Name:_______________________________________                                                                  Pd.________

The RenaissanceIntroduction:  The Renaissance (ca. 1300-1600 AD) was a period of transition and change.  A) According to some it is the beginning of the great decline from a civilization that focused on man’s highest end – God and eternity – to one that was centered on things more vulgar – man and this world.  B) To others, it is the re-birth of civilization (from this view comes the name Renaissance) and the glories of Rome with its grand works of art, literature, architecture, mathematics, science, medicine, etc..  All, however, are agreed that it is the period that forms the bridge from the culture of the High Middle Ages to the Modern World.  In this assignment we will delve deeper into the works and words of the people at the center of the excitement 4-700 years ago.

1.  Some Preliminary terms need to be defined before we begin to study this period in western civilization.  

Humanism –  The study of things that promote and exalt human culture, marked by a rediscovery of classical Greek and especially Roman life, thought, language, architecture, education and literature in pursuit of an ideal worldly life. It attempted to dignify the human form, pursuits, and potential.

Secular –  

Imitation was also big during the Renaissance.  What culture did they imitate? 

Naturalism – A focus on and study of nature and natural causes and explanations of things in the world.

Geography

2. The Renaissance kicked off in the city-states of Italy where trade and a merchant class had abounded since the Crusades.  There, money was the dominant source of wealth, and leisure time existed in greater quantities.  The wealthier city-dwellers and bankers became the first patrons of art, education, architecture and the like.  On the map below, Place a dot and label the following cities where Renaissance ideas and works flourished early:  Florence, Milan, Genoa, Rome, Venice.  Label the river.

 3.  Among the greatest Renaissance arts patrons were the Medici family and the Catholic Popes.  In what city did each reside?

Medici Family  Popes  

List three of the Renaissance Popes who supported Renaissance art works.  Also indicate the years when they reigned as Pope:

   

Later, the Renaissance would spread to the countries of the north such as England and France; however, it took on a slightly different form in each.  This is sometimes referred to as the Northern Renaissance.

Examples of Renaissance Works

 4.  Literature – Identify and describe one written work by each of the following authors:

Author Title DescriptionPetrarch    

 Machiavelli    

 Castiglione    

 

5.  Architecture – ___________________ __________________ initiated much of what would become known as Renaissance architecture. Write a sentence or two comparing and contrasting Gothic churches with Renaissance churches.

  

6.  Painting and Sculpting – One of the major differences between Middle Ages painting and that of the Renaissance is that the former is more symbolic, the latter more realistic.  Explain some differences you see between the Middle Ages paintings and Leonardo da Vinci’s.

 

Describe paintings or sculptures by these other Renaissance artists: Raphael and Michelangelo.  Identify the name of the work and what it portrays.  

A. Raphael -

B. Michelangelo -

7.  Anatomy/Medicine – During the Renaissance, medicine saw tremendous advances as its practitioners began to gain a greater understanding of the functioning of the human body.  Part of the reason for this was that they began to dissect and examine in detail human bodies themselves.  This was a revolutionary and difficult practice since it was frequently against the law or legal only when the body corpse was that of an executed criminal.  Two of the most famous practitioners of the day were Leonardo da Vinci and Vesalius.  Each left detailed drawings of their studies.  Describe one from each below and explain what it is.

Vesalius –

Da Vinci –  

8.  Printing Press – The ideas and writings of the folks of the Renaissance spread north through Europe due to the invention of the printing press.  Who invented this thing, when, and where? 

 9.  Science (Mathematics) – There was no field of study at this time called science.  It was all considered a part of mathematics.  Nicolaus Copernicus wrote a book in 1543, De Revolutionibus, that was published while he lay on his deathbed that spoke of a revolutionary way of explaining the universe.  It was an old idea that he resurrected after a couple of thousand years called heliocentrism.  Draw a picture of a geocentric model of the universe below.  Also, define heliocentrism and draw a diagram of this model as well.  Finally, identify the famous mathematician from the early 1600s who got in trouble for advocating that the Sun was in the center of the universe and for interpreting the Bible accordingly.

Geocentrism –

  

 

 

Heliocentrism –  

 

 Mathematician who got in trouble –

10.  The Northern Renaissance and Christian Humanism – When the Renaissance traveled northward it often took on a different character than it had in the south.  For one thing, folks here did not stray as far away from Christian themes as their counterparts in Italy sometimes did.  Much of what they wrote focused on “man’s potential for goodness and knowledge”.  In the chart that follows, indicate a book by each author and give a brief description. 

Author Title DescriptionErasmus 

    

St. Thomas More  

    

Miguel de Cervantes  

    

William Shakespeare

 

   

 11.  Man's wonder about the world did not end with science, mathematics, and medicine.  The Renaissance was also an Age of Discovery during which great explorations were made of previously uncharted lands.  This was made possible by the flourishing money economy that had arisen during the High Middle Ages after the Crusades and the desire to find a direct trade route for the goods from the East.  What two countries split the formerly unexplored world in half during the 15th century?

Name_________________________________________________ Pd.______________

The Renaissance – Works and People

1. In the chart that follows, place at least one or two names of Renaissance people who did things in these fields and a name of one of their works if applicable.

Painting/Sculpting Science/Math Anatomy Literature Architecture

2. Humanism is the focus on human values, capacities, achievements, emotions, etc. as well as an emphasis on classical (i.e. Greek and Roman) culture and human studies like History. List one Renaissance work, study or individual in which it is exemplified or personified. Explain how.

3. Naturalism is a focus on nature and natural causes/explanations of things. List one Renaissance work, study or individual in which it is exemplified or personified. Explain how.

4. Realism is the depiction of things as they really are, especially in art. List one Renaissance work, study or individual in which it is exemplified or personified. Explain how.

5. Secularism is a focus on worldly as opposed to spiritual or religious things. List one Renaissance work, study or individual in which it is exemplified or personified. Explain how.

6. Imitation of classical (Roman and Greek) ideas, forms, architecture, etc. List one Renaissance work, study or individual in which it is exemplified or personified. Explain how.

Renaissance Review

Across4. Direction toward which the Renaissance spread in its second half.8. Peninsula where the Renaissance began.9. The fifteenth century invention that aided with the spread of the Renaissance and ideas in general. (2 words)12. People who paid for the artwork and other efforts of the Renaissance.13. Prefix meaning Sun around which Copernicus, and later Galileo, suggested that the planets revolve.14. Unlike Medieval art, art in the Renaissance was more ______, representing things as they actually appear.

Down1. Great English humanist author and poet - Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, etc.2. Century that the Renaissance “began” (1300s).3. Painted by Michelangelo. (2 words)5. Biggest focus of Renaissance upon things having to do with man instead of God.6. Mona Lisa's painter.7. Century that the Renaissance “ended” (1600s).9. Machiavelli's work that spoke of practical means for leaders of nations to get ahead in the world.10. Where the popes lived for the most part.11. Having to do with things of this world.

The ReformationIn sum: There were serious abuses in the Catholic Church as there had been times before. These abuses we have identified previously. They included:

1) Simony 2) Nepotism 3) Pluralism/absenteeism of bishopsand, 4) Worldly bishops who mastered the 7 deadly sins

In response to these and some other problems, reform movements began in the Church. Unlike times past, however, events spun out of control and a large portion of the faithful left the church and formed new religions. This marked the breakup of Christendom. Christendom = the unity of Europe under the Catholic Faith.

Stages: There are five major stages in the drama.1. The Catholic Reformation (late 1400s) – started within the Church in Spain and Italy especially2. Martin Luther (1517) – started in the Holy Roman Empire and spread north. He broke with the church in 1521.3. John Calvin (1530s) – Based in Switzerland. Ideas spread to France and Scotland in the form of Huguenots and

Presbyterians. Later Puritans in England.4. Henry VIII of England (1530s) – splits with church in order to obtain a divorce. Proclaims himself head of Church in

England which will become the Anglican Church.5. The Catholic counterattack (Counterreformation) (mid-1500s) – Catholic Church responds to threats from Protestants

and reform itself. Council of Trent is highlight.Lutheranism

I. Luther (1483-1546) – the man Catholic priest and professor of Theology at Wittenberg in Saxony (Holy Roman Empire) Very scrupulous – always guilty conscience Came to believe that good works did no good for the soul

II. Luther’s Revolt – immediate causes Sale of indulgences heated up in effort to pay for building of St. Peter’s in Rome

o Indulgences are a decrease in punishment in purgatory as reward for good works Luther nailed 95 Theses to church door in protest of the sale of indulgences

III. Luther’s Revolt – the consequences of his actions Church responds

o 1517-1520 Church demands he recanto Church condemns Luther on 41 counts on June 15, 1520o 1520 – threatened with excommunication, 1521 – excommunicated

State respondso Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Diet of Worms ban his workso He is allowed 21 days safe conduct after which he can be tried for heresy and killedo Luther finds shelter with Frederick “the wise” of Saxony – he begins Bible translation

IV. Luther’s Revolt – major doctrines Sola Fidei – Faith alone saves souls – good works are worthless Sola Scriptura – Bible alone is word of God or rule of Faith (what to believe) Retained only 2 sacraments – Baptism and Communion Eliminated 7 books that Catholics accepted from the Bible Priesthood of all believers – anyone can interpret the Bible, don’t need the Church No monasteries, celibacy for priests Denied papal authority Worship service in vernacular (local language) Secular ruler is head of the Church in his realm

V. Luther’s Revolt – the spread Luther’s ideas spread throughout the HRE and into the Scandinavian countries Often times the prince would accept Lutheranism and his people would follow suit Why the spread?

o True belief (e.g. Frederick the Wise)o Freedom from paying Church taxes to Pope in Romeo Chance to gain monastic landso Resentment of Holy Roman Emperor (who was Catholic)

VI Luther’s Revolt – the results Peasant’s Revolt in 1520s leads to 100,000s of dead Counterattack led by Emperor Charles with constant fighting 1530-1555 Finally, Peace of Augsburg in 1555 = cuius regio, eius religio – the religion of the ruler is the religion of the entire

principality. In H.R.E., the north is Lutheran, south is Catholic Eventually 30 Years’ War, a religious war at the start (1618-1648) kills 1/3 of HRE population ends with Treaty of

Westphalia

CalvinismI. Calvin (1509-1564) – the man

Rigid and stern Student of law

II. Calvin’s Revolt – the masterpiece Published The Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1535 This work was first systematic presentation of Protestant belief

III. Calvin’s Revolt – some doctrines and practices Predestination of all people from birth to Heaven or Hell – cannot be changed The “Elect” were those who God called to Heaven God rewards those on earth who are among the elect with earthly success (wealth, good family, etc.) 2 Sacraments – Baptism and Communion (The Lord’s Supper) – useful only to the Elect No dancing, gambling, dice, cards or staying up past 9 o’clock Very barren and sparse worship service

IV. Calvin’s Revolt – the success Calvin eventually became ruler of Geneva in Switzerland and set up a theocracy in 1541

o Theocracy = rule by religious leaders Calvin’s ideas spread throughout Switzerland He set up a school at Geneva to train his followers

V. Calvin’s Revolt – the spread Scotland – John Knox led the movement that would become Presbyterianism England – Calvinists in England were the Puritans France

o Calvinists known as Huguenotso 1560-1598 intermittent wars of religiono Edict of Nantes grants toleration to Huguenots in officially Catholic France

The Netherlands gained independence from Spain and converted to Calvinism

Anglicanism

I. Henry VIII (1491-1547) king of England (1509-1547) Generally devout Catholic – 1521 called “Defender of the Faith” for burning and banning Luther’s works Sought male heir, but

o Catherine of Aragon had given him 6 kids, and only one survived – a daughtero Catherine was beyond child-bearing age

Henry sought an annulment = marriage never existed – Pope refused

II. The new Anglican Church (although Henry did not call it that) Parliament passes Act of Supremacy in 1534

o Establishes Church of England (Anglican Church)o King is head of the Church

Henry’s Church ended the marriage and Henry got his new wife and later a son. England plays religious ping-pongo Edward VI 1547-1553 (Anglican) – persecutes Catholicso Mary Tudor 1553-1558 (Catholic) – persecutes Anglicanso Elizabeth I 1558-1607 (Anglican) – persecutes Catholics

Reformation Division

Catholic Protestant

Rule of Faith = Scripture and Tradition Scripture Alone = (Word of God) Sola Scriptura

↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓

Authority = Church Hierarchy Personal Interp. = Defines Priesthood of all Believers

↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓

Effect = Singular belief on fundamentals Individual Interpretations vary↓ ↓

Unity = Christendom ↓↓

Lutheranism – Calvinism – Anglicanism – etc.

Lutheran Calvinist AnglicanOrigin

(founder, location, date)

Major Doctrines

Spread(To where did it

spread?)

War and Peace(Where/what wars

were fought as a result of its spread?)

Catholic Counterattack (Catholic Reformation)

I. Early on… Charles V leads secular arm (state) vs. Luther and his followers. Meanwhile the Church responds thusly…

II. Pope Paul IIIA. Institutes the major reforms that were desperately neededB. Convenes the Council of Trent (1545-1563)

1. Condemns Protestant teachings (doctrines such as Sola Scriptura, Sola Fidei)2. Clearly defines Catholic teachings (doctrines such as 7 sacraments)3. Sets up seminaries so priests are properly instructed

III. Increased vigilance of Catholic Church – to stop the flow of people leaving the ChurchA. Revival of the Holy Inquisition (1542)B. Index of Forbidden Books (1559)

IV. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) – a new society of Catholic priests, brothers, etc.A. Started in 1540 by St. Ignatius of Loyola to spread and strengthen Catholic FaithB. Intellectual pursuits

1. Combats heresy2. Success in France, parts of the H.R.E., and in Poland

C. Missionary Pursuits1. Spread faith worldwide through missionary activity2. Especially active in New World and Asia

By 1600 the boundaries of Catholic and Protestant lands were set for good. The map on the next page illustrates those boundaries. They remain essentially the same today.

Impact of Renaissance and Reformation

I. Renaissance leads to…A. Copernicus →Galileo→Newton (laws of motion and Calculus)B. Rene Descartes – Father of modern math and philosophyC. Francis Bacon – Emphasis on observation and experimentationD. Scientific Method entrenched

II. Reformation leads to…A. Destruction of united ChristendomB. Wars of religion wherever Protestantism spreadsC. Emigration to AmericaD. Decline of respect for traditional authority (state and church) – individual reason more important

The Renaissance and Reformation – in sumThe thirteenth century (1200s) is considered by many to be the peak of civilization in

the Middle Ages. New ideas, however, were afloat and by the 1300s a new movement was beginning to permeate the European world. Starting in the city states on the ________________ peninsula, there was a shift in the focus of man that could be seen in many different fields such as ____________________, architecture, _____________, and ________________, as well as many others. Whereas in the Medieval World all things were directed toward ______, by the 1300s the focus was on ______ and nature. In many ways, this hearkened back to the days of Greece and __________. The period has even come to be called the Renaissance, or ___________, because folks so tried to imitate the ancients. Artists exhibited a trend toward ________________ as their works portrayed things as they really were. Among the great artists of the day were _________________, the painter of the Sistine Chapel and a great sculptor. Others there were whose works remain famous to this day including ________________, and _________________. Eventually the Renaissance would wind its way northward where the great William Shakespeare would write poetry and plays that expressed the depths of human emotions – thus personifying certain aspects of ________________. Meanwhile, medicine and mathematics progressed rapidly as people looked to nature to explain why things were as they were instead of merely to supernatural explanations. All told, although there was a Christian as well as a Pagan variation of the Renaissance, the general trend was away from spiritual things. This is known as _________________.

The ______________ Church, which was the bedrock of Medieval society saw some benefits as well as some disturbances in the Renaissance. However, no pains caused by the Renaissance could match what was in store in the 1500s. When ________________ _________________ nailed his ____ Theses to a church door in Wittenburg, he had no way of knowing that he was about to change the world forever. Yet he did just that as this action precipitated what has become known as the ________________ _________________.

Problems had been creeping up on the Church for a long time before Martin Luther. The rise of strong _______________ threatened the Church’s power and landholdings. In the 1300 and 1400s, the prestige of the Papacy was obliterated by the __________________ _________________ when the popes were held hostage in ______________, and the Great ______________, when there were as many as _____ people claiming to pope at the same time

and everybody was excommunicated by somebody. To top it all off, the buying and selling of church offices, or _________________, plus the favoritism toward family members, or _____________, was running rampant through the Church. Many bishops didn’t even live in their diocese (______________________) or had more than one at a time (pluralism). Meanwhile, certain worldly bishops seemed dead set on creating great public scandal as they mastered the ___ _____________ Sins. Ultimately, these things would contribute to the eventual breakup of _________________, which was marked by the unity of Europe under one faith.

It all came to a head when Pope Leo X sought money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in __________. The “sale” of ______________ (which decrease one’s punishment in ________________) was promoted throughout Europe to raise that money. Martin Luther argued against indulgences by nailing his opinions on the church door. But they did not stay there. Instead, his theses spread all over the Holy _______________ _____________ through the use of the recently invented ______________ _______________. Eventually, he became popular enough to stand up to both the Church and the state as led by ___________V. By 1521, Luther had been ________________ by the Church and his books banned by the __________. He likely would have been killed had he not been granted refuge by _______________ the Wise of Saxony. While under Frederick’s care, he continued to formulate his ideas which would eventually include the belief in Faith alone for salvation, the Bible alone as the guide, a total denial of the authority of the _________, and support for the _______________ of all believers since everybody could interpret the Bible for themselves.

As with all previous heresies (as the Catholic Church sees it), this one led to massive bloodshed. Immediately came the ______________ Revolt followed by intermittent war within the _________ Roman Empire that did not end until _______ with the Peace of ______________. This peace allowed for lands ruled by Lutheran princes to remain Lutheran, while those ruled by Catholics stayed Catholic. Nevertheless, war would soon return in the form of the ________ ____________ War, which lasted from 1618 to 1648. This war resulted in the death of 1/3 of the population of the H.R.E.. It ended with the ______________ of ________________ in 1648. Since this time the ______________ part of Germany has been Protestant and the ______________ part Catholic.

One of the earliest followers of Martin Luther was a fellow from France named John ___________. He would systematize his theology in a hugely influential book called The Institutes of the _______________ ____________ in 1535. Among other things it spoke of Calvin’s doctrine of the ___________, or chosen people of God. These were the folks whom God had chosen from birth to go to heaven. They were predestined and therefore could not lose their souls. Ultimately, Calvin would set up a ________________ government in Geneva. This was a government in which the religious leaders ruled. It was very strict. He also set up a school to train others in his religion. Thus it spread to France, where the Calvinists are called ______________ and have always been in the minority. Calvinism also spread to the Netherlands and Scotland where it would be called Presbyterianism. Meanwhile, in France religious violence proceeded apace until the _________ of Nantes in 1598 officially allowed for toleration of the Huguenots.

While all of the above was going on in continental Europe, the island of England was having its own little revolution. King _______________ VIII (ruled 1509-1547) wanted a new wife so he could have a __________ heir. His wife, _________________ of Aragon was in the way and had only provided him with one surviving child – a daughter named ________________ _____________. Seeking an _______________ from the pope stating that his marriage never really occurred, Henry was turned down. Consequently, the Act of _______________ was passed in 1534. This established the Church of England, or ________________ Church, as separate from the Catholic Church, and it made the _______ the head of the Church. With his marriage now ended, Henry married Anne ________________ and eventually four others in succession. Finally, he had his son who succeeded him as __________________ VI in 1547. Edward died young and

was succeeded by ______________ ______________ (1553-1558) who was a Catholic and _____________________ I (1558-1603), who would become an Anglican. Through it all, many died as the government switched faiths back and forth and rebellions broke out sporadically

As every action will have its reaction, so too did the Protestant Revolt. The Catholic Church in the 1500s, led especially by Popes Paul III and Pius V, cleaned up its own act and counterattacked the Protestants. The major reforms were instituted by the _____________ of _________ which met from 1545-1563 with numerous intermissions. The intellectual arm of the Catholic counter-reformation was led by a new society of priests called the _______________, or the Society of Jesus, which was founded by Ignatius of __________. They combated heresy all over Europe while spreading the Catholic Faith all over the world. They found some success winning back converts in France, Poland, and the ___________ _____________ _____________. They were supported again by the Holy Roman Emperor, ______________ V and later his son Philip II.

Unit TwoEuropean History: Renaissance and Reformation

STUDY GUIDEThe following is a list of items about which you should be able to speak intelligently if you are to succeed on this exam. Study your notes, handouts, and the book (pp. 36-66)

Renaissance:Humanism RealismNaturalism SecularismBrunelleschi Redirection of focus from Middle AgesMichelangelo Leonardo da VinciRaphael William ShakespeareImitation of Greeks and Romans (the ancients) Changes in art, architecture, math, medicine, etc.

Reformation:Long term causes ChristendomNationalism and strong monarchs Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)Great Schism (1378-1417) Weakening of respect for church authority

Martin Luther 1517 – H.R.E., Scandinavia John Calvin 1530s, Switzerland, Scotland, NetherlandsKing Henry VIII 1530s, England Catholic counter-reformation (counterattack)Abuses in the Church – simony, nepotism, etc. 95 ThesesIndulgences Excommunication, heresyCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick the WiseLuther’s doctrines – especially Sola Scriptura, Sola Fidei, Priesthood of all believers, rejection of PopeCauses of spread and acceptance of Lutheranism Peace of Augsburg, Treaty of Westphalia

Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion TheocracyCalvin’s doctrines – esp. Predestination, the “Elect” Huguenots (French Calvinists)Edict of Nantes Presbyterian Church

Henry VIII – Act of Supremacy Annulment, Catherine of AragonEdward VI, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth I Anglican Church

Pope Paul III Council of TrentHoly Inquisition Index of Forbidden BooksSociety of Jesus (a.k.a. Jesuits) Ignatius of Loyola

Scientific Revolution:Copernicus Galileo Scientific MethodRene Descartes, Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton – calculus

The following are questions you should be able to respond to if you are to be prepared for this exam.1. A) Do you think that the Renaissance was an improvement over Middle Ages times? B) Why or why not? 2. What were the two major traits we spoke of in regard to the Renaissance? 3. A) What do you think was the most significant of the Church’s problems just before Luther? B) Why? 4. Why did the king or the prince have an interest in putting down heresy in this time period?

5. Identify and explain one teaching or doctrine with which A) Luther, B) Calvin, and C) Henry VIII each opposed classic Catholic teaching. Identify what they said and how it differs from the Catholic view. 6. A) Do you think that the Peace of Augsburg was a good settlement? B) Why? 7. A) Who do you think was the most important reformer (Catholic or Protestant) and B) why? 8. A) What do you think was the most significant thing done by the Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestantism? B) Why this in particular?

Unit 2 – Renaissance and Reformation: 1300s-1600sTriads

Triads: For each threesome, and in several complete sentences, identify each event or person and establish the connection between it and the others. Please be concise, but answer in an orderly and logical fashion that illustrates an understanding of how it all fits together.

1. Glories of Rome; Reminders of Rome; Renaissance originates in Italy.

2. Petrarch; Printing Press; Shakespeare.

3. Medicis in Florence; International Power; Brunelleschi’s Dome.

4. Deadly Sins; Indulgences; Protestant Reformation.

5. Babylonian Captivity; Great Schism; Straw on the Camel.

6. Martin Luther; Sola Scriptura; Divisions of Protestantism.

7. Catherine’s age; English Schism (Henry VIII breaks from Catholic Church); Anglican similarities to Catholicism.

8. Luther and Calvin; Council of Trent; Index of Banned Books.

Name ____________________________________________________ Period______________

Unit 2 ReviewDue on the day before the test

Answers shall be found in your notes and in your text. (pp. 36-66)

____1. A teaching that contradicts that of the Church A. Humanism____2. The official cutting off of someone from the Church B. Nationalism____3. A focus on human values, achievements and abilities C. Indulgence____4. A declaration that a marriage never actually occurred D. Annulment____5. The unity of Europe under the Catholic Faith E. Protestant____6. Religions that have split from the Catholic Church F. Secularism____7. Love of and loyalty to one’s country or ethnic group G. Heresy____8. A focus on worldly things H. Holy Inquisition____9. This shortens one’s time in Purgatory I. Excommunication____10. The Catholic institution that rooted out heretics J. Christendom

____1. Renaissance artist who painted the Sistine Chapel A. Shakespeare____2. Renaissance writer of poems and plays in England B. John Calvin____3. The first of the Protestant reformers C. Paul III____4. Wrote a book that systematically taught his faith in 1535 D. Isaac Newton____5. Argued strongly that sun was center of universe E. Elizabeth I____6. Called the Council of Trent to reform/defend Catholicism F. Catherine of Aragon____7. Developed Calculus G. Martin Luther____8. Wife of King Henry VIII of England H. Galileo____9. Daughter of King Henry VIII – a Catholic I. Mary Tudor____10. Daughter of King Henry VIII – an Anglican J. Michelangelo

____1. Up to three popes at one time A. Council of Trent____2. Means of proof starting from hypothesis to conclusion B. Peace of Augsburg____3. Ended decades of war in H.R.E. in 1555 C. Scientific Method____4. Defined many aspects of the Catholic Faith in mid-1500s D. Huguenots____5. 7 straight popes stuck in France residing in Avignon E. Francis Bacon____6. Birthplace of the Renaissance F. Edict of Nantes____7. Birthplace of the Reformation G. Great Schism____8. Brought peace and toleration of Calvinists in France H. Italian city-states____9. French Calvinists were called this I. Babylonian Captivity____10. Helped develop the scientific method J. Holy Roman Empire

Place the following in chronological order:

____Council of Trent starts ____95 Theses

____Renaissance starts ____Great Schism

____Printing Press invented ____Peace of Augsburg

____Galileo is tried for heresy (1632) ____Institutes of the Christian Religion