Name & describe each of

the 7 crystal structures

Solutions

Solution•Homogeneous mixture made up of at least one solute dissolved in the solvent

Solute •Substance being dissolved

•Portion in lesser molar amount

Solvent•Substance doing the dissolving

•Portion in greatest molar amount

Colloid•Slightly larger particles

•Light passes & particles stay suspended

Suspension•Even larger particles

•Particles block or reflect light

Tyndall Effect•Because light reflects off suspended particles, the light ray can be seen from the side

Size Comparison•Solution < Colloid

•Colloid < Suspension

Soluble•When one substance (solute) dissolves in another (solvent)

Solubility•The amount of one substance (solute) dissolved in another (solvent)

ConcentratedSolution

•A solution with a relatively large amount of solute dissolved

Concentration•The amount of solute dissolved into solution

Dilute Solution

•A solution with a relatively small amount of solute dissolved

Saturated Solution•A solution with the maximum amount of solute dissolved in the solution

Unsaturated Solution•A solution with less than the maximum amount of solute dissolved in solution

Supersaturated Solution

•A solution with greater than the maximum amount of solute dissolved in solution

Solution Measures•Concentration

•Molarity

•Molality

•Mole Fraction

Percent Solution•Mass of one portion per the total mass, all times 100 %

•%soln = ma/mtotal x 100 %

Molarity•Moles of solute per liter of solution

•M = molessolute/Lsoln

Molality•Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

•mo = molessolute/kgsolvent

Mole Fraction•Moles of one portion per total number of moles in the solution

•X = molesa/molessoln

Calculate the molarity of a 250 mL solution

containing 5.0 g NaOH dissolved in

water

Drill: Calculate:•mass of NaCl

required to make 1.5 L of 2.0 M

NaCl:

Calculate the molality of 69 g of C2H5OH dissolved

in 500.0 mL of water

Calculate the mole fraction of each

portion when 92 g of C2H5OH dissolved in

144 mL of water

Calculate the molality & mole fraction of a

solution containing 46 g of C2H5OH

dissolved in 1782 mL of water

Colligative Properties•Properties dependent only on the concentration of particles in solution

Examples•Vapor pressure

•Boiling & Freezing points

•Osmotic pressure

Drill:•Calculate the VP of a solution containing 36 % glucose (C6H12O6) in water at 29oC:

•(VPwater = 30.0 mm Hg)

Vapor Pressure•VPsolution = (VPsolvent)(Xsolvent)

•X = mole fraction•VP = vapor pressure

Boiling & Freezing

T = imoKT = change in BP or FP

i = ionic activity

K = BP or FP constant

Osmotic Pressure = iMRT

= osmotic pressure

i = ionic activity

M = Molarity

Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution

containing 150 g C5H10O5 in 162 mL of

water at 30oC

Calculate BP & FP of 60.0 g of NaOH in

250 mL waterKBP = 0.512oC/moKFP = -1.86oC/mo

Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution

containing 12 g of NaOH dissolved in 250 mL solution at

27oC

Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution

containing 120 g C3H7OH in 144 mL of

water at its BP.

Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution

containing 12 g of C4H8O4 dissolved in 750 mL solution at

27oC

Clausius-Claperon Eq

Hv= R ln(T2)(T1) P2

(T2 – T1) P1

VPbenzene Temp (oC) 24.5 2773.5 127

Calculate Hv for benzene:

Drill: Calculate BP & FP of 88 g of CO2 in

750 mL waterKBP = 0.512oC/moKFP = -1.86oC/mo

Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution containing 29.9 g of CoBr3 dissolved in

7500 mL solution at 27oC

Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution

containing 12.0 g C3H8O in 14.4 mL of

water at its BP.

180 g C3H8O was dissolved in 180 mL

H2O at 27oC making a 1.5 g/mL solution.

Calculate X, mo, M, , VP, BP, & FP.

Drill: Calculate the mass of lead(II)nitrate required to make 250

mL of 0.40 M Pb(NO3)2

300 g C3H6NF was dissolved in 500 g

C6H12O at 27oC making a 0.800 g/mL solution. Calculate X, mo, M, ,

VP, BP, & FP.

Calculate the molality of a

solution that is 33.1 % by mass Pb(NO3)2

A 1.2 g/cm3 aqueous solution is 20.0 % by mass NaOH at 27oC.Calculate: X, mo, M,

, & MP

Calculate the molecular mass of a covalent

compound dissolved in an aqueous solution to make it 25 % by mass when it

boils at 102.048oC