hockey puck d.

e. air e.

27. State whether the following changes are physical changes.

a. melting butter a.

b. breaking a window b.

c. burning gasoline c.

d. boiling water d.

Column B

a. a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed ormeasured without changing the substance’s composition

b. matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container

c. matter that has a uniform and definite composition

d. measure of the space occupied by an object

e. matter that has a definite volume and takes the shape of itscontainer

f. a change to a material that does not change its composition

g. gaseous state of a substance that generally exists as a liquidor solid at room temperature

h. matter that has a definite shape and volume

i. the amount of matter that an object contains

j. depends on the type of matter in a sample

k. depends on the amount of matter in a sample

Column A

volume

mass

substance

physical property

solid

liquid

gas

vapor

physical change

extensive property

intensive property

________ 15.

________ 16.

________ 17.

________ 18.

________ 19.

________ 20.

________ 21.

________ 22.

________ 23.

________ 24.

________ 25.

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©

Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

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Section Review

Objectives• Classify a sample of matter as a substance or a mixture

• Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous samples of matter

• Describe two ways that components of mixtures can be separated

Vocabulary


A physical blend of two or more substances is a . 1.

A mixture has a composition that varies. Mixtures may be identified 2.

as or . Homogeneous mixtures are also known 3.

as and have uniform properties. Any part of a sample 4.

with uniform composition and properties is called a . 5.

Many mixtures can be separated into their components by 6.

methods. is a method of separation that involves 7.

boiling a liquid, which is then condensed.


________ 8. Homogeneous mixtures can be separated by distillation.

________ 9. A solution has a uniform composition.

________ 10. A heterogeneous mixture contains two or more phases.

________ 11. Solutions are liquids.

76

5

4

32

1

• mixture

• heterogeneous mixture

• homogeneous mixture

• solution

• phase

• filtration

• distillation

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

MIXTURES2.2

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Part D Questions and ProblemsAnswer each of the following questions in the space provided.

19. State whether each of the following is a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture.

a. table salt dissolved in water a.

b. carbon mixed with sand b.

c. filtered apple juice c.

d. vegetable soup d.

e. fresh squeezed lemonade e.

20. Classify each of the following as a substance or a mixture.

a. table sugar (sucrose) a.

b. hot tea b.

c. table salt (sodium chloride) c.

d. vinegar d.

Column B

a. a mixture that has a uniform composition throughout

b. any part of a sample that has uniform composition andproperties

c. a mixture that is not uniform in composition

d. separation of a liquid by boiling followed bycondensation

e. another name for a homogeneous mixture

f. a physical blend of two or more components

g. a method for separating a solid from a liquid in aheterogeneous mixture

Column A

mixture

heterogeneous mixture

homogeneous mixture

solution

phase

distillation

filtration

________ 12.

________ 13.

________ 14.

________ 15.

________ 16.

________ 17.

________ 18.

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©


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Section Review

Objectives• Explain the difference between an element and a compound

• Distinguish between a substance and a mixture

• Identify the chemical symbols of elements, and name elements, given their symbols

Vocabulary• element • chemical change

• compound • chemical symbol


A substance is either a(n) or a(n) . 1.

Compounds are made up of , which are always present in 2.

the same in a given compound. Compounds can be 3.

broken down into simpler substances by means. 4.

If the composition of a material is fixed, it is a . 5.

If the composition of a material may vary, it is a . 6.

Each element is represented by a one- or two-letter . 7.

For example, carbon is represented by the symbol , while 8.

potassium is represented by the symbol . 9.

10.


________ 9. Heating a chemical compound produces elements.

________ 10. Compounds can be broken down into elements by physical means.

________ 11. An element is the simplest form of matter that has a unique set ofproperties.

________ 12. Compounds are represented by chemical formulas.

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

21

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS2.3

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18. Classify each substance as an element or a compound.

a. water a.

b. oxygen b.

c. table salt c.

d. sucrose d.

e. gold e.

19. Write the chemical symbols for each of the following elements.

a. potassium a.

b. lead b.

c. sodium c.

d. chlorine d.

e. sulfur e.

20. Name the chemical elements represented by the following symbols.

a. Cu a.

b. H b.

c. Ag c.

d. Fe d.

e. N e.

Column B

a. substance that can be separated into simplersubstances only by chemical means

b. a physical blend of two or more components

c. one or two letters that represent an element

d. simplest form of matter that has a unique set ofproperties

e. a change that produces matter with a differentcomposition than the original matter

Column A

element

compound

mixture

chemical symbol

chemical change

________ 13.

________ 14.

________ 15.

________ 16.

________ 17.

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©


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Section Review

Objectives• Describe what happens during a chemical change

• Identify four possible clues that a chemical change has taken place

• Apply the law of conservation of mass to chemical reactions

Vocabulary


Substances change into new substances during a(n) 1.

reaction. A change in which the properties of a substance change, 2.

but not its composition, is a change. If the composition 3.

changes, then a change has occurred. The only way to be 4.

sure a change has occurred is to test the 5.

composition of a sample before and after a change. The law of 6.

states that mass is conserved in any physical change 7.

or chemical reaction. In other words, is neither created

nor destroyed.


________ 9. A physical change is reversible.

________ 10. In a chemical reaction, reactants are changed into products.

________ 11. The amount of matter present appears to change during a chemical reaction.

7

6

54

3

2

1

• chemical property

• chemical reaction

• reactant

• product

• precipitate

• law of conservation of mass

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

CHEMICAL REACTIONS2.4

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________ 12. Matter can be created during a chemical reaction.

________ 13. The substances formed in a chemical reaction are called reactants.



19. When 400 grams of wood are burned, 30 grams of ash remain. What happenedto the missing 370 grams of matter?

20. Some car batteries give off a potentially explosive mixture of gases. What kind ofchange is taking place in the battery?

21. When 16 grams of methane gas combine with 64 grams of oxygen, 44 grams ofcarbon dioxide form, plus water. What mass of water is produced?

Column B

a. solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture

b. starting substances in a chemical reaction

c. ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemicalchange

d. substance formed in a chemical reaction

e. process in which one or more substances change intoone or more new substances

Column A

chemical reaction

reactants

product

chemical property

precipitate

________ 14.

________ 15.

________ 16.

________ 17.

________ 18.

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©


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Practice ProblemsIn your notebook, solve the following problems.

SECTION 2.1 PROPERTIES OF MATTER1. Which of the following is not a physical change?

a. dissolving sugar in water c. evaporating sea water to obtain salt

b. burning gasoline in an engine d. slicing a piece of bread

2. Which of the following is not a property of a gas?

a. has a definite shape c. assumes the shape of its container

b. has an indefinite volume d. is easily compressed

3. Which of the following is not a physical property of sucrose?

a. solid at room temperature c. dissolves in water

b. decomposes when heated d. tastes sweet

4. Which of the following is in a different physical state at room temperature thanthe other three?

a. salt b. sugar c. flour d. water

5. Complete the following table.

Use the Table 2.1 to answer the following questions.

6. Which substance is a colored gas?

7. Which liquids boil at a lower temperature than water?

8. Classify the following properties as extensive or intensive.

a. color b. volume c. mass d. boiling point

Physical state Definite Shape? Definite Volume? Easily Compressed?

gas

no no

yes

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

MATTER AND CHANGE2

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SECTION 2.2 MIXTURES1. How might you separate a mixture of water and salt?

2. What is a homogeneous mixture?

3. Which of the following mixtures are homogeneous? Which are heterogeneous?

a. gasoline b. chunky peanut butter c. oil and vinegar salad dressing

4. Which of the following are substances? Which are mixtures?

a. ethanol b. motor oil c. vinegar d. neon

SECTION 2.3 ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS1. What elements make up ammonia, chemical formula NH3?

2. Name the elements represented by the following chemical symbols.

a. Pb b. K c. Au d. Fe

3. Classify the following as elements, compounds, or mixtures.

a. table salt b. water c. iron d. stainless steel

4. Write the chemical symbol for each of the following elements.

a. tin b. sodium c. silver d. carbon

5. A liquid is allowed to evaporate and leaves no residue. Can you determinewhether it was an element, a compound, or a mixture?

6. Which of the following is not an element?

a. copper b. sulfur c. sucrose d. helium

SECTION 2.4 CHEMICAL REACTIONS1. Which one of the following is a chemical change?

a. Gasoline boils. c. Gasoline burns.

b. Oxygen is added to gasoline. d. Gasoline is poured into a tank.

2. Classify each of the following changes as physical or chemical.

a. A puddle is dried by the sun. c. Bread is toasted.

b. A dark cloth is faded by sunlight. d. Soap is mixed with water.

3. Carbon dioxide plus water yields carbonic acid.

a. Name the product(s) of this reaction.

b. Name the reactant(s) of this reaction.

4. If 44 grams of carbon dioxide react completely with 18 grams of water, what isthe mass of carbonic acid formed?

5. In an engine, octane combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. If22.8 grams of octane combine completely with 80 grams of oxygen to form 70.4grams of carbon dioxide, what mass of water is formed?

6. What is the name of the chemical law on which problems 4 and 5 are based?

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©


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Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

INTERPRETING GRAPHICSUse with Section 2.3

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Element Compound

Homogeneous mixtureUniform;

also called asolution

Heterogeneous mixtureNonuniform;

distinct phases

Can beseparatedchemically

MATTER

SubstanceDefinite composition

(homogeneous)

Can be separated physically Mixture ofSubstances

Variable composition

05_CTR_ch02 7/9/04 3:24 PM Page 41


Use the flowchart on the previous page, redrawn from Figure 2.8 in your textbook, toanswer the following questions.

1. Motor oil is available in various grades (10W30, 10W40, and so on). Is motor oila homogenous mixture or a compound? Explain.

2. Iron ore is a heterogenous mixture that contains iron oxide. Iron ore can besmelted to produce pure iron. Is iron smelting a chemical or physical process?Explain.

3. Classify each of the following as physical or chemical separations.

a. air y oxygen ! nitrogen

b. water y hydrogen ! oxygen

c. salt water y water ! sodium chloride

4. Classify each of the following as mixtures or substances.

a. sulfur

b. air

c. concrete

d. water

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©


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MATTER AND CHANGE2


1. Clue: part of a system having uniform composition and properties.

____ ____ ____ ____

2. Clue: one- or two-letter designation for an element. (2 words)

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

3. Clue: another name for a homogeneous mixture.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

4. Clue: simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

5. Clue: the amount of matter an object contains.

____ ____ ____

6. Clue: matter that has a definite shape and volume.

____ ____ ____ ____

7. Clue: a physical blend of two or more components.

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

8. Clue: matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container.

____ ____

Write the letters found inside the circles on the lines below. Then unscramble them tofind the term that describes matter that has a uniform and definite composition.

Scrambled letters:

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

Solution:

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

____

____

____

____

____

____

________

____

Vocabulary ReviewEach clue describes a vocabulary term. Read the clues and write the letters of eachterm on the lines provided.

05_CTR_ch02 7/9/04 3:24 PM Page 43

© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

MATTER AND CHANGE2


Chapter QuizChoose the best answer and write its letter on the line.

________ 1. A liquid is a form of matter that 2.1a. flows. c. has no definite volume.b. is easily compressed. d. has a definite shape.

________ 2. Examples of physical changes include 2.1a. freezing and melting. c. boiling and condensing.b. cutting and grinding. d. all of the above

________ 3. Which of the following is not a physical property of water? 2.1a. boiling point of 100!C c. able to dissolve table saltb. colorless liquid d. separates into hydrogen and oxygen

________ 4. Which of the following cannot be classified as a substance? 2.2a. table salt c. ironb. air d. sulfur

________ 5. An example of a change of state is 2.1a. boiling water to form a vapor. c. spraying water on plants.b. pouring water through a filter. d. all of the above

________ 6. Which statement is true of any chemical reaction? 2.4a. The mass of the reactants is always greater than the mass of the products.b. The mass of the products is always greater than the mass of the reactants.c. There is no relationship between the mass of the reactants and products.d. The mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products.

________ 7. In the chemical reaction sodium plus chlorine y sodium chloride, 2.4a. sodium chloride is a reactant.b. sodium and chlorine are products.c. sodium is a product.d. sodium is a reactant.

Fill in the word(s) that will make each statement true.

8. Mixtures are a of two or more components. 8.

9. The simplest form of matter with a unique set of 9.

properties is a(n) . 10.

10. The composition of heterogeneous and homogeneous 11a.

mixtures may . 11b.

11. The formula for potassium hydroxide is KOH. It contains 11c.

the elements , , and .11c11b11a

2.3 10

2.2

2.3 9

2.3

2.2 8

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Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

MATTER AND CHANGE2


Chapter Test A

A. MatchingMatch each description in Column B to the correct term in Column A. Write the letterof the correct description on the line.

B. Multiple ChoiceChoose the best answer and write its letter on the line provided.

________ 11. All of the following are general characteristics of a substance in theliquid state excepta. definite volume. c. not easily compressed.b. able to flow. d. definite shape.

________ 12. In the chemical reaction iron plus oxygen y iron oxide,a. iron oxide is a reactant. c. oxygen is a product.b. iron is a reactant. d. iron is a product.

________ 13. Which term does not fit with the others listed?a. solid c. gasb. reactant d. liquid

Column B

a. matter that flows but has a definite volume

b. amount of matter that an object contains

c. starting substance in a chemical reaction

d. homogeneous mixture

e. the simplest form of matter with a unique set ofproperties

f. a part of a sample with uniform composition andproperties

g. alters a substance without changing itscomposition

h. matter with a definite shape and volume

i. substance formed in a chemical reaction

j. contains two or more elements chemicallycombined in a fixed proportion

Column A

product

phase

physical change

liquid

mass

element

solid

solution

compound

reactant

________ 1.

________ 2.

________ 3.

________ 4.

________ 5.

________ 6.

________ 7.

________ 8.

________ 9.

________ 10.

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Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________


________ 14. The chemical symbol for sodium isa. NA. c. SO.b. Na. d. So.

________ 15. A basketball has more mass than a golf ball because:a. the basketball takes up more space.b. the basketball contains more matter.c. the golf ball contains a different kind of matter.d. the golf ball has an indefinite composition.

________ 16. A gas is a form of matter thata. has a definite volume.b. is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature.c. takes the shape and volume of its container.d. is difficult to compress.

________ 17. Homogeneous mixturesa. are always liquids.b. consist of two or more phases.c. have a composition that is fixed.d. are known as solutions.

________ 18. A compounda. is a pure substance.b. has a composition that varies.c. can be physically separated into its elements.d. has properties similar to those of its elements.

________ 19. Physical properties of a substance includea. color and odor. c. malleability.b. melting and boiling points. d. all of the above.

________ 20. When iron and oxygen combine to form iron oxide,a. a physical change occurs. c. a change in mass occurs.b. a change of state occurs. d. a chemical change occurs.

C. True-FalseClassify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true NT.

________ 21. Any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties iscalled a phase.

________ 22. A substance does not have a fixed composition.

________ 23. A heterogeneous mixture consists of two or more phases.

________ 24. A vapor is a gaseous substance that is generally a liquid at roomtemperature.

________ 25. A compound can be physically separated into its elements.

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Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

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D. CompletionFill in the word(s) that will make each statement true.

26. During chemical and physical changes, substances can 26.absorb or give off .

27. During , a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that 27.is then condensed again to a liquid.

28. Mixtures differ from substances because the composition 28.of a mixture can .

29. When iron and sulfur combine to form iron sulfide, a 29.change takes place.

30. A property is a quality of a substance that can 30.be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance.

31. Elements combine chemically to form . 31.

32. Fe is the chemical symbol for the element . 32.

33. A mixture has a uniform composition throughout. 33.

34. In any physical or chemical change, mass is . 34.

35. In a chemical reaction, the new substances formed are 35.called .

E. EssayWrite a short essay for the following.

36. Distinguish between physical changes and chemical changes and give twoexamples of each. Then, list three clues that are often indications of chemicalchanges.

35

34

33

32

31

30

29

28

27

26

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Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

MATTER AND CHANGE2


Chapter Test B

A. MatchingMatch each description in Column B with the correct term in Column A. Write theletter of the correct description on the line.

B. Multiple ChoiceChoose the best answer for each question and write its letter on the line.

________ 11. Another name for homogenous mixture isa. solution. c. element.b. matter. d. mass.

________ 12. The chemical symbol for iron is:a. Ir. c. Fe.b. FE. d. I.

________ 13. Which of the following is a physical property?a. color c. freezing pointb. hardness d. all of the above

Column B

a. solution

b. element

c. substance

d. chemical reaction

e. gas

f. intensive property

g. physical property

h. mass

i. mixture

j. compound

Column A

a physical blend of two or more components

the change of one or more substances into new substances

amount of matter that an object contains

a homogeneous mixture

a substance that can be separated into simpler substancesonly by chemical means

the simplest form of matter that has a unique set ofproperties

depends on the type of matter in a sample

matter that takes both the shape and the volume of itscontainer

matter that has a uniform and definite composition

a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed ormeasured without changing the substance’s composition

________ 1.

________ 2.

________ 3.

________ 4.

________ 5.

________ 6.

________ 7.

________ 8.

________ 9.

________ 10.

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________ 14. Which of the following statements describes a solid?a. It takes the shape of its container.b. It takes the volume of its container.c. Its particles are packed together tightly.d. It is easily compressed.

________ 15. At room temperature, which of the following is typically in a physicalstate different from that of the other three?a. water c. grape juiceb. milk d. oxygen

________ 16. Which term does not fit with the others listed?a. ice c. saltb. steam d. water

________ 17. Which of the following is an example of a physical change?a. toasting bread c. digesting a bananab. cooking a hamburger d. melting butter

________ 18. An example of a heterogeneous mixture would bea. sugar. c. tap water.b. salt water. d. vegetable soup.

________ 19. Which of the following is a compound?a. carbon c. oxygenb. hydrogen d. water

________ 20. Iron is an example of a(n)a. element. c. heterogeneous mixture.b. compound. d. homogeneous mixture.

________ 21. The element whose chemical symbol is C isa. calcium. c. copper.b. carbon. d. chlorine.

________ 22. Which of the following events can best distinguish a physical changefrom a chemical change?a. Energy is absorbed or released. c. A gas is produced.b. a different chemical composition d. Mass is conserved.

________ 23. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?a. cooking meat c. dissolving sugar in iced teab. slicing cheese d. freezing water

C. True-FalseClassify each of these statements as always true (AT), sometimes true (ST), or never true (NT).

________ 24. In a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed; it isconserved.

________ 25. Dissolving salt in water is a chemical change.

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________

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________ 26. Physical changes are not easily reversed.

________ 27. Elements can be separated into simpler substances by chemicalreactions.

________ 28. Energy is transferred during chemical reactions.

D. CompletionFill in the word(s) that will make each statement true.

29. A is a form of matter that flows, has a fixedvolume, and takes the shape of its container.

30. A is a gaseous substance that is generally a liquidor solid at room temperature.

31. A tossed green salad is an example of a mixture.

32. The chemical symbol for the element nitrogen is .

33. In a chemical reaction, the starting substances are called .

34. The burning of wood is an example of a change.

35. The evaporation of water is an example of a change.

36. Any matter that has a uniform and definite composition is a(n)

.

E. EssayWrite a short essay for the following.

37. Name at least one physical property of each of the following four materials thatcould be used to separate it from a mixture of all four. Describe how you wouldseparate a mixture of salt, water, iron filings, and sawdust.

Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________©


05_CTR_ch02 7/9/04 3:24 PM Page 50

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