Name Index

AAbrantes, P., 42Albert, D., 304, 311Alves, R., 103Amoroso Costa, M., 7Ampère, A.-M., 4Andronov, A., 33, 321–322Arbousse-Bastide, P., 6, 10–11Archivos do Museu Naciona, 101Ariew, A., 167, 185Aristotelism, 152Aristotle, 13, 17, 20, 60–61, 66, 68, 152, 325Assis, A. K. T., 27, 71–76Assoun, P.-L., 214Avise, J. C., 288

BBachelard, G., 15, 22Bacon, F., 4, 25, 67Baker, L. R., 171Barbosa Filho, B., 19Barbosa, E., 22Barnes, B., 47, 238Barreto, T., 7Barrett, J., 304, 311Bastide, R., 10–11Beaurepaire Rohan, H., 98Beck, G., 46Becquerel, E., 29, 110Becquerel, H., 29, 107–116Bell, J., 37, 291, 295, 297Benacerraf, P., 151, 155Bergson, H., 6, 17Bernard, C., 40, 145, 193Bhaskar, R., 220Bichat, X., 6Birkhoff, G. D., 32–33, 48, 314, 316–319, 321Black, M., 147Blackmore, S., 181

Blondel, M., 6Bloor, D., 47, 234, 238–239Bohm, D., 36–38, 291–298Bohr, N., 293, 302–303Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 101Bombelli, R., 156Bonifácio, J., 7Borne, E., 10Bourbaki, N., 265Boyd, R., 40, 43, 141, 179–181Braudel, F., 10Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 7, 104Brazilian Society of Sciences, 104Bréhier, E., 10Brewster, D., 228Bronowski, J., 207Brouwer, L. E. J., 151Brown, H., 21Büchner, L., 7Bueno, O., 19–20, 49–50, 301–312Bunge, M., 262Bunsen, R., 223–225

CCabanis, P. J., 6Callon, M., 30, 247Canguilhem, G., 5Caponi, G., 22, 39–40, 193Capra, F., 292Chagas Filho, C., 103Carnap, R., 236Carneiro, P., 13Carnielli, W., 20–22Carta Itinerária do Império, 98Cartwright, N., 147Cassirer, E., 28Catton. W. R., 213Cauchy, A.-L., 155, 313Central School, 97

D. Krause, A. Videira (eds.), Brazilian Studies in Philosophy and History of Science,Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 290, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9422-3,C© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011

341

342 Name Index

Centre of Logics and Epistemology, 16–17Chagas, C., 8Chateabriand Filho, O., 19Chauí, M., 18Chediak, K., 41, 161–168Chibeni, S., 21–22Clifford, W. K., 338Collingwood, R. G., 220Colllins, H., 239Colyvan, M., 154Comissão Astronômica, 98Comissão Científica do Vale do Amazonas, 98Comissão Exploradora do Planalto Central do

Brasil, 98Comissão Geográfica e Geológica de Minas

Gerais, 99Comissão Geográfica e Geológica de São

Paulo, 99Comissão Geológica do Brasil, 98Comissão Milnor Roberts, 98Comte, A., 4–7, 96, 143Conferências da G1ória, 101Coumet, E., 42Cousin, V., 6Cruls, L., 98Cruz Costa, J., 11, 14Cruz, O., 8, 23, 102–103Cummins, R., 41–42, 162–165, 185,

187–194, 196Cupani, A., 22, 39Curie, M. S., 112–113

Dda Costa, N. C. A., 19–21, 47–50, 260–261,

270, 272, 275, 301–312Dafert, F., 100d’Alembert, Jean, 4, 26–27, 318d’Ambrosio, Ubiratan, 7Dantes, M. A. M., 23, 36, 95–104Darwin, C., 22, 32, 43, 119–121, 125–127,

143, 201–209, 220, 254, 281da Silva, J. C. S. P., 21da Silva, J. J., 38–39, 151–159Davidson, D., 22, 145–146d’Azur, V., 6de Assis Pereira da Silva, O. P., 17

See also Porchat, O.de Alencar, O., 7de Almeida Ferraz Junior, B. P., Jr., 12,

14, 17De Almeida, G. A., 18–19De Almeida, M., 23De Andrade, A. M. R., 23

de Andrade Martins, R., 29, 107–116de Biran, M., 6Debrun, M., 16de Camargo, K. R., Jr., 30, 245–255de Carvalho Ramos, M., 21, 28de Castro, E. V., 7de Castro Farias, L., 7de Condorcet, M., 6, 15Deffontaines, P., 10de Freitas Mourão, R. R., 23de Freitas, R. S., 43–44, 201–209de Lacerda, B., 101de Laplace, P. S., 6, 247, 318–319de Maupertuis, P. L. M., 28–29de Mello e Souza, G., 14de Meneses, T. B., see Barreto, T.de Mesquita Filho, J., 9de Moraes, L., 20Dennett, D., 172, 175–178de Oliveira, A. S., 10de O. Mendonça, A. L., 34–35, 46–47,

233–242de Saint-Simon, H., 6Descartes, R., 13–15, 18, 20, 25, 43, 63–64,

67, 77, 136, 138, 157–158, 201–202,205–206, 208, 325–326

de Souza, E., 20d’Espagnat, B., 291Destouches, J. –L., 48Dewdney, C., 296Dewey, J., 11, 43, 202–203, 208De Witt, B. S. M., 303–304Dias, P. M. C., 26, 77–93Diderot, D., 4, 28, 33, 46, 325Dilthey, W., 212, 214Dirac, P., 263, 298, 328Domingues, H. B., 23Donald, M., 174Dória, F. A., 21, 48, 269–278Dória, M., 19, 48–49, 269–278dos Santos, A. F., 102dos Santos, L. H. L., 20dos Santos, M. A., see Milton Santosd’Ottaviano, I. M. L., 20–21Duhem, P., 25Dumas, G., 10Dunlap, R. E., 213Dutra, L. H., 22, 39–40, 141–149

EEidgenössische Technische Hochschule, 97Einstein, A., 37, 46–50, 269–278, 325–339El-Hani, C. N., 41, 185–198

Name Index 343

Elster, J. P. L. J., 112Euler, L., 26Everett, H., III, 37Évora, F., 22

FFalkenburg, B., 263Fantappié, L., 10Farias Brito, R., 7Fermi, E., 10Février, P., 48, 265Feyerabend, P., 46, 233Feynman, R., 291, 339Field, H., 154Figueirôa, S., 35–36, 95–104Finlay, C. J., 102Fleck, L., 30, 248–249, 251Fock, V., 37Forbes, J., 228Foucault, M., 15Franklin, B., 28, 137Frege, G., 152–153, 157, 259Freire, O., Jr., 21–22, 36–38, 291–298French, S., 21, 50, 258–259, 263–265,

305, 308Frescura, F., 295Freud, S., 44–45, 211–221, 236Fuller, S., 237

GGalilei, G., 24, 57–59, 61–62, 64–67Galison, P., 47, 234, 238–240Gama, R., 8, 13Garric, R., 10Gaston-Granger, G., 15, 17, 39Gauss, J. C. F., 337–339Geach, P., 259Geitel, H. F. K., 112Ghins, M., 21, 39Gianotti, J. A., 12, 17Giere, R., 147Gödel, K., 48–49, 269–278Godfrey-Smith, P., 42, 166–167, 172–179,

182, 185–187, 197Goldfarb, A. M., 23Goldman, A. I., 175Goldschmit, V., 15, 17Goldstein, S., 291Gomes de Souza, J., 7Gondro, C., 32, 281–289Grossmann, M., 331Guéroult, M., 13, 15Guillaume, M., 19Guinand, P., 226

Guizot, F., 6Gusdorf, G., 28

HHabermas, J., 215Hacking, I., 233, 238, 247–248, 250, 253Haeckel, E., 7Hambuger, A., 37Hartt, C. F., 98Hegel, G., 17, 216Heidegger, M., 17, 43, 202Heisenberg, W., 263, 302Hempel, C., 147Herschel, J., 228Hertz, H., 154Hesse, M., 147High School of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, 97Hilbert, D., 39, 153, 158, 262–263, 265Hiley, B., 37, 291–292, 295–298Holland, P., 297Hooke, R., 26, 77–93Howard, D., 302Hume, D., 20, 45, 201–202, 209, 224, 326, 339Humphrey, N., 174Hurley, S., 173, 178Husserl, E., 13, 16–17, 19, 38, 153, 156–157

IIMPA (Instituto de Matemática Pura e

Aplicada), 322Immanuel, K., 13, 15–18, 43, 153, 201–202,

205–208, 236, 269, 326Imperial Estação Agronômica, 99Imperial Observatory, 98Institute Pasteur, 102Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, 100Instituto de Manguinhos, 102Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 103Instituto Soroterapico do Butantan, 102

KKeat, R., 220Kepler, J., 25, 59, 63–65, 71, 74–75, 78,

80, 297Kimura, M., 282–283, 285–286Kingman, J. F. C., 288Kirchhoff, R., 223, 228Kitcher, P., 163, 165, 197Knorr-Cetina, K., 239, 251Kojève, A., 216Kornblith, H., 175, 178Koseritz, K., 95Krause, D., 19–22, 47–48, 257–266, 282Kripke, S., 40, 141

344 Name Index

Krishnamurti, J., 292, 295Kuhn, T., 40, 46–47, 141–143, 233–239,

248, 252

LLacan, J., 216Lacey, H., 20, 64Ladrière, J., 18Laffitte, P., 6Lakatos, I., 46, 233Lambert, D., 326–327Landim Filho, R., 18–19Lange, F., 7Laplanche, J., 216Latour, B., 30, 234, 238–241, 246–247, 253Laudan, L., 233Lebowitz, J., 291Lebrun, G., 16Leclerc. A., 19, 135Lefort, C., 15, 18Lefschetz, S., 33, 321Leggett, A., 291Leibniz, G., 13, 15, 20, 48, 257, 260–261Leopoldo e Silva, F., 20Levi-Civita, T., 318–319, 333Lévi-Strauss, C., 10–11, 215Liais, E., 98Lobachevsky, N., 337Locke, J., 13, 43, 201–202, 206, 208, 326Loewer, B., 304, 311Loparic, A., 20Lopes, M. M., 35–36, 95–104Lorentz, H. A., 293, 329–332Lund, P. W., 8Lutz, A., 102Lyapunov, A., 318–319

MMacCarthy, J., 37Mach, E., 293, 326, 332Madeira-Mamoré Railway, 103Magalhães, J. C. M., 32, 281–289Maia, U., 7Manin, Yu. I., 263Mariconda, P. R., 20, 24–25, 57–68Martins, L. A.-C. P., 29–30, 119–128Mathias, S., 13, 23Maugüe, J., 10Maxwell, J. C., 42, 154, 329, 331Melvill, T., 227Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 103Merleau-Ponty, M., 13, 15–16, 18, 220Meteorological Observatory, 100Meteorological Service, 100

Métraux, A., 7Mikenberg, I., 307Millikan, R., 166–167, 187, 197Milton Santos, 23Monbeig, P., 10, 22Monteiro, J. P., 20Moreno, A., 15, 21Morgan, T. H., 30, 119–128Mortari, C., 22, 39Motoyama, S., 23, 36–37Munz, P., 202Museu Botanico do Amazonas, 100Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 100–101Museu Paranaense, 100

NNagel, E., 147Neander, K., 161–163, 168, 187, 197Neurath, O., 236Newton, I., 26–27, 71–93, 225Nola, R., 237Nollet, J. A., 27–29, 131–139Nunes, B., 16–17Nunes-Neto, N. F., 41, 185–198Nussensveig, H. M., 46

OOhta, T., 286–287Orville Derby, 99–100Oswaldo Cruz, 8, 23, 102–104Ouro Preto School of Mining, 97

PParis Mining School, 97Pascal, B., 326Paty, M., 1–50, 327, 331, 337Pauli, W., 293, 298Paulista Museum, 100Peixoto, M. M., 33, 320–322Penrose, R., 291, 295Perroux, F., 10Pessoa, O., Jr., 20, 45, 223–231Petitot, J., 217Philippidis, C., 296Phillips, M., 291, 298Pickering, A., 239Pinel, P., 6Pines, D., 291Plastino, C., 20Plato, 205, 208, 234, 325Poincaré, H., 32–33, 39, 107, 153, 158,

313–321, 313, 327–329Poirier, R., 15Polanyi, M., 238

Name Index 345

Polytechnic School, 97Pontryagin, A., 33Popper, K., 25, 46, 203–204, 233–236,

240–241, 248, 327Porchat, O., 17, 21Post, H., 263Prigogine, I., 291Putnam, H., 40, 141, 151

QQuine, W. O., 14, 22, 40, 141–144

RRamos, T., 10Ratclife, M., 178Reale, M., 11–12Recife School, 7Reichenbach, H., 46, 48, 235, 265Reinbolt, R., 10Reisch G., 236Renn, J., 331, 334Revista da Escola Politécnica, 97Revista Didatica da Escola Politécnica, 97Revista do Instituto Historico e Geografico

Brasileiro, 101Revista do Museu Paulista, 101Revista dos Cursos da Escola Politécnica, 97Ribeiro Filho, A., 22Ribeiro, B., 7Ribeiro, D., 12Ribot, T., 7Ricci, G., 333, 336Richerson, P., 43, 179–182Rickert, H., 212Riemann, B., 335, 337–339Rocha e Silva, M., 13Rodrigues, J. B., 98Roque, T., 32–33, 313–322Rorty, R., 30–31, 43–44, 201–209, 237, 248Royer-Collard, P. P., 6Ruelle, D., 32, 322Russell, B., 22, 48, 260Rutherford, E., 112–113

SSaint-Etienne Mining School, 97Samuel, P., 17Sanarelli, G., 102Schenberg, M., 13Schlick, M., 236Schmidt, G. C., 112, 115Schönberg, M., 295

See also Schenberg, M.Schrödinger, E., 265

Schwartz, P., 167Serviço de Terras e Minas, 99Serviço Geológico e Mineralógico do

Brasil, 99Serviço Sanitário de São Paulo, 102Shapin, S., 132, 239, 246Shimony, A., 26Silva, C. C., 27–28, 131–139Simanke, R. T., 44, 211–221Simon Rodrigues, S., 21, 33Smale, S., 322Sociedade Philomatica, 100Soddy, F., 113Souriau, E., 10Spinoza, B., 13, 15, 18Stachel, J., 263, 336–337Steiner, M., 154, 159, 327Sterelny, K., 173, 175–179, 181–182Stich, S., 179Stuchi, T. J., 26, 77–93Stumpf, C., 156Suppe, F., 147–148Swan, W., 223–225

TTakens, F., 32, 322Taton, R., 28Teixeira, A., 11–13, 21Teixeira, L., 14, 17–18Thompson, S., 109–111Thomson, W. (Lord Kelvin), 228Tolmasquim, A., 23Tomasello, M., 181Tonnelat, M.-A., 42Torres, J. C. B., 19Toulmin, S., 46–47, 233

VVaidman, L., 304–305, 310van Fraassen, B., 22, 148Vargas, G., 12, 16Vasconcelos, J., 25Vélez Rodríguez, R., 5Vellard, J., 7Videira, A. A., 8, 21, 34–35, 46–47Vigier, J.-P., 291, 294von Fraunhofer, J., 226–230von Helmholtz, H., 153von Neumann, J., 48, 261–262, 265, 302

WWahl, J., 216Wataghin, G., 10, 29Weierstrass, K., 313

346 Name Index

Weinberg, S., 239, 339Weissmann, A., 30Weyl, H., 328, 330Wheeler, J. A., 37Whitehead, A. N., 48, 205, 220, 260Wigner, E., 37, 154, 159, 325,

328, 330Wilkins, M., 291

Windelband, W., 212Wolff, F., 16Wollaston, W., 225–226, 229–230Wright, L., 41, 161, 185–187, 196–197Wright, S., 283–284, 288

ZZahar, E., 327

Subject Index

AAbsolutism, 239Abstract entities, 148–149Abstraction, 13–14, 146, 152, 178, 207Abstract replicas, 40, 142, 147–149Adaptationist puzzle, 181Adaptive value, 283–287, 289

See also FitnessAdoption, 1, 20, 32, 153, 288, 293Advance, 8, 32, 45–46, 74, 95, 125, 132, 193,

203, 213, 215, 220, 223–231, 235, 240,246, 254, 265, 278, 287, 317, 322, 332

Agency, 99, 125, 172–175, 177, 181, 247, 251Analogy, 29, 72, 78, 88, 147, 313, 316,

336, 339Analytic Philosophy of Mathematics, 39Analysis

conceptual, 18, 33of differential equations, 32, 313–322functional (Cummins), 41, 163, 185, 187,

191–197psychoanalysis (Freudian), 44, 173,

211–221, 236tripartite, 250–251

Anatomy, 6, 98, 133, 214Animal minds, 178Anti-naturalism, 213, 220Anti-whig historiography, 238Applicability of mathematics, 39, 155, 159Arithmetic, 6, 48, 152–153, 155–157, 159,

272, 277Authority of science, 237, 239Automorphism, 261–262, 328Autonomous character of science, 238

BBacteriologic Institute, 102Bianchi identities, 335Bioinformatics, 32, 285

Bohmian mechanics, 37, 291–292, 297Bose-Einstein (B-E) statistics, 263Bose-Einstein condensate, 262, 264Bosons, 262–265Brownian motion, 327Bundle theories, 257

CCantor’s definition of set, 259Carta Geral do Imperio, 98Cartesian-Kantian epistemological project,

202, 204Cauchy sequence, 155Causal interpretation, 37, 291–294, 296–297Causality, 45, 47, 151, 213, 224, 238, 252–253,

292, 294, 296, 326Causal model, 227–228, 230Causal strength, 45, 223–231Causal theory, 37

of knowledge, 152of reference, 151of truth, 151

Celestial mechanics, 131, 313–315,317–318, 322

Central forces, 26, 79, 84–85Cladogenesis, 285Classical notions of value and fact, 240Coalescent theory, 32, 288–289Cognition, Philosophy of, 42Coherence, 24, 60, 238, 289, 309Cold war, 238Collective of humans and not humans, 240Commonsense, 19, 42, 64, 142, 144, 171, 173,

177–179, 252–255Compatibilism, 42, 173Complementarity principle, 302–303Complex fact, 145Complex numbers, 158–159, 261Connections theory, 327

347

348 Subject Index

Consciousness, 2, 35, 44, 49, 68, 203, 217Context of discovery, 230, 233–238, 242Context of justification, 230, 233–238, 242Context principle, 153Coordination (as a philosophical task),

173–174Copenhagen interpretation (of QM), 302–303,

305, 310Correct, true and acceptable knowledge, 234Counterfactual history of science, 231Covariance, 33, 328–333, 335–339Cristoffel’s symbol, 334Critical rationalists, 236Cultural authority of science inside society, 239Cultural evolution, 180–182Culturalism, 214Culture

as an ultimate cause, 180as a proximate cause, 180

Curvature, 8, 79–80, 82, 85–88, 90–92, 332,337–339

DDarwinian Theory of Evolution, 8, 220Darwinism, 44, 96, 101, 120, 205, 207, 216Dedekind cut, 155Degree of acceptance, 224, 227–230Democracy, 12, 35, 47, 240–241De Moivre’s formula, 158Dendrogram, 284Descriptive and the normative levels, 237Differential geometry, 49, 270, 327Dirac equation, 263, 298Displacement current, 154Distinguishability, 258Division between rational and social domain of

opinions, superstitions and myths, 234Domain of testing of theories, 240Drift, 32, 212, 283, 286Dual inheritance theory, 43, 179–182Dynamical systems, 32–33, 48, 313–322

EEarth system science, 41, 185–198Ecological movements, 240Ecology, 41, 175, 180, 185–198, 214Economical or political interests, 240Effective population size, 283, 286–289Einsteinian Theory of Relativity, 8Electrodynamics, 4, 328Electromagnetic wave, 107, 154Electromagnetism, 29, 42, 154, 326, 329Emergent philosophy of the sixties, 237Empirical disciplines, 235

Empirical tests, 235Empirical time, 226Empiricism, 39, 46, 151–152, 293, 326Energy, 57, 89, 97, 110, 113–115, 125, 146,

271, 298, 331, 333, 336, 339Environmental complexity thesis, 174–175Epistemical superiority of science, 235–236Epistemic engineering, 177, 182Epistemological behaviorism, 201–202, 204Ethnomathematics, 7Etiological approaches on function, 185, 191Euclidian geometry, 153, 157, 329, 331–333,

335, 338Events, 40, 49, 57, 60, 126, 142, 144–146,

148, 187, 189, 191, 216, 220, 251–252,254, 283–285, 287, 289, 304–305, 310,329–331, 336

Evolutionary biology, 32, 174, 189, 196, 289Evolutionary naturalism, 174–175, 177Evolutionary psychology, 180Evolutionary scenarios

nativist, 176–177non-nativist, 176–177

Excluded middle Law, 258, 262Exemptionalism, 213Experimental mistakes, 29, 107Experimental physiology, 98, 101Experimental science, 103, 133, 240Explanatory power, 186, 190, 309, 311Extension of the contexts, 234External factors, 26, 67, 233, 235, 238, 242External integrative project, 175–177, 182

FFaculty(ies)

of law, 103–104of medicine, 95, 97–98, 103–104of pharmacy, 98

Falsiability, 235Federal Bureau of Public Health, 103Fermi-Dirac (F-D) statistics, 263Field equation, 335–337Field quanta, 262–263First-order logic, 152Fitness, 162, 165, 167, 175, 283, 289

See also Adaptive valueFolk psychology

as a craft, 179development, 177evolution, 177, 179module, 177simulation theory, 175theory-theory, 175

Subject Index 349

Formal analogy, 72, 78, 88, 147, 313, 316,336, 339

Formal creativity, 153Formal domain, 153, 156–158Formal equivalence, 158Formalist, formalism, 38–39, 262, 265, 295,

302–303, 305Formalization, 152, 212Formal knowledge, formal truth, 155, 157Formal object, 156Formal proof, 155Formal property, 158Formal science, 19, 39, 159Formal structure, 159Formal theory, 156–157Formal truth, 155, 157Full models, 261Function

normal, 168proper, 163, 166

Functional analysis (Cummins), 41, 163, 185,187, 191–197

Fundamental theorem of algebra, 72, 159

GGalois connection, 158Galois group, 261Geisteswissenschaften, 212General Relativity Theory, 8, 49, 330–334,

336–338Genericity, 33, 274–275, 278, 314, 319–322Genetic load, 285Gravitational field, 33, 77, 271, 308, 332–335,

337–339Group Psychology, 216, 218

HHaplotype, 285Hardy-Weinberg, 282Helplessness, 217–218Hidden variables, 37, 292–294, 296Histology, 98Historical and Geographical Institutes, 100Historical-philosophical reconstruction of the

scientific knowledge, 237Historical philosophy of science, 46, 233, 237Historical and social character of scientific

knowledge, 237Historical turning, 237History of Biology, 23History of Evolution, 143, 162, 166–168,

287–289Huge quantity of researchers, 240Human ecology, 214

Human evolution, 42–43, 171–182, 207Hume’s naturalism, 202, 209, 213Hyperphosphorescence, 112–113Hypothesis

CLAW, 185, 194, 197Darwinian, 215Fermatian, 90of germplasm, 121of natural selection, 30Nauenberg’s, 83of pangenesis, 119–120“social intelligence hypothesis”, 43,

174–175, 181

IIdentity, 48, 187, 189, 217, 219, 231,

257–266, 301Imaginary numbers, 156, 158Imitation, 180–181Implicate order, 37, 292, 294–295, 297–298Incomensurabilty, 235, 237Indiscernibility, 259–260, 262–264Indiscernibles, 48, 257, 260–264, 266

in a structure, 261–262Indispensability argument, 154Individuality

lack of, 258loss of, 263

Individuals, 39–40, 48, 68, 119, 123, 125–127,142–146, 148–149, 162–163, 180,257–266, 283–285, 288, 301

Inertia system, 329, 337Infinite alleles model, 287Intentional correlate, intentional existence,

intentional object, 152–153, 155, 157Intentionality, 172Intentional systems, 174, 176, 179, 186Internal integrative project, 174–175, 177Interpretation (facts about), 173Interpretative models, 142Interpretive abilities, 175–177, 181–182INUS condition, 225, 227Invariance, 33, 258, 262, 328, 330–334,

336, 338Invariance by permutations, 258Inverse problems, 27, 71–76, 85Invisible phosphorescence, 110–113Isomorphism, 39, 147, 157

KKant’s Copernican revolution, 206Kinds of mind, 178–179Klein-Gordon equation, 263KM set theory, 258

350 Subject Index

LLaboratory of Chemical, Food and Drugs

analysis, 102Learning

individual, 177social, 177, 180–181

Leibniz law, 260–261Leibniz’s principle of the identity of

indiscernibles, 257, 260Libertarians, 234, 241Life world, 236Logical-empiricist criteria, 235Logical positivists, 211, 233–236, 240Logical reconstruction of the scientific

discovery, 235Logic of discovery, 233Logic of indiscernibility, 266Logicism, 155Long and painful process of assemblage and

exploration of collectiveness, 241

MMachiavelian intelligence, 181Malfunction, 161, 168Manifold, 34, 49, 157, 261–262, 269, 271–277,

320, 336–337Manufactured kinds, 142–143Many-minds interpretation (of QM), 304Many-worlds interpretation (of QM), 303–305,

310–311Marxism, 38, 236, 294Mass, 84, 89, 331, 338Material science, 159Mathematical existence, 151, 153Mathematical intuition, 39, 152Mathematical knowledge, 38, 151–159, 326Mathematical models, 32, 148, 181, 282, 314,

321Mathematical object, 38, 151–155, 320,

335–337Mathematical objectivity, 153Mathematical practice, 151, 155Mathematical structure, 34, 154, 261–263,

326, 337Mathematical truth, 39, 204Measurement, 111–112, 114–116, 132, 227,

230, 293, 295–296, 301–305, 309–311Mechanism, 65, 119, 120, 128, 136, 162, 172,

175–177, 181, 188–189, 193–195, 197,205, 208, 220, 246–247, 269, 282–283

Medical Statistics, 102Mercury perihelion, 332–333Methaphysics, 133

Metric, 271, 277, 332–334, 336Mind-body problem, 172Mindreading, 172, 175, 177–179, 181–182Minkowski’s space, 158, 277ML set theory, 258Modern selection, 167Molecular clock, 287MRCA, 288Mutation, 32, 44, 127, 205, 283, 286–287

NName, 28, 64, 77–78, 112–113, 145, 152, 208,

250, 260, 284, 316, 331National Museum (Museu Nacional), 95, 98,

100–101National Observatory, 98Naturalism, 39, 41, 45, 151–152, 154,

174–175, 177, 188, 208, 212–214,217–221, 327

Natural kinds, 39–40, 141–149Natural numbers, 155, 157, 260Natural-scientific perspective, 176Natural selection, 30, 32, 41, 119–128, 162,

164–167, 176–177, 180, 186, 188, 190,193, 196, 208–209, 254, 281, 285–286,288

Nature, laws of, 58, 326, 328–329Nature of scientific knowledge, 238NBG set theory, 258Neo-Kantism, 205–206Neopositivism, 213Neo-teleology, 187–192, 196Neuro-ethics, 214Neuropsychoanalysis, 44, 214Neurosciences, 16, 45, 213Neutralism, 285–286, 289

See also Neutral Theory of MolecularEvolution

Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, 32,285

See also NeutralismNew common worlds, 241New history of science, 47, 233New image of science, 240New modernism, 239New sociology of science, 47, 233Newtonian mechanics, 50, 146–147, 308, 330NF set theory, 258Niche construction, 177, 182Nominalist, nominalism, 38, 44, 152, 208Nomological machines, blueprints for, 147Non-Classical Logics, 48–49Non-Euclidean geometries, 326

Subject Index 351

Non-individuals, 264–266Non-reflexive logics, 48, 265Non-reflexive structures, 265Normal function, 168Normative, 161, 168, 237, 245, 252Novel predictions, 309–311

OObjectivity, 1, 47, 153, 237, 239, 247, 328Object language, 259Ocular metaphor, 206–208Old conceptions of nature and politics, 240Old debate between realism and relativism,

239Ontological commitment, criterion of, 142–144Ontological density, criterion of, 40, 142,

145–146, 148Ontological reduction, 155Ontological relativity, 141, 144Ontological residues, 145Ontology of QFT, 262Orbit, 26, 77–93, 262Original Modern ideal, 236Otherness, 216–217, 219

PPartial relation, 50, 305–309Partial structure, 50, 305–309, 311Periodic solutions, 314–315Phenomenology, 16–19, 38, 63, 216–217Phenomenon, 28, 30, 40, 43, 74, 107, 110–115,

119, 121–122, 124, 132, 136, 145–146,181, 203–204, 270, 282–283

Phenotype, 285–286Philosophy of mind, 173Phylogenetics, 120, 287–288Phylogeography, 288Physicalism, 220Physical theory, 34, 295, 326–327, 338–339Platonic principle, 201, 204–206Platonist, Platonism, 38, 148, 152–153Poisson’s equation, 335–336Polymorphism, 284–287Popperian epistemology, 235Population, 24, 30, 32, 42, 96, 102–104, 119,

125, 162–165, 167, 181–182, 185, 188,190, 196–197, 245, 254, 281–289

Positivist philosophy or positivism, 5–7, 9, 46,96, 211–213, 233, 236, 241, 293

Post-positivist philosophy, 233Potential theory, 327Powerful instruments, 240Powers of consideration and of ordering, 240Practical rationality, 178

Practical realism, 171Primitive thisness, 257Principal models, 204, 212–213, 261Principle of molecular evolution, 286Principle of relativity, 329Principle of symmetry, 238Process of production of facts, 240Process of production of the knowledge, 235Project of legitimation of science, 235Project for a Scientific Psychology, 217Proper function, 163, 166Proper time, 331, 336Property, 40, 96, 109, 114, 145, 158, 162,

261, 270, 272, 274, 277–278, 287, 314,320–321

Propositional logics, 48, 265Psychologism, 152–153Psychology of mob, 237Psychology and sociology of scientific

research, 233Pure intuition of space, 153

QQualitative, 32–33, 65, 95, 114, 132, 217, 219,

284, 313–322Quantum field theories (QFT), 262–264Quantum language, 263Quantum mechanics (QM), 36–38, 48–50, 247,

258, 262–263, 265, 291–297, 301–312,326, 331

Quantum potential, 38, 293, 296–298Quasi-set theory, 265–266Quasi-truth, 19, 49–50, 301–312

RRadioactivity, 29, 107–115Rank of the set A, 261Ratchet effect, 181Real numbers, 155–156, 158, 272, 275Reflexivity of identity, 259Regeneration, 30, 119–128Relative identity, 259Relativity Theory, 8, 29, 33–34, 49, 325–338Representation, 26, 31, 42, 45, 172, 174, 195,

225–230, 241, 247, 249, 282decoupled, 174, 179

Representationism, 241Revisionism about the legacy of logical

positivism, 236Riemannian geometry, 34, 333, 335, 337–338Rigid designators, 141Rigid structure, 261–262Rorty’s mutilated Darwinism, 207

352 Subject Index

SSalva veritate, 258Sameness, 257, 265Scale models, 147Science of science, 223Science Studies, 35, 46–47, 233–242,

246, 248Scientific activity, 34–35, 40, 68, 149Scientific models, 39–40, 141–148Scientific realism, 141, 149, 173Segregating sites, 287Self-identity, 48, 260Sellars nominalism, 203, 208Semantic uniformity, 152Semantic view, 141, 148Set-theoretic models, 142, 148Simple facts, 145Simultaneity, 329, 331, 336Social intelligence hypothesis, 43, 174–175Social physics, 6Social psychology, 180, 216Social-scientific perspective, 173, 177Sociobiology, 31, 45, 213, 255Space-time, 8, 21, 26–27, 34, 37, 49, 158, 205,

295, 298Spatio-temporal coincidences, 337Special Relativity Theory, 34, 328–329,

332, 336Spencerism, 96Spinors theory, 327Spiritual eclectism, 6Stability, 33, 235, 314, 317–319, 321Strong Program, 47, 233–234, 237–239Structural stability, 33, 314, 319–322Substitutivity principle, 258Substratum theories, 257Surgical Medicine, 98Symmetry, 47, 82–83, 91–93, 238,

329, 334Synthesis, 19, 27, 75, 124, 195,

254, 296Synthetic Theory of Evolution, 32,

281–284

TTaxonomic sciences, 144, 148–149Teleology, 162, 185, 187–196Tensor calculus, 329, 331, 333, 337–338Theory

coalescent, 32, 288–289connections, 327

Theory of evolution, 239Theory of mind, 177, 181Thermodynamics, 49, 247, 326Thorium radiation, 112–113Trading zones, 240Traditional epistemology, 239Traditional notion of nature, 240Type individuals, 148

UUncertainty principle, 302–303Unit of scientific knowledge, 45

See also AdvanceUniversalism, 239Universal method of conjectures and

refutations, 235Uranium radiation, 107–109, 111–112,

114–115Urelemente, 261

VVaccine institute, 102Vague objects, 265Vague predicate, 258Verificationism, 132, 235von Neumann’s hierarchy of sets, 261

WWar of sciences, 239Well-founded sets, 261Wholeness, 23, 292Wiring-and-connection facts, 175–176, 179Wittgensteinian pragmatism, 43, 201–202Wright-Fisher model, 288

ZZFC, 258, 260–262, 270, 272, 275, 277–278