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1) The photograph below shows actual crystal sizes in alight-colored igneous rock that contains severalminerals, including potassium feldspar, quartz, andbiotite mica.

The rock should be identified as

A) graniteB) basalt

C) rhyoliteD) gabbro

2) Which two processes result in the formation of igneousrocks?

A) compression and precipitationB) melting and solidificationC) crystallization and cementationD) solidification and evaporation

3) Rocks can be classified as sedimentary, igneous, ormetamorphic based primarily upon differences in their

A) originB) age

C) densityD) color

4) Limestone can form as a result of

A) cooling of molten rock under the oceansB) metamorphosis of conglomerate rockC) radioactive decay of dolostoneD) precipitation from evaporating water

5) Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are usuallycomposed of

A) intergrown crystalsB) sedimentsC) fossilsD) minerals

6) Which sequence of change in rock type occurs as shale issubjected to increasing heat and pressure?

A) shale •‚ gneiss •‚ phyllite •‚ slate •‚ schist

B) shale •‚ schist •‚ phyllite •‚ slate •‚ gneiss

C) shale •‚ gneiss •‚ phyllite •‚ schist •‚ slate

D) shale •‚ slate •‚ phyllite •‚ schist •‚ gneiss

7) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichsedimentary rock most likely formed as an evaporite?

A) siltstoneB) gypsum

C) conglomerateD) shale

8) Which sedimentary rock is most likely to be changed toslate during regional metamorphism?

A) shaleB) dolostone

C) conglomerateD) breccia

9) Most metamorphic rocks are formed when

A) magma cools slowly, deep undergroundB) flows of lava cool rapidlyC) sediments are cemented and compactedD) rocks are subjected to heat and pressure

10) Which rocks would most likely be separated by atransition zone of altered rock (metamorphic rock)?

A) conglomerate and siltstoneB) sandstone and limestoneC) shale and sandstoneD) granite and limestone

11) Which rock was most likely formed from pebble-sizedsediment deposited in shallow water at an oceanshoreline?

A) shaleB) conglomerate

C) siltstoneD) basalt

12) Where are the Earth's sedimentary rocks generally found?

A) along the mid-ocean ridgesB) deep within the Earth's crustC) in regions of recent volcanic activityD) as a thin layer covering much of the continents

13) Which rock is usually composed of several differentminerals?

A) quartziteB) rock gypsumC) gneissD) chemical limestone

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14) The diagrams below represent magnifications of rocks.Which is most likely a diagram of a non-sedimentaryrock?

A)

B)

C)

D)

15) Which rock type most often contains fossils?

A) gabbroB) limestoneC) quartziteD) metaconglomerate

16) Which process most likely formed a layer of thesedimentary rock, gypsum?

A) folding of clay-sized particlesB) melting of sand-sized particlesC) solidification of magmaD) precipitation from seawater

17) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichrock is formed directly by the evaporation of seawater?

A) conglomerateB) gypsum

C) marbleD) obsidian

18) The diagram below shows the mineral composition of anigneous rock drawn actual size.

According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, thisigneous rock is

A) rhyoliteB) gabbro

C) graniteD) basalt

19) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,particles of which size could have formed shale?

A) 0.02 cmB) 0.2 cm

C) 0.0002 cmD) 0.002 cm

20) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, somesedimentary rocks form as the direct result of the

A) cementation of rock fragmentsB) melting of mineralsC) solidification of molten magmaD) recrystalization of material

21) Which characteristic is most common in sedimentaryrocks?

A) foliationB) layeringC) intergrown crystalsD) glassy texture

22) Most igneous rocks form by which processes?

A) heat and pressureB) melting and solidificationC) compaction and cementationD) erosion and deposition

23) Which statement is best supported by the informationshown in the rock cycle diagram in the Earth ScienceReference Tables?

A) Sedimentary rocks are composed of intergrowncrystals.

B) Metamorphic rocks are formed by the completemelting of any other rock.

C) Igneous rocks are formed from eroded sediments ofmetamorphic rocks.

D) Rocks may be formed from other rocks by variousprocesses.

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24) Analysis of a granite pebble would probably show thatthe pebble consists mostly of the

A) elements carbon and hydrogenB) minerals calcite and gypsumC) elements iron and magnesiumD) minerals quartz and feldspar

25) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichis the best description of the properties of basalt?

A) fine-grained and felsicB) coarse-grained and felsicC) fine-grained and maficD) coarse-grained and mafic

26) Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneous rockscontain greater amounts of

A) aluminumB) iron

C) pink feldsparD) white quartz

27) Which characteristics are most useful for identifying theconditions under which a metamorphic rock was formed?

A) composition and structureB) hardness and sizeC) shape and massD) color and luster

Questions 28 through 31 refer to the following:

The diagrams below represent five rock samples.

28) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, ifgranite were subjected to intense heat and pressure, itwould most likely change to

A) sandstoneB) conglomerate

C) gneissD) basalt

29) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichsample is igneous and has a coarse texture?

A) basaltB) sandstone

C) graniteD) conglomerate

30) Which sample is composed of sediments0.006 centimeter to 0.2 centimeter in size that werecompacted and cemented together?

A) sandstoneB) gneiss

C) conglomerateD) granite

31) The basalt was most likely formed by

A) compaction and cementationB) heat and pressureC) melting and solidificationD) erosion and deposition

32) The best evidence for determining the cooling rate of anigneous rock during its solidification is provided by

A) index fossilsB) the disintegration of radioactive substancesC) faults in the rockD) the crystal size of its minerals

33) Magnified views of the pictures of four rocks below areshown in the circles.

Which rock is metamorphic and shows evidence offoliation?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

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34) The diagrams below represent two rock outcrops foundseveral miles apart in New York State. Individual rocklayers are lettered, and fossils and rock types areindicated.

Which processes were directly involved in the formationof these rock layers?

A) conduction in and convectionB) heating and pressureC) melting and solidificationD) compaction and cementation

35) The metamorphism of a sandstone rock will cause therock

A) to be meltedB) to occupy a greater volumeC) to become more denseD) to contain more fossils

36) Which type of rock is likely to show ripple marks andfossils?

A) extrusive igneousB) intrusive igneousC) metamorphicD) sedimentary

37) Which two igneous rocks could have the same mineralcomposition?

A) pumice and scoriaB) rhyolite and dioriteC) peridotite and andesiteD) gabbro and basalt

38) The grouping of rocks as igneous, sedimentary, andmetamorphic is based primarily upon differences in

A) sizeB) age

C) hardnessD) origin

39) Which statement best describes pebbles?

A) Pebbles are sediments that range in size from 0.2 cmto 6.4 cm.

B) Pebbles are sediments that weather from larger sandgrains.

C) Pebbles are rocks that form due to cementation andcompaction.

D) Pebbles are rocks that form due to melting andsolidification.

40) A conglomerate contains pebbles of shale, sandstone,and granite. Based on this information, which inferenceabout the pebbles in the conglomerate is most accurate?

A) They were eroded by slow-moving water.B) They came from other conglomerates.C) They are all the same age.D) They had various origins.

41) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,limestone, gypsum, and salt are rocks formed by theprocesses of

A) weathering and metamorphismB) erosion and depositionC) melting and solidificationD) evaporation and precipitation

42) The diagram below represents a portion of the Earth'scrust. Which statement best explains why portions of thesedimentary rock layers have the symbol for contactmetamorphism?

A) As the molten material cooled, energy was absorbedby the igneous intrusion.

B) The rock layers were eroded at the interface betweenthe igneous intrusion and the sedimentary rocks.

C) Faulting changed the rocks before the igneousintrusion occurred.

D) The sedimentary layers were altered by heat at theinterface between the igneous intrusion andsedimentary rocks.

43) Which characteristic of an igneous rock would providethe most information about the environment in which therock solidified?

A) hardnessB) color

C) streakD) texture

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44) According to the "Scheme for Igneous RockIdentification" in the Earth Science Reference Tables,which statement best describes the percentage ofplagioclase feldspars in a sample of gabbro?

A) Gabbro contains no plagioclase feldspars.B) Plagioclase feldspars always make up 25% of a

gabbro sample.C) Gabbro always contains less plagioclase than

pyroxene.D) The percentage of plagioclase feldspar in gabbro can

vary.

45) What is the main difference between metamorphic rocksand most other rocks?

A) Many metamorphic rocks contain a high amount ofoxygen- silicon tetraheda.

B) Many metamorphic rocks have an organiccomposition.

C) Many metamorphic rocks exhibit banding anddistortion of structure.

D) Many metamorphic rocks contain only one mineral.

46) Large crystal grains in an igneous rock indicate that therock was formed

A) under low pressureB) at a low temperatureC) near the surfaceD) over a long period of time

47) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichcharacteristic determines whether a rock is classified as ashale, a siltstone, a sandstone, or a conglomerate?

A) the density of the sediments within the rockB) the mineral composition of the sediments within the

rockC) the absolute age of the sediments within the rockD) the particle size of the sediments within the rock

48) Nine rock samples were classified into three groups asshown in the table below.

This classification system was most likely based on the

A) age of the minerals in the rockB) size of the crystals in the rockC) color of the rockD) way in which the rock formed

49) Large rock salt deposits in the Syracuse area indicate thatthe area once had

A) a range of volcanic mountainsB) many terrestrial animalsC) a warm, shallow seaD) large forests

50) A fine-grained igneous rock was probably formed by

A) rapid cooling of molten materialB) weathering and erosionC) great heat and pressure that did not produce meltingD) burial and cementation of sediment

51) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichis a sedimentary rock that forms as a result ofprecipitation from seawater?

A) gypsumB) shale

C) conglomerateD) basalt

52) Metamorphic rocks result from the

A) recrystallization of rocksB) cooling and solidification of molten magmaC) erosion of rocksD) compression and cementation of soil particles

53) Limestone is a sedimentary rock which may form as aresult of

A) recrystallizationB) metamorphismC) meltingD) biologic processes

54) The table below provides information about the mineralcomposition of a sample of beach sand from Hawaii.

If the sand deposited on this beach recently weatheredfrom only one type of igneous rock, the rock was mostlikely

A) peridotiteB) diorite

C) graniteD) basalt

55) Which kind of bedrock would most likely containfossils?

A) a mass of granite in the core of a mountainB) a high-grade metamorphic rock layer made from

mixed igneous and sedimentary layersC) a basalt lava flow from an ancient volcanoD) a series of alternating layers of shale and sandstone

56) Some nonsedimentary rocks are formed as a result of

A) deposition of particlesB) cementation of particlesC) evaporation and precipitationD) solidification of molten material

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57) Which process could lead most directly to the formationof a sedimentary rock?

A) slow solidification of molten materialB) metamorphism of unmelted materialC) precipitation of minerals from evaporating waterD) sudden upwelling of lava at a mid-ocean ridge

58) Which statement best describes a general property ofrocks?

A) Most rocks are composed of a single mineral.B) All rocks contain fossils.C) Most rocks have a number of minerals in common.D) All rocks contain minerals formed by compression

and cementation.

59) Which common rock is formed from the solidification ofmolten material?

A) coalB) slate

C) rhyoliteD) rock gypsum

60) According to the "Scheme for Igneous RockIdentification" in the Earth Science Reference Tables,compared to basalt, granite is

A) lighter in colorB) more fine grained in textureC) more mafic in compositionD) greater in density

61) The recrystallization of unmelted material under hightemperature and pressure results in

A) metamorphic rockB) volcanic rockC) igneous rockD) sedimentary rock

62) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,gabbro is composed mainly of

A) plagioclase feldspars and pyroxeneB) potassium feldspar and quartzC) hornblende and nephelineD) mica and olivine

63) Olivine and pyroxene are commonly found in igneousrocks that are

A) felsic, with low densityB) felsic, with high densityC) mafic, with high densityD) mafic, with low density

64) Which observation about an igneous rock would supportthe inference that the rock cooled slowly underground?

A) The rock has large crystals.B) The rock is about 50 percent plagioclase feldspar.C) The rock has well-defined layers.D) The rock is light in color and low in density.

65) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichproperty would be most useful for identifying igneousrocks?

A) mineral compositionB) kind of cementC) types of fossils presentD) number of minerals present

66) Which relative concentrations of elements are found in afelsic rock?

A) a high concentration of magnesium and a lowconcentration of aluminum

B) a high concentration of aluminum and a lowconcentration of iron

C) a high concentration of magnesium and a lowconcentration of iron

D) a high concentration of iron and a low concentrationof aluminum

67) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichrock most likely formed as a result of biologic processes?

A) limestoneB) basalt

C) sandstoneD) granite

68) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichminerals are found in the igneous rocks gabbro andbasalt?

A) pyroxene and potassium feldsparB) olivine and quartzC) orthoclase and quartzD) olivine and pyroxene

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69) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichgraph best represents the comparison of the average grainsizes in basalt, granite, and rhyolite?

KEY TO GRAPH ABBREVIATIONS: B - Basalt,G - Granite, R - rhyolite

A)

B)

C)

D)

70) Which group lists rocks in order by grain size fromsmallest to largest?

A) conglomerate, sandstone, shaleB) shale, sandstone, conglomerateC) sandstone, shale, conglomerateD) shale, conglomerate, sandstone

71) The diagram below represents the percentage by volumeof each mineral found in a sample of basalt. Whichmineral is represented by the letter X in the diagram?

A) plagioclase feldsparB) potassium feldsparC) quartzD) mica

72) A sediment contains particles that range in diameter from2 to 4 centimeters. According to the Earth ScienceReference Tables, which sedimentary rock would beformed when this sediment is compressed and cementedtogether?

A) sandstoneB) shale

C) siltstoneD) conglomerate

73) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, mostof the surface bedrock of New York State formed as adirect result of

A) compaction and cementationB) melting and solidificationC) volcanic activityD) spreading of the ocean floor

74) Minerals from the Properties of Common Minerals EarthScience reference table are found in several differentrocks. Which two rocks are primarily composed of amineral that bubbles with acid?

A) slate and conglomerateB) sandstone and quartziteC) granite and dolostoneD) limestone and marble

75) Which processes result in the formation of sedimentaryrocks?

A) burial and cementationB) foliation and recrystallizationC) pressure changes and metamorphismD) melting and solidification

76) Which rock could be formed either by deposition ofanimal shells and skeletons or by precipitation fromevaporating seawater? [Refer to the Earth ScienceReference Tables.]

A) conglomerateB) rock salt

C) limestoneD) shale

77) Where is metamorphic rock frequently found?

A) along the interface between igneous intrusions andsedimentary bedrock

B) as a thin surface layer covering huge areas of thecontinents

C) on mountaintops that have horizontal layerscontaining marine fossils

D) within large lava flows

78) A fine-grained igneous rock contains 11% plagioclase,72% pyroxene, 15% olivine, and 2% amphibole.According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, thisrock would most likely be classified as

A) rhyoliteB) granite

C) gabbroD) basalt

79) Which property is common to most dark-colored igneousrocks?

A) high densityB) coarse-grained textureC) intrusive formationD) abundant felsic minerals

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80) During the intrusion of the Palisades Sill, contactmetamorphism changed sandstone and shale into

A) marbleB) limestone

C) hornfelsD) diorite

81) An igneous rock which has crystallized deep below theEarth's surface has the following approximatecomposition: 70% pyroxene, 15% plagioclase, and15% olivine. According to the Earth Science ReferenceTables, what is the name of this igneous rock?

A) gabbroB) granite

C) rhyoliteD) basalt

82) Which rock sample best shows the physical propertiesnormally associated with regional metamorphism?

A)

B)

C)

D)

83) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichsedimentary rock is composed of fragmented skeletonsand shells of sea organisms compacted and cementedtogether?

A) limestoneB) sandstone

C) shaleD) gypsum

84) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichminerals could both be contained in the rocks gabbroand granite?

A) plagioclase and nephelineB) mica and hornblendeC) quartz and pyroxeneD) potassium feldspar and olivine

85) Which rock is most likely a nonsedimentary rock?

A) a rock consisting of layers of rounded sand grainsB) a rock containing dinosaur bonesC) a rock composed of distorted light-colored and dark-

colored mineral bandsD) a rock showing mud cracks

86) Which rock is foliated, shows mineral alignment but notbanding, and contains medium-sized grains of quartz andpyroxene?

A) gneissB) phyllite

C) schistD) quartzite

87) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,rhyolite and granite are alike in that they both are

A) fine-grainedB) felsic

C) maficD) dark-colored

88) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, whichmineral is most abundant in gabbro?

A) quartzB) potassium feldsparC) pyroxeneD) mica

89) Extremely small crystal grains in an igneous rock are anindication that the crystals formed

A) deep below the surface of the EarthB) over a short period of timeC) under high pressureD) from an iron-rich magma

90) Which is an accurate statement about rocks?

A) Most rocks have several minerals in common.B) Most rocks contain fossils.C) Rocks seldom undergo change.D) Rocks are located only in continental areas of the

Earth.

91) The diagrams below represent two rock outcrops foundseveral miles apart in New York State. Individual rocklayers are lettered, and fossils and rock types areindicated.

According to the "Scheme for Sedimentary RockIdentification" in the Earth Science Reference Tables,which rock layer was formed mainly from organicallyformed sediments in seawater?

A) F B) B C) E D) A

92) An igneous rock contains large mineral crystals. The bestconclusion to make about this rock is that it

A) once contained small crystals which erodedB) contains plagioclase and pyroxeneC) cooled slowly as it formedD) is felsic and has a low density

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93) Metamorphic rocks are formed by

A) compaction and cementationB) erosion and depositionC) heating and pressureD) melting and solidification

94) The diagram below represents the formation of asedimentary rock. [Sediments are drawn actual size.]

Which two processes formed this rock?

A) heating and application of pressureB) compaction and cementationC) melting and solidificationD) folding and faulting

95) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,sedimentary rocks formed by compaction andcementation of land-derived sediments are classified onthe basis of

A) rate of formationB) composition

C) type of cementD) particle size

96) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, a rockthat forms directly from land-derived sediments is

A) graniteB) dolostone

C) gabbroD) sandstone

97) Which sedimentary rocks are formed by chemicalprecipitation from seawater?

A) sandstone and siltstoneB) conglomerate and dolostoneC) fossil limestone and shaleD) gypsum and limestone

98) The diagrams below show the crystals of four differentrocks viewed through the same hand lens. Which crystalsmost likely formed from molten material that cooled andsolidified most rapidly?

A)

B)

C)

D)

99) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, thesedimentary rock, gypsum, forms as a result of

A) metamorphism of limestoneB) faulting and folding of shaleC) weathering of siltstoneD) evaporation of seawater

100) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,rhyolite is an example of a

A) monomineralic sedimentary rockB) monomineralic igneous rockC) polymineralic igneous rockD) polymineralic sedimentary rock

101) Sand collected at a beach contains a mixture ofpyroxene, olivine, hornblende, and plagioclasefeldspar. According to the Earth Science ReferenceTables, the rock from which this mixture of sand cameis best described as

A) dark-colored with mafic compositionB) dark-colored with a felsic compositionC) light-colored with a mafic compositionD) light-colored with a felsic composition

102) The size of the mineral crystals found in an igneousrock is directly related to the

A) cooling time of the molten rockB) color of the mineralsC) density of the mineralsD) amount of sediments cemented together

103) Which feature is characteristic of sedimentary rocks?

A) layeringB) glassy textureC) distorted structureD) foliation

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104) According to the "Scheme for Igneous RockIdentification" in the Earth Science Reference Tables,basalt contains the greatest quantity of which mineral?

A) micaB) quartzC) pyroxeneD) potassium feldspar

105) The solidification of a coarse-grained igneous rockusually occurs

A) slowly at great depthB) rapidly at the Earth's surfaceC) slowly at the Earth's surfaceD) rapidly at great depth

106) Which statement about the formation of a rock is bestsupported by geologic evidence?

A) Metamorphic rock must melt before it can changeto sedimentary rock.

B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented beforeit can change to sedimentary rock.

C) Magma must be weathered before it can change tometamorphic rock.

D) Sedimentary rock must melt before it can change tometamorphic rock.

107) The diagram below represents a rock with a distortedlayer structure.

The distorted structure of this rock is most likely theresult of

A) extreme pressureB) glacial activityC) a long period of weatheringD) wind erosion

108) The diagram below represents a conglomerate rock.Some of the rock particles are labeled.

Which conclusion is best made about the rockparticles?

A) They have different origins.B) They all contain the same minerals.C) They originated from a larger mass of igneous rock.D) They are the same age.

109) The picture below shows the igneous rock obsidian.

The obsidian's glassy texture indicates that it formedfrom magma that cooled

A) quickly, deep below Earth's surfaceB) slowly, on Earth's surfaceC) quickly, on Earth's surfaceD) slowly, deep below Earth's surface

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110) Which diagram best represents a sample of themetamorphic rock gneiss?

A)

B)

C)

D)

111) The diagram below represents the formation of asedimentary rock. [Sediments are drawn actual size.]

The formation of which sedimentary rock is shown inthe diagram?

A) shaleB) sandstone

C) siltstoneD) conglomerate

112) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,which is a fine-grained igneous rock made up primarilyof pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar?

A) gabbroB) rhyolite

C) basaltD) granite

113) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, thegreen sand found on some Hawaiian Island shorelinesmost probably consists primarily of

A) plagioclase feldsparB) orthoclase feldsparC) olivineD) quartz

114) Which granite sample most likely formed from magmathat cooled and solidified at the slowest rate?

A)

B)

C)

D)

115) When dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on thesedimentary rock limestone and the nonsedimentaryrock marble, a bubbling reaction occurs with both.What would this indicate?

A) The molecular structures of these two rocks havebeen changed by heat and pressure.

B) The physical properties of these two rocks areidentical.

C) The two rocks originated at the same location.D) the minerals of these two rocks have similar

chemical compositions.

116) Which rock was formed by the compaction andcementation of particles 0.07 centimeter in diameter?[Refer to the Earth Science Reference Tables.]

A) basaltB) sandstone

C) shaleD) limestone

117) Which rocks form relatively thin layers, compared tothe thickness of the continent, over large areas of thecontinents?

A) sandstone and shaleB) granite and gabbroC) intrusive igneous rocksD) metamorphic rocks

118) A sample of conglomerate consists mostly of fragmentsof granite and sandstone. The best inference that can bemade from the sample is that this conglomerate

A) resulted from solidificationB) formed during the Cambrian PeriodC) contains fossilsD) formed from other rocks

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119) The four igneous rocks below are classified into twogroups.

GROUP A GROUP BGranite RhyoliteGabbro Basalt

What is the basis for this classification?

A) colorB) crystal grain sizeC) densityD) mineral content

120) An extrusive igneous rock with a mineral compositionof 35% quartz, 35% potassium feldspar,15% plagioclase feldspar, 10% biotite, and5% amphibole is called

A) basaltic glassB) gabbro

C) graniteD) rhyolite

121) The diagram below shows a rock with deformedstructure and intergrown crystals.

The rock was probably formed by

A) sediments that were deposited on the ocean floorB) heat and pressure that changed a preexisting rockC) volcanic lava that cooled on Earth's surfaceD) a meteor impact on Earth's surface

122) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,which sedimentary rock would be formed by thecompaction and cementation of particles1.5 centimeters in diameter?

A) conglomerateB) sandstone

C) siltstoneD) shale

123) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, anigneous rock containing large, visible crystals ofpyroxene is best described as

A) felsic and formed deep within the Earth's crustB) felsic and formed near the Earth's surfaceC) mafic and formed near the Earth's surfaceD) mafic and formed deep within the Earth's crust

124) Sedimentary rocks of organic origin would most likelybe formed from

A) particles removed from the atmosphere byprecipitation

B) lava flowsC) materials deposited by glaciersD) shells of marine animals

125) Larger crystal size in one of two igneous rocks ofsimilar composition usually indicates that the rock withthe larger crystals cooled for

A) the same amount of time than the otherB) a shorter period of time than the otherC) a longer period of time than the other

126) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,which sedimentary rock formed from the compactionand cementation of fragments of the skeletons andshells of sea organisms?

A) limestoneB) shale

C) gypsumD) conglomerate

127) Which two kinds of adjoining bedrock would mostlikely have a zone of contact metamorphism betweenthem?

A) limestone and sandstoneB) shale and conglomerateC) shale and sandstoneD) limestone and granite

128) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,compaction of pebble-size particles would form thesedimentary rock known as

A) shaleB) sandstone

C) conglomerateD) siltstone

129) Rock X and rock Y are igneous rocks with identicalmineral composition. Rock X has no visible crystalsand rock Y has large, visible crystals. What can beinferred about rock Y?

A) It cooled at the Earth's surface, more quickly thanrock X.

B) It cooled beneath the Earth's surface, more slowlythan rock X.

C) It cooled at the Earth's surface, more slowly thanrock X.

D) It cooled beneath the Earth's surface, more quicklythan rock X.

130) A river carrying pebbles, sand, silt, and clay flows intothe ocean. The sediments are sorted by size as they aredeposited at different distances from shore. Whichsedimentary rock will most likely form from thesediment deposited farthest from shore?

A) siltstoneB) sandstone

C) shaleD) conglomerate

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131) The diagrams below represent four rock samples. Whichrock was formed by rapid cooling in a volcanic lavaflow? [The diagrams are not drawn to scale.]

A)

B)

C)

D)

132) Which characteristic provides the best evidence aboutthe environment in which a rock was formed?

A) the thickness of the rockB) the size of the rockC) the texture of the rockD) the color of the rock

133) The diagrams below represent four rock samples. Whichrock took the longest time to solidify from magma deepwithin the Earth?

A)

B)

C)

D)

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134) The cross-sectional diagram below shows a sediment-laden stream entering the ocean. The ocean is divided into fourzones A, B, C, and D.

According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, limestone would most likely form in zone

A) A B) C C) D D) B

135) The geologic cross section below represents an igneous intrusion into layers of rock strata.

Which letter indicates a point where unmelted rock changed as a result of increased temperature and pressure?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

136) The diagram below shows a cross section of the Grand Canyon. The rock type of layer X has been purposely left blank.

Which statement best describes the granite bedrock in the intrusion?

A) It is a mafic coarse-grained rock.B) It is a dark-colored fine-grained rock.

C) It is a light-colored fine-grained rock.D) It is a felsic coarse-grained rock.

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137) A group of students collected rounded, well-sorted mineral particles from a stream that flowed over only coarse-grainedigneous bedrock. They sorted the particles by mineral type and then mixed equal volumes of all four minerals togetherand poured the mixture into a tube of water. The data table below lists the minerals. Figure A shows the deposit formed onthe bottom of the tube as a result of the deposition of the particles.

The mineral particles collected by the students were most likely weathered from

A) rhyolite rocks, onlyB) gabbro and granite rocks

C) rhyolite and basalt rocksD) gabbro rocks, only

138) The diagram below represents a geologic cross section.

Which inference is best supported by the evidence shown in the diagram?

A) Shale formed from the melting and solidification of the sandstone layer.B) Sandstone formed after sand was deposited on top of the metamorphic rock.C) Contact metamorphism occurred when the igneous rock was in its molten state.D) Igneous rock was changed to sedimentary rock.

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The diagrams below represent six different rock types.

139) Which rock consists of sediments with an averagediameter of 0.01 centimeter?

A) DB) A

C) CD) B

140) Which rock was probably formed from a pre-existingrock that was changed by heat and pressure, but notmelted?

A) EB) B

C) FD) A

141) Which rock is represented by sample C?

A) rhyoliteB) granite

C) gneissD) limestone

142) Analysis of rock D shows that it is composed of theminerals quartz, feldspar, hornblende, and biotite mica.Rock D is probably

A) basaltB) rhyolite

C) graniteD) gabbro

143) Which processes most likely formed rock F?

A) melting and solidificationB) faulting and volcanic activityC) burial and cementationD) heating and application of pressure

144) The diagram below represents a geologic cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. The rock layers have not beenoverturned.

What type(s) of bedrock can be found in this area?

A) igneous and sedimentary, onlyB) sedimentary, only

C) igneous, onlyD) igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

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145) The profile below shows the average diameter of sediment that was sorted and deposited in specific areas A, B, C, and Dby a stream entering an ocean.

As compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

146) The diagram below shows an igneous rock intrusion in sedimentary rock layers.

At which point would metamorphic rock most likely be found?

A) C B) D C) A D) B

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147) The block diagram below illustrates a portion of the Earth's surface. Numbers 1 through 5 indicate layers of earth materialand letters A through H indicate locations on the surface.

Which event would most likely convert the sediments in layer 5 into rock?

A) cementation of sediments caused by chemical processesB) heating and drying out due to rising convection currentsC) rapid cooling from the contact with the oceanD) recrystallization due to heat from the intrusion of layer 3


The diagrams below represent five different rock samples.

148) What do the five rock samples have in common?

A) They contain crystals with diameters of 0.5 to1 cm.

B) They contain minerals.C) They are sedimentary rocks.D) They exhibit cleavage.

149) Which sample is composed mostly of clay-sizeparticles?

A) BB) C

C) AD) D

150) If sample E were metamorphosed, it would most likelybecome

A) metaconglomerateB) marbleC) slateD) anthracite coal

151) Which sample formed from lava that cooled rapidly?

A) AB) C

C) DD) E

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152) Sample D is composed mostly of the mineralspotassium feldspar, quartz, and plagioclase feldspar.Sample D is best described as

A) very denseB) dark colored

C) felsicD) foliated

153) The sequence of diagrams below represents the gradual geologic changes in layer X, located just below Earth's surface.

Which type of sedimentary rock was formed at layer X?

A) coal B) rock salt C) shale D) conglomerate

154) The diagram below shows two volcanoes with lava flows.

Most of the surface bedrock in this landscape was probably formed by

A) melting and compactionB) burial and cementation

C) burial and pressureD) melting and solidification

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Questions 155 and 156 refer to the following:

155) Based on the information given in the "Igneous Rocks"table, which rock is represented by the letter B?

A) graniteB) rhyolite

C) gabbroD) basalt

156) Which group of minerals is represented by letter A inthe "Igneous Rocks" table?

A) olivine, biotite, and hornblendeB) hornblende, olivine, and pyroxeneC) potassium feldspar, quartz, and biotiteD) plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and biotite

157) The diagrams below represent cross sections of four rock samples. Each cross section illustrates the sediments, minerals,or structural appearance of the rock sample.

Which rock sample is most likely monomineralic?

A) C B) B C) A D) D

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158) The diagram below shows a cross section of bedrock where the Niagara River flows over Niagara Falls.

According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which rock unit was most likely formed from chemical precipitates?

A) Lockport dolostoneB) Thorold sandstone

C) Whirlpool sandstoneD) Rochester shale


Graph I below represents the percentage of sedimentary and nonsedimentary rock which makes up the Earth's crust by volume.Graph II represents, of those rocks that are exposed at the surface (outcrops), the percentage that are sedimentary rocks andnonsedimentary rocks.

159) Which statement is best supported by the data shown inthe graphs?

A) Most nonsedimentary rocks are composed of themelted remains of sedimentary rocks.

B) The crust of the Earth is composed mostly ofsedimentary rocks.

C) Most sedimentary rock is found at or near thesurface of the Earth.

D) Rock outcrops on the Earth's surface are chiefly ofthe nonsedimentary type.

160) Most sedimentary rock has been formed by which twoprocesses?

A) compaction and cementationB) faulting and foldingC) extrusion and intrusionD) uplifting and melting

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161) The field map below shows the average size of particles deposited by streams that drained an area of Maryland during thePleistocene Epoch. The field values represent particle diameters in centimeters.

Particles of sediment collected at location Y contain intergrown crystals of quartz, potassium feldspar, and hornblende.From which rock did these sediments most likely weather?

A) limestone B) sandstone C) gabbro D) granite

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162) The map below shows surface geology of a portion of the Schoharie Valley in New York State. Patterns and letters areused to indicate bedrock of different ages. The Schoharie Valley contains mostly horizontal rock structure in whichoverturning has not occurred. The table provides information about the rocks shown on the map.

The surface bedrock of this portion of the Schoharie Valley is composed mainly of

A) extrusive igneous rockB) metamorphic rock

C) intrusive igneous rockD) sedimentary rock

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163) The bar graphs below show the percentages by volume of the sediment sizes that are found in four different sedimentdeposits, A, B, C, and D.

By which process could these sediment deposits become sedimentary rocks?

A) erosion and depositionB) compaction and cementation

C) pressure and recrystallizationD) melting and solidification

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164) The table of minerals below shows the physical properties of nine minerals.

Which mineral is commonly found in granite?

A) olivine B) quartz C) magnetite D) galena

165) Letter A represents a location in the area of the geologic cross section below.

The Palisades Sill is diabase, a mixture of large crystals of plagioclase feldspars, pyroxene, olivine, hornblende, andbiotite. It can be determined from this mixture that diabase is a form of

A) granite B) gabbro C) pumice D) rhyolite

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166) The diagram below shows matching geologic columns from three different locations, A, B, and C. The locations are about5 kilometers apart and the layers have not been overturned.

The formation of the fossiliferous limestone in column B was probably due to

A) compaction and cementation of skeletons and shells of sea organismsB) heat and pressure which has metamorphosed the limestone and fossilsC) cooling and solidification of molten material containing fossilsD) deposition of a variety of glacial sediments


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167) Which process of formation is represented by letter A inthe "Sedimentary Rocks" table?

A) The remains of marine organisms accumulate andare cemented together.

B) Sediments accumulate and are compressed togetherby overlying layers.

C) Sediments are precipitated from evaporating waterand cemented together.

D) Molten magma cools and solidifies.

168) How are sedimentary rocks B and C in the "SedimentaryRocks" table similar?

A) Both can be formed by heat and great pressure.B) Both have large crystals.C) Both can be composed of organic remains.D) Both have the same commercial use.

169) The diagram below represents a surface and cross-sectional view of a portion of the Earth 15 kilometers from a mountainrange.

Which characteristic of the granite boulder would furnish the greatest amount of information about the environment inwhich the granite solidified?

A) density B) hardness C) texture D) color


The diagram below represents a cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. Points A through D represent locations in thebedrock. The rock layers have not been overturned.

170) The limestone layer could have been formed primarilyby

A) chemical precipitation of calciteB) deposition of quartz fragmentsC) foliation of mica during faultingD) decomposition of plant remains

171) Which rock formed as a result of heat and pressure atpoint B?

A) marbleB) anthracite coal

C) slateD) quartzite

172) Which two minerals will probably be most abundant inthe igneous intrusion?

A) halite and gypsumB) quartz and calciteC) potassium feldspar and biotiteD) plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene

173) Which rock is least likely to contain fossils?

A) shaleB) gabbro

C) limestoneD) siltstone

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174) The diagrams below represent cross sections of four rock samples. Each cross section illustrates the sediments, minerals,or structural appearance of the rock sample.

Which rock sample is most likely nonsedimentary rock?

A) B B) C C) A


175) Which rock is represented by letter B in the"Metamorphic Rocks" table?

A) slateB) diorite

C) hornfelsD) rhyolite

176) Which characteristic is represented by letter A in the"Metamorphic Rocks" table?

A) particles rounded and cemented togetherB) clasticC) porous and permeableD) nonfoliated

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177) The diagram below illustrates the accumulation of sediments in a shallow ocean basin.

The sediments at location A would be formed into sedimentary rock as a result of

A) compaction and cementationB) solidification of molten rock material

C) recrystallization of existing rockD) the action of heat and pressure

178) The diagrams below show how plant materials are changed into the three forms of coal by natural processes.

By which process is anthracite coal formed from bituminous coal? [Refer to the Earth Science Reference Tables.]

A) deposition B) solidification C) metamorphism D) intrusion


The diagram below represents a geologic cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust in New York State. Letters A through Eidentify specific rock units. The layers have not been overturned.

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179) The crystal size of the minerals in rock unit E is verydifferent from the crystal size of the minerals in rockunit D. Which statement best explains this observation?

A) The rocks are of greatly different densities.B) The rocks are of greatly different ages.C) The rocks contain different minerals.D) The rocks cooled at different rates.

180) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, rockunit E is composed mainly of

A) olivine and biotiteB) orthoclase feldspar and quartzC) quartz and hornblendeD) plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene


The diagrams below illustrate five rock samples (including metamorphic gneiss). [Refer to the Earth Science Reference Tables.]

181) Which rock was formed by the compression andcementation of sediments with particle sizes rangingfrom 0.08 to 0.1 centimeter?

A) graniteB) basalt

C) sandstoneD) conglomerate

182) The granite most likely was formed by the process of

A) compaction and cementationB) heating and metamorphismC) erosion and depositionD) melting and solidification

183) Which rock is composed of sediments that have a rangeof sizes and that originate from different rock types?

A) basaltB) gneiss

C) graniteD) conglomerate

184) Which rock shows banding that formed as a result ofrecrystallization of unmelted material under hightemperature and pressure?

A) conglomerateB) granite

C) sandstoneD) gneiss


The diagram below represents a geologic cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. Letters identify individual rock units.

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185) Fossils in this area are most likely to be found in

A) igneous and metamorphic rockB) sedimentary rock, onlyC) sedimentary and igneous rockD) metamorphic rock, only

186) The contact metamorphism zone in rock layer Crepresents

A) loose sediments resulting from weatheringB) a less dense sedimentary rockC) rock changed by heat and pressureD) a carbon-rich layer

187) The cross sections below show widely separated outcrops at locations X, Y, and Z.

Which rock layer was formed by the compaction and cementation of particles that were all less than 0.0004 centimeter indiameter?

A) green shale B) conglomerate C) brown siltstone D) red sandstone

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188) The diagram below shows three geologic columns representing widely separated rock outcrops that had a commonorigin. Descriptions of each sedimentary rock are indicated beside the layers. The rock layers have not been overturned.

Which rock layer is composed of sediments of the largest grain size? [Refer to the Earth Science Reference Tables.]

A) conglomerate B) shale C) sandstone D) siltstone

189) The diagram below represents a portion of the Earth where the rock layers have not been overturned.

Rock layers A and C are sandstones that have the same texture. Layer A contains quartz grains, but layer C does not. Thisinformation suggests that layers A and C probably

A) have different types of cementing materialB) were formed by sediments originating from different sourcesC) are part of the same formationD) have undergone different amounts of metamorphism

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The diagram below represents a cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. The letters indicate points on the Earth's surface.The numbers identify specific rock units.

190) Igneous rock unit 6 is a dark-colored mafic rock withlarge grains. According to the Earth Science ReferenceTables, it is probably

A) basaltB) rhyolite

C) graniteD) gabbro

191) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, rockunit 2 is composed of sediment particles that have thesame size range as the particles deposited near point

A) CB) B

C) ED) D

192) Which rock unit could be an evaporite? [Refer to theEarth Science Reference Tables.]

A) 2B) 6

C) 1D) 3

193) The crystal size of the minerals contained in rock unit 6is much larger than the crystal size in rock unit 5. Thebest explanation for this observation is that the rocks inthe two units

A) contain different-sized sedimentsB) are of greatly different agesC) cooled at different ratesD) contain different minerals

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194) The map below shows certain mineral deposits in the surface bedrock in areas of the United States.

What do each of these areas of mineral deposits have in common?

A) They are sites of active volcanoes.B) They are active fault zones of the Earth's crust.

C) They were once covered by evaporating seas.D) They presently have hot, dry climates.

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