name : group comprehension paper - the book of food · 2018-01-11 · name : group comprehension...
TRANSCRIPT
Name :
Group
Comprehension Paper - The Book of Food
1 hour 15 minutes
This booklet contains a series of articles about food. There is also a supplementary source book which you
will need for Sections A and B. We have selected some interesting pieces about how the way we prepare
and eat food has evolved over time. You will read about how diet and attitudes to food can be affected by
circumstances and environment. We hope you will enjoy it.
Please answer the questions in the order set. Work at a steady pace, reading the information in the
text passages and answering the questions as quickly as you can. If you find something tricky, leave it and
go on to the next question. Do not worry if you do not finish the paper.
Write all your answers, including any working out or rough work, in this booklet. If you want to highlight or
underline any details in the sources please do so.
You will need a ruler, a pencil, a pen and a rubber. You can write in either pencil or pen.
SAM
PLEComprehension Paper - The Book of Food
SAM
PLEComprehension Paper - The Book of Food
There is also a supplementary source book which you
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PLE
There is also a supplementary source book which you
We have selected some interesting pieces about how the way we prepare
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We have selected some interesting pieces about how the way we prepare
and eat food has evolved over time. You will read about how diet and attitudes to food can be affected by
SAM
PLE
and eat food has evolved over time. You will read about how diet and attitudes to food can be affected by
circumstances and environment. We hope you will enjoy it.
SAM
PLE
circumstances and environment. We hope you will enjoy it.
Please answer the questions in the order set.
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PLE
Please answer the questions in the order set. Work at a steady pace, reading the information in the
SAM
PLE
Work at a steady pace, reading the information in the
text passages and answering the questions as quickly as you can. If you find something tricky, leave it and
SAM
PLE
text passages and answering the questions as quickly as you can. If you find something tricky, leave it and
Do not worry if you do not finish the paper.
SAM
PLE
Do not worry if you do not finish the paper.
Write all your answers, including any working out or rough work, in this booklet. If you want to highlight or
SAM
PLE
Write all your answers, including any working out or rough work, in this booklet. If you want to highlight or
underline any details in the sources please do so.
SAM
PLE
underline any details in the sources please do so.
You will need a ruler, a pencil, a pen and a rubber. You can write in either pencil or pen.
SAM
PLE
You will need a ruler, a pencil, a pen and a rubber. You can write in either pencil or pen.
SAM
PLE
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PLE
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Section AQuestions
Read the article entitled ‘Record-breaking chilli is hot news’ which can be found in the source book.
Then answer the questions below.
1 Chillies belong to the same plant family as peppers and tomatoes.
Why do you think chillies, along with tomatoes and peppers, are technically fruits rather than
vegetables? Why do some people think they are vegetables? [3]
SAM
PLERead the article entitled ‘Record-breaking chilli is hot news’ which can be found in the source book.
SAM
PLERead the article entitled ‘Record-breaking chilli is hot news’ which can be found in the source book.
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Chillies belong to the same plant family as peppers and tomatoes.
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Chillies belong to the same plant family as peppers and tomatoes.
Why do you think chillies, along with tomatoes and peppers, are technically fruits rather than
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Why do you think chillies, along with tomatoes and peppers, are technically fruits rather than
vegetables? Why do some people think they are vegetables?
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vegetables? Why do some people think they are vegetables?
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2 Fig 1 shows the chemical structure of four different types of capsaicin.
HNO
O
OHCapsaicin A
HNO
O
OHCapsaicin B
HNO
O
OHCapsaicin C
HNO
O
OHCapsaicin D
Fig 1
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OHSA
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H
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HN
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NO
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OH
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OH
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H
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HN
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NO
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Capsaicin
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Capsaicin C
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C
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Capsaicin SAM
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Capsaicin DSAM
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D
a) On the diagram of capsaicin A circle the part of the structure that all four capsaicin types have in
common. Label this as (a)
b) On the diagram of capsaicin B circle the difference between capsaicin B and capsaicin A. Label this
(b)
c) On the diagram of capsaicin D circle the difference between capsaicin C and capsaicin D. Label this
as (c) [4]
SAM
PLE circle the part of the structure that all four capsaicin types have in
SAM
PLE circle the part of the structure that all four capsaicin types have in
On the diagram of capsaicin B circle the difference between capsaicin B and capsaicin A. Label this SA
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E On the diagram of capsaicin B circle the difference between capsaicin B and capsaicin A. Label this
On the diagram of capsaicin D circle the difference between capsaicin C and capsaicin D. Label this
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PLE On the diagram of capsaicin D circle the difference between capsaicin C and capsaicin D. Label this
3 Fig 2 shows an incomplete chart of the Scoville scale.
Add the chillies described in the passage to the scale. Some have been done for you. [3]
Jalapeño
Military Pepper Spray
2,000,000
0
Fig 2
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PLEAdd the chillies described in the passage to the scale. Some have been done for you.
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PLEAdd the chillies described in the passage to the scale. Some have been done for you. [3]
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Military Pepper Spray
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Military Pepper Spray
4 Using the description of Scoville’s scale to help you, design an experiment to investigate the spiciness
of different chillies grown in the garden.
Write a clear step by step method which clearly describes how you would carry out the experiment to
compare the spiciness of the chillies. [4]
5 Name two variables that you would need to keep the same to make your experiment a fair test.
Describe how you would do this and why it is necessary. [4]
6 What problems could arise from using the tongues of tasters to detect the level of capsaicin in chillies?
[2] SAM
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SAM
PLE Using the description of Scoville’s scale to help you, design an experiment to investigate the spiciness
SAM
PLE Using the description of Scoville’s scale to help you, design an experiment to investigate the spiciness
Write a clear step by step method which clearly describes how you would carry out the experiment to SA
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EWrite a clear step by step method which clearly describes how you would carry out the experiment to
Name two variables that you would need to keep the same to make your experiment a fair test.
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Name two variables that you would need to keep the same to make your experiment a fair test.
Describe how you would do this and why it is necessary.
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Describe how you would do this and why it is necessary. [4]
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[4]
What problems could arise from using the tongues of tasters to detect the level of capsaicin in chillies?
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What problems could arise from using the tongues of tasters to detect the level of capsaicin in chillies?
[2] SAM
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[2]
Section B
Rationing during the Second World War
Read the text and sources entitled ‘Rationing during the Second World War’ which can be found in the
source book. Then answer the questions below.
Questions
1 In your own words explain what rationing was. [2]
2 In which year did the Second World War end? Use the text to help you. [1]
3 Why do you think that rationing continued so long after the end of the war? [2]
4 Look at Source H. What do you think the aim of this poster was? Use details from the source in your
answer. [4]
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PLERationing during the Second World War
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PLERationing during the Second World War
Read the text and sources entitled ‘Rationing during the Second World War’ which can be found in the
SAM
PLERead the text and sources entitled ‘Rationing during the Second World War’ which can be found in the
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In which year did the Second World War end? Use the text to help you.
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In which year did the Second World War end? Use the text to help you. [1]
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[1]
Why do you think that rationing continued so long after the end of the war?
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Why do you think that rationing continued so long after the end of the war?
Look at Source H. What do you think the aim of this poster was? Use details from the source in your
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Look at Source H. What do you think the aim of this poster was? Use details from the source in your
[4]
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[4]
5 Look at Sources D and E. What can you learn from these sources about children’s diets during World
War Two? Use details from the sources in your answer. [4]
6 Look at Sources A and C. They are very different sources. Why are they so different? [6]
7 Look at the two posters about carrots (Sources F and G). Which do you think is the more effective
poster and why? [6]
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Look at Sources D and E. What can you learn from these sources about children’s diets during World
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Look at Sources D and E. What can you learn from these sources about children’s diets during World
Look at Sources A and C. They are very different sources. Why are they so different?
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Look at Sources A and C. They are very different sources. Why are they so different? [6]
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[6]
Look at the two posters about carrots (Sources F and G). Which do you think is the more effective
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Look at the two posters about carrots (Sources F and G). Which do you think is the more effective
poster and why?
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poster and why? [6]
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[6]
Section C
Foreign fruit
An intrepid explorer set off into the wilds of the tropical rainforest and was the first Westerner
to come upon an indigenous tribe who had never met a foreigner before. He decided to try
to learn their language and the first thing he set his eyes on was the wealth of fruit, so he
went to and fro pointing at different things. The tribe members joined in the game and told
him what everything was but he found it more complicated than he had expected.
Here are some examples of the fruits he looked at and the words used to describe them:
demati bamati-na hoset-na debitia fisetia
Cracking the code - Questions
1 What do you think the –na on the end of some of the words indicates? [1]
2 Which of the words below the fruit do you think should be used to describe it? Circle your answer. [5]
1 2 3 4 5
a) fimati a) debitia a) bamati a) fipot a) demat
b) bamati b) hobitia-na b) hoseti b) fibit b) demat-na
c) fiseti c) hobitia c) baseti c) depot c) homati-na
3 What patterns do you think the explorer worked out as he listened to the words and looked at the fruit?
Give examples of what he might have found. [3]SAM
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PLEAn intrepid explorer set off into the wilds of the tropical rainforest and was the first Westerner
SAM
PLEAn intrepid explorer set off into the wilds of the tropical rainforest and was the first Westerner
to come upon an indigenous tribe who had never met a foreigner before. He decided to try SA
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Eto come upon an indigenous tribe who had never met a foreigner before. He decided to try
to learn their language and the first thing he set his eyes on was the wealth of fruit, so he SA
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Eto learn their language and the first thing he set his eyes on was the wealth of fruit, so he
went to and fro pointing at different things. The tribe members joined in the game and told
SAM
PLEwent to and fro pointing at different things. The tribe members joined in the game and told
him what everything was but he found it more complicated than he had expected.
SAM
PLEhim what everything was but he found it more complicated than he had expected.
Here are some examples of the fruits he looked at and the words used to describe them:
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Here are some examples of the fruits he looked at and the words used to describe them:
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hoset-na
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hoset-na debitia
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debitia
Cracking the code - Questions
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Cracking the code - Questions
What do you think the –na on the end of some of the words indicates?
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What do you think the –na on the end of some of the words indicates?
Which of the words below the fruit do you think should be used to describe it? Circle your answer.
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Which of the words below the fruit do you think should be used to describe it? Circle your answer.
2
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2 3
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3
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a) fimati
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a) fimati a) debitia
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a) debitia
b) bamati SAM
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b) bamati b) hobitia-naSAM
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b) hobitia-na
c) fiseti SAM
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c) fiseti c) hobitiaSAM
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c) hobitiaSAM
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What patterns do you think the explorer worked out as he listened to the words and looked at the fruit? SAM
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What patterns do you think the explorer worked out as he listened to the words and looked at the fruit?
Give examples of what he might have found. SAM
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Give examples of what he might have found.
4 Using the tribal language, what would you call the following fruit? [6]
1 2 3
Then one day, the explorer discovered this fruit!
It had never been seen before and
never been given a name!
5 What name should he give it, bearing in mind what he has learned about the tribal language? Justify
your answer. [5]
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3
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Then one day, the explorer discovered this fruit!
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Then one day, the explorer discovered this fruit!
It had never been seen before and
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It had never been seen before and
never been given a name!
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never been given a name!
What name should he give it, bearing in mind what he has learned about the tribal language? Justify
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What name should he give it, bearing in mind what he has learned about the tribal language? Justify
your answer.
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your answer. [5]
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[5]
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Section D
Roast Beef
It is a sad and surprising fact that very few modern Englishmen and women have ever tasted
their national dish of roast beef. The dish we today call a ‘roast’ is in fact baked in an oven
and is very different in character to the roast meat of our ancestors. To be truly roasted meat
must be cooked on a spit in the radiant heat of an open fire. The meat is skewered on to
the spit. This is a large metal rod which can be rotated so the meat is turned regularly.
The most basic method was to
turn the spits by hand which was
a tiresome and very uncomfortable
job due to the overpowering heat of
the fire. A kitchen assistant known
as a turnspit performed this task
but dogs in treadmills were also
frequently used to rotate the spits.
In the sixteenth century Doctor
Caius described the turnspit dog as
follows: ‘There is comprehended
under the curse of the coarsest kind
a certain dog in kitchen service
excellent. For when any meat is to be roasted, they go into a wheel which they turning about with the
weight of their bodies so diligently look to their business that no drudge nor scullion can do the feat
Fig 1 - A medieval turnspit at work
Fig 2 - A turnspit dog working a treadmill attached to a spit
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It is a sad and surprising fact that very few modern Englishmen and women have ever tasted
SAM
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It is a sad and surprising fact that very few modern Englishmen and women have ever tasted
their national dish of roast beef. The dish we today call a ‘roast’ is in fact baked in an oven
SAM
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their national dish of roast beef. The dish we today call a ‘roast’ is in fact baked in an oven
and is very different in character to the roast meat of our ancestors. To be truly roasted meat
SAM
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and is very different in character to the roast meat of our ancestors. To be truly roasted meat
must be cooked on a spit in the radiant heat of an open fire. The meat is skewered on to
SAM
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must be cooked on a spit in the radiant heat of an open fire. The meat is skewered on to
the spit. This is a large metal rod which can be rotated so the meat is turned regularly.
SAM
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the spit. This is a large metal rod which can be rotated so the meat is turned regularly.
The most basic method was to
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The most basic method was to
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excellent. For when any meat is to be roasted, they go into a wheel which they turning about with the SAM
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excellent. For when any meat is to be roasted, they go into a wheel which they turning about with the SAM
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weight of their bodies so diligently look to their business that no drudge nor scullion can do the feat SAM
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weight of their bodies so diligently look to their business that no drudge nor scullion can do the feat SAM
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Fig 2 - A turnspit dog working a treadmill attached to a spit
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Fig 2 - A turnspit dog working a treadmill attached to a spit
more cunningly.’ An eighteenth century writer tells us that these unfortunate creatures
frequently ran away when there was any indication that a roast was about to be cooked.
In England, kitchens in large establishments were usually fitted with a smoke jack.
This was a device that took advantage of the rising heat in the chimney to turn
a vane which in turn rotated the spit via a simple train of gears and a chain. A
visitor to a monastery in 1600 wrote ‘I happened to notice a spit turning and
immediately fell to wondering how it could carry on doing so seemingly all by itself.
It had the power continuously to rotate like a clock that could wind itself up’.
By far the most popular method of roasting meat in England during the nineteenth
century was the bottlejack. This was a small and convenient device that had a clockwork
mechanism wound up with a simple key. The meat would be attached to the jack
by a hook and then hung vertically in front of the fire. Bottle jacks were still being manufactured
in the 1930s. As hot-air ovens became increasingly efficient during the course of the nineteenth
century more cooks came to realise that open-fire roasting was very wasteful of fuel and the practice
gradually died out. The oven door finally closed on the British roast just before the First World War..
Fig 3 - A bottlejack
SAM
PLEmore cunningly.’ An eighteenth century writer tells us that these unfortunate creatures
SAM
PLEmore cunningly.’ An eighteenth century writer tells us that these unfortunate creatures
frequently ran away when there was any indication that a roast was about to be cooked.
SAM
PLEfrequently ran away when there was any indication that a roast was about to be cooked.
In England, kitchens in large establishments were usually fitted with a smoke jack. SA
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EIn England, kitchens in large establishments were usually fitted with a smoke jack.
This was a device that took advantage of the rising heat in the chimney to turn SA
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EThis was a device that took advantage of the rising heat in the chimney to turn
a vane which in turn rotated the spit via a simple train of gears and a chain. A
SAM
PLEa vane which in turn rotated the spit via a simple train of gears and a chain. A
visitor to a monastery in 1600 wrote ‘I happened to notice a spit turning and
SAM
PLEvisitor to a monastery in 1600 wrote ‘I happened to notice a spit turning and
immediately fell to wondering how it could carry on doing so seemingly all by itself.
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immediately fell to wondering how it could carry on doing so seemingly all by itself.
It had the power continuously to rotate like a clock that could wind itself up’.
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It had the power continuously to rotate like a clock that could wind itself up’.
By far the most popular method of roasting meat in England during the nineteenth
SAM
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By far the most popular method of roasting meat in England during the nineteenth
century was the bottlejack. This was a small and convenient device that had a clockwork
SAM
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century was the bottlejack. This was a small and convenient device that had a clockwork
mechanism wound up with a simple key. The meat would be attached to the jack
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mechanism wound up with a simple key. The meat would be attached to the jack
by a hook and then hung vertically in front of the fire. Bottle jacks were still being manufactured
SAM
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by a hook and then hung vertically in front of the fire. Bottle jacks were still being manufactured
in the 1930s. As hot-air ovens became increasingly efficient during the course of the nineteenth
SAM
PLE
in the 1930s. As hot-air ovens became increasingly efficient during the course of the nineteenth
century more cooks came to realise that open-fire roasting was very wasteful of fuel and the practice
SAM
PLE
century more cooks came to realise that open-fire roasting was very wasteful of fuel and the practice
gradually died out. The oven door finally closed on the British roast just before the First World War..
SAM
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gradually died out. The oven door finally closed on the British roast just before the First World War..
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Fig 3 - A bottlejack
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Fig 3 - A bottlejack
Questions
1 Look at the picture of a turnspit dog and a modern day terrier. What features do you think were bred
into the turnspit dog to ensure it was able to turn the wheel efficiently? Why would they be useful
features? [3]
2 Here is a description of how the smoke jack works from the 1826 book A Treatise of Mechanics.
‘The smoke-jack is an engine used for the same purpose as the common jack; and is
so called from its being moved by means of the smoke, or rarefied air, ascending the
chimney, and striking against the sails of the horizontal wheel which being inclined to
the horizon, is moved about of its axis together with the pinion, which rotates against
the cog wheel. The cog wheel is connected to a shaft which causes the rotation of the
fly wheel. The fly wheel carries the chain, which is attached and turns the spit. The
horizontal wheel should be placed in the narrow part of the chimney, where the motion
of the smoke is swiftest, and where also the greatest part of it must strike upon the sails.’
a) Label the parts underlined in the text onto the diagram of the smoke jack. [3]
b) The direction that one of the parts would rotate is marked on the diagram. Use arrows to indicate the
directions the cog wheel and the chain would move. [2]
c) Finish the diagram using the space below it to show how you think the spit would be attached to the
chain. [1]
A turnspit dog A modern day terrier
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Look at the picture of a turnspit dog and a modern day terrier. What features do you think were bred
SAM
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Look at the picture of a turnspit dog and a modern day terrier. What features do you think were bred
into the turnspit dog to ensure it was able to turn the wheel efficiently? Why would they be useful
SAM
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into the turnspit dog to ensure it was able to turn the wheel efficiently? Why would they be useful
Here is a description of how the smoke jack works from the 1826 book
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Here is a description of how the smoke jack works from the 1826 book
‘The smoke-jack is an engine used for the same purpose as the common jack; and is
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‘The smoke-jack is an engine used for the same purpose as the common jack; and is
so called from its being moved by means of the smoke, or rarefied air, ascending the
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so called from its being moved by means of the smoke, or rarefied air, ascending the
chimney, and striking against the sails of the
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chimney, and striking against the sails of the horizontal wheel
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horizontal wheel
the horizon, is moved about of its axis together with the
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the horizon, is moved about of its axis together with the
cog wheel
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cog wheelcog wheel
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cog wheel. The cog wheel is connected to a
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. The cog wheel is connected to a shaft
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shaft
fly wheel
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fly wheelfly wheel
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fly wheel. The fly wheel carries the
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. The fly wheel carries the chain
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chain, which is attached and turns the spit. The
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, which is attached and turns the spit. The
horizontal wheel should be placed in the narrow part of the chimney, where the motion
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horizontal wheel should be placed in the narrow part of the chimney, where the motion
of the smoke is swiftest, and where also the greatest part of it must strike upon the sails.’
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of the smoke is swiftest, and where also the greatest part of it must strike upon the sails.’
SAM
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a)
SAM
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a)
SAM
PLE
Label the parts underlined in the text onto the diagram of the smoke jack.
SAM
PLE
Label the parts underlined in the text onto the diagram of the smoke jack.
b) SAM
PLE
b) The direction that one of the parts would rotate is marked on the diagram. Use arrows to indicate the SAM
PLE
The direction that one of the parts would rotate is marked on the diagram. Use arrows to indicate the
directions the cog wheel and the chain would move. SAM
PLE
directions the cog wheel and the chain would move.
Finish the diagram using the space below it to show how you think the spit would be attached to the SAM
PLE
Finish the diagram using the space below it to show how you think the spit would be attached to the
A modern day terrier
SAM
PLEA modern day terrier
SAM
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A diagram of a smoke jack
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SAM
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3 An owner of a large old country house found this bottle jack in his
cellar and decided to carry out an experiment to find out if the
mechanism was still working properly. He read in a book that one
full winding up of the clockwork mechanism should last about an
hour and should turn the meat four times one way and four times
the other. His bottle jack was fully wound after seven turns of the
key.
Every day for a week he wound up the bottle jack with different
numbers of turns of the key and timed how long it twisted for each
time. He wrote his results down in his diary.
‘On Monday I turned the key once and the jack twisted for 8
minutes and 30 seconds. Seven full turns of the key on Tuesday
caused the mechanism to twist for 59 ¾ minutes. On Wednesday
two turns of the key resulted in the jack twisting for 17 minutes.
Five turns of the key on the next day lasted 43 minutes. Six turns
of the key lasted 51 and a half minutes. On the last day of the
experiment three turns of the key made it twist for 25 minutes.’
a) Use the blank table on the next page to record the owner’s results in a way which would help him see if
there is a relationship between the number of turns of the key and how long the bottle twisted for.
Remember to include suitable column headings.
Use the space below for rough working if you need it. [4]
SAM
PLEfull winding up of the clockwork mechanism should last about an
SAM
PLEfull winding up of the clockwork mechanism should last about an
hour and should turn the meat four times one way and four times SA
MPL
Ehour and should turn the meat four times one way and four times
the other. His bottle jack was fully wound after seven turns of the
SAM
PLEthe other. His bottle jack was fully wound after seven turns of the
Every day for a week he wound up the bottle jack with different
SAM
PLE
Every day for a week he wound up the bottle jack with different
numbers of turns of the key and timed how long it twisted for each
SAM
PLE
numbers of turns of the key and timed how long it twisted for each
‘On Monday I turned the key once and the jack twisted for 8
SAM
PLE
‘On Monday I turned the key once and the jack twisted for 8
minutes and 30 seconds. Seven full turns of the key on Tuesday
SAM
PLE
minutes and 30 seconds. Seven full turns of the key on Tuesday
caused the mechanism to twist for 59 ¾ minutes. On Wednesday
SAM
PLE
caused the mechanism to twist for 59 ¾ minutes. On Wednesday
two turns of the key resulted in the jack twisting for 17 minutes.
SAM
PLE
two turns of the key resulted in the jack twisting for 17 minutes.
Five turns of the key on the next day lasted 43 minutes. Six turns
SAM
PLE
Five turns of the key on the next day lasted 43 minutes. Six turns
of the key lasted 51 and a half minutes. On the last day of the
SAM
PLE
of the key lasted 51 and a half minutes. On the last day of the
experiment three turns of the key made it twist for 25 minutes.’
SAM
PLE
experiment three turns of the key made it twist for 25 minutes.’
Use the blank table on the next page to record the owner’s results in a way which would help him see if
SAM
PLE
Use the blank table on the next page to record the owner’s results in a way which would help him see if
there is a relationship between the number of turns of the key and how long the bottle twisted for.
SAM
PLE
there is a relationship between the number of turns of the key and how long the bottle twisted for.
Remember to include suitable column headings.
SAM
PLE
Remember to include suitable column headings.
Use the space below for rough working if you need it.
SAM
PLE
Use the space below for rough working if you need it. [4]
SAM
PLE
[4]
SAM
PLE
b) Draw a graph to show the results. [5]
SAM
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[5]
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[5]
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c) Use your graph to estimate how long the bottle jack would turn for if the owner had remembered to
turn the key four times. Show how you worked this out on the graph or in the space below. [1]
d) How many turns, forwards and backwards, would you expect the bottle jack to make if the key is
turned three times? [1]
SAM
PLE
SAM
PLE
SAM
PLE
SAM
PLE
SAM
PLE
SAM
PLE
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PLE
SAM
PLE
Use your graph to estimate how long the bottle jack would turn for if the owner had remembered to
SAM
PLE
Use your graph to estimate how long the bottle jack would turn for if the owner had remembered to
turn the key four times. Show how you worked this out on the graph or in the space below.
SAM
PLEturn the key four times. Show how you worked this out on the graph or in the space below. [1]
SAM
PLE[1]
How many turns, forwards and backwards, would you expect the bottle jack to make if the key is
SAM
PLE How many turns, forwards and backwards, would you expect the bottle jack to make if the key is
Section E
Do certain foods make you happy?
Many people believe that there is a link between certain foods and our moods.
Here are a series of DIFFERENT opinions about whether foods affect our emotions.
Read them and answer the questions which follow.
“Most claims made on behalf of food affecting mental
health are unsubstantiated”.
Author 1
“Food does affect mood and in different ways. It is just
very difficult to pinpoint the mechanisms involved”.
Author 2
“Men and women certainly act as if they expect food
to affect their behaviour – by consuming products that
have virtually no nutritional value, such as alcohol
and caffeine, because they know these are going to
affect their moods.”
Author 3
“American researchers who fed pieces of carrot to
children found that the subjects rated those presented
in McDonald’s fries wrappers as being tastier than bits
of carrot that were plainly wrapped. In reality, there
was no difference”.
Author 4
“I do research on the adult hippocampus, one of the few
areas of the brain where new neurones continue to form
throughout life, a process known as neurogenesis. The
level of neurogenesis is closely linked to emotional states:
if new neurones are encouraged to grow the likelihood of
depression decreases. Research has found that diet can
affect the growth of neurones in the hippocampus. We
found that intermittent fasting – eating fully one day
and taking no food the next day – had a substantial
impact on the growth of new neurones. In addition,
reducing calorie intake by around 30 per cent also
boosted neural growth...I am convinced that the food
we eat has an impact on our emotions”,
Author 5
“It’s not just what you eat that is important, it is the
manner in which you consume it. Meals give you a
chance to stop and take a break from the stress of the
day. More and more people eat at their desks and that
is not healthy. You should take half an hour out of
your schedule and relax. Grabbing a bite out of a paper
bag is not going to do your mental health much good”.
Author 6
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SAM
PLEDo certain foods make you happy?
SAM
PLEDo certain foods make you happy?
Many people believe that there is a link between certain foods and our moods.
SAM
PLEMany people believe that there is a link between certain foods and our moods.
Here are a series of DIFFERENT opinions about whether foods affect our emotions.SA
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EHere are a series of DIFFERENT opinions about whether foods affect our emotions.
Author 2
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Author 2
“Men and women certainly act as if they expect food
SAM
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“Men and women certainly act as if they expect food
to affect their behaviour – by consuming products that
SAM
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to affect their behaviour – by consuming products that
have virtually no nutritional value, such as alcohol
SAM
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have virtually no nutritional value, such as alcohol
and caffeine, because they know these are going to
SAM
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and caffeine, because they know these are going to
Author 3
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Author 3
“American researchers who fed pieces of carrot to
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“American researchers who fed pieces of carrot to “American researchers who fed pieces of carrot to
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“American researchers who fed pieces of carrot to “American researchers who fed pieces of carrot to
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“American researchers who fed pieces of carrot to “American researchers who fed pieces of carrot to
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“American researchers who fed pieces of carrot to
children found that the subjects
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children found that the subjects rated
SAM
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rated those presented
SAM
PLE
those presented
in McDonald’s fries wrappers as being tastier than bits
SAM
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in McDonald’s fries wrappers as being tastier than bits
of carrot that were plainly wrapped. In reality, there
SAM
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of carrot that were plainly wrapped. In reality, there
was no difference”.
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was no difference”.
Author 4
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PLE
Author 4
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PLE“I do research on the adult hippocampus, one of the few
SAM
PLE“I do research on the adult hippocampus, one of the few
areas of the brain where new neurones continue to form
SAM
PLE
areas of the brain where new neurones continue to form
throughout life, a process known as neurogenesis. The
SAM
PLE
throughout life, a process known as neurogenesis. The
level of neurogenesis is closely linked to emotional states:
SAM
PLE
level of neurogenesis is closely linked to emotional states:
if new neurones are encouraged to grow the likelihood of
SAM
PLE
if new neurones are encouraged to grow the likelihood of
depression decreases. Research has found that diet can
SAM
PLE
depression decreases. Research has found that diet can
affect the growth of neurones in the hippocampus. We
SAM
PLE
affect the growth of neurones in the hippocampus. We
found that
SAM
PLE
found that intermittent
SAM
PLE
intermittent fasting – eating fully one day
SAM
PLE
fasting – eating fully one day
and taking no food the next day – had a substantial
SAM
PLE
and taking no food the next day – had a substantial
impact on the growth of new neurones. In addition,
SAM
PLE
impact on the growth of new neurones. In addition,
reducing calorie intake by around 30 per cent also
SAM
PLE
reducing calorie intake by around 30 per cent also
boosted neural growth...I am convinced that the food
SAM
PLE
boosted neural growth...I am convinced that the food
we eat has an impact on our emotions”,
SAM
PLE
we eat has an impact on our emotions”,we eat has an impact on our emotions”,
SAM
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we eat has an impact on our emotions”,
“It’s not just what you eat that is important, it is the
SAM
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“It’s not just what you eat that is important, it is the
manner
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manner
chance to stop and take a break from the stress of the
SAM
PLE
chance to stop and take a break from the stress of the
day. More and more people eat at their desks and that
SAM
PLE
day. More and more people eat at their desks and that
Questions
1 Look at the following words which are all underlined in the text. Which do you think is the most
accurate definition of the words as used in the texts? Underline the correct answer [5]
unsubstantiated ~ not very clear not very heavy not backed up
mechanisms ~ workings engines structures
rated ~ found judged ranked
intermittent ~ irregular random off and on
manner ~ way courtesy speed
2 Using all the opinions and your own knowledge, explain how far you agree with the view that “There is
enough evidence to prove that there is a link between food and happiness”. [10]
SAM
PLE Look at the following words which are all underlined in the text. Which do you think is the most
SAM
PLE Look at the following words which are all underlined in the text. Which do you think is the most
accurate definition of the words as used in the texts? Underline the correct answer
SAM
PLEaccurate definition of the words as used in the texts? Underline the correct answer [5]
SAM
PLE[5]
not very heavy SA
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E not very heavy not backed upSA
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E not backed up
enginesSA
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judged
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random
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PLEoff and on
courtesy
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courtesy speed
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speed
Using all the opinions and your own knowledge, explain how far you agree with the view that “There is
SAM
PLE
Using all the opinions and your own knowledge, explain how far you agree with the view that “There is
enough evidence to prove that there is a link between food and happiness”.
SAM
PLE
enough evidence to prove that there is a link between food and happiness”. [10]
SAM
PLE
[10]
Comprehension Paper - supplementary sources
You will need to read the article and sources in this booklet to help you with questions in Section A and
Section B.
Read the article and sources carefully. You can highlight, underline or make notes in this booklet.
Section A
‘Record-breaking’ chilli is hot news
Experts have pronounced a chilli grown in the market town
of Grantham as the hottest in the world.
Tests have revealed the “Infinity Chilli” to have a Scoville Scale Rating of
1,176,182 SHU; hotter than chilli reportedly used in hand grenades by the Indian
military. But what is the attraction of this insanely hot ingredient?
Like many great discoveries Nick Woods, the owner of Fire Foods sauces, says he
developed the Infinity Chilli accidentally when breeding chilli plants for his sauces.
“I knew as soon as I saw it in the polytunnel. It stood out, and when I dissected
it I could tell by the skin tissue and the seeds that it was a hot one.”
Technically the chilli is not a vegetable but a
fruit, from the plant genus Capsicum. The heat
comes from the substance “capsaicin” which
is found in all chillies. The attraction of it lies
in the way it livens up our foods and makes
the body produce pleasurable endorphins
afterwards. It’s boom time for the chilli
because Britain’s taste buds are thoroughly globalised. Many of us get used to curries and other hot
snacks. Now the experts say we’re looking for bigger and better chilli-based thrills in the kitchen.
The chilli fire is measured by the Scoville Heat Unit (SHU) designed by American chemist
Wilbur Scoville in 1912. He found that the tongue was far more sensitive than chemical
tests being capable of detecting capsaicin dissolved in a solution a million times its
volume. No laboratory test at that time could detect such a low concentration.
To put the Grantham chilli in context a cayenne can score up to 45,000 SHU on the Scoville scale.
Even the hottest jalepeno is a tiny 80,000 SHU and the fiery Tabasco sauce is a mere 130, 000 SHU.
The small, but deadly, bird eye chilli measures an average of 225,000 SHU. A scotch bonnet has a heat
rating of 650,000 SHU. The Bhut Jolokia chilli weighs in at just over 820,000 SHU. At opposite ends
of the scale there are the normal bell pepper at 0 SHU and military pepper spray at 1,900,000 SHU.
Despite the obvious immediate discomfort that comes from eating the hottest of chillies, doctors are
yet to notice any lasting ill effects from them. In fact it’s thought they could play a valuable part in
pain relief and there are reports of them being used to help people undergoing chemotherapy.
Earlier this week Nick Woods decided to try one of his Infinity Chillies. “I actually ate
one yesterday. It was all a bit worrying. The burn on my tongue lasted half an hour
and the effects went on and on. At one point I was doubled over in pain and thinking
about ringing the hospital. The worst was over by 11 o’clock, but it wasn’t funny.”
Section B
Rationing during the Second World War
Before the Second World War began, Britain imported about 55 million tons of food from many different
countries every year. When war began in September 1939 this importing was stopped because the ships
were being torpedoed by German submarines. There was a worry that this would lead to a shortage of
food supplies in the shops so rationing was introduced in January 1940. Everyone was issued with a
ration book containing coupons that had to be handed to the shop keeper when buying goods; the shop
keeper would remove the appropriate coupons and take the correct amount of money. Bacon, butter and
sugar were the first foods to be rationed, followed by others such as meat, eggs, cheese and milk. Potatoes,
fruit and fish were not rationed. People were encouraged to grow their own food in their gardens or in an
allotment. Gardens and parks were also used and children were encouraged to get involved by digging
and planting seeds. Food rationing lasted for 14 years in Britain even though the war only lasted 6 years.
Source A“Although most people suffered minor hardships, the poorest people in Britain ate better
during the war than they had before it began. Unemployment had reached record levels
during the 1930s but with the outbreak of war most of the unemployed found work in war
industries or the military. As a result they could afford more food. Furthermore, unlike in
peace-time, the government took measures to make sure that people ate reasonably well”.
Pat Levy: The Home Front in World War II, 2003
Source B“The worst aspect of rationing, for most people, was that it made life even more of
a struggle, even more tedious. Calculating coupons and points, queuing for ages
and wondering how to make interesting meals out of not very much, were daily
problems. Many people worked hard, for long hours and unappetising meals added
to the monotony of life. People longed for an orange, or a chocolate bar”.
Christopher Culpin: The era of the Second World War, 2002
Source C“We never starved, but we ate some...funny things. Best was American dried egg. You
poured a thick trickle into the frying pan, then it blew up like a balloon, till it was two
inches thick, like a big yellow hump backed whale. And we had whale meat...there was
so much of it – great big steaks as big as your plate...we didn’t care what it tasted like”.
A boy from the North of England remembers rationing
Source D“just a bit of news, I ate a real orange last week; also we have a new puppy, all black”
Letter from a mother to a child who had been evacuated during the Second World War
Source E
Children eating carrots on sticks during the Second World War
Source F
Source G
Source H