EFFECT OF ETHANOL CONCENTRATION ON EMISSION IN THE DUAL FUEL OPERATION OF

JETROPHA METHYL ESTER AND ETHANOL IN A DIESEL ENGINE

NAME OF THE GUIDE

MR.S.VIJAYARAJ. ME. (PhD).,(PhD).,

PROJECT MEMBER

K. AJAI MITHUN FELIX(05ME01) S. BALA MURUGAN(05ME13)

A. TAMILARASAN(05ME49) D.VIGNESH VARAN(05ME54)

Emission reduction on direct injection diesel engine fueled by methyl ester of non edible oils like Jatropha produced by transesterification process and with various percentage by concentration of ethanol in dual fuel mode by fumigation process.

AIM

OBJECTIVE

To develop a complete alternate fuel C.I engine by direct

injection of bio-diesel and ethanol by fumigation technique

with reduced emission. Then the project also addressed the

issue of increased CO & NOx emission in dual fuel mode

using dilution of ethanol concentration. Then to concluded

that non edible oil can be used in transesterification form as

methyl ester in dual fuel mode with ethanol using fumigation

process which can produce better performance with reduced

emission.

REASONS FOR SELECTING THE TOPIC

• Ethanol is one of the best tools to fight vehicular pollution, contains 35% oxygen that helps complete combustion of fuel and thus reduces harmful emission.

• A country like India where agriculture is the main occupation and kirloskar engines are mostly used by the farmers for various applications. Our project focuses not only on bio-diesel but also on the ethanol for use in stationery diesel engines

METHODOLOGY

• Selection of non edible oil source.• To standardize the process of preparing methyl ester

from various non edible oil.• To prepare and study of the properties of methyl ester • Design of fumigation apparatus in the conventional

diesel engine • Conducting the performance and emission testing for

dual fueled engine with direct injection of methyl ester and fumigation of various percentage of ethanol as supplementary fuel.

• Conducting the performance and emission testing for the above dual fueled engine for various concentration of ethanol.

• Result and discussion

EXPECTATION OF PROJECT

• Expecting properties of methyl ester is closes to diesel.

• To obtain perfect combustion by fully using alternative fuel.

• Reduce NOx emission by varying the concentration of ethanol.

• Better performance and reduced emission using alternative fuel.  

APPLICATION

• Better fuel economy with increased efficiency provides economical advantages over conventional fueled vehicle

• It will reduce the emission of CO, CO2, NOx, HC, and smoke emission compared with diesel.

• As Eco-friendly fuels are used in vehicles using this type of engine environmental degradation can be reduced.

• It will increased agriculture productivity and cultivation of our country.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

Engine 1 cylinder 4 stroke Diesel (Computerized) Make Kirloskar water cooled power 5.2 kW at 1500 rpm bore 87.5 mm. stroke 110 mm 661 cc, CR 17.5

Dynamometer Type eddy current water cooled with loading unit

Piezo sensor Range 5000 PSI with low noise cableMake PCB piezotronics

Crank angle sensor

Resolution 1 Deg, Speed 5500 RPM with TDC pulse.Make Kubler-Germany Model

Engine indicator Input Piezo sensor ,crank angle sensor, No of channels 2 Communication RS232 Make-Cuadra Model AX-104 Type Dual channel.

Engine interface Input RTDs, Thermocouples, Air flow, Fuel flow, Load cell, Output 0-5V,No of channels 8

Temperature sensor

Make-Cuadra, Type RTD, PT100 and Thermocouple, Type K

Fuel flow transmitter

Calibration range 0-500 mm H2O Output linear, Make Yokogawa

Load sensor Make Sensotronics Sanmar, Type S beam UniversalCapacity 0-50 kg

GAS ANALYSER SPECIFICATION

PARAMETER RESOLUTION ACCURACY RANGE

Flue temperature 0.1 (c/f) 1 C+/-0.3% of reading 0-11000C,32-21400F

Inlet temperature 0.1 (c/f) 1 C+/-0.3% of reading 0-600C,0-999F

Gas measurement

Oxygen(O2) 0.1% -0.1%+0.2% 0-25%

Carbon monoxide 1ppm +/-20ppm<400ppm 0-10,000ppm

Nitric Dioxide 1ppm +/-5ppm<100pp 0-10,000ppm

Nitrogen Dioxide 0.01mbar/k 500ppm 0-150mbar

Carbon Dioxide 0.1% +/-0.3% +/-5% of reading

PROPERTIES OF JATROPHA ESTER

Acidity as mg of KOH/gm 1.36

Kinematic viscosity@40Deg.C in CST 9.63

Density@ 15Deg.C/15Deg.C 0.8547

Conradson carbon residue 0.20%

Pour point -8 Deg.C

Flash point by PMCC method 194 Deg.C

Cloud point 2 Deg.C

Ash content 0.0012%

Gross calorific value in Kcals/kg 10138

Distillation range:

60% by volume recovery@ Temp

80% by volume recovery@ Temp

338 Deg.C

375 Deg.C

OBSERVATION FOR SOLE FUEL

SI.NO. Applied Load in kg

Time taken for 10cc of fuelsec

Diesel 100% Jatropha methyl ester

1.

2.

3.

4.

OBSERVATIONS FOR JATROPHA METHYL ESTER WITH VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF ETHANOL

S.NO Load W

Time taken for 10cc of jatropha methyl ester consumption

sec

Time taken for 10cc of ethonal consumption

sec

95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

1.

2.

3.

4.

FORMULA USED

1.Fuel consumption (FC),kg/hr. Fuel consumption was calculated using equation. FC = (10/Tavg) * ((x*sp.gr of BD+ y*sp.gr of ethanol)/1000) * 3600 Where Sp.gr = specific gravity of used Tavg = average time taken for 10cc of fuel consumption in sec x= Fraction of Biodiesel in the blend y=Fraction of ethanol in the blend2.Brake power (BP),KW Brake power was calculated using eqn BP = calculated load/(*1000)

3.Specific fuel consumption (SFC) kg/kw-hr

Specific fuel consumption was calculated using the eqn. SFC = (fuel consumption)/(Brake power)

4.Fuel power (FUP),kw Fuel power was calculated using the eqn. FUP = (FC*CV)/3600 Where FUP = fuel power in kw FC = fuel consumption in kg/hr CV = calorific value in kJ/kg

5.Brake Thermal Efficiency(%) Brake Thermal Efficiency was calculated using the

equation BTH = (BP/FUP) * 100 Where BP = Brake power in kw BTH = Brake Thermal Efficiency in % FUP = Fuel power in kw

6.Indicated Power,kw IP = FRP + BP Where FRP = Friction Power in kw BP = Brake Power in kw

7.Indicated Thermal Efficiency(%) Indicated Thermal Efficiency = (IP/FP) * 100 Where IP = Indicated Power in kw FP = Fuel Power in kw

8.Mechanical Efficiency(%) Mechanical Efficiency = (BTH/ITH) * 100 Where BTH = Brake Thermal Efficiency in % ITH = Indicated Thermal Efficiency

• Better fuel economy with increased efficiency provides economical advantage over conventional fueled vehicles.

• Reduced the emission of CO, CO2, NOX, HC and smoke emission compared with diesel.

• As eco-friendly fuels are used in vehicles using this type of engine, environmental degradation can be reduced.

• It will increase agricultural productivity by cultivation of oil bearing trees in Non arable land and giving impetus to

sugar plantation for ethanol production which will increase the GDP of our country.

• It can reduce the import of oil in-turn saving valuable foreign exchange.

EXPECTATIONS AND APPLICATION

Then to conclude that Jatropha oils can be used after transesterification as methyl ester along with ethanol by fumigation in dual fuel mode in a direct injection diesel engine for various percentage of ethanol with ethanol dilution which can produce better performance with reduced emissions.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

• H.Raheman, A.G Phadatare. Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends of Karanji methyl ester and diesel. International journal of Biomass and Bio-energy 2004; 27: 393-397.

• M.Foidl,G.Foidl, M.sanchez, M.Mittlebach, S.Hackel. Jatropha curcus.L as a source for production of bio-fuel in Nicaragua. International journal of Bio-resource Technology 1996; 58: 77-82.

• M.Senthil Kumar, A.Remash, B.Nagalingam. An experimental comparison of methods to use methanol and jartopha oil in a compression ignition engine. International journal of Biomass and Bio-energy 2003; 23: 309-318

• E.A Ajav, Bachchan Singh, T.K Bhattacharya. Performance of a stationary diesel engine using vaporized ethanol as supplementary fuel. International journal of Biomass and Bio-energy 1998; 15: 6: 493-502.

• R.Udayakumar, S.Sundaram and K.Sivakumar. Engine performance and exhaust characteristics of dual fuel operation in DI diesel engine with methanol. SAE Paper No. 2004 –01- 0096.

• R.Udayakumar, S.Sundaram and K.Sivakumar. Engine performance and exhaust characteristics of dual fuel operation in DI diesel engine with methanol. SAE Paper No. 2004 –01- 0096.

• C.G. Saravanan, B.Saravanan, J.Sitharthaseelan, sudhakar, A.Raja, A.R.Sharavanan. Fumigation of methanol and fuel additives in a diesel engine testing the performance and emission characteristics. SAE Paper No. 2002-01- 2722.