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nana sumbaZe

umaRles ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdomoba:

barierebi da maTi daZlevis gzebi

sazogadoebrivi politikis instituti

Tbilisi 2015

NaNa Sumbadze

acceSS to uNiverSity educatioN: barrierS aNd WayS of

overcomiNg them

iNStitute for Policy StudieS

tbiliSi 2015

proeqti ganxorcielda fondis _ `Ria sazogadoeba-saqarTvelo~ mxardaWeriT

proeqti mravali adamianis Sromis Sedegs warmoadgens. avtors surs madloba gadauxados sazogadoebrivi politikis institutis mkvlevarebs ekaterine fircxalavas da maia maisuraZes gamokiTx-vis organizebis,zedamxedvelobisa da diskusiebis CatarebisaTvis, vaRarSak Saxbekians diskusiis CatarebisaTvis, yvela interviuers TinaTin erisTavs da sofio qitiaSvils monacemebis SeyvanisaTvis, xaTuna ioselians, nino kiknaveliZes da ani qitiaSvils SeniSvnebi-saTvis, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros, demokratiuli ganviTarebis quTaisis, baTumisa da marneulis cen-trebs kvlevis saorganizacio sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi daxmarebi-saTvis, diskusiis yvela monawiles mosazrebebis gaziarebisaTvis, aseve yvela respondents TanamSromlobisaTvis.

ydis dizaini: maia sumbaZe

3

sarCevi

1. Sesavali ............................................................................................................................ 5

2. saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis mokle mimoxilva ......................................................................................................................... 5

3. kvlevis sagani da dizaini ............................................................................. 8

4. erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis 2014 wlis Sedegebi ............. 94.1. umaRlesi saswavleblebis klasifikacia .............................. 94.2. abiturientTa registracia ................................................................ 144.3. gamocdebis Cabareba .................................................................................. 164.4. umaRles saswavlebelSi Caricxva ..............................................234.5. grantebi ................................................................................................................274.6. Sejameba .................................................................................................................29

5. empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebis analizi ............................................315.1. meTodologia ....................................................................................................315.2. demografiuli maCveneblebi ............................................................. 325.3. religiuroba ....................................................................................................345.4. kompiuteris moxmareba da enebis codna.............................. 365.5. ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ............................................... 395.6. mSoblebis ganaTleba da samsaxureobrivi statusi .....435.7. moswavleTa gegmebi ....................................................................................455.8. saskolo ganaTlebis Sefaseba.......................................................545.9. devnilebi ............................................................................................................. 585.10. umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis faqtorebi ..585.11. universitetis arCevaniT kmayofileba ...................................625.12. studentebis danaxarjebi ....................................................................64

6. erovnuli gamocdebisaTvis maswavleblebTan kerZod momzadebis mizezebi, misi safasuri da am praqtikis Secvlis gzebi ..........................................................................................................686.1. kerZod momzadebis saWiroebis mizezebi .............................686.2. swavlisaTvis saWiro xarjebi da finansebis

akumulirebis strategiebi ..................................................................... 716.3. kerZod momzadebis praqtikis Secvlis gzebi ................ 71

4

7. Rirebulebebi ............................................................................................................. 737.1. cxovrebis mxareebi .................................................................................... 737.2. qmediTefeqturoba .......................................................................................747.3. monawileoba ......................................................................................................767.4. materialuri da post-materialuri Rirebulebebi da

socialuri ndoba............................................................................................767.5. tradiciuli Rirebulebebi ...............................................................787.6. genderuli Tanasworoba ......................................................................807.7. Semwynarebloba .............................................................................................. 817.8. pirovnuli Tvisebebi ................................................................................827.9. miuRebeli qcevebi .......................................................................................84

8. ZiriTadi Sedegebis Sejameba ....................................................................858.1. erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis Sedegebi.............................. 858.2. empiriuli kvlevisa da diskusiebis Sedegebi ...............888.3. erovnuli umciresobebis integraciis pirobebi:

msgavseba RirebulebebSi .........................................................................94

9. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi .....................................................................96

bibliografia .................................................................................................................102

Summary of the main results ................................................................... 103

5

1. Sesavali

ganaTlebis xarisxi qveynis ekonomikur keTildReo-

basTan da demokratiasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebu-

li. ganaTleba pirovnebis socio-ekonomikuri statusis

erT-erT ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgens, xolo ganaTleba

zeTanabari xelmisawvdomoba qveyanaSi arsebuli Tanas-

worobis erT-erTi maCvenebelia. umaRlesi ganaTlebis

safasuri maRalia da mTel msoflioSi ganuxrelad izr-

deba. ganaTleba, Cveulebriv, ufro metad xelmisawvdomia

maRali ekonomikuri statusis mqone ojaxebis Svilebi-

saTvis, maTTvis vis mSoblebsac aqvT umaRlesi ganaT-

leba, qveyanaSi dominanturi enis da eTnikurobis mqone

pirebisaTvis da maTTvis, vinc geografiulad naklebad

izolirebulia (O’Hara & Johnstone, 2009).umaRlesi saswavleblebis operirebas qveynis specifi-

kuri politikuri da ekonomikuri, aseve istoriuli da

globaluri saerTaSoriso konteqsti gansazRvravs (John-stone, 2009).

2. saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis mokle mimoxilva

saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema moicavs skolamdel,

zogad, profesiul da umaRles ganaTlebas. zogadi ga-

naTleba sami safexurisagan Sedgeba: dawyebiTi (1-6 kla-

si), sabazo (7-9), saSualo (10-12). saqarTveloSi moqmedebs

2085 sajaro da 246 kerZo skola. sabazo ganaTleba aris

savaldebulo. misi dasrulebis Semdeg moswavles SeuZ-

lia swavlis gagrZeleba zogadi ganaTlebis saSualo

safexurze an profesiuli ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT.

profesiuli ganaTlebis miReba SesaZlebelia 35 saxel-

mwifo da 20 kerZo saswavlebelSi, aseve 15 sajaro da 4

kerZo umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi (saqar-

Tvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, 2015).

6

saSualo ganaTlebis atestatis asaRebad moswavlem unda Caabaros CAT-is gamocdebi.Aamis Semdeg moswavles SeuZlia swavla gaagrZelos saqarTvelos 62 universi-tetidan erT-erTSi. umaRles saswavlebelSi Casaricxad abiturientma unda Caabaros erTiani erovnuli gamocdebi da gaakeTos ganacxadi (SesaZlebelia 20-mde arCevanis ga-keTeba) sasurvel specialobasa da universitetze.

erovnul gamocdebs, romlebic centralizebulad da erTdroulad imarTeba, erovnuli sagamocdo centri ata-rebs saqarTvelos 11 geografiul adgilas.

erovnuli gamocdebis sistema dainerga 2005 wels. misi mizani iyo sauniversiteto ganaTlebis korufciis-gan gaTavisufleba da Sesabamisad umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis gazrda. 2005 wels sagamocdo sagnebad gansazRvruli iyo: qarTuli ena, zogadi unar-Cvevebi da ucxo ena.Dsistemam mas Semdeg ganicada cvlileba. 2014 wels abiturienti sam zemoT CamoTvlil gamocdasTan erTad abarebda kidev erT damatebiT gamocdas saganSi, romelsac universiteti asaxelebda programebis mixed-viT. es sagnebia: maTematika, fizika, biologia, qarTuli lite ratura, geografia, istoria an xelovneba. Semoq-medebiT fakultetebze abiturientebs moeTxovebodaT aseve SemoqmedebiTi turis gavla, ris organizebasac uma-Rlesi saswavlebeli axorcielebda.

mosaxleobis 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 15.8%-s Seadgenen erovnuli umciresobebi, maTgan azerbaijanelebi _ 6.5%-s, somxebi _ 5.7%-s, rusebi _ 1.5%-s, yvela sxva ki _ 2.1%-s.

umciresobebidan azerbaijanelebis da somxebis didi nawili kompaqturad aris dasaxlebuli – azerbaijanele-bi ZiriTadad qvemo qarTlSi, xolo somxebi _ javaxeTSi.

erovnuli gamocdebis SemoRebam gamocdebis qarTu-lad Cabarebis moTxovnidan gamomdinare, mkveTrad Seam-cira erovnuli umciresobebis umaRlesSi moxvedris SesaZ lebloba. umaRles ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdomobis gazrdis mizniT 2006 wels abiturientebs miecaT erovnu-

7

li gamocdebis rusulad Cabarebis ufleba. amave wels javaxeTSi, kerZod ninowmindasa da axalqalaqSi amo-qmedda qarTuli enis Semswavleli kursebi. 2008 wli-dan erovnul umciresobebs miecaT erovnuli gamocdebis mSobliur enaze Cabarebis SesaZlebloba. gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad gaizarda studentTa raodenoba erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli regionebidan, ma-gram es zrda ar iyo mniSvnelovani. aqedan gamomdi nare gadaidga Semdegi nabiji maTTvis ganaTlebis xelmisaw-vdomobis gasazrdelad. kerZod, 2009 wlis 19 noembers Sevida cvlileba umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonSi, romlis safuZvelzec abiturientebi, romlebic Caabare-ben erovnul gamocdas zogad unarebSi mSobliur enaze iricxebian umaRles saswavleblebSi kanoniT dadgeni-li kvotebis mixedviT (misaReb studentTa 5-5 procenti somxur da azerbaijanulenovani studentebisaTvis da 1-1 procenti afxazur da osurenovani studentebisaTvis) qarTul enaSi universitetSi erTwliani 60 kreditiani saganmanaTleblo programis warmatebiT gavlis Semdeg.

kvotirebis sistemisa da qarTuli saganmanaTleblo programis SemoRebis Sedegad gaizarda studentebSi erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa raodenoba. 2010 wels Cairicxa 331 (kvotebiT gansazRvruli adgi-lebis 12%), 2011 wels 394 (21%), 2012 wels 614 (26%), 2013 wels 928 (24%) da 2014 wels 673, (25.6%) (tabataZe da gorgaZe, 2013). amdenad, aTvisebul iqna kvotiT gaTvalis-winebuli adgilebis 12%-dan 25%-mde. zogad unarebSi araqarTulenovan abiturientebs, garda rusulenovanebi-sa, bevrad ufro cudi maCveneblebi aqvT, vidre qarTu-lenovan abiturientebs. 2014 wels zogad unarebSi CaiWra azerbaijanulenovan abiturientTa 42.4%, somxurenovanTa _ 29.8%, rusulenovanTa _ 8.9% da qarTulenovanTa _ 12.5%.

qveyanaSi moqmedi 62 universitetidan umravlesoba, 71% TbilisSi mdebareobs.

evropisa da centraluri aziis regionSi saqarTvelo erT-erTi uRaribesi qveyanaa. ekonomikuri maCveneblebis

8

mixedviT qveyanaSi siRaribis zRvars miRma mosaxleobis 18.2%-ia, mosaxleobis 11.0% iRebs umweobis daxmarebas. amasTan, keTildReoba Zalze araTanabrad aris ganawi-lebuli, ris maCvenebelsac warmoadgens jinis indeqsi, romelic mTliani xarjebis mixedviT 0.44-s tolia (saqar-Tvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, 2014). es ki uTanabrobis sakmaod maRali maCvenebelia evropisa da centraluri aziis regionisaTvis. aseve, mniSvnelovania siRaribis maCveneblis mixedviT regionebs Soris gansx-vaveba. is ufro maRalia soflad (18.8%), vidre qalaqad (10.5%), yvelaze naklebia TbilisSi da yvelaze meti _ guriasa da kaxeTSi (msoflio banki, 2014).

3. kvlevis sagani da dizaini

ganaTleba, janmrTelobasTan erTad adamianuri kapi-

talis Semadgeneli nawilia da mniSvnelovanwilad gan-

sazRvravs pirovnebis keTildReobas. ganaTleba qveynis

ganviTarebis sawindaria da amavdroulad, misi mniSvne-

lovani indikatoric.

kvlevis sagans warmoadgenda umaRles ganaTlebaze

xelmisawvdomobis barierebis, maTi gamomwvevi mizezebisa

da gadalaxvis gzebis dadgena.

xelmisawvdomobis Semaferxebeli mizezebis dadgeni-

sas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gavamaxvileT ekonomikur

mdgomareobaze, mSoblebis ganaTlebis statusze da sacx-

ovrebel adgilze.

sakvlevi kiTxva Semdegnairad iqna formulirebuli:

ramdenad ganapirobebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawv-domobas ojaxis ekonomikuri statusi, mSoblebis ganaT-leba, TbilisSi, regionebSi da maT Soris erovnuli umci-

re so bebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi cxov reba.

dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Catarda samagi-

do kvleva, gaanalizda erovnuli gamocdebis monacemTa

9

baza; aseve Catarda empiriuli kvleva da diskusiebi, ker-

Zod ganxorcielda Semdegi aqtiobebi:

1. samagido kvleva:

Seswavlil iqna saqarTveloSi ganaTlebasTan da kav Sirebuli angariSebi;2. gaanalizda erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis 2014

wlis Sedegebi;

3. empiriuli kvleva:

Catarda 1) XII klaselTa gamokiTxva saqarTvelos

6 regionSi da TbilisSi;

2) XII klaselTa gamokiTxva erovnul umciresobebiT

dasaxlebul adgilebSi;

3) I kurseli studentebis gamokiTxva 5 sauniversi-

teto qalaqSi;

4. diskusiebi:

gaimarTa diskusiebi umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisaw-

vdomobis barierebis mizezebsa da maTi gadalaxvis

SesaZ lo gzebis Taobaze mSoblebTan, maswavleblebTan

da ganaTlebis resurscentris TanamSromlebTan sa qar-

Tvelos oTx qalaqSi.

4. erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis 2014 wlis Sedegebi

4.1. umaRlesi saswavleblebis klasifikacia

saqarTveloSi 62 umaRlesi saswavlebelia akreditire-

buli. isini sul 8 qalaqSi arian ganTavsebuli. udidesi

umravlesoba, 44 universiteti, TbilisSi, 6 baTumSi, 3-3

quTaissa da gorSi, 2-2 rusTavsa da zugdidSi, 1-1 Telavsa

da axalcixeSi mdebareobs. erovnuli sagamocdo centris

2014 wels konkursis monacemebis mixedviT Cven universi-

tetebi oTx jgufSi gavaerTianeT. jgufebSi gaerTianebis

kriteriums warmoadgenda abiturientebis mier pirveli

10

arCevanis raodenobis Sefardeba universitetis mier ga-

mocxadebul adgilebTan.

pirvel jgufSi sul ori universiteti, ivane javaxiS-

vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti da

Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universiteti Sevida,

sadac erT adgilze 2 abiturientze meti modioda.

meore jgufs Seadgenda 6 universiteti. aq erT adgil-

ze 1-dan 2 abiturientamde modioda, esenia: Tbilisis Tavi-

sufali universiteti, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis

Teat risa da kinos universiteti, ilias saxelmwifo univer-

siteti, saqarTvelos agraruli universiteti, baTumis SoTa

rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti, daviT aRmaSe neblis

saxelobis saqarTvelos erovnuli Tavdacvis aka demia. M

mesame jgufSi Sevidnen universitetebi, sadac erT

adgilze 0.50-dan 1 adamiani modioda. aseTi iyo 9 uni-

versiteti, esenia: baTumis saxelmwifo sazRvao akademia,

Tbilisis apolon quTaTelaZis saxelobis saxelmwifo

samxatvro akademia, daviT tvildianis saxelobis samed-

icino universiteti, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo univer-

siteti (quTaisi), Tbilisis vano sarajiSvilis saxelo-

bis saxelmwifo konservatoria, saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universiteti, saqarTvelos erovnuli universiteti (seu),

quTaisis universiteti, saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv saq-

meTa instituti (GIPA).meoTxe jgufSi gaerTianda darCenili 45 universiteti,

sadac erT adgilze 0.50-ze naklebi abiturienti modioda.

cxrili 1universitetebis ranJireba konkursis mixedviT

ran-gi

jgu-fi

Uuniversitetimdeba-reoba

kon-kursi

1

I

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxel-mwifo universteti

Tbilisi 2.36

2 Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universiteti

Tbilisi 2.16

11

3 II Tbilisis Tavisufali universiteti Tbilisi 1.97

4 saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teat-risa da kinos saxelmwifo universi-teti

Tbilisi 1.73

5 ilias saxelmwifo universiteti Tbilisi 1.59

6 saqarTvelos agraruli universiteti Tbilisi 1.40

7 baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti

baTumi 1.29

8 daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis saqa-rTvelos erovnuli Tavdacvis aka-demia

gori 1.19

9III

saswavlo universiteti _ baTumis saxelmwifo sazRvao akademia

baTumi 0.92

10 Tbilisis apolon quTaTelaZis saxe-lobis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia

Tbilisi 0.85

11 daviT tvildianis saxelobis samedi-cino universiteti

Tbilisi 0.82

12 ak. wereTlis saxelmwifo universite-ti

quTaisi 0.74

13 Tbilisis vano sarajiSvilis saxelo-bis saxelmwifo konservatoria

Tbilisi 0.73

14 saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti Tbilisi 0.61

15 saqarTvelos erovnuli universiteti _ seu

Tbilisi 0.60

16 quTaisis universiteti quTaisi 0.52

17 GIPA_ saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv saqmeTa instituti

Tbilisi 0.52

18IV

baTumis xelovnebis saswavlo univer-siteti

baTumi 0.49

19 soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti Tbilisi 0.38

20 goris saxelmwifo saswavlo univer-siteti

gori 0.36

21 Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso universite-ti

Tbilisi 0.36

12

22 SoTa mesxias zugdidi saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti

zugdidi 0.36

23 samcxe-javaxeTis saxelmwifo univer-steti

axalcixe 0.33

24 iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Tela-vis saxelmwifo universiteti

Telavi 0.30

25 qalaq quTaisis samusiko koleji quTaisi 0.29

26 saqarTvelos universiteti Tbilisi 0.27

27 saqarTvelos saaviacio universiteti Tbilisi 0.27

28 niu viJen universiteti Tbilisi 0.23

29 saqarTvelos fizikuri aRzrdisa da sportis saxelmwifo saswavlo uni-versiteti

Tbilisi 0.22

30 petre SoTaZis saxelobis Tbilisis samedicino akademia

Tbilisi 0.22

31 kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universiteti Tbilisi 0.21

32 grigol robaqiZis saxelobis univer-siteti

Tbilisi 0.21

33 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda tbel abuseriZis saxelobis saswavlo universiteti

baTumi 0.20

34 kavkasiis universiteti Tbilisi 0.19

35 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universiteti

Tbilisi 0.16

36 baTumis navigaciis saswavlo univer-siteti

baTumi 0.14

37 suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti gori 0.13

38 axali umaRlesi saswavlebeli Tbilisi 0.13

39 Tbilisis Ria saswavlo universiteti Tbilisi 0.12

40 evropis saswavlo universiteti Tbilisi 0.11

41 saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universiteti (sdasu)

Tbilisi 0.11

42 qarTul-amerikuli universiteti Tbilisi 0.11

43 Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti Tbilisi 0.11

13

44 guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo uni-versiteti

Tbilisi 0.10

45 Tbilisis samedicino saswavlo uni-versiteti “hipokrate”

Tbilisi 0.10

46 saqarTvelos ilia WavWavaZis saxelo-bis saerTaSoriso samecniero- kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kavSiri “sazogadoeba codna”

Tbilisi 0.08

47 aRmosavleT evropis saswavlo univer-siteti

Tbilisi 0.07

48 Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti “gorgasali”

Tbilisi 0.06

49 sulxan-saba orbelianis saswavlo universiteti

Tbilisi 0.06

50 saswavlo universiteti “geomedi” Tbilisi 0.06

51 saswavlo universiteti “evropuli akademia”

zugdidi 0.05

52 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda Tamar mefis saxelobis saswavlo uni-versiteti

Tbilisi 0.04

53 eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis sas-wavlo universiteti

rusTavi 0.04

54 saqarTvelos biznesis akademia SBA Tbilisi 0.03

55 amerikuli humanitaruli universite-tis Tbilisis filiali

Tbilisi 0.03

56 qarTul-evropuli akademia Tbilisi 0.02

57 baTumis umaRlesi sazRvao sainJinro saswavlebeli _ anri

baTumi 0.02

58 Tbilisis biznesis da menejmentis akademia

Tbilisi 0.02

59 Tbilisis humanitaruli saswavlo universiteti

Tbilisi 0.02

60 umaRlesi saswavlebeli ganaTlebis akademia

Tbilisi 0.02

61 umaRlesi saswavlebeli jorjia Tbilisi 0.01

62 rusTavis umaRlesi ganaTlebis akademia rusTavi 0.01

14

yvela popularuli universiteti (I da II jgufi) oris

garda, romlebic baTumsa da gorSi mdebareoben, Tbilis-

Si mdebareobs.

cxrili 2universitetebis ganawileba mdebareobisa da

popularobis mixedviT

No mdeba-reoba

I jgufi II jgufi III jgu-fi

IV jgu-fi

sul

1 Tbilisi 2 4 6 31 44

2 baTumi 0 1 1 4 6

3 quTaisi 0 0 2 1 3

4 gori 0 1 0 3 3

5 zugdidi 0 0 0 2 2

6 rusTavi 0 0 0 2 2

7 Telavi 0 0 0 1 1

8 axalcixe 0 0 0 1 1

sul 2 6 9 45 62

% 3.2 9.7 14.5 72.6 100

4.2. abiturientTa registracia

2014 wels zogadi ganaTlebis saSualo safexuri daas-

rula 37189 moswavlem. CAT-is gamocdebSi CaiWra 14.1%, am-

denad atestati aiRo da erovnuli gamocdebis Cabarebis

ufleba moipova 31954 moswavlem anu moswavleTa 85.9%-ma.

cxrili 3im moswavleTa wili, vinc miiRo atestati

regioni da skola damTavrebulTa raodenoba

miiRo atestati (%)

Tbilisi No10947 95.7

raWa-leCxumi-qvemo svaneTi No321 94.1

samegrelo-zemo svaneTi No3116 86.3

Sida qarTli No2854 85.2

15

imereTi No5912 84.6

afxazeTi No 244 83.6

aWara No3622 82.4

mcxeTa-mTianeTi No864 81.8

guria No1092 81.2

kaxeTi No2879 80.8

qvemo qarTli No3440 74.3

samcxe-javaxeTi No1898 73.4

sul No 37189 85.9

erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis Casabareblad daregis-

trirda 35100 abiturienti. maT Soris, 2014 wels skola

damTavrebulebis garda Sevidnen wina wlebSi skoladam-

Tavrebuli abiturientebic.Ggamocdebi Catarda saqarTve-

loSi arsebul 11 sagamocdo centrSi.

cxrili 4daregistrirebuli abiturientebis wili sagamocdo

centrebis mixedviT

NN Mmdebareoba NNo 35100%

1 Tbilisi 50.0

2 quTaisi 13.6

3 baTumi 9.6

4 gori 5.8

5 rusTavi 4.6

6 zugdidi 4.2

7 Telavi 3.9

8 axalcixe 3.1

9 foTi 2.8

10 ozurgeTi 1.7

11 xulo 0.7

sul 100

16

bunebrivia, rom yvelaze meti abiturienti daregis-

trirda sam savaldebulo saganSi – qarTul enasa da li-

teraturaSi, zogad unarebSi da inglisur enaSi. arCevi-

Ti sagnebidan ki geografiaSi, istoriasa da maTematikaSi.

cxrili 5sagnebis ranJireba gamocdaze gasul abiturientebis

raodenobis mixedviT

sagani raodenoba

qarTuli ena da literatura 32935

zogadi unarebi 32037

inglisuri ena 24603

geografia 11502

istoria 10358

maTematika 8729

rusuli ena 6178

literatura 4912

biologia 3045

germanuli ena 1497

qimia 1435

fizika 415

franguli ena 308

xelovneba 143

4.3. gamocdebis Cabareba

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT erTian erovnul gamocdeb-

ze 2014 wels sul gavida 35100 abiturienti, maT Soris

51.0% gogo da 49.0% biWi. yvela regionSi mcxeTa-mTiane-

Tis garda gogonebis wili aRemateboda biWebis wils.

17

cxriliU6erovnul gamocdebze gasuli abiturientebis raodenoba

sqesis da sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT

N mxare gogo (%)

1 TbilisiNo 10985

50.9

2 Sida qarTliNo 2879

50.4

3 mcxeTa-mTianeTiNo 745

46.4

4 imereTiNo 5270

50.8

5 samegrelo-zemo svaneTiNo 2414

51.2

6 samcxe-javaxeTiNo 1208

51.6

7 kaxeTiNo 2446

51.7

8 raWa-leCxumiNo 318

52.8

9 qvemo qarTliNo 2694

50.7

10 aWaraNo3381

50.7

11 afxazeTiNo1888

50.9

12 guriaNo 870

52.1

sulNo 35100

50.8

gamocdebze CaWrilTa raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gansx-

vavebulia, rogorc sagnis aseve abiturientis sacxovre-

beli adgilis mixedviT. wilobrivad yvelaze meti abi-

turienti CaiWra fizikasa (42.4%) da maTematikaSi (22.3%).

zogadad didia CaWrilTa wili yvela zust da sabunebi-

smetyvelo saganSi. yvelaze naklebi CaWrilTa wili ki

qarTul enasa da literaturaSia.

18

cxrili 7sagnebis ranJireba CaWrilTa wili sqesis mixedviT

sagani da gamocdaze gasulTa raodenoba

CaWrilTa raodenoba da wilisul

raode-noba

gogo%

biWi%

sul%

fizikaNo415

176 40.9 43.7 42.4

maTematikaNo8.729

1942 21.0 23.6 22.3

qimiaNo1.435

253 15.8 19.7 17.6

rusuli enaNo6.178

898 13.7 15.4 14.5

biologiaNo3.045

396 13.0 13.0 13.0

zogadi unarebiNo32.037

3994 12.2 12.8 12.5

istoriaNo10.358

1221 11.5 12.1 11.8

geografiaNo11.502

1329 11.0 12.1 11.6

literaturaNo4.912

571 11.1 12.1 11.6

qarTuli ena da lit-eraturaNo32.935

1785 5.1 5.8 5.4

germanuli enaNo1.497

124 9.1 7.4 8.3

inglisuri enaNo24.603

2032 8.0 8.5 8.3

xelovnebaNo143

11 7.6 7.8 7.7

franguli enaNo308

18 6.4 5.1 5.8

sul 14750

gogoebma biWebze ukeT Caabares erovnuli gamocdebi. Mmxolod or saganSi, germanuli ena da franguli ena, gogoebis meti raodenoba CaiWra vidre biWebis.

19

mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba aRiniSna CaWrilTa wilis mixedviT regionebSi.

qarTulenovani Tbiliseli abiturientebi zogadad yvelaze warmatebulni iyvnen gamocdebze. CaWrilTa wili sagamocdo 14 sagnidan 6-Si swored maTTan iyo yvelaze dabali. guriaSia yvelaze naklebia CaWrilTa wili geografiasa da fizikaSi, qvemo qarTlSi _ biologia-Si, imereTSi _ qimiaSi, qarTul literaturaSi _ kaxeT-Si. 7 saganSi _ qarTuli ena da literatura, germanuli ena, maTematika, geografia, biologia, istoria, xelovneba yvelaze didi wili CaWrilTa Soris aWaraSi. samcxe-ja-vaxeTSi CaWrilTa yvelaze didi wilia zogad unareb-Si, samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi yvelaze maRalia CaWrilTa wili inglisur enaSi, raWa-leCxumsa da qvemo svaneT-Si rusul enaSi, mcxeTa-mTianeTSi qimiasa da fizikaSi, imereTSi qarTul literaturaSi, xolo guriaSi fran-gul enaSi.

cxrili 8erovnul gamocdebSi CaWrilTa raodenoba regionebis

mixedviT (%)

sagani

Tbi

lis

i

samegr

elo

samc

xe-

javax

eTi

kaxe

Ti

raW

a-

leCxu

mimc

xeTa-

mTianeTi

aWar

a

imer

eTi

afxa

zeT

i

qv.

qarTli

guria

Sid

a

qarTli

qarTuli ena da litera-tura

3.5 6.2 8.3 5.2 6.9 8.3 10.0 4.8 5.3 6.4 5.6 5.4

gamocdaze gavida

1058 2342 936 2291 306 712 3308 5136 1827 1913 839 2786

zogadi un-arebi

7.7 15.4 19.4 12.1 13.0 15.0 21.4 12.3 14.0 13.8 12.4 13.7

gamocdaze gavida

10054 2302 929 2268 299 702 3223 5077 1777 1826 830 2749

inglisuri ena 3.8 26.3 15.6 10.1 14.6 12.3 14.4 8.8 7.5 7.4 13.5 9.8

gamocdaze gavida

8326 1620 706 1819 219 545 2192 3817 1167 1426 607 2158

20

rusuli ena 4.9 16.6 32.5 23.1 34.3 26.7 15.6 21.8 7.6 15.1 20.1 19.4

gamocdaze gavida

1578 608 191 290 35 116 1007 766 579 384 154 470

germanuli ena 3.7 12.6 25.0 3.3 4.8 9.7 28.9 8.6 5.6 15.7 8.2 7.7

gamocdaze gavida

429 87 24 122 42 31 76 416 54 51 61 104

franguli ena 2.7 0 9.1 2.9 0 0 15.4 9.7 0 0 42.9 10.5

gamocdaze gavida

111 3 11 35 1 9 13 62 9 28 7 19

maTematika(qarT)

14.5 26.5 33.7 19.8 30.5 30.6 37.3 21.3 27.0 21.9 34.3 23.8

gamocdaze gavida

3163 524 199 505 59 186 1005 1357 422 438 195 675

istoria (qarT)

7.6 13.5 19.6 11.8 10.1 16.0 20.4 8.0 9.4 13.3 10.3 10.8

gamocdaze gavida

2903 657 296 642 89 212 1746 1502 530 587 309 885

geografia(qarT)

10.3 10.2 14.3 8.7 8.3 14.3 18.5 10.6 12.1 9.4 4.5 9.3

gamocdaze gavida

3030 990 481 882 133 252 1574 1559 646 660 296 998

biologia(qarT)

7.7 14.3 19.3 11.8 12.1 21.8 25.0 15.6 14.4 7.1 20.5 12.8

gamocdaze gavida

817 244 62 323 33 78 200 544 153 197 73 321

qimia(qarT)

13.5 22.9 37.5 19.4 14.3 48.1 18.2 12.9 16.5 15.2 26.9 21.2

gamocdaze gavida

408 144 32 180 7 27 66 248 79 105 26 113

fizika 32.7 48.6 41.2 52.0 0 90.0 50.0 53.3 47.1 37.5 28.6 37.8

gamocdaze gavida

150 35 17 25 0 10 10 75 17 24 7 45

qarTuli lit-eratura

9.4 10.7 13.6 9.0 11.9 9.5 17.2 20.6 12.4 13.4 12.7 12.6

gamocdaze gavida

1320 411 199 431 67 137 441 736 322 224 126 498

xelovneba 4.9 0 0 16.7 0 0 60.0 0 33.3 0 0 7.7

gamocdaze gavida

82 10 2 6 1 4 5 3 6 8 3 13

21

somxurenovanma da azerbaijanulenovanma abiturien-

tebma erovnuli gamocdebi qarTulenovan abiturientebze

gaci lebiT uaresad Caabares, rogorc TbilisSi, aseve re-

gionebSi.

cxrili 9erovnul gamocdebSi araqarTulenovan CaWril

abiturientTa raodenoba regionebis mixedviT (%)

sagani

Tbi

lis

i

samegr

elo

samc

xe-

javax

eTi

kaxe

Ti

raW

a-

leCxu

mimc

xeTa-

mTianeTi

aWar

a

imer

eTi

afxa

zeT

i

qv.

qarTli

guria

Sid

a

qarTli

zogadi un-arebi (rus)

6.6 12.0 0 50.0 0 7.9 0 15.4 16.2 15.1 0 7.1

gamocdaze gavida

409 25 1 4 1 1 76 13 37 33 2 14

zogadi un-arebi (somx)

36.0 0 33.0 0 0 0 0 0 100 40.8 0 0

gamocdaze gavida

25 0 230 0 0 0 0 0 2 49 0 1

zogadi un-arebi (azer)

52.4 0 0 35.9 0 0 0 0 0 41.3 0 57.1

gamocdaze gavida

21 0 0 78 0 0 0 0 1 635 0 7

maTematika (rusuli)

21.8 61.5 100 50.0 0 0 47.0 40.0 30.8 42.8 0 0

gamocdaze gavida

147 13 1 2 0 0 51 5 13 21 0 2

istoria (rus)

6.6 0 0 0 0 0 23.5 20.0 28.6 20.0 0 0

gamocdaze gavida

91 0 0 0 0 0 17 5 7 25 0 2

geografia(rus)

13.0 44.4 50.0 0 0 0 14.6 0 27.8 28.6 0 0

22

gamocdaze gavida

108 9 2 2 1 0 48 6 18 7 1 4

biologia (rus)

15.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33.3 12.5 0 0

gamocdaze gavida

39 3 0 0 0 0 6 4 6 8 0 1

qimia (rus) 12.5 0 0 50.0 0 0 14.3 0.1 75.0 0 0 0

gamocdaze gavida

16 3 0 2 0 0 7 0 4 4 1 0

fizika (rus) 33.3 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0

gamocdaze gavida

8 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

araqarTulenovanTa Soris biWebma gogoebze odnav uke-

Tesi Sedegi aCvenes fizikaSi, geografiaSi, zogad una reb-

Si (azerbaijanulenovani da rusulenovani) da qimiaSi.

cxrili 10rusul, somxur da azerbaijanul enebze Cabarebuli

erovnuli gamocdebis sagnebis ranJireba CaWrilTa mixedviT sqesobriv WrilSi

sagani enaGgogo

%biWi%

sul%

zogadi unarebiNo742

azerbaijanuli 42.4 39.8 41.1

zogadi unarebiNo307

somxuri 29.8 41.0 34.9

maTematikaNo255

rusuli 31.4 32.2 31.8

fizika No13

rusuli 60.0 12.5 30.8

qimiaNo37

rusuli 20.0 17.6 18.9

geografiaNo206

rusuli 19.4 12.6 16.0

23

biologiaNo67

rusuli 9.7 16.7 13.4

istoriaNo147

rusuli 7.1 16.0 11.9

zogadi unarebiNo616

rusuli 8.9 7.9 8.4

4.4. umaRles saswavlebelSi Caricxva

2014 wels umaRles saswavleblebSi Cairicxa 26377

abiturienti.Ees gamocdebze gasul abiturientTa 75.1%-s

Seadgens. abiturientTa daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi popu-

larobiT I da II, aseve kidev erTi mesamedi popularobiT

mesame jgufSi gaerTianebul universitetebSi Cairicxa.

abiturientTa wili yvelaze maRalia popularobiT mes-

ame jgufis universitetebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom I jgufis

universitetebidan _ arc erTi, meore jgufidan _ ori da

mesame jgufidan _ sami regionSi mdebareobs.

cxrili 11CaricxulTa raodenoba universitetebis popularobis

mixedviT

universitetis jgufi

popularobis mixedviT

universitetis

rangi

CaricxulTa wili

No 26377

I 1-2 19.0

II 3-8 21.4

III 9-17 31.8

IV 18-62 27.8

sul 100

yvela jgufis universitetSi gogonebis wili biWebis

wilze ufro maRalia, garda IV jgufisa, sadac igi to-

lia.

24

cxrili 12universitetebSi CaricxulTa raodenoba sqesis mixedviT

universitetis jgufi popularobis

mixedviT

univer-sitetis rangi

gogo%

biWi%

sul

I 1-2 54.1 45.9 100

II 3-8 51.2 48.8 100

III 9-17 52.0 48.0 100

IV 18-62 50.0 50.0 100

sul 51.7 48.3 100

cxrili 13universitetebSi CaricxulTa raodenoba regionebis

mixedviT

regioniCaricxulTa wili

%TbilisiNo8980

34.0

imereTiNo3967

15.0

aWaraNo2269

8.7

Sida qarTliNo2122

8.0

qvemo qarTliNo1906

7.2

kaxeTiNo1841

7.0

samegrelo-zemo svaneTiNo1736

6.6

afxazeTiNo1393

5.3

samcxe-javaxeTiNo804

3.0

guriaNo627

2.4

25

mcxeTa-mTianeTiNo505

1.9

raWa-leCxumiNo227

0.9

sulNo26377

100

warmatebis yvelaze maRali done Tbilisel abitu-

rientebTan dafiqsirda. maTi 81.7% Cairicxa umaRles

saswavlebelSi. 75.3% dafiqsirda imereTisa da kaxeTis

abiturientTa SemTxvevaSi. yvelaze cudi Sedegi aqvT

samcxe-javaxeTis abiturientebs, radgan gamocdebze ga-

sulebidan mxolod 66.5% Cairicxa universitetebSi.

cxrili 14regionebis ranJireba gamocdaze gasul abiturien-

tebidan universitetebSi CaricxulTa wilis mixedviT

regionigamocdaze

gavidaraodenoba

Cairicxaraodenoba

Cairicxa%

Tbilisi 10985 8980 81.7

imereTi 5270 3967 75.3

kaxeTi 2446 1841 75.3

afxazeTi 1888 1393 73.8

Sida qarTli 2879 2122 73.7

guria 870 627 72.1

samegrelo-zemo svaneTi 2414 1736 71.9

raWa-leCxumi 318 227 71.4

qvemo qarTli 2694 1906 70.7

mcxeTa-mTianeTi 745 505 67.8

aWara 3381 2269 67.1

samcxe-javaxeTi 1208 804 66.5

ara saqarTvelodan 2

sul 35100 26377 75.1

26

yvelaze popularul universitetebSi yvelaze did-ia qvemo qarTlis abiturientTa wili, Semdeg adgil-zea Tbilisi da Semdeg samcxe-javaxeTi. qvemo qarTlis warmateba SesaZloa gapirobebul iyos rusTaveli abi-turientebis warmatebiT da amdenad mniSvnelovanwilad iyos gapirobebuli TbilisTan siaxloviT. II jgufSi gamokveTili lideria aWara, rac am jgufSi baTumis uni-versitetis yofniT unda iyos gapirobebuli. III jguf-Si yvelaze warmatebuli imereTia, rac isev da isev am jgufSi quTaisis ori universitetis wevrobiT unda iyos gapirobebuli, iseve, rogorc IV jgufSi samcxe-javaxe-Tis lideroba am jgufSi samcxe-javaxeTis universite-tis yofniT.

cxrili 15universitetebSi CaricxulTa raodenoba universitete-

bis popularobisa da abiturientTa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT

regioniI

jgufiII

jgufiIII

jgufiIV jgu-

fisul

TbilisiNo8980

23.6 20.9 28.6 26.9 100

Sida qarTliNo2122

17.9 19.4 27.4 35.3 100

mcxeTa-mTianeTiNo505

13.1 23.2 31.8 31.9 100

imereTiNo3967

16.1 12.9 53.0 18.0 100

samegrelo- zemo svaneTiNo1736

15.3 16.7 32.6 35.4 100


21.1 13.7 20.3 44.9 100

kaxeTiNo1841

19.8 20.9 27.2 32.1 100

27

raWa-leCxumiNo227

11.9 18.9 49.4 19.8 100

qvemo qarTliNo1906

26.9 24.2 27.4 21.5 100

aWaraNo2269

7.1 43.8 23.1 26.0 100

afxazeTiNo1393

16.3 18.1 30.8 34.8 100

guriaNo627

19.1 21.4 31.8 27.8 100

4.5. grantebi

2014 wels erovnul gamocdebSi miRebuli Sedegebis

mixedviT saxelmwifom gasca 50%-iani, 70%-iani da 100%-

iani grantebi. 26377 Caricxuli studentidanGgranti sul

miiRo 6741 studentma anu 25.5%-ma. samive tipis grantebis

mimRebTa Soris gogonebi Warboben biWebs.

cxrili 16grantebis mimRebebi studentebis raodenoba sqesis

mixedviT

sqesi 50% 70% 100% sul

raode-noba

% raode-noba

% raode-noba

% raode-noba

%

gogo 2202 54.0 743 51.0 617 51.5 3562 52.8

biWi 1884 46.0 714 49.0 581 48.5 3179 47.2

sul 4086 100 1457 100 1198 100 6741 100

yvela grantis mimRebTa TiTqmis naxevari (46.5%)

Tbiliselia.Ggrantebis 13.4% ki imereTis macxovreblebma

miiRes. 100%-iani grantebis mimRebTa wili yvelaze maRa-

li (48.7%) samcxe javaxeTSia, Semdeg ki qvemo qarTlSi.

28

cxrili 17grantebis ganawileba regionebis mixedviT

regionebi da grantis mimReb-Ta raodenoba

granti50%

No4086

granti70%

No1457

granti100%

No1198

sul

No6741

Tbilisi 45.5 49.1 46.9 46.5

Sida qarTli 6.6 7.5 5.9 6.7

mcxeTa- mTianeTi

1.1 1.2 0.8 1.1

imereTi 14.2 12.8 11.3 13.4

samegrelo- zemo svaneTi

5.3 5.9 3.2 5.0

samcxe- javaxeTi

1.5 1.4 6.6 2.4

kaxeTi 6.5 6.0 5.2 6.2

raWa-leCxumi 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.6

qvemo qarTli 5.6 5.3 13.4 6.8

aWara 5.9 4.1 2.3 4.9

afxazeTi 5.0 5.0 3.2 4.7

guria 2.0 1.6 0.8 1.7

sul 100 100 100 100

cxrili 18grantebis mimRebi studentebis raodenoba regionebis

mixedviT

regionebi da grantis mim-RebTa raodenoba

granti50%

granti70%

granti100%

sul

TbilisiNo3137

59.3 22.8 17.9 100

Sida qarTliNo449

59.9 24.3 15.8 100

mcxeTa-mTianeTiNo72

62.5 23.6 13.9 100

29

imereTiNo902

64.3 20.6 15.1 100

samegrelo-zemo svaneTiNo340

63.5 25.3 11.2 100


38.3 13.0 48.7 100

kaxeTiNo415

63.8 21.3 14.9 100

raWa-leCxuliNo38

81.6 7.9 10.5 100

qvemo qarTliNo 468

49.3 16.4 34.3 100

aWaraNo 328

73.5 18.0 8.5 100

afxazeTiNo317

65.0 23.0 12.0 100

guriaNo 113

70.8 20.4 8.8 100

sul 60.6 21.6 17.8 100

qarTul enaSi momzadebis saganmanaTleblo programa-

Si azerbaijanulenovnebisaTvis gamoyofili iyo 1167 ad-

gili, romelic moipova 456 abiturientma, anu aTvisebul

iqna kvotis mxolod 39.1%. somxurenovnebisaTvis gamoyo-

fili 1232 adgilidan, moipova 217-ma anu 17.6%-ma.

afxazurenovanTaTvis gamoyofili 231 adgili sruli-

ad auTvisebeli darCa. saerTo jamSi aTvisebul iqna

kvotebis mxolod 25.6%.

4.6. Sejameba

amgvarad saatestato da erovnuli gamocdebis Sede-

gebis analizma cxadyo sacxovrebeli adgilis – Tbili-

sis gamokveTili upiratesoba regionebTan SedarebiT. Ees

gamoixata gamocdebis zRurblis gadalaxvis, umaRles-

Si Caricxvis da Sesabamisad miRebuli grantebis wilis

30

maCveneblebSi. sagnebis mixedviT gamoikveTa qarTuli eni-

sa da literaturis codnis maRali da maTematikisa da

sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis codnis dabali done.

cxrili 19Caricxul abiturientTa wili gamocdaze gasul abitu-

rientebidan da grantis mimRebTa wili CaricxulTa raode-nobidan regionebis mixedviT

NN Mmxare gamoc-dazegavida

gasule-bidan

Cairicxa

Caricxu-lebidan grantiaiRo

1 Tbilisi 10985 81.7 34.9

2 Sida qarTli 2879 73.7 21.1

3 mcxeTa-mTianeTi 745 67.8 14.2

4 imereTi 5270 75.3 22.7

5 samegrelo-zemo svaneTi 2414 71.9 19.6

6 samcxe-javaxeTi 1208 66.5 20.1

7 kaxeTi 2446 75.3 22.5

8 raWa-leCxumi 318 71.4 16.7

9 qvemo qarTli 2694 70.7 24.5

10 aWara 3381 67.1 14.4

11 afxazeTi 1888 73.8 22.7

12 guria 870 72.1 18.0

arasaqarTvelodan 2

sul 35100 75.1 25.5

gogoebi biWebze ufro warmatebulebi iyvnen. erovnu-

li gamocdis 14 sagnidan maTi maCvenebeli iyo biWebis

maCvenebelze ukeTesi yvela saganSi (maT Soris yvela

sabunebismetyvelo saganSi), garda germanuli da frangu-

31

li enebisa, sadac biWze meti gogo CaiWra.Ggogoebis wili

Warbobs biWebis wils universitetebSi CaricxulTa So-

ris. gansakuTrebiT didi iyo sxvaoba biWebsa da gogoebs

Soris yvelaze popularul or universitetSi _ Tbili-

sis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis da Tbilisis samedicino

universitetebSi CaricxulTa SemTxvevaSi.Ggrantis mim-

RebTa Sorisac gogebis wili aRemateba biWebis wils.

azerbaijanulenovani da somxurenovani abiturien-

tebis monacemebi bevrad Camouvardeba qarTulenovan abi-

turientTa maCveneblebs. gansxvavebiT mTlianad saqarT-

velosgan maT SemTxvevaSi sacxovrebel adgils ar aqvs

mniSvneloba, radgan Tbilisis macxovreblebma regioneb-

Si kompaqturad dasaxelebul abiturientebze ukeTesi

Sedegebi ar aCvenes.

5. empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebis analizi

5.1. meTodologia

moswavleTa gamokiTxvis adgilad SerCeul iyo Tbili-

si, axalcixe, baTumi, Telavi, zugdidi, quTaisi, yazbegi

da am qalaqebis mimdebare soflebi.

azerbaijanulenovani moswavleebi gamokiTxul iqnen

marneulsa da mis mimdebare soflebSi, xolo somxuren-

ovani moswavleebi _ axalqalaqsa da mis mimdebare sof-

lebSi.

pirvelkurselebis gamokiTxva ganxorcielda sauni-

versiteto qalaqebSi _ Tbilisi, axalcixe, baTumi, Tel-

avi da quTaisi.

kvlevisaTvis SemuSavda ori kiTxvari. moswavlee-

bis kiTxvari Sedgeboda 65 kiTxvisagan da moicavda de-

mografiul monacemebs, ekonomiur mdgomareobas, swavlas

da Rirebulebebze. erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis gan-

kuTvnili anketebi analogiuri iyo im gansxvavebiT, rom

32

maTSi ramdenime kiTxva iyo damatebuli. anketebi moswav-

leebs miewodebodaT maT mSobliur enebze.

studentebis anketa 81 kiTxvisagan Sedgeboda. masSi

Sedioda moswavleTa anketis mTeli rigi kiTxvebi da

aseve kiTxvebi studentur cxovrebaze. anketis kiTxvebi

exeboda demografiul monacemebs, ekonomikur mdgomareo-

bas, swavlas, studentur cxovrebas da Rirebulebebs.

gamokiTxva Catarda jgufurad saganmanaTleblo dawe-

sebulebaSi interviueris daswrebiT.

moswavleebis gamokiTxvam SesaZlebloba mogvca dag-

vedgina ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis, mSoblebis

ganaTlebis statusis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, qarTuli

enis codnis, saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxis zegavlena

erovnuli gamocdebisaTvis momzadebaze, aseve migveRo in-

formacia moswavleTa samomavlo gegmebze.

studentebis gamokiTxvam ki saSualeba mogvca dag-

vedgina yvela zemoT CamoTvlili faqtoris zegavlena

universitetSi Caricxvaze da studenturi cxovrebis fi-

nansuri xarjebis moculoba.

geografiuli konteqstis zegavlenis dasadgenad mos-

wavleTa gamokiTxvis monacemebi calcalkea ganxiluli

adgilmdebareobis mixedviT _ mTlianad saqarTvelo,

marneuli da axalqalaqi.

5.2. demografiuli maCveneblebi

mTlianad saqarTveloSi 7 qalaqis mimdebare sof-

lebis skolebSi (erovnuli umciresobebiT kompaqturad

dasaxlebuli adgilebis garda) gamokiT xuli iyo 16-dan

20 wlis (saSualo asaki 17.1 weli) 989 moswavle (46.2%

biWi da 53.8% gogo).Amoswavleebis gamo kiTxva Catarda

saxelmwifo, kerZo da aseve devnilTa skolebSi.

amasTan erTad erovnuli umciresobebiT kompaqturad

dasaxlebis adgilebSi gamoikiTxa 214 azerbaijaneli

33

erovnebis moswavle marneulsa da mis axlomdebare so-

flebSi da 186 somexi erovnebis moswavle, axalqalaqsa

da mis mimdebare soflebSi. sul gamokiTxuli iyo 15-dan

19 wlis (saSualo asaki 17.2 weli) 400 mowafe (49.0% biWi

da 51.0% gogo).

5 qalaqSi gamokiTxuli iyo 16-27 wlis (saSualo asaki

18.5 weli) 729 studenti (37.0% mamrobiTi da 63.0% mded-

robiTi sqesis).

amdenad angariSi 2,118 respondentis pasuxebs asaxavs.

cxrili 20respondentTa ganawileba gamokiTxvis adgilis

mixedviT (%)

gamokiTxvis adgilebi studenti

No729

moswavle

mTlianadsaqarTvelo

No989

marneuli/axalqalaqi

No400

Tbilisi 43.8 38.9 0

axalcixe 14.0 10.1 0

axalqalaqi 0 0 46.5

baTumi 14.2 10.1 0

Telavi 13.6 10.0 0

zugdidi 0 10.3 0

marneuli 0 0 53.5

quTaisi 14.4 10.3 0

yazbegi 0 10.3 0

sul 100 100 100

mTlianad saqarTveloSi (erovnuli umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli adgilebis garda) gamokiTx-ul moswavleTa udidesi umravlesoba (98.6%) qarTveli iyo, umciresobebs Soris gamokiTxulTa udidesi umrav-lesoba marneulis raionSi macxovrebeli azerbaijaneli

34

97.2% iyo, 2.8% ki _ qarTveli; xolo axalqalaqis raion-Si yvela respondenti somexi iyo.

studentebis udides umravlesobas (95.3%) qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, 1.9% iyo somexi, 1.2% _ azerbaijaneli, 1.5% _ sxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli.

moswavleTa ojaxebis wevrebis raodenoba 1-dan 18-mde meryeobda, (M=4.7; SD = 1.28). 47.1%-ma miuTiTa, rom mis ojaxSi cxovrobda 18 wlamde asakis 1-dan 9-mde bavSvi (M=0.7; SD= 0.90).

umciresobebSi ojaxebis wevrebis raodenoba 2-dan 11-mde diapazonSi iyo, (M =5.03; SD=1.28). 46.5%-ma miuTi-Ta, rom ojaxs yavda 18 wlamde asakis 1-dan 4-mde bavSvi (M =0.7; SD = 0.8).

gamokiTxul moswavleTa Soris 10.8% iyo devnili. mTlianad saqarTveloSi 4.3%-ma aRniSna, rom swavlaSi xels uSlida erT-erTi saxis daavadeba an fizikuri Sez-Rudva.

2.9%-ma gamokiTxulma marneulSi aRniSna, rom swavla-Si xels uSlida erT-erTi saxis daavadeba an fizikuri SezRudva. axalqalaqSi aseTi aravin iyo.

5.3. religiuroba

saqarTvelos masStabiT gamokiTxul moswavle-Ta udidesi umravlesoba (94.1%) marTlmadidebeli iyo, gamokiTxulTa 57.4%-isaTvis religia Zalze mniSvnelo-vani, xolo kidev 36.6%-isaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo.

marneulSi udidesi umravlesoba (98.1%) muslimi iyo da 66.7%-isaTvis religia Zalze mniSvnelovani, xolo kidev 30.4%-isaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo.

axalqalaqSi umravlesobas (81.2%) grigorianele-bi warmoadgendnen, xolo 15.6% kaTolike iyo. religia gamokiTxulTa 68.3%-isaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani, xolo kidev 30.4%-isaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo.

35

cxrili 21religiuri mikuTvneba (%)

religiastudenti

No 729

moswavle

mTlianadsaqarTvelo

No989

marneuli

No214

axal-qa-laqiNo186

marTlmadi-debeli

87.5 94.1 0.5 1.1

grigoria neli 1.0 0 0 81.2

kaTolike 0.6 0.9 0 15.5

mahmadiani 6.3 1.4 98.1 0

sxva 1.4 1.1 0.5 2.2

ar aris morwmune

3.2 2.5 0.9 0

sul 100 100 100 100

amgvarad, religia yvela gamokiTxulisaTvis Zalze

mniSvnelovani an mniSvnelovania. amaze miuTiTa axalqa-

laqel moswavleTa 98.4%-ma, marneulis moswavleTa 87.1%,

mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleTa 94.0% da studentebis

92.9%-ma.

cxrili 22religiuri ritualebis Sesruleba (%)

religiuri rit-ualebis Sesruleba studenti

No 729

moswavle

mTlianad saqarTvelo

No989

marneuli

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

asrulebs yvela rituals

11.3 7.8 26.9 9.7

asrulebs Ziri Tad ritualebs

38.8 39.9 42.9 56.2

36

iSviaTad asru lebs an ar asru lebs religiur ritu-alebs

49.9 52.3 30.2 34.1

sul 100 100 100 100

ZiriTadi religiuri ritualebis Sesrulebis mxriv

marneuli gamoirCeva. 69.8%-ma aRniSna, rom asrulebs yve-

la an ZiriTad rituals. aseTi axalqalaqSi iyo 65.9%,

studentebs Soris 50.1%, xolo mTlianad saqarTvelos

moswavleTa Soris kidev ufro naklebi, 47.7%.

47.7

69.865.9

50.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

mTlianad saqarTvelo

marneuli axalqalaqi studenti

naxazi 1ZiriTadi religiuri ritualebis Sesruleba

5.4. kompiuteris moxmareba da enebis codna

kompiuteris gamoyeneba TiTqmis sayovelTaoa. yvelaze

xSirad mas studentebi, Semdeg mTlianad saqarTvelos

moswavleebi, mere axalqalaqis moswavleebi da yvelaze

naklebad marneuleli moswavleebi iyeneben.

37

cxrili 23. kompiuteris gamoyenebis sixSire (%)

sixSire studenti

No729

mTlianad saqarTvelo

No989

Mmarneuli

No214

axalqalaqiNo186

xSirad 78.0 75.8 33.3 72.0

iSviaTad 20.2 22.0 51.9 27.4

ar iyenebs 1.8 2.2 14.8 0.6

sul 100 100 100 100

studenti mTlianad marneuli axalqalaqi saqarTvelo

90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%

naxazi 2kompiuteris gamoyeneba (pasuxi: xSirad)

mSobliuris garda erTi ena icis studentebis 40.8%-ma; mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleebis 40.2%-ma, marneule-lebis 30.8% da axalqalaqelebis 23.7%-ma. ori ena ki icis axalqalaqelTa 36.0%-ma, mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavle-Ta 35.0%-ma, studentebis 31.6%-ma da marneulelebis 23.4%.

cxrili 24. enebis codna

enebis raodenoba

studenti

No729

mTlianad saqarTvelo

No989

marneuli

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

mxolod mSob-liuri ena

19.0 15.5 34.1 12.9

38

erTi 40.8 40.2 30.8 23.7

ori 31.6 35.0 23.4 36.0

sami 7.8 8.4 9.8 21.0

oTxi 0.8 0.7 1.9 5.9

xuTi 0 0.2 0 0.5

sul 100 100 100 100

mSobliuris garda, 1-dan 5-mde ena yvelaze metad ician

axalqalaqelma, Semdeg mTlianad saqarTvelos moswav-

leebma, xolo yvelaze naklebad marneulelebma.

8184.5

65.9

87.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

studenti mTlianad saqarTvelo

marneuli axalqalaqi

naxazi 3mSobliuris garda 1-dan 5-mde enis codna

mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleebma da studentebma

ucxo enebidan yvelaze metad icodnen inglisuri (mos-

wavleebis 72.6% da studentebis 69.6%) da Semdeg rusu-

li (moswavleebis 45.5% da studentebis 43.4%), azerbai-

janelebma qarTuli (62.5%) da Semdeg inglisuri (26.2%),

somxebma rusuli (77.1%) da Semdeg qarTuli (51.7%). amg-

varad qarTuli ufro metma azerbaijanelma icoda, vidre

somexma.

39

cxrili 25enebis codnapasuxi: kargad da Zalze kargad

enebisraodenoba

studenti

No729

moswavlemTlianad

saqarTveloNo989

Mmarneuli

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

mSobliuri 88.5 90.1 98.6 84.7

qarTuli 11.5 9.0 62.5 51.7

azerbaijanuli 0.8 0.8 0 2.1

somxuri 2.0 1.7 3.5 15.3

rusuli 43.4 45.5 24.0 77.1

inglisuri 69.6 72.6 26.2 26.6

sxva 35.9 40.0 7.5 18.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

studenti mTlianad saqarTvelo

marneuli axalqalaqi

qarTuli

rusuli

inglisuri

100

naxazi 4qarTuli, rusuli da inglisuri enebis codna

5.5. ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

gamokiTxvebSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb sando informaciis miReba yvela qveyanaSi problemas warmoadgens. respondentebs xSirad ar surT an uWirT

40

fuladi Semosavlebis miTiTeba. am sirTulis Tavidan asacileblad gamokiTxvebSi xSirad iyeneben sxvadasxva Skalebs, romlebic mtkicebulebebis saxiT arian warmod-genili. am Skalebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia 5 safex-uriani Skala, romelic Cvens gamokvlevaSic iqna gamoy-enebuli. kiTxvarSi Cven aseve SevitaneT SekiTxva fuladi Semosavalis Taobaze.

sakuTari ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sefasebi-sas moswavleebis umravlesobam, mTlianad saqarTvelo-Si (63.5%), marneulis respondentTa 65.0%-ma, axalqalaq-is moswavleTa 66.7%-ma da studentebis 64.0%-ma miuTiTa, rom mis ojaxs aqvs saWmlis da tansacmlis fuli da aseve dasasveneblad wasvlis SesaZlebloba.

cxrili 26ojaxebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba (%)

ekonomikurimdgomareoba

stu-den- tebi

No729

moswavleebi

mTli-anad

saqarT- veloNo989

marneu-li

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

1 gaWirvebiT gagvaqvs Tavi, zogjer saWm lis fulic ar gvaqvs

3.3 2.1 2.9 1.1

2 saWmlis fuli gvaqvs, magram gviWirs tan-sacmlis yidva

3.3 3.8 5.3 0.5

3 saWmlisa da tansac-mlis fuli gvaqvs, magram xangrZlivi mox-marebis sagnebis (mag. televizoris, macivris, da sxva) yidva ar Segvi-Zlia

16.3 15.7 16.1 18.8

41

4 xangrZlivi moxmare-bis sagnebis yidva da dasasveneblad sadme wasvlac Seg-viZlia, magram mar-Tlac ZviradRirebu li sagnebis (avto man qanis, binis/sax lis) SeZena gviWirs

64.0 63.5 65.0 66.7

5 gagvaCnia saxsrebi, rom ucxoeTSi wavideT da-sasveneblad, SeviZinoT avtomanqana, an bina/saxli

13.1 14.9 10.7 12.9

sul 100 100 100 100

analizis gamartivebis mizniT pasuxebi 3 jgufSi

gavaerTianeT. 1-2 pasuxebi mivakuTvneT RaribTa, 3 _

saSualo SeZlebis, xolo 4-5 pasuxebi _ SeZlebulTa

jgufs.

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

Raribi SeZlebuli

studenti

saqarTvelo

marneuli

axalqalaqi

saSualo SeZlebis

naxazi 5ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

42

SekiTxvas, Tu daaxloebiT ramdeni iyo ojaxis Se-

mosavali gasul TveSi, moswavleTa naxevarma mTlianad

saqarTveloSi (52.2%), studentebis 36.6%-ma, azerbaijanel

moswavleTa 55.6%-ma da somex moswavleTa 78.0%-ma ar upa-

suxa. 26.9%-ma mTlianad saqarTveloSi, studentebis 36.6%-

ma, 26.0%-ma marneulSi da 17.7%-ma axalqalaqSi aRniSna,

rom misi ojaxis Semosavali 1000 lars ar aRemateboda.

es ki ojaxis wevrTa saSualo raodenobis, 4 wevris gaT-

valiswinebiT niSnavs, rom ojaxis TiTo wevrze 250 lari

modioda.

cxrili 27ojaxis fuladi Semosavali

ojaxis erTi Tvis fuladi Semosavali studenti

No729

moswavle

mTlianad saqarTvelo

No989

marneuli

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

500 laramde 14.4 10.9 13.0 10.2

501-1000 21.7 16.0 13.0 7.5

1001-2000 15.1 10.0 7.2 1.1

2001-3000 6.8 5.4 2.9 2.7

3001-5000 3.5 3.0 6.3 0

5001 da meti 2.0 2.6 1.9 0.5

ar icis 36.5 52.1 55.7 78.0

sul 100 100 100 100

es Seusatyvisoba aRqmul ekonomikur mdgomareobasa

da fulad Semosavals Soris am or SekiTxvaze gacemuli

pasuxebis sandoobas udavod eWvqveS ayenebs, magram ufro

sandoa zomis ar arsebobis gamo, Semdgom analizSi Cven

ojaxis ekonomikuri keTildReobis Skalis maCvenebels

daveyrdnobiT.

43

5.6. mSoblebis ganaTleba da samsaxureobrivi statusi

ganaTleba da samsaxuri mWidro kavSirSia ekonomikur

keTildReobasTan. mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleebisa

da studentebis, aseve axalqalaqel moswavleTa mSob-

lebis yvelaze did nawils aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba.

amasTan, yvelgan dedebis ufro did raodenobas aqvs

damTavrebuli universiteti. marneuleli moswavleebis

mSob lebis ganaTlebis done ufro dabalia, aq mSobelTa

yvelaze did nawils saSualo ganaTleba aqvs, Tanac ro-

gorc saSualo, aseve umaRlesi ganaTleba mamebis ufro

did nawils aqvs.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone mSoblebis yvelaze didi

wili mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleebis, Semdeg stu-

dentebis, Semdeg axalqalaqis moswavleebis da yvelaze

naklebi marneulis moswavleebis mSoblebTan.

cxrili 28mSoblebis ganaTlebis statusi (%)

studentiNo729

moswavleebi

mlianad saqarTvelo

No989

marneuliNo214

axalqalaqiNo186

mama deda mama deda mama deda mama deda

dawyebiTi 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.9 1.4 0 0

sabazo 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.7 2.8 10.4 2.7 1.1

saSualo 13.8 12.7 11.5 9.3 56.4 52.7 30.3 37.1

profesiuli 19.7 19.0 13.2 11.6 8.5 4.3 17.3 7.0

arasruli umaRlesi

4.4 5.4 3.6 5.4 0.5 6.6 3.2 4.3

umaRlesi 50.6 58.8 56.5 66.2 17.6 14.3 40.6 45.7

ar icis/ar yavs mama/deda

9.9 2.9 14.0 6.6 13.3 10.3 5.9 4.8

sul 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

44

respondentebs moeTxovebodaT CamonaTvalSi aReniS-

naT, Tu ras akeTebdnen maTi mSoblebi Semosavalis miRe-

bis mizniT. maT SeeZloT ramdenime pasuxis aRniSvna.

mSoblebis dasaqmebis statusi TiTqmis msgavsia mTli-

anad saqarTveloSi moswavleebsa da studentebTan. maTi

mamebis yvelaze didi nawili saxelmwifo, kerZo dawe-

sebulebaSi an saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi msaxurobs;

Semdeg ki didi iyo maTi wili, visac kerZo biznesi aqvs.

Semdeg yvelaze xSirad moswavleebis mamebi `xan ras

akeTebdnen da xan ras”, xolo studentebis mamebi ufro

xSirad soflis meurneobas misdevdnen. axalqalaqSic ma-

mebis yvelaze didi wili msaxurobda, Semdeg ki yvelaze

didi iyo imaTi wili, vinc soflis meurneobas misdevda,

Semdeg ki maTi vinc ojaxs “xan risi da xan risi keTebiT”

arCenda. marneulSi yvelaze didi iyo im mamebis wili,

vinc soflis meurneobas misdevda, Semdeg visac sakuTari

biznesi hqonda da Semdeg “xan ras akeTebda da xan ras”.

mTlianad saqarTveloSi moswavleTa da studentebis

dedebis yvelaze didi nawili msaxurobda, Semdeg yvelaze

didi nawili arafers akeTebda Semosavalis misaRebad

da mcire nawils qonda kerZo biznesi. marneulsa da ax-

alqalaqSi Zalze didi iyo im dedebis wili, romlebic

Semosavalis misaRebad arafers akeTebdnen, marneulSi

Semdeg yvelaze meti soflis meurneobas misdevda, xolo

axal qalaqSi msaxurobda, marneulSi mesame yvelaze did

jgufs warmoadgendnen dedebi, romlebic msaxurobdnen,

axalqalaqSi ki isini, vinc soflis meurneobas misdevda.

amgvarad, pasuxebidan Cans, rom dedebis mniSvnelovnad

ufro didi nawili arafers akeTebs Semosavalis mis-

aRebad, es gansakuTrebiT marneulsa da axalqalaSia

gamokveTili. mamebisa da dedebis samsaxureobriv status-

Si gansxvaveba yvelaze naklebi mTlianad saqarTvelos

moswavleebsa da studentebis mSoblebTan, xolo yvelaze

didi marneulis raionSi mcxovreb moswavleebTan aris.

45

cxrili 29mSoblebis samsaxureobrivi statusi(SesaZlebeli iyo ramdenime pasuxis aRniSvna)

samsaxu-reobrivi statusi

mama deda

stu- dentiNo729

mTli- anad saqar- TveloNo989

marneuli

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

stu- dentiNo729


marneuli

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

msaxurobs saxelmwifo, kerZo an saer-TaSoriso organi-zaciaSi

46.4 48.8 21.5 38.7 45.9 47.5 10.3 23.6

aqvs kerZo biznesi

20.0 21.7 24.3 19.9 7.1 8.3 3.7 7.0

misdevs soflis meurneobas

14.1 8.0 30.8 36.6 4.2 1.8 10.7 22.0

xan ras akeTebs da xan ras

3.4 16.7 23.8 24.7 3.4 3.4 4.7 2.2

muSaobs sxvis ojaxSi

0 0 0 2.3 3.4 0.5 3.4

pensioneri 2.1 1.5 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.5 0arafers akeTebs Se-mosavalis misaRebad

2.5 3.5 1.4 0 44.9 38.4 76.4 65.6

5.7. moswavleTa gegmebi

sakuTar akademiur warmatebas skolaSi moswavleebi

daaxloebiT erTnairad afaseben mTlianad saqarTveloSi

da erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul or regionSi.

naxevarze meti Tavs saSualo moswrebis, mesamedze meti

ki warmatebul moswavled miiCnevs.

46

cxrili 30moswavleebis mier sakuTari akademiuri moswrebis

Sefaseba (%)

akademiuri moswreba

mTlianad saqarTvelo

No989

marneuliNo214

axalqalaqiNo186

warmatebuli 39.2 35.5 42.5

saSualo warmatebis 57.3 60.2 55.9

warumatebeli 3.5 4.3 1.6

sul 100 100 100

gamokiTxulTa nawils jer ar hqonda gegmebi imis

Taobaze Tu ras gaakeTebda skolis damTavrebis Semdeg.

maTi raodenoba yvelaze mcire iyo mTlianad saqarTve-

loSi da yvelaze didi _ axalqalaqSi.

gamokiTxulTa udidesi nawili skolis damTavrebis

Semdeg swavlis gagrZelebas apirebs umaRles, bevrad

ufro mcire nawili ki profesiul saswavlebelSi.

umaRlesi ganaTlebisadmi swrafva mkveTrad gansx-

vavebulia mTlianad saqarTveloSi da erovnul um-

ciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebis moswavleTa Soris.

swavlis gagrZelebas apirebs:MmTlianad saqarTvelos

moswavleTa 90.6%, maT Soris 86.7% universitetSi; axalqa-

laqeli moswavleebis 69.9%, maT Soris 57.0% universitet-

Si da marneuleli moswavleebis 67.0%, maT Soris 57.1%

universitetSi. profesiul saswavleblebSi swavlis in-

teresi ki bevrad ufro didia, erovnuli umciresobebiT

dasaxlebul regionebSi, vidre mTlianad saqarTveloSi

(3.9% mTlianad saqarTveloSi, 9.9% marneulSi da 12.9%

axalqalaqSi) Tumca es maCvenebeli mTlianobaSi mainc

mcirea.

47

cxrili 31momavlis gegmebi

gegmebimTlianad

saqarTveloNo989

marneuli

No214

axalqalaqi

No186umaRlesSi swavla 86.7 57.1 57.0

profsaswavlebelSi swavla

3.9 9.9 12.9

muSaobis dawyeba 1.5 12.3 2.6

jarSi wasvla 2.0 6.6 5.4

ucxoeTSi samuSaod wasvla

0.5 2.7 3.8

daqorwineba 0.7 1.9 3.2

jer ar icis 4.6 8.6 16.0

sul 100 100 100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

mTlianad saqarTvelo

marneuli axalqalaqi

umaRlesSi swavla profsaswavlebelSi swavla

naxazi 6swavlis gagrZelebis gegmebi

swavlis gagrZelebas ar apirebs mTlianad saqarTvelo-Si gamokiTxulTa 9.4%, marneulSi 33.0% da axalqalaqSi 30.1%. mTlianad saqarTveloSi amis mizezad yvelaze xSi-

48

rad asaxeleben erovnuli gamocdebis CabarebisaTvis saW-iro codnis ar qonas, marneulSi swavlisadmi interesis ar qonas, xolo axalqalaqSi sxva mizezebs, romlebsac ar akonkreteben. Yyvela jgufSi mniSvnelovan faqtors war-moadgens swavlis gagrZelebis motivaciis arqona.

cxrili 32swavlis ar gagrZelebis mizezebi(SesaZlebeli iyo ramdenime pasuxis aRniSvna)

mizezi mTlianadsaqarTvelo

No 92

marneuli

No70

axalqalaqi

No561 swavla naklebad main-

teresebs19.6 35.7 5.4

2 vfiqrob ganaTlebas ar aqvs mniSvneloba warmatebis misaRwevad

10.9 5.7 32.1

3 ar maqvs sakmarisi cod-na umaRlesSi Casabare-blad

23.9 15.7 8.9

4 ojaxs ar aqvs sagamoc-do sagnebSi Cemi momza-debis SesaZlebloba

13.0 14.3 7.1

5 ojaxs ar aqvs umaRles-Si swavlis safasuris gadaxdis SesaZlebloba

16.3 14.3 17.9

6 ojaxs ar aqvs cxovrebis fulis gadaxdis SesaZ-lebloba swavlisas

6.5 14.3 8.9

7 vfiqrob gamocdebs ver Cavabareb

6.5 18.6 10.7

8 ar vici qarTuli 3.3 20.0 14.3

9 ojaxi ar gamiSvebs sxva qalaqSi sacxovreblad

1.1 1.4 5.4

10 sxva 20.7 7.1 39.3

pasuxebis msxvil kategoriebad gaerTianeba maCvena, rom mTlianad saqarTveloSi da marneulSi yvelaze mniS-vnelovan mizezs warmoadgens ekonomikuri faqtorebi, xolo axalqalaqSi ki faqtorebi, romlebic gamokiTx-ulebma ar daakonkretes.

49

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

mTlianad saqarTvelo

marneuli axalqalaqi

ekonomikuri mizezebi

motivaciis nakleboba

arasakmarisi codna

qarTuli enis ar codna

sxva mizezebi

naxazi 7swavlis ar gagrZelebis mizezebi

im moswavleTa 82.3%-s mTlianad saqarTveloSi, 54.1%-s

marneulSi da 70.8%-s axalqalaqSi, vinc gegmavda umaR-

lesSi Cabarebas noemberSi ukve SerCuli qonda specia-

loba, xolo 73.9%-s mTel saqarTveloSi, 50.5%-s marneul-

Si da 49.5%-s axalqalaqSi ki aseve universiteti.

im moswavleebma, romlebic swavlis gagrZelebas

apirebdnen da studentebmac miuTiTes, Tu visi rCev-

iT miiRes gadawyvetileba swavlis gagrZelebis Sesax-

eb da, aseve ra motiviT xelmZRvanelobdnen profesiis

SerCevisas.

yvelaze didi gavlena mSoblebisa da naTesavebis

rCevas hqonda. Ees tendencia gansakuTrebiT gamokveTili

iyo erovnuli umciresobebis SemTxvevaSi.

50

cxrili 33visi rCeviT iqna miRebuli gadawyvetileba swavlis

gagrZelebis Sesaxeb (%)(SesaZlebeli iyo ramdenime pasuxis aRniSvna)

visi rCeviTstuden- tebi

No729

moswavleebi

mTlianad saqarTvelo

No989

marneuli

No214

axal -qalaqiNo186

mSoblebis an naTesave-bis

19.3 15.2 36.0 34.9

proforientaciisa da karieris dagegmvis spe-cialistis

3.1 2.1 10.3 4.8

skolis maswavleblis 2.3 1.3 12.6 2.2

kerZo maswavleblis 1.4 0.8 5.1 2.2

megobrebis/klaselebis 1.2 2.5 3.7 2.7

sxva 8.6 8.2 14.5 17.7

studentebis da yvelgan gamokiTxuli moswavleebis

yvelaze didma nawilma gadawyvetileba profesiis Ser-

Cevis Sesaxeb miiRo profesiisadmi interesis gamo. mniS-

vnelobiT meore da mesame adgilze dasaxelda mocemuli

specialobiT samuSaos Sovnis SesaZlebloba da kargi

anazRaureba.

cxrili 34specialobis SerCevis faqtorebipasuxebi: mniSvnelovani da Zalze mniSvnelovani

faqtorebistudenti

No729

moswavleebi

mTlianadsaqarTvelo

No989

marneuli

No214

axal-qalaqiNo186

interesi specialo-bis mimarT

98.4 96.6 82.2 95.7

51

is, rom am specialo-bis mqone pirebs kar-gi anazRaureba aqvT

89.6 90.7 76.3 79.6

is, rom am specialo-biT samuSaos Sovnaa SesaZlebeli

91.2 89.5 79.8 89.3

is, rom am specialo-bis mqone adamianebs didi dafaseba aqvT

74.1 77.5 73.3 73.7

cxovrebaSi meti warmatebis miRwevis SesaZlebloba

70.7 64.6 47.7 58.1

is, rom am specia-lobaze swavla ufasoa

51.3 52.0 51.1 44.7

universitetis arCevis oTx yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtors studentebisaTvis warmoadgenda specialobis kargad swavleba, universitetis kargi saxeli, swavlebis safasuri da sauniversiteto qalaqSi cxovrebis fasi; mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleebisaTvis universite-tis kargi saxeli, sauniversiteto qalaqSi naTesavebis yola, Caricxvis Sansi da SerCeuli specialobis kargad swavleba; marneuleli moswavleebisaTvis yvelaze mniS-vnelovani iyo specialobis kargad swavleba, Caricxvis Sansi, swavlis safasuri da universitetis kargi saxe-li; axalqalaqeli moswavleebi upiratesobas aniWebd-nen specialobis kargad swavlebas, universitetis karg saxels, swavlis safasurs da Caricxvix Sans.

cxrili 35universitetis SerCevis mniSvnelovani faqtorebi %pasuxebi: mniSvnelovania da Zalze mniSvnelovania

Faqtorebistuden- tebi

No729

moswav-leebiNo989

marneuli

No214

axalqa-laqiNo186

universitetis kargi saxeli 86.7 96.6 72.2 84.5

sauniversiteto qalaqSi na-Tesavebis yola

59.2 96.0 50.5 60.7

52

mocemul universitetSi Car-icxvis ufro didi Sansi

57.2 90.7 79.3 74.2

mocemuli specialobis kar-gad swavleba

95.4 89.5 87.5 97.8

sauniversiteto qalaqSi cx-ovrebis safasuri

72.4 84.9 67.2 67.7

universitetamde manZili 51.2 77.5 57.8 47.8

is, rom mocemul universi-tetSi swavla advilia

36.3 69.0 68.6 56.8

swavlis safasuri 83.9 52.0 76.0 76.6

is, rom universitetSi mego-brebi swavloben

53.4 47.7 59.7 44.7

amgvarad universitetis SerCevis yvelaze mniSvnelo-

van faqtorebs warmoadgenda: universitetis kargi saxeli,

sauniversiteto qalaqSi naTesavebis yola, universitet-

Si Caricxvis Sansi, swavlis safasuri, da specialobis

kargad swavleba.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

studentebi moswavleebi marneuli axalqalaqi

universitetis kargi saxeli

sauniversiteto qalaqSi naTesavebis yola

mocemul universitetSi Caricxvis ufro didi Sansi

mocemuli specialobis kargad swavleba

swavlis safasuri

naxazi 8universitetis SerCevis mniSvnelovani faqtorebi

53

swavlis gagrZelebas marneulis (89.1%) da mTlianad

saqarTvelos moswavleebis (85.5%) umravlesoba saqarT-

velos universitetebSi, xolo axalqalaqis moswavleebi

somxeTis (43.0%) universitetebSi gegmaven. axalqalaqis

moswavleTa Soris sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT bevrad

ufroDdidia maTi wili (26.9%), visac gadawyvetileba jer

ar miuRia. aseTia mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleTa

7.3% da marneulel moswavleTa 5.1%.

mTlianad saqarTvelosa (74.5%) da marneulis mos-

wavleTa (84.7%) udidesi nawili swavlis gagrZelebas

TbilisSi apirebs, xolo axalqalaqeli moswavleebis

41.4% ki erevanSi.

cxrili 36qalaqebi, sadac moswavleebi swavlis gagrZelebas gegmaven

qalaqebimTlianad

saqarTveloNo989

marneuli

No214

axalqalaqi

No186Tbilisi 74.5 84.7 25.8

quTaisi 3.9 0 0

baTumi 4.2 2.9 0.5

axalcixe 1.3 0.5 0.5

Telavi 1.2 0 0

saqarTvelos sxva qalaqi 0.4 1.0 1.6

baqo 0.2 3.8 0

azerbaijanis sxva qalaqi 0.1 1.0 0.5

erevani 0.5 1.0 41.4

somxeTis sxva qalaqi 0.2 0 1.6

sxva 6.2 0 1.3

jer ar gadauwyvetia 7.3 5.1 26.9

sul 100 100 100

amgvarad, mTlianad saqarTvelos da marneulel mos-

wavleTa udidesi nawili swavlis gagrZelebas saqarT-

velos, xolo axalqalaqelebis umravlesoba somxeTis

universitetebSi apirebs.

54

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

mTlianad saqarTvelo

marneuli axalqalaqi

saqarTvelo

azerbaijani

somxeTi

sxva

jer ar icis

naxazi 9qveynebi, romelTa universitetebSic moswavleebi swavlis

gagrZelebas gegmaven

5.8. saskolo ganaTlebis Sefaseba

gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba skolaSi miRebuli codnis gamocdebis moTxovnebisadmi Seusatyvisobaze miuTiTebs. Tumca Sefaseba mkveTrad gansxvavebulia mTlianad saqa-rTvelosa da regionebs Soris. gamokiTxul moswavleTa 41.0%-s _ mTlianad saqarTveloSi, studentebis _ 38.8%-s, 27.7%-s _ marneulSi da 9.1%-s _ axalqalaqSi miaCnia, rom skolaSi miRebuli codna ar aris sakmarisi skolis da-mamTavrebeli gamocdebis Casabareblad.

kidev ufro cudi mdgomareobaa erovnul gamocdebTan mimarTebaSi. mTlianad saqarTveloSi moswavleTa 71.9%-s, studentebis 65.9%-s, marneulis moswavleTa 41.5%-s da axalqalaqis moswavleTa 55.4%-s miaCnia, rom skolaSi miRebuli codna ar aris sakmarisi erovnuli gamocdebis Casabareblad.

skolaSi miRebuli codnis ukmarisoba bevrad ufro gamokveTilia erovnul gamocdebTan mimarTebaSi, magram

55

mkveTrad didia da Zneli asaxsnelia gansvla rac 46.3%-

s aRwevs axalqalaqis SemTxvevaSi. mTlianad saqarTve-

loSi da marneulSi is 13%-dan 31%-mdea.

cxrili 37skolaSi miRebuli codnis xarisxi

codnis xarisxi

saatestato gamocdebi Eerovnuli gamocdebi

stu-dentiNo729

moswavle

stu-dentiNo729

moswavle


marneuli

No214

axalqalaqi

No186


marneuli

No214

axalqalaqi

No186

sakmarisia 50.7 45.0 51.9 73.1 23.0 13.5 32.1 13.4

ar aris sakmarisi

38.8 41.0 27.7 9.1 65.9 71.9 41.5 55.4

ar vici 10.5 14.0 20.4 17.8 11.1 14.6 26.4 31.2

sul 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

studenti moswavle marneuli axalqalaqi

saatestato gamocdebi

erovnuli gamocdebi

naxazi 10skolaSi miRebuli codnis xarisxis Sefaseba

pasuxebi: sakmarisi ar aris saatestato da erovnuli gamocdebis Casabareblad

56

gamokiTxulTa udidesma umravlesobam miuTiTa, rom

emzadeboda erovnuli gamocdebis sagnebSi. aseTi iyo

mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleTa 85.7%, studentebis

78.5%, marneuleli moswavleebis 64.0% da axalqala-

qelebis _ 47.3%.

studentebis yvelaze didma nawilma (72.5%) aRniSna,

rom emzadeboda zogad unarebSi, qarTulenovani mos-

wavleebis 74.9%-ma ucxo enaSi, marneulelebis 46.3%-ma

da axalqalaqelebis 32.2%-ma meoTxe SerCeviTi sagnidan

erT-erTSi.

cxrili 38momzadeba sxvadasxva sagnebSi da moswavleebis mier

miTiTebuli safasuri (moda)

sagnebi

Rire-buleba larebSiTveSi

stu-dentiNo729%

moswavleebi

mTli- anad saqar- TveloNo989%

marneuli

No214%

axalqalaqi

No186%

1 zogadi unarebi 80 72.5 72.3 17.3 17.7

2 qarTuli 50 66.8 71.0 43.5 23.6

3 ucxo ena 100 65.5 74.9 30.4 27.4

4 maTematika, fizika, qimia, istoria, bio-logia, litera tura, geografia, xelovneba

100 53.2 58.1 46.3 32.2

5 SemoqmedebiTi turis sagani

6.1 5.5 5.9 12.9

erovnuli gamocdebisaTvis ar emzadeboda studentebis

21.5%, mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleTa 14.3%, marneuleli

moswavleebis 36.0% da axalqalaqeli moswavleebis 52.7%.

studentebisa (38.9%) da mTlianad saqarTvelos mos-

wavleebis (39.9%) yvelaze didi nawili oTx, xolo mar-

57

neuleli (26.2%) da axalqalaqeli (22.6%) moswavleebis

yvelaze didi nawili erT saganSi emzadeboda.

Cven bolomde ver vendobiT respondentebis pasuxebs

imis Taobaze, Tu ramdens ixdidnen TiToeuli sagnis

momzadebaSi. respondentebis pasuxebis mixedviT erT sa-

ganSi momzadeba Tviurad 50-100 laris farglebSi meryeob-

da, ufro xSirad saSualod 80 lari iyo.

cxrili 39sagnebis raodenoba, romlebSic moswavleebi emzadebian

kerZo maswavleblebTan

sagnebis raodenoba

studentiNo729

%

moswavle

mTlianadsaqarTvelo

No989%

Mmarneuli

No214%

axalqalaqi

No186%

arcerTi 21.5 14.3 36.0 52.7

erTi 5.6 6.3 26.2 22.6

ori 9.3 10.7 10.7 8.1

sami 20.1 24.6 17.3 3.8

oTxi 38.6 39.9 6.1 0.5

xuTi 4.9 4.2 3.7 12.3

sul 100 100 100 100

uxeSad, rom gavamravloT momzadebis saSualo sa-

fasuri (80 lari) sagnebis raodenobaze, gamodis, rom

ojaxs moswavlis erovnuli gamocdebisaTvis momzadeba

TveSi 80-dan 320 laramde ujdeba, rac 9 Tveze gamrav-

lebuli mosamzadebeli sagnebis raodenobis mixedviT

(1-dan 4-mde) 720 laridan 2880 laramde jdeba. am dros

ojaxis fuladi Semosavali sakmaod dabalia. aqedan ga-

momdinare, cxadia, rom momzadeba ojaxs Zalze mZime

tvirTad awevs.

58

5.9. devnilebi

skolis moswavleTa Soris iZulebiT gadaadgile-

buli pirebi Seadgendnen 10.8%. gamokiTxva Catarda

TbilisSi devnilTa or skolaSi. pasuxebSi mniSvnelo-

vani gansxvaveba devnil da aradevnil moswavleebs

Soris ar aRiniSna. gansxvaveba dafiqsirda sakuTari

ojaxis aRqmul ekonomikur statusSi (Chi Square 34.30; df 4; p<.001). devnilebis mniSvnelovnad ufro mcire nawi-

li (56.7%) Tvlida sakuTar ojaxs SeZlebulad, vidre

aradevnilebis (80.9%).

devnilebis ufro mcire nawili (79.2%), SedarebiT

aradevnilebisa (87.9%) emzadeboda kerZo maswavlebelTan

erovnuli gamocdebisaTvis (Chi Square 6.09; df 1; p<.05).

5.10. umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis faqtorebi

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, studentebis gamokiTxvam

Cven SesaZlebloba mogvca dagvedgina umaRlesi ganaT-

lebis xelmisawvdomobaze iseTi faqtorebis zegavlena,

rogoricaa ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, mSoblebis

ganaTlebis statusi da sacxovrebeli adgili.

Cvens mier 5 sauniversiteto qalaqSi: Tbilisi, axal-

cixe, baTumi, Telavi da quTaisi gamokiTxul studentebis

yvelaze mcire nawili yvelaze popularul, yvelaze didi

ki yvelaze nakleb popularul universitetebis jgufSi

swavlobda.

59

12.10%

16.60%

33.60%

37.70%

1 2 3 4

naxazi 11gamokiTxulTa raodenoba universitetis popularobis mixedviT

ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba kavSirSia sagamoc-

do sagnebSi momzadebasTan (Chi-square 27.86, df 8, p<.005). ekonomikuri statusis miuxedavad yvelaze xSiri iyo

SemTxvevebi, rodesac studentebi 4 saganSi emzadebodnen,

magram maTi wili wrfivad izrdeba Raribebidan (31.3%)

SeZlebulebamde (46.3%).

cxrili 40ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da im sagnebis raodenoba, rom-

lebSic studentebi emzadebodnen (%)

sagnebis raodenoba

Eekonomikuri mdgomareobasul

No717RaribiNo48

saSualoSeZlebis

No 116

SeZlebuliNo553

arcerTi sagani 33.3 25.0 19.3 21.2

erTi 8.3 6.9 5.2 5.7

ori 22.9 11.2 8.0 9.5

sami 4.2 21.6 21.2 20.1

4+5 31.3 35.3 46.3 43.5

sul 100 100 100 100

60

ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba kavSirSia universi-tetSi CaricxvasTan. gamokiTxulTa Soris yvelaze didia im studentebis wili, vinc sakuTar ojaxs SeZlebulad miiCnevs.

Cvens gamokiTxvaSi isini studentTa yvelaze did jgufs (77.1%) Seadgenen. gansxvaveba universitetebs So-ris SeZlebis mixedviT mniSvnelovani iyo (Chi-square 15.45, df 6, p<.05). SeZlebuli ojaxebis warmomadgenlebis wili didi iyo yvelaze metad (81.6%) da yvelaze naklebad (81.9%) po pu larul universitetebis studentebs Soris. vfiqrobT am paradoqsuli Sedegis axsna SesaZlebelia abiturientebis mondomebis sxvadasxva doniT. SeZlebul ojaxebs hyavT, rogorc swavlas mondomebuli, aseve swav-las naklebad mondomebuli Svilebi. Oorive SemTxvevaSi SeZlebuli ojaxi, sadac mSoblebs umaRlesi ganaTle-ba aqvT maqsimalurad cdilobs xeli Seuwyos Svilis ganaTlebas. Ees gamoixateba im sagnebis raodenobaSi, romlebSic abiturientebi emzadebian. Sesabamisad didi mondomebis mqone abiturientebi iricxebian yvelaze pop-ularul universitetebSi, xolo nakleb mondomebulebi axerxeben gamocdebis Cabarebas da iricxebian yvelaze nakleb popu larul universitetebSi.Aamaze mowmobs cal-ke aRebul yvelaze nakleb popularul universitetebSi gamokiTxul studentebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da im sagnebis raodenobis analizi, romlebSic isini emza-debodnen. 4-5 saganSi momzadebul studentTa wili Ra-ribebTan 28.%-s, saSualo SeZlebis studentebTan 34.3%-s, xolo SeZlebulebTan 47.3%-s Seadgens. amis sapirispiro tendencia im pirTa raodenobaSia, vinc arc erT saganSi ar emzadeboda – raodenoba klebulobs SeZlebis zrdas-Tan erTad (42.9% _ RaribebTan, 22.9% _ saSualo SeZlebis pirebTan da 18.9% _ SeZlebulebTan).

Tumca, kidev erTxel gvsurs xazi gavusvaT ekono-mikuri mdgomareobis Sefasebis Skalis nakleb sandoo-bas. ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis kavSiris Sesaxeb didi darwmunebiT daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas aseve ar iZleva is faqti, rom Cveni kvlevis miRma darCnen isini, vinc gadawyvita

61

swavla ar gaegrZelebina umaRles saswavlebelSi an ver Caabara erovnuli gamocdebi.

cxrili 41ojaxis ekonomikuri statusi da universitetis popu-

laroba

ekonomikuristatusi

Uuniversitetis jgufisul

No7291No88

2No121

3No245

4No275

Raribi 3.4 4.2 10.8 5.2 6.7

saSualo SeZlebis 14.9 20.3 18.3 12.9 16.2

SeZlebuli 81.6 75.4 71.0 81.9 77.1

100 100 100 100 100

mSoblebis ganaTlebis statusisayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli mSoblebis, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki dedis ganaTlebis statusis mniSvneloba ga-naTlebis sferoSi Svilebis miRwevaze.

gamokvlevaSi calsaxad dadasturda es kavSiri (Chi-square 64.52, df 9, p<.001). studentebis 68.2%-is orive mSobels, damatebiT ki 15.5%-is dedas qonda umaRlesi ganaTleba miRebuli. amasTan, orive mSobels umaRlesi ganaTleba im studentebis 82.8%-s qonda vinc Cairicxa yvelaze pop-ularul universitetSi.

cxrili 42umaRlesi saswavlebis popularoba da mSoblebis ganaT-

lebis statusi

universitetisganaTlebis qona


No727%

1No87%

2No120

%

3No245

%

4No275

%

arc erTs 0 22.5 4.5 11.6 9.6

mxolod mamas 4.6 13.3 5.3 5.5 6.6

mxolod dedas 12.6 16.7 20.4 11.6 15.5

orives 82.8 47.5 69.8 71.3 68.2

sul 100 100 100 100 100

62

sacxovrebeli adgiliumaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis erT-erT mniS-

vnelovan faqtors sacxovrebeli adgili warmoadgens. kvlevam daadastura TbilisSi cxovrebis kavSiri ganaT-lebis xelmisawvdomobasTan (Chi-square 76.9, df 3, p<.001).yve laze popularul universitetebSi Tbilisis macxov-rebelTa wili 60.2%-s Seadgenda.Ees Sedegi adasturebs de da qalaqis upiratesobas regionebTan SedarebiT resur-sebis xelmisawvdomobis Tvalsazri siT. TbilisSi meti kva lificirebuli pedagogiuri kad ria, aseve dedaqalaqSi universitetebis didi koncentraciis gamo studentu ri cxovrebis safasuri naklebia TbiliselebisaTvis, rad-gan maT ar uxdebaT ojaxisgan gancalkevebiT cxovreba.

amgvarad TbilisSi skoladamTavrebul abiturientebs bevrad ufro didi Sansi aqvT iswavlon popularul uni-versitetSi, vidre regionebSi macxovrebel abiturientebs.

cxrili 43sacxovrebeli adgili da universitetis popularoba

sacxovrebeliadgili


No729%

1No88%

2No121%

3No245%

4No275%

Tbilisi 60.2 12.4 32.7 18.2 27.2

danarCeni saqarTvelo

39.8 87.6 67.3 81.8 72.8

sul 100 100 100 100 100

5.11. umaRlesi saswavleblis arCevaniT kmayofileba

studentebis yvelaze didma nawilma (73.9%) skola 2014

wels daamTavra, skolis damTavrebidan erTi wlis Sem-

deg Cairicxa 14.8%, danarCenma 11.3%-ma skola universi-

tetSi Caricxvamde 2-dan 10 wlis win daamTavra.

63

1.3 2.3

7.7

14.8

73.9

2004-2009 2010-2011 2012 2013 2014

naxazi 12skolis damTavrebis weli

studentebis yvelaze didma nawilma (74.4%) miuTiTa, rom moxvda im umaRles saswavlebelSi, romelic pirvel nomrad ewera.

74.40%

14%

6.50%2.40% 2.70%

I II III IV V-XI

naxazi 13arCevani, romlis mixedviTac studenti Cairicxa umaRles

saswavlebelSi

64

udidesi umravlesobisaTvis universitetSi swavla

Zalze mniSvnelovani (72.6%) an mniSvnelovania (21.3%).

studentebis 73.6% kmayofilia universitetis arCev-

iT. maT aRniSnes, rom Tavidan rom akeTebdnen arCevans,

arafers Secvlidnen. aseve SekiTxvaze, Tu ramdenad kmayo-

filia specialobis gakeTebuli arCevaniT da Secvlida

Tu ara mas, 79.9%-ma miuTiTa, rom arafers Secvlida.

amgvarad studentebi ZiriTadad kmayofilebi arian

spe cialobisa da universitetis SerCeviT, Tumca darw-

muneba, rom swori arCevani iqna gakeTebuli ufro didia

specialobis, vidre universitetis SemTxvevaSi.

73.60%

79.90%

universitetiT kmayofilia specialobiT kmayofilia

17.80%

62.30%

19.80%

2000 laramde 2250 lari 2500 larze meti

naxaziK14kmayofileba universitetis da specialobis SerCeviT

5.12. studentebis danaxarjebi

studentebis umravlesoba (81.0%) fasian, xolo Sesa-

bamisad 18.9% ufaso specialobaze swavlobs. maTgan vinc

fasianze swavlobs yvelaze meti (62.4%) weliwadSi 2250

lars ixdis. am Tanxaze naklebs ixdis 17.8%, xolo mets

_ 19.8%.

65

73.60%

79.90%

universitetiT kmayofilia specialobiT kmayofilia

17.80%

62.30%

19.80%

2000 laramde 2250 lari 2500 larze meti

naxazi 15swavlis Tviuri safasuri

gamokiTxulTa erT mesameds aqvs granti, maTgan yvelaze did nawils 50%-iani. kidev 18.7%-s gadasaxads an mis nawils ufaravs socialuri programa, universiteti an sxva wyaro.

25 26

49

100% 70% 50%

naxazi 16miRebuli grantebis moculoba

respondentebs gauWirdaT yovelTviuri danaxarjebis

zustad miTiTeba. SekiTxvebs danaxarjebze pasuxi danax-

arjebis wyaroebis mixedviT mxolod 40%-dan 70%-ma gasca.

66

cxrili 44yovelTviuri danaxarjebi

danaxarjis wyaro pasuxebisraodenoba

saSualolarebSi

% saSualo Tviuri dana-xarjidan

bina, Suqi, wyali, eleqtroenergia

463 144.5 13.0

saWmeli 473 173.6 15.6

transporti 543 58.5 5.3

telefoni, interneti 522 37.5 3.4

jandacva 336 55.5 5.0

garToba 432 93.9 8.5

tansacmeli 462 163.6 14.8

sigareti, sasmeli 293 42.1 3.8

wignebi, rveulebi, masalebis gamravleba

499 45.9 4.1

swavlis safasuri 607 224 20.2

sxva xarjebi 136 68.3 6.3

sul 729 1107.4 100

yvelaze did danaxarjs swavlis safasuri warmoad-gens, Semdegs ki saWmelze daxarjuli Tanxa.

Tu Cven gavamsxvilebT xarjebis kategoriebs, vnaxavT, rom maTi yvelaze didi wili (38.9%) modis cxovrebaze (bina, saWmeli, transporti, jandacva), Semdeg ki swavlaze da masTan dakavSirebul xarjebze (24.2%).

38.90%

24.20%

14.80%12.40%

6.30%3.40%

sacxovrebeli swavlis tansacmeli garToba sxva telefoni

naxazi 17studentis danaxarjebi gamsxvilebul kategoriebSi.

67

amgvarad, students TveSi saSualod sakmaod didi

Tanxa 1107 lari sWirdeba, rac bakalavriatSi swavlis 4

wlis manZilze 53,136 lars Seadgens. amas Tu davumatebT

erovnuli gamocdebis sagnebSi mosamzadebel Tanxas _

4 sagani TiTos RirebulebiT 80 lari da mas gavamrav-

lebT momzadebisaTvis saWiro saSualo droze _ 9 Tve,

miviRebT 2880 lars. gamova, rom momzadeba da bakalavri-

atis studentoba jdeba 56,016 lari.

studentTa yvelaze didi nawili (67.1%) sakuTar sax-

lSi cxovrobs, 12.9% cxovrobs naTesavTan, 13.1% binas

qiraobs, 6.9%-ma ar muTiTa sad cxovrobs.

saxlidan universitetamde misasvlelad studentebs

saSualod naxevari saaTi sWirdebaT.

28.30%

17.60%

22.60%

13.90%

17.60%

002-16 19 -20 25-30 35-45 50-70

naxazi 18universitetamde mgzavrobis dro wuTebSi

yvelaze didi nawili (74.4%) universitetamde avtobu-

siT an samarSruto taqsiT mgzavrobs.

68

cxrili 45universitetamde mgzavrobis saSualebebiSeniSvna: SesaZlebeli iyo erTze meti pasuxis SerCeva

transportis saxeoba No729 (%)

avtobusi 40.5

samarSruto taqsi 33.9

avtomanqana 16.1

metro 14.8

taqsi 8.5

matarebeli 0.8

sxva 15.3

6. erovnuli gamocdebisaTvis maswavleblebTan kerZod momzadebis mizezebi, misi safasuri

da am praqtikis Secvlis gzebi

kvlevam calsaxad dagvanaxa, rom umaRlesSi Caricxvis mniSvnelovan komponents maswavlebelTan kerZod momza-deba warmoadgens da rom moswavleebi erTi wlis ganmav-lobaSi yvelaze xSirad oTx saganSi emzadebian, rac qvey-anaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare mZime tvirTad awveba ojaxs. kerZo maswavleblebTan momzadebis mizezebisa da amis Tavidan acilebis gzebis identificirebis mizniT CatardaA diskusiebi abiturien-tebis mSoblebTan, skolis maswavleblebTan da ganaT-lebis resurs centrebis TanamSromlebTan quTaisSi, ba-TumSi, marneulsa da axalqalaqSi. ganxilvebSi sul 50 adamianma (44 qali, 6 kaci) miiRo monawileoba.

6.1. kerZod momzadebis saWiroebis mizezebi

ZiriTad mizezad dasaxelda skolaSi miRebuli cod-nis dabali xarisxi, rac araerTi faqtoriT aris gapi-robebuli:

69

jgufis monawileebma aRniSnes, rom mTavar problemas

warmoadgens mTlianad ganaTlebis sistema, romelic ver

uzrunvelyofs moswavles sakmarisi codniT. diskusiis

monawileebma miuTiTes, rom ar varga saswavlo programe-

bi, skolebs ar aqvT adeqvaturi teqnikuri baza, ris Se-

degadacMmoswavleebi moklebulni arian TvalsaCinoebas.

sajaro skolebSi klasSi bavSvebis didi raodenoba

ar iZleva kargad swavlebis saSualebas.

ganxilvis monawileTa azriT arsebobs Seusabamo-

ba saskolo programasa da erovnuli gamocdebis moTx-

ovnebs Soris. skolaSi ar iswavleba is sakiTxebi, rac

erovnul gamocdebSi moiTxoveba. Ees ki mSoblebs aiZu-

lebs repetitors mimarTon.

abiturisTvis gamoyofili 1 saaTi ar aris sakmarisi.

Aamis gamo moswavleebi ar dadian skolaSi da arCeven

kerZod momzadebas.

me-12 klasSi moswavleTa daswreba yvelas, gansakuTre-

biT ki maswavleblebis mier iqna mniSvnelovan problemad

aRiarebuli. amis mizezad ki saswavlo procesis aras-

wori dagegmva dasaxelda.

me davdivar yovel gakveTilze, velodebi bavSvebs da vzivar cariel klasSi.

(qali maswavlebeli baTumSi abituris saaTze)

swavlas xels uSlis saxelmZRvaneloebis dabali

xarisxi.

bavSvebs ki ara, maswavleblebsac ki uWirT sax-elmZRvanelodan raimes amokiTxva.

(abiturientis deda marneulSi)

azerbaijanulenovan skolebSi problemas warmoadgens

saxelmZRvaneloebis Targmnis Zalze dabali xarisxi, ris

gamoc teqsti Znelad gasagebia. damatebiTi masalebi xSi-

70

rad ar aris Targmnili somxur enaze, xolo imis gamo,

rom moswavleebi ar floben qarTuls, isini ver axerxe-

ben maT gamoyenebas.

aRiniSna, rom zogierT saganSi magaliTad musikasa da

xelovnebaSi IX-XI klasebisaTvis, saerTod ar arsebobs

saxelmZRvanelo.

diskusiebis dros gamoikveTa maswavleblebTan daka-

vSirebuli problemebi. aRiniSna maswavleblebSi moti-

vaciis nakleboba. imis gamo, rom xelfasi mcirea, maswav-

lebeli iZulebulia kerZod moamzados bavSvebi.

40 welia vmuSaob, var serTificirebuli maswavle-beli, 3 Svilis deda. skolaSi vmuSaob 360 larze.

(qali maswavlebeli quTaisSi)

xelfasis simcire ganapirobebs kvalificirebuli mas-

wavleblebis deficits. axalgazrdebs aRar undaT mas-

wavlebloba. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaa azerbai-

januli da somxurenovani soflebis skolebSi.

marneulSi diskusiis monawileebma aRniSnes, rom bev-

ri gamocdili maswavlebeli ver axerxebs axali meTo-

dikiT swavlebas.

maswavleblebis motivaciis naklebobis garda prob-

lemas aseve warmoadgens moswavleTa motivacia. disku-

siis monawileebma aRniSnes, rom moswavleebi ar arian

dainteresebuli skolaSi swavliT.

daikarga skolis avtoriteti. Aamas xels uwyobs bev-

ri mSoblis damokidebuleba. isini ar moiTxoven Tavis

Svilebisagan skolaSi siaruls, skolas ki ar aqvs mos-

wavleebze zemoqmedebis berketebi.

71

6.2. swavlisaTvis saWiro xarjebi da finansebis akumulirebis strategiebi

umravlesoba axerxebs momzadebis fulis gaRebas, Tumca xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac ojaxi veRar faravs umaRlesSi swavlis safasurs. amis gamo abiturientebi xSirad irCeven specialobas, sadac swavla ufasoa. amde-nad ar xdeba profesiis interesis mixedviT arCeva.

erovnuli gamocdebisaTvis momzadebis xangrZlivoba 9-10 Tvea. fasi gansxvavdeba, rogorc qalaqebis aseve sa-gnebis mixedviT. baTumsa da quTaisSi erTi saganSi momza-deba TveSi 80-120 lari, marneulSi 60-80 lari, axalqalaq-Si 60-140 lari Rirs sagnebis mixedviT.

ojaxebi Tanxis Sovnis sxvadasxva strategiebs iyene-ben. Ees SeiZleba iyos bankidan kreditis aReba, ucxoeTSi samuSaod wasvla, kerZo biznesis wamowyeba, repetitoro-ba. maswavleblebi, romelTa Svilebic abiturientebi ari-an xSirad “barterul” gacvlas mimarTaven da erTmaneTis Svilebs amzadeben.

baTumeli studentebis nawili, maTgan vinc TbilisSi Cairicxa universitetSi cxovrebis xarjebis Semcirebis mizniT baTumSi gadmodis saswavleblad. axalqalaqele-bi ufro xSirad somxeTSi agrZeleben swavlas da amis mizezad ZiriTadad iq cxovrebis SedarebiT siiafes da naTesavebis yolas asaxeleben.

6.3. kerZod momzadebis praqtikis Secvlis gzebi

CamoTvlili mizezebidan gamomdinare iqna dasaxele-

buli repetitorobis praqtikis Secvlis gzebic. Aupirve-

les sazrunavs warmoadgens ganaTlebis sistemis Secvla.

diskusiis monawileebma miuTiTes skolis prestiJis gaz-

rdis aucileblobaze.

72

bavSvis swavlis wina wlebsac unda daedos fasi.

(qali maswavlebeli baTumSi)

klasSi moswavleTa raodenobis Semcireba swavlis

xarisxis gaumjobesebis aucilebel pirobad dasaxelda.

gamoikveTa mosazreba, rom me-12 klasi mTlianad erov-

nuli gamocdebisaTvis momzadebas daeTmos. aseve is, rom

skolaSi iswavlebodes zogadi unarebi.

mniSvnelovan pirobad dasaxelda maswavleblebis mo-

tivaciis da kvalifikaciis gazrda, risi miRwevac, disku-

siis monawileTa mosazrebiT, maswavleblebis xelfasis

gazrdiTa da maTi gadamzadebiTaa SesaZlebeli.

maswavleblebma atestacia unda gaiaron weliwadSi erTxel.


ar arseboben uswavleli bavSvebi, arseboben peda-gogebi, romlebic bavSvebs ver aswavlian.


diskusiis monawileTa azriT qveyanaSi ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba da umuSevrobis Semcireba

gazrdis ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas. moswavleebSi swavli-

sadmi interesis CamoyalibebaSi xazi gaesva mSoblebis

rols. marneulSi aRniSnes, rom moswavleebis mSoblebs

ganaTlebis ufro dabali done aqvT. moswavleebi ki xe-

daven, rom swavlis gareSec vaWrobiT SeiZleba fulis

Sovna. aucileblad iqna miCneuli mSoblebis metad CarT-

va skolis saswavlo procesSi.

erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebis

skolebSi qarTulis swavlebis gaZliereba, swavlaze

xel misawvdomobis gazrdis Zalze mniSvnelovan saSuale-

bad dasaxelda.

repetitorobis praqtikis Secvlis gzebis dasaxelebis

73

garda diskusiis dros aseve gamoiTqva mosazreba repeti-

torobis dadebiTi mxaris Sesaxeb.

repetitoroba yovelTvis arsebobda da iarsebebs, imitom rom igi Sedegis momcemia. aseve Tu moswavle garkveul etapze ar mecadineobda da mere mounda cod-nis SeZena, is amas skolaSi ver moaxerxebs, radgan ga-kveTili programis mixedviT midis. kerZoOmaswavlebel-Tan ki yvelaferi Tavidan iwyeba da jgufSic 2-3 bavSvia.

(abiturientis mSobeli kaci axalqalaqSi).

7. Rirebulebebi

inkluziuroba da umciresobebis, maT Soris, erovnu-

li umciresobebis integracia saxelmwifos politikis

nawils warmoadgens. swavlisa da muSaobis Tanaswori

SesaZleblobebis arsebobis garda integracia umrav-

lesobisa da umciresobebis RirebulebebSi msgavsebas

efuZneba. kvlevis erTi nawili moswavleebisa da studen-

tebis RirebulebiTi orientaciis gazomvas emsaxureboda.

qvemoT warmodgenilia sacxovrebeli adgilis – Tbilisi,

saqarTvelos regionebi, marneuli da axalqalaqi mixed-

viT moswavleTa Rirebulebebis Sedareba. Sedarebis ga-

martivebis mizniT mTeli rigi cvladebis SejamebiT Cvens

mier Seqmnilia kompoziti cvladebi.

7.1. cxovrebis mxareebi

zogadadM moswavleTa qcevas da aseve maT gadawyvetile-

bas gaagrZelon swavla, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs Ri-

rebuleba, romelsac moswavleebi ganaTlebas ukavSireben.

cxovrebis CamoTvlili 8 sferodan, yvela sferoSi

ojaxis garda sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT gansxvave-

ba statistikurad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. ojaxi oTx-

74

ive jgufSi yvelaze mniSvnelovnad aris Sefasebuli.

TbiliselebisaTvis Semdgom prioritets megobrebi da

janmrTeloba; regionebiSi mcxovrebi moswavleebisaTvis

janmrTeloba da megobrebi; marneulelebisaTvis janmr-

Teloba da samsaxuri, xolo axalqalaqelebisaTvis jan-

mrTeloba da ganaTleba warmoadgendnen.

ganaTleba mniSvnelobiT meoTxe iyo rogorc

TbiliselebisaTvis (92.7%) aseve regionis macxovre-

blebisaTvis (95.7%), mexuTe marneulelebisaTvis (84.1% da

rogorc avRniSneT mesame (93.5%) axalqalaqelebisaTvis.

cxrili 46cxovrebis mxareebis mniSvnelobapasuxi: mniSvnelovania

mxareTbilisi

No384regionebi

No 605

marne-uli

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

Chi-Square, df=6

1 ojaxi 94.2 97.5 95.5 98.4 n.s.2 janmrTeloba 92.9 96.7 87.6 98.4 30.8; p<.0013 megobrebi 93.2 96.2 85.7 93.0 31.2; p<.0014 ganaTleba 92.7 95.7 84.1 93.5 33.4; p<.0015 samsaxuri 83.3 89.0 87.5 93.0 16.5; p<.056 religia 71.1 87.8 84.8 83.9 48.0; p<.0017 Tavisufali dro 66.0 65.3 38.9 42.7 11.6; p<.0018 politika da

sazogadoebrivi cxovreba

19.5 15.5 41.7 24.7 86.9; p<.001

7.2. qmediTefeqturoba

pirovnebis aqtiurobas mniSvnelovanwilad gansaz-

Rvravs mis mier sakuTari qmedebebis efeqturobis rwmena.

qmediTefeqturobis sazomad sami kiTxva gamoviyeneT.

gamokiTxulTa yvelaze did nawils sjera, rom rasac

adamiani cxovrebaSi miaRwevs Tavad maszea damokidebu-

75

li, Tavdadebul Sromas warmateba moaqvs da rom ganaT-

leba warmatebis sawindaria.

cxrili 47qmediTefeqturobis aRqma

MmtkicebaTbilisi

No384regionebi

No 605

marne-uli

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

Chi-Square

is, Tu adamiani ras miaRwevs cxovrebaSi ufro maszea damoki-debuli

79.8 81.7 89.1 89.2 14.32;df 3; p<.005

Tavdadebul Sromas warmateba moaqvs

64.7 76.9 62.0 86.0 53.0; df 6; p<.001

ganaTlebuli ada-miani sabolood warmatebas miaRwevs

73.3 72.7 74.0 45.7 56.7; df 3; p<.001

Cven am sami cvladis gaerTianebiT SevqmeniT qmediT-

efeqturobis kompoziti cvladi, romelic moswavleTa

sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT gavaanalizeT. gansxvave-

ba statistikurad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. qmediTefeq-

turobis gancda yvelaze maRalia saqarTvelos regioneb-

Si da yvelaze dabalia axalqalaqSi.

44.8

49.7

37.6 36.9

Tbilisi regionebi marneuli axalqalaqi

naxazi 19qmediTefeqturoba sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT

76

7.3. monawileoba

moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs aqtiur

CarTvas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. mis erT-erT sawin-

dars ki imis rwmena warmoadgens, rom qveynis winaSe arse-

buli problemebis gadaWra mxolod moqalaqeTa aqtiuri

monawileobiT aris SesaZlebeli. erovnuli umciresobe-

bi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian eTnikurad qarTuli mo-

saxleobisagan am mrwamsis mixedviT (Chi-Square 95.2: df 6, p<.001). monawileobis mniSvnelobis aRqma yvelaze maRa-

lia TbilisSi da yvelaze dabali axalqalaqSi.

59.50%

50.50%

38.00%

25.80%


naxazi 20monawileobis mniSvneloba

pasuxi mniSvnelovania

7.4. materialuri da post-materialuri Rirebulebebi da socialuri ndoba

materialuri da post-materialuri Rirebulebebi

qveyanaSi arsebuli demokratiis an misi damkvidrebis

potencialis maCvenebladgamoiyeneba (Inglehart, R.& Wel-zel, Ch. 2009). demokratiis pirobas post-materialuri anu

TviT-gamoxatvis Rirebulebebi warmoadgens. maTi aRmo-

ceneba xdeba maSin, rodesac dakmayofilebulia materi-

77

aluri anu gadarCenisaTvis aucilebeli Rirebulebebi.

kiTxvarSi Setanili iyo am RirebulebiTi orientaciis

sazomi msoflio RirebulebaTa gamokiTxvis (WVS, 2008) standartuli kiTxva. kiTxva 4 pasuxs moicavs, saidanac

respondents ori, misTvis yvelaze misaRebi pasuxis Ser-

Ceva moeTxoveba. materialuri Rirebulebebis pasuxebia _

`qveyanaSi wesrigis dacva” da `fasebis zrdis SeCereba”,

xolo post-materialuris `adamianebs hqondeT mTavrobis

gadawyvetilebebze zegavlenis moxdenis saSualeba” da

`sityvis Tavisuflebis dacva”.

cxrili 48pasuxebi materialur da post-materialur kiTxvebzeSeniSvna: yoveli respondenti akeTebda or arCevans

MmtkicebaTbilisi

No384regionebi

No605marneuli

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

qveyanaSi wesrigis dacva

36.5 37.8 33.8 40.2

sityvis Tavisuflebis dacva

28.7 28.9 25.5 28.6

fasebis zrdis SeCereba 17.8 20.6 20.9 14.5

adamians qondes saSualeba zegavlena moaxdinos mTavrobis gadawyvetile-bebze

17.0 12.6 19.8 16.7

gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom moswavleTa umravlesoba

(64.2%) arCevans Sereul orientaciaze _ erT material-

ur da erT post-materialur Rirebulebaze akeTebda.

yvelaze xSirad arCeuli iyo qveyanaSi wesrigis dacva

da sityvis Tavisufleba. aRiniSna gansxvaveba sacxovre-

beli adgilis mixedviT (Chi-Square 17.81; df 4;p<.005). postma-terialuri orientacia yvelaze maRali iyo axalqalaqSi,

xolo materialuri _ saqarTvelos regionebSi.

78

cxrili 49materialuri da postmaterialuri Rirebulebebi

debulebaTbilisi

No384regionebi

No605marneuli

No214axalqalaqi

No186Sereuli 68.3 64.1 72.1 55.6

materialisturi 19.5 26.3 18.8 27.1

post-materialisturi 12.2 9.6 9.1 17.3

sul 100 100 100 100

socialuri ndoba, anu zogadi ndoba ucxo adamianebis mimarT aseve warmoadgens demokratiis safuZvels. sakma-od mcirea im moswavleebis wili romelic fiqrobs, rom adamianTa umravlesoba ndobas imsaxurebs. socialuri ndoba, postmaterialuri Rirebulebis msgavsad yvelaze maRali axalqalaqSi, xolo yvelaze dabali marneulSia.

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%


naxazi 21socialuri ndoba

7.5. tradiciuli Rirebulebebi

anketis 5 kiTxva tradiciuli Rirebulebebis gazomvas emsaxureboda. TbilisSi da regionebSi yvelaze meti mos-wavle fiqrobda, rom adamianma yvelaferi gverdze unda gadados ojaxis wevris dasaxmareblad, xolo marneulsa da axalqalaqSi miaCndaT, rom ojaxis wevrebma erTad unda aRniSnon mniSvnelovani dResaswaulebi.

79

cxrili 50tradiciuli Rirebulebebi

Tbi-lisiNo384

regi-onebiNo605

marneu-li

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

Chi-Square;df 6;p<.001

1 ojaxma erTad unda aRniSnos mniSvnelovani dResaswaulebi

81.1 87.0 88.1 95.7 25.0

2 adamianma yvelaferi gverdze unda gadasdos ojaxis wev-ris dasaxmareblad

88.7 87.9 70.6 78.5 67.4

3 ojaxi yoveldRe erTad unda sadilobdes

36.0 49.5 76.7 52.7 98.4

4 dedam bavSvze ukeT icis mas ra sWirdeba

23.8 44.3 67.9 65.6 147.6

5 bavSvs ar unda hqondes ufleba sityva Seubrunos mSobels

20.7 39.7 67.9 69.9 191.8

5 pasuxis gaerTianebiT Cvens mier Seqmnili tradici-uli Rirebulebis kompozit cvladze sacxovrebeli adgi-lis mixedviT pasuxebis Sedarebam cxadyo mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba.tradiciuli Rirebulebebi yvelaze mkveTrad axalqalaqSi da yvelaze naklebad TbilisSia gamokveTili.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


naxazi 22tradiciuli Rirebulebebi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT

80

7.6. genderuli Tanasworoba

moswavleTa damokidebuleba genderuli Tanasworo-

bis mimarT xuTi debulebis mixedviT gaizoma. saerTo

jamSi, am xuTi debulebidan yvelgan yvelaze metad mxar-

daWerili iyo mosazreba, rom Tu ojaxs erTi Svili unda

yavdes, jobs es biWi iyos.

cxrili 51genderuli Tanasworoba

mtkiceba Tbi-lisiNo384

regi-onebiNo605

marneu-li

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

Chi-Square, p<.001

1 Tu ojaxs erTi Svili unda yavdes, umjobesia, es biWi iyos

68.3 74.6 78.3 84.6 17.9;df3

2 Tanasworoba kargia, magram saboloo sityva ojaxSi kacs unda ekuTvnodes

30.7 47.3 71.0 83.9 186.1; df6

3 yvelasaTvis ukeTesia, ro-desac kaci muSaobs qali ki ojaxs uvlis

24.6 31.2 49.8 60.8 115.0; df6

4 umaRlesi ganaTleba biWisa-Tvis ufro mniSvnelovania

13.9 15.2 42.2 40.3 114.1; df3

5 samuSao adgilebis simci-ris SemTxvevaSi kacs unda mieniWos upiratesoba

10.5 13.8 45.5 37.6 183.2 df6

am 5 cvladis gaerTianebiT miRebuli genderuli

Tanasworobis kompoziti cvladis analizma aseve daa-

dastura gansxvaveba sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT

(Chi-Square 261.2: df 12, p<.001). Tanasworobas yvelaze meti

mxardamWeri TbilisSi, Semdeg regionebSi yavs. bevrad

ufro mcirea genderuli Tanasworobis momxre axalqala-

qsa da marneulSi.

81

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


naxazi 23genderuli Tanasworoba sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT

7.7. Semwynarebloba

Cven SevecadeT gagvezoma moswavleebis Semwynareblo-ba.Aamis sazomad ki gamoviyeneT socialuri distanciis sazomi – sxvadasxva jgufebTan mezoblad cxovrebis sa-surveloba. sxvadasxva adgilas mcxovrebi moswavleebi erTgvarovan damokidebulebas amJRavneben kiTxvarSi Ses-afaseblad warmodgenili jgufebis mimarT, Tumca gansx-vaveba odenobaSia. YyvelasaTvis yvelaze nakleb misaRe-bia narkomanebis, Semdeg fsiqiurad daavadebuli pirebis, sxva religiis warmomadgenlebis da yvelaze naklebad ucxoelebis mezoblad cxovreba.

cxrili 52sxvadasxva jgufebis mimarT mimReblobapasuxi: ar aris misaRebi

jgufiTbi-lisiNo384

regi-onebiNo605

marneu-li

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

Chi-Square, df 6, p<.001

1 narkomanebis 80.8 82.4 58.8 93.5 86.0

2 fsiqiurad aramdgradi

adamianebis

60.1 65.4 51.5 72.0 31.8

82

3 sxva religiis warmomad-

genlebis

13.6 26.0 32.3 30.6 70.0

4 ucxoelebis 7.3 10.9 21.9 9.1 64.1

7.8. pirovnuli Tvisebebi

RirebulebebTan aris dakavSirebuli pirovnuli Tvi-sebebis mowoneba. kiTxvarSi moswavleebs moeTxovebodaT mniSvnelobis mixedviT SeefasebinaT erTis mxriv Tvise-bebi, romlebic bavSvma SeiZleba saxlSi SeiZinos da me-ores mxriv pirovnuli Tvisebebis nusxa.

11 CamoTvlili Tvisebidan, romelic bavSvma SeiZleba saxlSi SeiZinos, erTis – fulis yadris codnis gar-da, yvelgan aRmoCnda jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba. pasu-xismgeblobis grZnoba, sazogadoebaSi moqcevis wesebis codna da mizanswrafuloba yvelaze mniSvnelovan sam Tvisebas warmoadgenda Tbilissa da regionebSi; marneu-lelebisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo sazogadoebaSi moqcevis wesebis codna, is, rom bavSvi damjeri iyos da icodes fulis yadri. axalqalaqelebi upiratesobas aniWeben aseve sazogadoebaSi moqcevs wesebis codnas, pa-suxismgeblobis grZnobis qonas da mimteveblobas.

cxrili 53Tvisebebi, romlebis bavSvma saxlSi SeiZleba SeiZinospasuxi: mniSvnelovania

TvisebaTbi-lisiNo384

regio-nebi

No605

marneu-li

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

Chi-Square, df6,p<.001

1 icodes sazoga-doebaSi moqcev-is wesebi

79.1 77.5 60.8 72.6 31.6;p<.001

2 hqondes pasux-usmgeblobis grZnoba

81.4 79.3 35.0 74.2 217.9;p<.001

83

3 iyos mizanswra-fuli

76.4 71.9 40.5 66.1 86.0;p<.001

4 Sromismoyvare 68.8 70.4 39.3 62.9 67.9;p<.001

5 iyos mimtevebeli da pativs scem-des sxvebs

64.8 64.7 52.3 68.3 15.5;p<.05

6 iyos morwmune 53.2 66.7 39.2 30.6 125.4;p<.001

7 damoukidebeli 66.8 59.0 25.1 35.1 165.8;p<.001

8 icodes fulis yadri, SeeZlos fulis dazogva

48.7 49.6 53.3 58.6 n.s.

9 ar iyos egoisti da sxvebze zru-navdes

55.9 51.5 37.0 44.9 23.5;p<.005

10 hqondes warmo-saxvis unari

49.9 43.6 21.2 39.5 65.4;p<.001

11 iyos damjeri 32.1 38.2 56.6 29.6 52.1;p<.001

pirovnuli Tvisebebis nusxadan, romelic 12 Tvisebi-sagan Sedgeboda jgufebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvave-ba yvela Tvisebis SefasebaSi dafiqsirda. oTxive jguf-Si sam yvelaze mniSvnelovan Tvisebas Soris dasaxelda megobrebis erTguleba; kidev ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tviseba TbiliselebisaTvis axali ideebis qona da sxve-bisTvis daxmarebaa; regionis macxovreblebisaTvis is, rom adamiani iyos morwmune da exmarebodes sxvebs; mar-neulelebisa da axalqalaqelebisaTvis is, rom sargeb-lobdes pativiscemiT da exmarebodes sxvebs.

cxrili 54pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sefasebapasuxi: mniSvnelovania

TvisebaTbi-lisiNo384

regio-nebi

No605

marneu-li

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

Chi-Square, df6

1 iyos megobrebis erTguli

86.6 91.5 85.9 90.8 17.3;p<.05

84

2 exmarebodes sxvebs 66.6 74.9 80.5 75.1 17.7;p<.05

3 hqondes axali ideebi da iyos SemoqmedebiTi

72.8 72.7 61.9 53.0 33.1;p<.001

4 iqceodes sazoga-doebaSi miRebuli wesebis mixedviT

65.8 72.5 54.2 65.2 30.6;p<.001

5 sargeblobdes pativiscemiT

49.6 63.3 87.3 81.6 120.3;p<.001

6 iyos warmatebuli 57.6 66.9 75.4 63.4 26.8;p<.001

7 iyos morwmune 53.4 73.7 58.5 45.7 78.2;p<.001

8 iyos Tavmdabali 48.7 59.8 53.8 57.8 165.1;p<.001

9 icavdes tradiciebs

34.0 55.0 57.4 56.8 72.6;p<.001

10 kargad atarebdes dros

39.4 31.5 68.3 51.4 103.5;p<.001

11 iyos riskis da Tavgadasavlebis moyvaruli

32.8 43.6 39.6 23.2 167.0;p<.001

12 iyos mdidari 8.9 12.2 28.1 28.1 75.8;p<.001

7.9. miuRebeli qcevebi

swori, sazogadoebaSi miRebuli Rirebulebebis kval-

dakval mniSvnelovania garkveuli qcevebis mimarT mi-

uRebloba. kiTxvarSi CamoTvlili iyo qcevebi, romelTa

miuReblobis xarisxic moswavleebs unda SeefasebinaT.

yvela qcevis SefasebaSi colis cemis garda, jgufebs

Soris gansxvaveba mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. Tbiliselebi-

sa da regionis macxovreblebisaTvis yvelaze miuRebeli

iyo colis cema, bavSvis cema da dis an Zmis cema; mar-

neulelebisaTvis _ `planis” moweva, colis cema da bavS-

vis cema; axalqalaqelebisaTvis _ colis cema, `planis”

moweva da bavSvis cema.

85

cxrili 55miuRebeli qmedebebipasuxi: sruliad gaumarTlebelia

qmedeba Tbi-lisiNo384

regio-nebi

No605

marneu-li

No214

axal- qalaqiNo186

Chi-Square, df 12

colis cema 88.8 85.6 79.5 84.9 n.s.

bavSvis cema 87.2 83.3 75.4 77.4 23.1;p<.05

dis an Zmis cema 80.7 81.3 73.5 76.3 23.2;p<.05

`planis” moweva 69.5 75.2 84.2 84.9 29.0;p<.005

moparuli nivTis yidva

21.0 31.4 75.2 42.5 197.7;p<.001

sakuTari interesebis misaRwevad tyuilis Tqma

14.8 30.0 55.3 39.2 180.7;p<.001

quCaSi moZraobis we-sebis darRveva

15.1 26.7 45.2 30.1 99.5;p<.001

quCaSi uadgilo adgi-las gadasvla

13.6 16.0 47.5 36.6 160.2;p<.001

gamocdaze gadawera 8.3 22.2 50.7 17.7 166.3;p<.001

transportSi ufasod mgzavroba

8.7 17.5 31.8 24.2 77.8;p<.001

tyuilis Tqma, Tu es Tqvens megobars sWirdeba

4.4 8.7 38.6 12.4 270.3;p<.001

8. ZiriTadi Sedegebis Sejameba

8.1. erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis Sedegebi

2014 wels saSualo skolis programa gaiara 37189 mos-

wavlem. saatestato gamocdebze CaiWra 14.1%. amgvarad,

erTian erovnul gamocdebze gasvlis ufleba 31954 mos-

86

wavlem moipova. erovnuli gamocdebis Casabareblad sul

daregistrirda 35100 abiturienti (50.8% gogo da 49.2%

biWi).

wilobrivad yvelaze meti abiturienti CaiWra fizika-

Si (42.4%), maTematikasa (22.3%) da qimiaSi (17.6%), yvelaze

naklebi qarTul enasa da literaturaSi (5.4%). Yyvela sa-

ganSi, garda germanuli da franguli enebisa, CaWrilTa

Soris biWebi Warboben gogoebs.

Tbiliseli qarTulenovani abiturientebi ufro

warmatebuli arian regionis abiturientebTan SedarebiT.

rogorc TbilisSi, aseve regionebSi mcxovrebi somxur

da azerbaijanulenovani abiturientebis akademiuri miR-

weva mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba qarTulenovan abituri-

entebis warmatebas. azerbaijanelma da somexma biWebma

qarTulenovani abiturientebisgan gansxvavebiT gogoebze

ukeT Caabares gamocdebi. cxra sagamocdo sagnidan xuTSi

CaWril gogonaTa wili biWebisas aRemateba.

abiturientebis mier gakeTebuli pirveli arCevanisa

da universitetebis mier gamocxadebul adgilebis Se-

fardebaze dayrdnobiT saqarTveloSi akreditirebuli

62 universiteti Cven oTx jgufSi gavaerTianeT. pirvel

jgufSi Sevida 2 universiteti, sadac erT adgilze 2 abi-

turientze meti modioda, meoreSi 6 universiteti, sadac

adgilze 1-dan 2 abiturientamde modioda, mesameSi gaer-

Tianda 9 universiteti, sadac adgilze 0.5-dan 1 abitu-

rientamde modioda. danarCen 45 universitetSi adgilze

0.5-mde ganacxadi iyo gakeTebuli. sul universitetebis

mier gamocxadebuli iyo 46097 adgili, abiturientebis

raodenoba ki 35100, 76.1%-s Seadgenda. sul Cairicxa 26377

abiturienti. Aamgvarad studentebma daikaves adgilebis

57.2%, rac gamocdaze gasulTa 75.1%-s Seadgens. studen-

tebs Soris Warboben gogoebi (51.7%). sqesis mixedviT

gansxvaveba yvelaze didi, 8.1%, yvelaze popularul uni-

versitetebSia. Gsacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT erTian

87

erovnul gamocdebze gasuli abiturientebis raodeno-

bidan yvelaze didi wili Cairicxa Tbilisidan (81.7%),

Semdeg ki imereTidan da kaxeTidan (75.3% TiToeulidan).

yvelaze cudi Sedegi samcxe-javaxeTis abiturientebma

aCvenes. am regionidan gamocdebze gasuli abiturientebis

mxolod 66.5% Cairicxa umaRles saswavlebelSi.

universtetebis pirvel, yvelaze popularul jguf-

Si Caricxvis mixedviT liderobs qvemo qarTli (26.9%),

Tbilisi (23.6%) da kaxeTi (19.8%). mosaxleobis raode-

nobisa da gamocdebis warmatebiT Cabarebis faqtebidan

gamomdinare studentebs Soris yvelaze meti Tbilisis

(34.0%), Semdeg ki imereTis (15.0%) da aWaris (8.7%) macx-

ovrebelia.

saxelmwifo granti swavlis safasuris 50%, 70% an

100% odenobiT studentTa 25.5%-ma miiRo. Ggrantis mim-

RebTa Sorisac gogoebi Warboben (52.8%).

sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT yvelaze meti granti

Tbiliselma studentebma (46.5%) miiRes, Semdeg ki stu-

dentebma imereTidan (13.4%) da qvemo qarTlidan (6.8%).

yvelaze naklebi grantebi (0.6%) raWa-leCxumis studen-

tebma moipoves.

azerbaijanulenovan da somxurenovan abiturientebi-

sTvis kvotiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli adgilebi _ azerbai-

janulenovanebisaTvis 1167 xolo somxurenovanebisaTvis

1232 umaRles saswavlebelSi qarTuli enis erTwlian mo-

samzadebel kursze Caricxvis pirobas zogad unarebSi ga-

mocdis mSobliur enaze Cabareba warmoadgenda. qarTuli

enis gamocdis warmatebiT Cabarebis Semdeg studentebi

maT mier SerCeul fakultetze iricxebodnen. azerbaijan-

ulenovan abiturientTa 39.1%-ma da somxurenovan abituri-

entTa 17.6% daikava kvotiT gaTvaliswinebuli adgilebi.

amgvarad saatestato da erovnuli gamocdebis Sede-

gebis analizma cxadyo sacxovrebeli adgilis – Tbili-

sis gamokveTili upiratesoba regionebTan SedarebiT. Ees

88

gamoixata gamocdebis zRurblis gadalaxvaSi, umaRles-

Si Caricxvasa da Sesabamisad, miRebuli grantebis wil-

Si. gogonebma TiTqmis yvela maCvenebelSi – saatesto da

erovnuli gamocdebis Cabareba, universitetSi Caricxva da

grantebis aReba _ upiratesoba moipoves biWebTan Sedare-

biT. erovnuli gamocdebis 14 sagnidan maTi maCvenebeli

iyo biWebis maCvenebelze ukeTesi yvela saganSi, maT Soris

yvela sabunebismetyvelo saganSi. gamonakliss warmoad-

genda germanuli da franguli enebis gamocdebi, sadac

biWze meti gogo CaiWra. gansakuTrebiT didi iyo biWebsa

da gogonebs Soris sxvaoba yvelaze popularul or uni-

versitetSi _ Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis da

Tbilisis samedicino universitetebSi CaricxulTa Soris.

8.2. empiriuli kvlevisa da diskusiebis Sedegebi

mTlianad saqarTvelos, marneulisa da axalqalaqis

moswavleTa da studentebis gamokiTxvis ZiriTad mizans

umaRlesi ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdomobis xelisSemSle-

li faqtorebis identifikacia warmoadgenda.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi

Cven umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis xelisSemSlel

faqtorTa ori jgufi gamovyaviT:

1. ganaTlebis miRebis motivaciis nakleboba, rasac ga-

napirobebs kulturuli da ekonomikuri garemo da aseve

mSoblebis ganaTlebis done;

2. resursebis xelmisawvdomoba, rac moicavs, rogorc

ekonomikuri aseve araekonomikuri resursebis xelmisaw-

vdomobas. ekonomikuri resursebis ZiriTad Semadgenels

umaRles ganaTlebasTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgens: uni-

versitetSi swavlis safasuri, sauniversiteto qalaqSi

cxovrebisaTvis saWiro finansuri resursebi, kerZod

momzadebisaTvis saWiro Tanxa. araekonomikur resursebs

89

miekuTvneba saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxi, kerZo maswav-

leblebis profesionalizmi da saxelmwifo enis codna.

amdenad, umaRlesSi swavlas ganapirobebs ganaTlebis

mniSvnelobis aRqma da Sesabamisad misi miRebis survi-

li, mSoblebis ganaTlebis done, saskolo ganaTlebis

xarisxi, ojaxis materialuri keTildReoba da TbilisSi

cxovreba, sadac yvelaze meti universiteti da profesi-

uli resursia koncentrirebuli. erovnuli umciresobebi-

saTvis am CamonaTvals qarTuli enis codna emateba.

umaRles ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdomobis Semaferxebe-

li faqtorebis dasadgenad ZiriTadad studentebis gamok-

iTxva iqna gamoyenebuli. es garkveul SezRudvebTan aris

dakavSirebuli, kvlevis miRmaa darCenili is kontingen-

ti, romelmac ar moindoma an ver Cairicxa umaRles sas-

wavlebelSi. ekonomikuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebisas

ki problemas, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, responden-

tebis mier sakuTari ekonomiuri mdgomareobis Sefase-

bis sizuste da/an survili warmoadgens. am SezRudvebis

miuxedavad vfiqrobT, miRebuli Sedegebi mainc sworad

asaxavs arsebul tendenciebs.

ganaTlebis miRebis motivacia

ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis aRqmaumaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis upirveles sawindars ga-

naTlebis miRebis survili warmoadgens. es survili ki

didwilad misi mniSvnelobis aRqmiT aris gapirobebuli.

studentebis 95.2%-s ganaTleba mniSvnelovnad miaCnia. ga-

naTleba axalqalaqSi mcxovrebi moswavleebisaTvis ufro

mniSvnelovania (93.5%), vidre TbilisSi (92.7%), regionSi

mcxovrebi (92.7%) an marneuleli (84.1%) moswavleebisaTvis.

gamokiTxul moswavleTa 9.4% mTlianad saqarTveloSi,

33.0%-s marneulSi da 30.1% axalqalqSi ar surs swavlis

gagrZeleba. Aamis mizezad mTlianad saqarTveloSi ufro

90

xSirad asaxeleben erovnuli gamocdebis Casabareblad

saWiro codnis naklebobas (23.9%), marneulSi swavlisad-

mi nakleb interess (35.7%), axalqalaqSi ki mizezebs ar

akonkreteben (39.3%). Ddasaxelebuli mizezebis msxvil kat-

egoriebSi gaerTianebis Sedegad mTlianad saqarTvelosa

da marneuleli moswavleebisaTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

miRebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan dabrkolebas ekonomiuri

faqtorebi warmoadgenen (35.8% mTlianad saqarTveloSi

da 42.9% marneulSi), xolo axalqalaqSi dasaxelebuli

iyo sxva mizezebi, romelTa didi nawili respondentebma

ar daakonkretes. swavlis motivaciis nakleboba sididiT

meore kategorias warmoadgenda samive jgufis respon-

dentebTan (30.5% mTlianad saqarTveloSi, 41.4% marneul-

Si da 37.5% axalqalaqSi). zomiT mesame xelisSemSlel

faqtorad arasakmarisi codna iqna dasaxelebuli. masze

miuTiTa gamokiTxul mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleTa

30.4%, marneulelebis 34.3% da axalqalaqelebis 19.6%-ma.

Sesabamisad saSualo skolis damTavrebis Semdeg swav-

lis gagrZelebis swrafva bevrad ufro maRalia mTli-

anad saqarTvelos moswavleebTan (90.6%), vidre erovnuli

umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli regionebis moswavleebTan

(67.0% marneulSi da 69.9% axalqalaqSi). saerTo jam-

Si, ufro met moswavles surs mTlianad saqarTvelo-

Si umaRles saswavlebelSi swavlis gagrZeleba (86.7%),

vidre es marneulsa (57.1%) da axalqalaqSi (57.0%) surT,

xolo ufro met marneulsa (9.9% ) da axalqalaqSi (12.9%)

macxov rebel moswavles surs profesiuli ganaTlebis

mimarTulebiT swavlis gagrZeleba vidre es mTlianad

saqarTveloSi (3.9%) surT.

umaRles saswavlebelSi profesiis SerCevis ZiriT-

ad kriteriumebs specialobisadmi interesi, kargi anaz-

Raureba da samsaxuris Sovnis SesaZlebloba warmoad-

gens. universitetis SerCevis mizezebad ki abiturientebi

ZiriTadad asaxeleben: profesiis kargad swavlebas moce-

91

mul universitetSi, Caricxvis Sanss, swavlebis safasurs,

universitetis prestiJs, da sauniversiteto qalaqSi na-

Tesavebis yolas.

mSoblebis ganaTlebis statusigamokiTxuli studentebis umravlesobis (90.4%) orive

an erT-erT mSobels aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba miRebu-

li. Yyvelaze popularul universitetebSi yvelaze di-

dia (82.8%) maTi wili, romelTa orive mSobelsac aqvs

miRebuli umaRlesi ganaTleba. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom uma-

Rlesi ganaTlebis mqone mSoblebis sididiT meore jgufs

(71.3%), yvelaze nakleb popularul universitetebis stu-

dentebTan vxvdebiT.

resursebi

skolaSi miRebuli codnis xarisxiskolaSi miRebuli codnis dabali xarisxi mniSvnelo-

vanwilad ganapirobebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad

ekonomikuri faqtorebis mniSvnelobas. skolaSi miRebu-

li codna sakmarisad ar miaCniaT arc saatestato ga-

mocdebis (ase fiqrobs studentebis 38.8%, qarTulenovan

moswavleTa 41.0%, marneuleli moswavleebis 27.7% da ax-

alqalaqelebis 9.1%), da miT ufro erTiani erovnuli ga-

mocdebis Casabareblad (ase fiqrobs studentebis 65.9%,

qarTulenovan moswavleTa 71.9%, marneuleli moswavlee-

bis 41.5% da axalqalaqelebis 55.4%). codnis simcire ki

ganapirobebs kerZod momzadebis saWiroebas.

diskusiebSi, romlebic quTaisSi, baTumSi, marneulsa

da axalqalaqSi abiturientebis mSoblebTan, skolis mas-

wavleblebTan da ganaTlebis resurs centris xelmZRvan-

elebTan gaimarTa gamoikveTa is mizezebi, romlebic gana-

pirobeben saskolo ganaTlebis dabal xarisxs da aqedan

gamomdinare, repetitorebis yolis aucileblobas. aseTad

dasaxelebuli iyo mTlianad ganaTlebis sistemis Zireu-

li xarvezebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo, rogorc sas-

92

wavlo procesTan, aseve maswavleblebTan, moswavleebTan

da maT mSoblebTan. diskusantebma miuTiTes saswavlo

procesebis xarvezebze _ skolebis cudi teqnikuri baza,

klasSi moswavleTa didi raodenoba, saswavlo procesis

araswori dagegmva, programebis da saxelmZRvaneloebis

dabali xarisxi, saskolo ganaTlebis erovnul gamoc-

debis moTxovnebTan Seusabamoba. maswavleblebTan da-

kavSirebuli faqtorebidan xazi gaesva maswavleblebis

motivaciis naklebobas, gamowveuls mcire xelfasiT da

amiT gamowveul kvalificiuri kadrebis simcires; mos-

wavleTa motivacias da kerZod momzadebis ukve Camoy-

alibebul Cvevas; me-12 klasSi moswavleTa daswrebas;

mSobelTa skolisadmi damokidebulebas. erovnuli um-

ciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi am CamonaTvals

daemata qarTuli enis arasaTanadod swavleba.

ojaxis ekonomikuri statusigamokiTxulTa yvelaze didi nawili (studentebis

74.1%, mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleTa 78.4.%, mar-

neuleli moswavleebis 75.7% da axalqalaqelebis 79.6%)

sakuTar ojaxs SeZlebulad miiCnevs. devnilebis ekono-

mikuri mdgomareoba ufro mZimea, vidre aradevnilebis.

sakuTar ojaxs SeZlebulad miiCnevs devnil moswavleTa

56.7% winaaRmdeg aradevnil moswavleTa 80.9%-isa.

erovnuli gamocdebisaTvis momzadeba masobriv xasi-

aTs atarebs. ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis miuxeda-

vad, gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba kerZo maswavleblebTan

emzadeboda. aseTi iyo studentebis 78.5%, mTlianad saqa-

rTvelos moswavleTa 85.7%, marneulelebis 64.0% da ax-

alqalaqelebis 47.3%. aradevnil moswavleebTan Sedare-

biT (87.9%) devnili moswavleebis ufro mcire nawili

(79.2%) emzadeboda sagamocdo sagnebSi.

studentebis da mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleebis

yvelaze didi nawili (Sesabamisad 38.6% da 39.9%) oTx,

xolo marneulelebis da axalqalaqelebis (Sesabamisad

93

26.2% da 22.6%) erT saganSi emzadeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom

ekonomiur mdgomarebasTan erTad izrdeba im studentTa

wili, vinc 4 an 5 saganSi emzadeboda (Raribi ojaxebis

31.3%, saSualo SeZlebis 35.3% da SeZlebulebis 46.3%).

SeZlebuli studentebis wili yvelaze didi iyo yvelaze

metad (81.6%), magram aseve yvelaze nakleb (81.9%) popu-

larul universitetebSi.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba mniSvnelovan finansur

danaxarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli. kerZod oTx saganSi

momzadeba saSualod 2880 lari jdeba. qveyanaSi arsebu-

li ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT es did

Tanxas warmoadgens, magram mainc bevrad naklebia vidre

saxelmwifo unioversitetSi gadasaxdeli swavlis safa-

suri, rac bakalavriatis 4 weliwadSi 9000 lars Sead-

gens. erTian erovnul gamocdebSi warmatebis SemTxveva-

Si da Sesabamisad grantis aRebiT, students eZleva am

Tanxis nawilobriv an mTlianad dafarvis SesaZlebloba.

swavlis safasuris CaTvliT students erTi Tve cxovre-

ba iq, sadac mas binis qiraobac uwevs TveSi saSualod

1107 lari ujdeba. Ees ki 4 welze gamravlebuli da mas

damatebuli erovnuli gamocdebisaTvis momzadebis Tanxa

56016 lars Seadgens.

sacxovrebeli adgilikvlevam cxadyo, rom sacxovrebeli adgili mniS-

vnelovnad gansazRvravs saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxs,

repetitorebis profesiul dones da studenturi cx-

ovrebis danaxarjebs. Tbilisel studentTa wili bevrad

maRalia (34.0%), vidre romelime calkeuli regionidan

Cairicxul studentebis wili. mniSvnelovania gansxvaveba

universitetebis popularobis mixedviT. Cvens mier gamok-

iTxul yvelaze popularul universitetebSi Tbilisele-

bi pirvelkurselTa 60.2%, xolo yvelaze nakleb popu-

larulebSi mxolod 18.2%-s Seadgendnen.

94

qarTuli enis codnaqarTuli enis codna mniSvnelovan bariers warmoad-

gens erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis. qarTuli ena miuTi-Ta, rom icoda marneuleli moswavleebis 62.5% da axalqa-laqelebis 51.7%-ma. swavlis gagrZelebis xelisSemSlel pirobad qarTuli enis ar codna daasaxela marneule-lebis 20.0%-ma da axalqalaqelebis 14.3%-ma.

diskusiis dros aRiniSna, rom qarTul enaSi momza-debis erTwliani programis SemoRebam mniSvnelovnad gazarda azerbaijanul da somxurenovani moswavlee-bisaTvis saqarTvelos universitetebSi swavlis Sesa-Zlebloba. miuxedavad amisa, aucileblad iqna danaxuli qarTuli enis swavlebis gaZliereba skolebSi da aseve enis swavlis SesaZleblobebis gazrda skolis gareT.

8.3. erovnuli umciresobebis integraciis pirobebi: msgavseba RirebulebebSi

umciresobebis integracia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikis erT-erT gacxadebul mizans warmoadgens. integracias safuZvlad udevs umravlesobisa da um-ciresobebis ZiriTad Rirebulebebis msgavseba. kvlevaSi Sedarebul iqna qarTul, azerbaijanul da somxureno-van moswavleebis ZiriTadi RirebulebiTi orientaciebi. analizma gamoavlina gansxvaveba mTel rig Rirebulebeb-Si. Sedarebisas dasaxlebis tipis zegavlenis Semcire-bis mizniT mTlianad saqarTvelos moswavleebi davyaviT Tbilisis da regionebis macxovreblebad.

pirovnebis aqtivobas mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs rwmena sakuTari qmedebebis efeqturobaSi. kiTxvarSi am tendenciis sazomad gamoyenebuli iyo sami kiTxva, ro-melTa SejamebiTac Cven SevadgineT qmediTefeqturobis kompoziti _ maCvenebeli. igi yvelaze maRali (49.7%) iyo regionebis, Semdeg Tbilisis (44.8%), marneulis (37.6%) da yvelaze mcire axalqalaqis (36.9%) moswavleebTan.

95

qmediTefeqturobis aRqmasTan aris dakavSirebuli

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis aucileblobis

gancda. es gancda yvelaze metad Tbilisel (59.5%), Sem-

deg regionebSi mcxovreb (50.6%), marneulel (38.0%) da

yvelaze naklebad axalqalaqel moswavleebs aqvT (25.8%).

5 mtkicebebisagan, romlebic ojaxis tradiciul gage-

basTan iyo dakavSirebuli Cven SevqmeniT tradiciul Ri-

rebulebebis kompoziti cvladi.Amisi maCvenebeli yvelaze

dabali iyo TbilisSi (6.0%), Semdeg regionebSi (12.3%),

marneulSi (22.0%) da yvelaze maRali axalqalaqSi (30.8%).

Cvens mier genderuli Tanasworobis sazomad gamoy-

enebuli 5 cvladisgan Seqmnili kompoziti maCvenebeli

yvelaze maRali TbilisSi (41.9%), Semdeg regionebSi

(32.5%), axalqalaqSi (13.1%) xolo yvelaze dabali mar-

neulSi (2.7%) iyo.

materializmi da post-materializmi qveyanis demokra-

tiuli ganviTarebis gavrcelebul indikators war-

moadgens. misi gasazomi instrumenti 4 pasuxiT orjer

eZleva respondents. pasuxebidan ori materialur, ori

ki post-materialur Rirebulebas asaxavs. respondents

moeTxoveba SearCios misTvis prioritetiT pirveli da

meore pasuxi. gakeTebuli arCevanis mixedviT dgindeba

Sereuli (erTi materialuri da erTi post-materialuri

mtkiceba), materialuri an post-materialialuri orient-

acia. rogorc iyo mosalodneli Sereuli orientacia yve-

la jgufebSi prevalirebda. igi yvelaze maRali iyo mar-

neulSi (72.1%), Semdeg _ TbilisSi (68.3%), saqarTvelos

danarCen regionebSi (64.1%) da yvelaze dabalia axalqa-

laqSi (55.6%). materialuri orientacia yvelaze metad

gavrcelebuli iyo axalqalaqSi (27.1%), Semdeg regioneb-

Si (26.3%), TbilisSi (19.5%) da yvelaze naklebad marneul-

Si (18.8%). yvelaze dabali post-materialuri Rirebuleba

iyo. igi yvelaze metad axalqalaqel moswavleebs (17.3%)

qondaT, Semdeg Tbiliselebs (12.2%), regionis macxovre-

blebs (9.6%) da bolos marneulelebs (9.1%).

96

pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sefaseba aseve iZleva infor-

macias Rirebulebebze. sam yvelaze sasurvel Tvisebad

Tbiliseli moswavleebisaTvis warmoadgens is, rom ada-

miani iyos megobris erTguli, qondes axali ideebi da

exmarebodes sxvebs; regionis macxovreblebisaTvis mniS-

vnelovania, rom adamiani iyos megobris erTguli, morw-

mune da exmarebodes sxvebs; marneulelebisTvis: adamiani

sargeblobdes pativiscemiT, iyos megobrebis erTguli

da exmarebodes sxvebs; axalqalaqelebisaTvis: adamiani

iyos megobrebis erTguli, sargeblobdes pativiscemiT

da exmarebodes sxvebs.

9. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis ganaTleba mniSvnelo-

van Rirebulebas warmoadgens. moswavleebis swrafva uma-

Rlesi ganaTlebis miRebisaken swored amiT ganisazRvre-

ba. am swrafvas mSoblebis ganaTlebis maRali donec

amyarebs.

skolaSi swavlis dabali xarisxi ver uzrunvelyofs

erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis warmatebiT Cabarebas, Se-

sabamisad mSoblebi iZulebulni arian Svilebi kerZod

moamzadon. kavkasiis barometris 2013 wlis mixedviT saqa-

rTvelos ganaTlebis sistemas metnaklebad an mTlianad

endoboda mxolod mosaxleobis naxevarze odnav meti

(55.0%) (CRRC, 2013). abiturientis kerZod momzadeba ojaxs

Zalze Zviri ujdeba, Tumca umravlesoba, ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis miuxedavad, amas mainc axerxebs. momzadebis

Sedegebis simZime sxvadasxvaa ojaxis ekonomiuri mdgo-

mareobisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. resursebi

ufro metia TbilisSi, vidre regionebSi. maswavleblebis

profesiuli kadrebi, dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi da Se-

sabamisad finansuri resursebi ufro metad TbilisSia

koncentrirebuli. amdenad Tbiliseli moswavleebis Ses-

97

aZlebloba Cairicxon popularul universitetebSi, ro-

melTa udidesi umravlesobac TbilisSia ganTavsebuli

bevrad aRemateba regionSi mcxovreb da ufro dabali

socio-ekonomiuri statusis mqone ojaxebis Svilebis

SesaZleblobebs.

devnil moswavleebs naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli uma-

Rles ganaTlebaze, vidre aradevnil moswavleebs, rac

maT Soris siRaribis ufro maRal maCvenebelsa da Ses-

abamisad, momzadebisaTvis saWiro resursebis simcires

ukavSirdeba.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis mxriv mTli-

anad saqarTvelosgan gansxvavebuli da bevrad uaresi md-

gomareobaa erovnuli umciresobebis SemTxvevaSi. Mmiuxe-

davad imisa, rom maT aqvT gamoyofili kvotebi umaRles

saswavlebelSi Casaricxad, aseve aqvT SesaZlebloba

zogad unarebSi gamocdis mSobliur enaze Cabarebis da

qarTul enaSi erTwliani kursebis universitetSi gav-

lis, maTi umravlesoba mainc saqarTvelos umaRlesi ga-

naTlebis miRma rCeba.Aamis ZiriTadi mizezebia umaRlesi

ganaTlebis miRebis SedarebiT dabali motivacia, qar-

Tuli enis codnis dabali done, somxeTisa da Aazer-

baijanis umaRles saswavleblebSi swavlis gagrZelebis

gadawyvetileba.

amdenad, skoladamTavrebul moswavleTa didi nawili

axerxebs umaRlesSi, Tumca Raribebi nakleb sasurvel

saswavlebelSi swavlis gagrZelebas. kiTxva SemdegSi

mdgomareobs: ris xarjze akeTebs amas ojaxi qveyanaSi,

sadac Raribebi 18.2% Seadgenen, sadac saxelmwifo mosax-

leobis 11.0% aZlevs Semweobas? sad aris gamosavali? di-

skusiis monawileTa nawilma miuTiTa, rom kerZod momza-

debis aucilebloba saskolo programis da erovnuli

gamocdebis moTxovnebTan SeusabamobiT aris gamowveuli.

Tu es asea, amaze diskusia da moTxovnebis harmonizacia

rasakvirvelia aucilebelia.skolaSi ar iswavleba zo-

98

gadi unarebi, rac zogadi unarebis gamocdebis safuZ-

vlebidan gamomdinare sworia – man unarebi unda gazo-

mos da ara codna. miuxedavad amisa, am saganSi kerZod

momzadebis gavrcelebuli praqtika miuTiTebs am sagnis

Casabareblad Cvevis gamomuSavebis saWiroebaze, rac ga-

varjiSebadia da SeiZleba raRac saxiT, calke sagnad

an magaliTad, rogorc enis da maTematikis programebis

nawili skolaSi iswavlebodes.

rogorc kvleva aCvenebs, umaRles saswavleblebSi

codniT aRWurvili abiturientebis Sesvla ojaxisa da

repetitorebis xarjze xdeba, rac badebs uTanasworobas

ekonomikuri da aseve sacxovrebeli adgilis Tvalsaz-

risiT.

realur gamosavals, umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmis-

awvdomobis gazrdisaTvis ojaxis ekonomikuri ryevis

Tavidan acilebis gaTvaliswinebiT da sacxovrebeli

adgilis mixedviT Tanaswori SesaZleblobebis SeqmniT,

mxolod da mxolod ganaTlebis, gansakuTrebiT ki sasko-

lo ganaTlebis sistemis Zireuli reformireba warmoad-

gens. skolis ganaTlebis xarvezebi arc axali da arc

ucnobi.

2006 wlidan moyolebuli saqarTvelom monawileoba

miiRo wignierebis ramdenime kvlevaSi da Zalze cudi

Sedegebi aCvena. es kvlevebia:

• PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study), romlis

mizansac warmoadgens kiTxvis unaris dadgena 9-10

wlis asakis meoTxe klasis moswavleebTan. 2006 wels

45 qveyanas Soris saqarTvelom 37-e adgili daikava.

2011 wels ki 34-e adgili 49 qveyanas Soris;

• TIMSS (Trends International in Mathematics and Science Study) ikvlevs meoTxe da merve klasel moswavleebis cod-

nas maTematikasa da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi.

2007 wels 56 qveyanas Soris saqarTvelom meoTxe

klaselebTan 28 -e, xolo merve klaselebTan 38-e adg-

ili daikava.

99

• 2011 wels maTematikaSi meoTxe klaselebTan saqarTve-

lo 53 qveyanas Soris me-40, merve klaselebTan ki 45

qveyanas Soris 27-e adgilze iyo.

sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi 2011 wels meoTxe kla-

se lebTan 37-e adgilze 53 qveyanas Soris, merve klase-

lebTan 35-e adgilze iyo 45 qveyanas Soris. www.Tims-sandpirls.bc.edu

• PISA (International Program in Students’ Achievements) ikvlevs

wignierebas, maTematikisa da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis

codnas da aseve maT gamoyenebas. 2009 wlis kvlevaSi

monawileoba miiRo 74 qveyanam. wignierebaSi saqarTve-

lo iyo 67-e, maTematikaSi 64-e da sabunebismetyvelo

sagnebSi 69-e adgilze. aRsaniSnavia, rom wignierebasa

da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi gogonebis codna aRe-

mateboda biWebisas (gamocdebis erovnuli centri).

zegavlenaze, romelic testze qveynebis maCvenebels

aqvs, qveynis ganviTarebis perspeqtivaze, miuTiTebs OECD-

is (2010) Sefaseba. mis mixedviT PISA-s qulebis 50 erTeu-

liT zrda 50 wlian perspeqtivaSi ganapirobebs qveynis

ekonomikuri maCveneblis 0.9%-iT zrdas.

kvlevam aCvena, rom azerbaijanul da somxurenovan

skolebSi saskolo ganaTleba kidev ufro dabal do-

nezea, vidre mTlianad saqarTveloSi. sakmaris doneze ar

iswavleba saxlemwifo ena, rac qmnis rogorc umaRlesi

ganaTlebis saqarTveloSi miRebis, aseve axalgazrdebis

sazogadoebaSi integraciis problemebs.

amgvarad, kvlevam cxadyo qveyanaSi arsebuli uTanas-

woroba umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobaze. mis

ZiriTad mizezebs ki saskolo sistemis xarvezebi da

qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba warmoad-

gens. Sesabamisad, mdgomareobis gamosworebis gzebs zo-

gadad qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis

gaumjobeseba, ganaTlebis zegavlenis gazrda, samuSaos

100

Sovnis SesaZleblobebi da saskolo ganaTlebis refor-

ma warmoadgens. ganaTleba unda iqces qveynisTvis pri-

oritetul mimarTulebad. ganaTlebis sferoSi Sedege-

bis miRebisTvis didi drois saWiroebidan gamomdinare am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dialogi da saqmianoba dauyovne-

bliv unda daiwyos. skolam unda ganapirobos moswavleTa

codnis maRali done saswavlo procesis ukeT marTvis,

programebis gaumjobesebis, kargi saxelmZRvaneloebis

da maRali momTxovnelobis saSualebiT. Aamis erT-erT

aucilebel pirobas maswavlebelTa motivaciisa da kval-

ifikaciis amaRleba warmoadgens, iseve rogorc mTlianad

sazogadoebis, kerZod ki mSobelTa aqtiuri CarTva sko-

lis cxovrebaSi.

erovnuli umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi amas unda dae-

matos skolaSi qarTuli enis adeqvaturad swavleba. um-

ciresobebis integraciis xelSewyobis mizniT aucilebe-

lia maTi Rirebulebebis umravlesobis RirebulebebTan

daaxloeba. amisaTvis ki mniSvnelovania iseTi RonisZie-

bebis gatareba, rogoricaa saxelmwifo enis swavleba,

saqarTvelos media saSualebebis xelmisawvdomobis gaz-

rda da xarisxiani ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa.

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mxolod abiturientTa Car-

icxvis xelisSemSlel pirobas ar warmoadgens. arsebu-

li monacemebiT 11000 students dResdReobiT Sewyvetili

aqvs studentis statusi swavlis safasuris gadauxde-

lobis gamo (saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

ministris gancxadeba. radio Tavisufleba, 2014). saWiroa

saxelmwifo universitetebSi im specialobebis nusxis

gazrda, sadac swavla ufasoa. sxva qalaqSi, ojaxisgan

moSorebiT cxovreba mniSvnelovnad zrdis studentTa

xarjebs. aucilebelia regionebSi ganTavsebuli univer-

sitetebis gaZliereba. aseve studentTa saerTo sacxovre-

blebiT da iafi sasadiloebiT uzrunvelyofa.

arsebuli kanonmdeblobiT pirs, romelic sabazo ga-

naTlebis Semdeg profesiul ganaTlebas iRebs, umaRlesi

101

ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT swavlis gagrZeleba ar Seu-

Zlia, Tu ar aiRebs zogadi ganaTlebis damadasturebel

atestats. profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb axali kanon-

proeqti, romelic momzadebis stadiaSia, iTvaliswinebs

am SezRudvis moxsnas. amdenad, mniSvnelovania daC-

qardes profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb axali kanonis

miReba. aseve aucilebelia profesiuli saswavleblebis

geografiuli xelmisawvdomobis gazrda, saswavleblebis

regionebSi gaxsnis/daarsebis xelSewyoba regionis

Sromis bazris specifikisa da moTxovnebis gaTvalis-

winebiT.

102

bibliografia

gamocdebis erovnuli centri. moswavleTa Sefasebis saerTaSoriso programa PISA. 2009 wlis kvlevis erovnu-li angariSi. www.naec.ge

msoflio banki (2014). saqarTvelo: SesaZleblobebi keTildReobis misaRwevad.

radio Tavisufleba (2014) 14 oqtomberi.

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri (2015). www.Geostat.ge

tabataZe, S. da gorgaZe, n. (2013). kvotirebis sistemis kvleva saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi. Tbilisi.

CRRC(2013). Caucasus Barometer 2013. www.caucasusbarometer.org

Inglehart, R., & Welzel, Ch. (2009).How Development Leads to De-mocracy. Foreign Affairs, March-april issue.

Johnstone D.B. (2009). Worldwide trends in financing higher educa-tion. In Jane Knight (Ed.). Financing Access and Equity in Higher educa-tion. Sense Publishers. Rotterdam/Taipei. P.1-18

Kutaladze,I. (2012). The role of international Surveys in the Reform of Education System.www.css.ge

O’Hara, S & Johnstone, D.B. (2009). Foreward.In Jane Knight (Ed.). Financing Access and Equity in Higher education. Sense Publishers. Rot-terdam/Taipei p.vii-viii

WVS (2008). www.worldvaluesurvey

www.Timssandpirls.bc.edu

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Summary of the maiN reSultS

This project was carried out thanks to the support of the Georgian Foundation for Open Society and carried out by the Institute for Policy Studies.

1. iNtroduCtioN

A high level of education is associated with economic well-being and democratic rule in any country. Education is one of the main determinants of the socio-economic status of an individual and the equality in the access to education is an indicator of equality existing in the country as a whole. University education is pricy and its costs are continuously increasing all over the world. Education usually is more accessible to the children of well-to-do, educated parents, of people belonging to dominant ethnicities and language groups, and of those who live in less geographically-isolated places (O”Hara & Johnstone, 2009).

The operation of Universities is determined by the political, economic and historical factors specific to any one country, as well as its relation to the globalized international context.

2. review of GeorGiaN eduCatioN SyStem

The education system of Georgia consists of pre-school, school, University and vocational levels of education. The “school” system is comprised of the following levels: “primary” (1-6 grades), “basic” (7-9 grades) and “Secondary” (10-12 grades). In the country there operates 2085 public and 246 private schools. The “basic” educational level is compulsory. After graduating this level, the pupils can continue their studies at high school or at a vocational school. Vocational education is provided by 35 public and 20 private schools, as well as at 15 public and 4 private Universities (Geostat, 2015).

To obtain a certificate for high school graduation, the pupil has to pass the CAT exams. This allows the pupil to continue studies at one of Georgia”s 62 Universities. Toward this end, the pupil has to pass the United National Exams and to select both the program and university one wants to be

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enlisted in (It is possible to make up to 20 choices). National Exams are held in a unified form simultaneously at 11 geographic locations. The Unified National Exams were introduced in 2005 and were aimed at curbing corruption and, hence, increasing fair access to University education. In 2005, pupils had to pass exams in Georgian language and literature, General Skills and a foreign language. The requirements, however, have since been changed. In 2014, next to above listed subjects, pupils had to take one more exam from one of the following subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Biology, Georgian literature, Geography, History or Arts. For creative programs, pupils have to pass a special exam, but this exam is already organized by the University.

According to a 2002 census, ethnic minorities comprised 15.8% of the population; among them Azeris comprised 6.5%, Armenians 5.7%, Russians 1.5%, and all others 2.1%.

A large part of the Azeri and Armenian populations inhabit compact areas of Georgia: Kvemo Kartli and Javakheti respectively. The introduction of the National Exams drastically reduced the chances of ethnic minorities to be enlisted at Universities due to the requirement of taking National Exams in Georgian. Already in 2006, with the goal of increasing access to University education, ethnic minorities were allowed to take exams in Russian. In the same year in Javakheti, namely Akhalkalaki and Ninotsminda courses in Georgian began to run. Since 2008, ethnic minorities were allowed to take exams in General Skills in their own native language. This measure resulted in an increase in the number of Azeri and Armenian students at Universities, but not by a considerable degree. To increase access further, the next step was taken: in November 19th, 2009, an amendment to the Law on University Education was passed by which pupils who pass the National Exam in General Skills in their native language are enlisted at University according to quotas delineated by law (for Azeri 5% and for Armenians 5% of the number of places at Universities, and 1% of Abkhaz and 1% of Ossetian nationalities) after graduating a one year 60-credit course in the Georgian language at University.

The introduction of quotas and the Georgian language program considerably increased the number of students from ethnic minorities. In 2010, 331

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pupils were enlisted (12% defined by quota places), in 2011, 394 (21.0%), in 2012, 614 (26.0%), in 2013, 928 (24.0%) and in 2014, 673 (25.6%) (Tabatadze & Gorgadze, 2013). So, in these years the quotas utilized rose from 12% to 26%. In General Skills exams non-Georgian language pupils (with the exception of Russian language pupils) performed much worse compared to Georgian language students. In 2014, for the General Skills exam the following were unable to pass: 42.4% of Azeri language pupils, 29.8% of Armenian language pupils, 12.5% of Georgian language pupils, and 8.9% of Russian language pupils.

Georgia is one of the poorest countries in the Europe and Central Asia Region. 18.2% of the total population are below the poverty line while only 11.0% receive state allowance. Moreover, wealth is very unequally distributed among the population. The Gini index, which is the widely-accepted indicator of economic inequality, is very high for the region and amounts to 0.44 (Geostat, 2014). The difference in poverty is also large across different parts of the country and type of residence, the biggest being in the Guria and Kakheti regions and the smallest being in Tbilisi, and is generally higher in rural areas (18.8%) as compared with urban areas (10.5%) (World Bank, 2014).

3. Study queStioNS aNd Study deSiGN

Next to health, education is a source of human capital and is a determinant of well-being. Education is both a basis and an indicator of a country”s development.

The aim of the study was to identify the barriers to the access of University education, the reasons they exist and the ways of overcoming them.

In discussing the barriers we focused on the economic conditions of the families, the education status of parents and the place of residence.

The research questions were formulated as follows: To what degree is access to University education determined by the economic and educational status of the parents and by residential location: in Tbilisi, in the regions or in places compactly inhabited by ethnic minorities.

To answer these questions, desk research, an analysis of the database

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of the United National Exams, an empirical study and discussions were undertaken. These activities are detailed as follows:

1. Desk research: of reports on education in Georgia (These have been reviewed).

2. Analysis: of the database of the 2014 National Exams results.

3. Empirical study: as follows:

A survey of grade XII pupils in 6 regions of Georgia, in Tbilisi, and in regions compactly inhabited by ethnic minorities was carried out.

A survey of the first year students at 5 University towns in Georgia was carried out.

4. Discussions: In 4 locations discussions regarding the reasons for the barriers to University education and the possible ways of overcoming them were held with parents, teachers and representatives of local education resource centers.

4. aNalySiS of the reSultS of NatioNal examS

In 2014, 37,189 pupils completed the High school program. 14.1% of them were not able to pass graduation exams. So, 31,954 obtained the right to take the National Exams. 35,100 pupils (50.8% girls and 49.2% boys) registered to take the National Exams.

For those who were not able to pass the National Exams, the share of subjects failed differed. The highest failure rate was in Physics (42.4%), Mathematics (22.3%) and Chemistry (17.6%), and the least was in Georgian language and literature (5.4%). With regard to the failure rate, boys outnumbered girls in all subjects except German and French languages. The best results were demonstrated by the Georgian language inhabitants of Tbilisi. The performance of Azeri and Armenian language pupils living either in Tbilisi or the regions was much worse compared with Georgian language pupils. In contrast to Georgian language male pupils, Armenian and Azeri language boys did better than girls; regarding overall failure rates, girls outnumbered boys in 5 out of 9 subjects.

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Table 1Ranking of subjects according to the share of those who failed by gender

Number of those who took exam

Number of those who failedNumber Girls % Boys % total %

PhysicsNo415

176 40.9 43.7 42.4

mathematicsNo8.729

1942 21.0 23.6 22.3

ChemistryNo1.435

253 15.8 19.7 17.6

russianNo6.178

898 13.7 15.4 14.5

BiologyNo3.045

396 13.0 13.0 13.0

General SkillsNo32.037

3994 12.2 12.8 12.5

historyNo10.358

1221 11.5 12.1 11.8

GeographyNo11.502

1329 11.0 12.1 11.6

literatureNo4.912

571 11.1 12.1 11.6

Georgian language and literatureNo32.935

1785 5.1 5.8 5.4

German No1.497

124 9.1 7.4 8.3

englishNo24.603

2032 8.0 8.5 8.3

artNo143

11 7.6 7.8 7.7

frenchNo308

18 6.4 5.1 5.8

total 15367

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Table 2Ranking of subjects by the share of those who failed by gender

Subject language Girls % Boys % total %General SkillsNo742

Azeri 42.4 39.8 41.1

General SkillsNo307

Armenian 29.8 41.0 34.9

mathematicsNo255

Russian 31.4 32.2 31.8

PhysicsNo13

Russian 60.0 12.5 30.8

ChemistryNo37

Russian 20.0 17.6 18.9

GeographyNo206

Russian 19.4 12.6 16.0

BiologyNo67

Russian 9.7 16.7 13.4

historyNo151

Russian 7.1 16.0 11.9

General SkillsNo616

Russian 8.9 7.9 8.4

Dividing the number of the first choices of University made by pupils by the number of places provided by that University, we obtained a popularity score for each University. This allowed us to ascribe each University to one of four groups: group I comprises only 2 Universities, with more than 2 people competing for one place; group II comprises 6 Universities, with from 1 to 2 people competing for each place; group III comprises 9 Universities, with from 0.5 to 1 people competing for every place; the remaining 45 Universities, with up to 0.5 people competing for each place, were unified in group IV.

The overwhelming majority (71.0%) of the 62 Universities operating in Georgia are located in Tbilisi.

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Table 3Distribution of Universities across regions by popularity

No location i group ii group iii group iv group total

1 tbilisi 2 5 6 31 442 Batumi 0 1 1 4 63 Kutaisi 0 0 2 1 34 Gori 0 0 0 3 35 Zugdidi 0 0 0 2 26 rusavi 0 0 0 2 27 telavi 0 0 0 1 18 akhaltsikhe 0 0 0 1 1

total 2 6 9 45 62% 3.2 9.7 14.5 72.6 100

26,377 students were enlisted as a result of the National Exams. Therefore, only 57.2% of available places were filled, making 75.1% of those who took National Exams.

Girls outnumbered boys in all University groups except the fourth, the least popular group. The difference between them was greatest (8.2%) in the two most popular Universities.

Table 4Share of University students by gender

university group by popularity

Girls%

Boys%

total%

i 54.1 45.9 100ii 51.2 48.8 100iii 52.0 48.0 100iv 50.0 50.0 100total 51.7 48.3 100

Due to the number of those registered for National Exams, and the student success rate, there is a considerable difference in the share of students in the regions.

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Table 5Number of students by regions

regionShare of students

%

tbilisiNo8980

34.0

imeretiNo3967

15.0

ajaraNo2269

8.7

Shida KartliNo2122

8.0

qvemo KartliNo1906

7.2

KakhetiNo1841

7.0

Samegrelo-Zemo SvanetiNo1736

6.6

abkhazetiNo1393

5.3

Samtskhe-JavakhetiNo804

3.0

GuriaNo627

2.4

mtskheta-mtianetiNo505

1.9

racha-lechkhumiNo227

0.9

totalNo26377

100

The regions also differed by performance. The most successful were the residents of Tbilisi as 81.7% of all applicants from Tbilisi became students; Imereti and Kakheti (75.3% each) followed in second and third place respectively. The worst results were demonstrated by the pupils from the Samtske-Javakheti region (66.5%).

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Table 6Ranking of regions by the share of students from the overall number who registered for National exams

regionNumber of those

registeredNumber of those

enlistedShare of enlisted

%

tbilisi 10985 8980 81.7

imereti 5270 3967 75.3

Kakheti 2446 1841 75.3

abkhazeti 1888 1393 73.8

Shida Kartli 2879 2122 73.7

Guria 870 627 72.1

Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti 2414 1736 71.9

racha-lechkhumi 318 227 71.4

Kvemo qartli 2694 1906 70.7

mtskheta-mtianeti 745 505 67.8

ajara 3381 2269 67.1

Samtskhe-Javakheti 1208 804 66.5

Non-Georgian residents 2

total 35100 26377 75.1

State grants of 50%, 70% or 100% of the annual 2250 GEL cost for University education was provided to 25.5% of students. Among the grant receivers girls (52.8%) again outnumbered boys. According to place of residence the biggest share of grants was obtained by Tbilisi (46.5%) residents, then students from Imereti (13.4%) and next from Kvemo Kartli (6.8%). Among the grant recipients the smallest share went to students from Mtskheta-Mtianeti.

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Table 7Student grant awards by regions

regions50%

GrantNo4086

70% Grant

No1457

100% Grant

No1198

total

No6741tbilisi 45.5 49.1 46.9 46.5Shida Kartli 6.6 7.5 5.9 6.7mtskheta-mtianeti 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.1imereti 14.2 12.8 11.3 13.4Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti 5.3 5.9 3.2 5.0Samtskhe-Javakheti 1.5 1.4 6.6 2.4Kakheti 6.5 6.0 5.2 6.2racha-lechkhumi 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.6Kvemo Kartli 5.6 5.3 13.4 6.8ajara 5.9 4.1 2.3 4.9abkhazeti 5.0 5.0 3.2 4.7Guria 2.0 1.6 0.8 1.7total 100 100 100 100

1167 places for Azeri language students and 1232 places for Armenia language students were assigned according to quotas. The precondition for enlisting at any University was passing the National Exams in General Skills in one”s native language. After successfully passing the exam in Georgian within a year following the National Exams, students were enlisted in the program they pre-selected. 39.1% of Azeri language students and 17.6% of Armenian language students enlisted were determined by quota places.

So, an analysis of high school graduation and National Exams results demonstrated the importance of place of residence; the superiority of Tbilisi inhabitants in this regard was obvious and was reflected in the share of those who passed the National Exams who were enlisted at University and who received grants. For almost all indicators _ passing graduation and National Exams, enlisting at Universities and receipt of grants _ girls outperformed boys. In 12 out of 14 subjects, among them STEM subjects girls performed better than boys. Especially big was the gender difference among the students of the two most popular Universities: Tbilisi Javakhishvili State University and Tbilisi Medical University.

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reSultS of emPiriCal Study aNd diSCuSSioNSThe survey of pupils/students was aimed at the identification of the access barriers to University education.

989 16-20 year old pupils with an average age of 17.1 were surveyed; among them were 46.2% boys and 53.8% girls in schools of 7 towns and nearby villages. The survey was carried out in public and private schools, as well as IDP schools. IDP pupils comprise 10.8% of all Georgian language pupils.

Pupils living in regions compactly inhabited by ethnic minorities were also surveyed: 214 in Marneuli and nearby villages populated by an Azeri minority and 186 in Akhalkalaki and nearby villages populated by an Armenian minority. So, 400 15-19 year olds, with an average age of 17.2 and representative of ethnic minorities, were surveyed; among these 49.0% were boys and 51.0% were girls.

729 16-27 year old students with an average age 18.5 were surveyed at 5 University cities; among them 37.0% were men and 63.0% were women

Table 8Distribution of respondents by location

location

Pupils

StudentsNo729

Georgia as a wholeNo989

marneuli/aklalkalaki

No400tbilisi 43.8 38.9 0akhaltsikhe 14.0 10.1 0akhalkalaki 0 0 46.5Batumi 14.2 10.1 0telavi 13.6 10.0 0Zugdidi 0 10.3 0marneuli 0 0 53.5Kutaisi 14.4 10.3 0Kazbegi 0 10.3 0total 100 100 100

Georgian language respondents used computers more often as compared to ethnic minorities.

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0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

Students Pupils of Georgia Marneuli pupils Akhalkalaki pupils

Graph 1Rates of computer use

(Answer: often use)

Apart from their own native language, the biggest share of languages (from 1 – 5) known by students was among Akhalkalaki students (87.1%), then Georgian language pupils (84.5%) and students (79.1%), and the least of all among Marneuli pupils (65.9%).

More Marneuli than Akhalkalaki pupils knew Georgian, while Russian was better known in Akhalkalaki. Georgian language respondents knew English much better than ethnic minorities.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Students Pupils in Pupils in Pupils in whole Georgia Marneuli Akhalkalaki

GeorgianRussianEnglish

Graph 2Knowledge of languages

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the aCCeSS BarrierS to uNiverSity eduCatioN

We discuss two groups of factors that hinder the access to University education: 1. Lack of motivation, determined by cultural and economic contexts, as well as the educational status of the parents; 2. Access to resources, which includes both economic and non-economic resources. The main constituents of economic resources with regard to University education are: cost of a University education, money needed for living in a University town and private schooling to help pass the National Exams. Non-economic resources include quality of school education, the professionalism of private teachers and knowledge of the state language (Georgian).

So, becoming a student is to a considerable degree determined by the importance ascribed to education, the quality of school education, the material well-being of the family and living in Tbilisi where the majority of Universities and professional resources for private tutoring are readily available. With regard to ethnic minorities, we can add to this list the knowledge of the Georgian language.

For the identification of barriers, we relied heavily on the students” survey. This survey is linked with certain limitations, as omitted from the study are those who did not want or were not able to become students. Another problem is linked with a consideration of economic factors as the respondents seem to overestimate the economic condition of their families. But despite these limitations the survey results obtained, in our opinion, still correctly reflect existing tendencies.

1. motivatioN for oBtaiNiNG eduCatioN

Perception of the importance of education

The main pre-determinant of getting University education is the desire of having it. This desire for its part is determined by the importance ascribed to education generally. 95.2% of students consider education to be important. Education is more important for pupils in Tbilisi and the regions (92.7% for each) than for Armenian pupils in Akhalklaki (93.5%) and Azeri pupils in Marneuli (84.1%).

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9.4% of surveyed school-leavers in the whole of Georgia, 33.0% in Marneuli, and 30.1% in Akhalkalaki, did not intend to continue their studies. The most often cited reason among those reasons provided were, in Georgia as a whole was the lack of knowledge for the passing of the National Exams (35.7%), in Marneuli the lack of desire (35.7%), and in Akhalkalaki for reasons not articulated (39.3%). By grouping the reasons in bigger categories, the main obstacle for getting University education for pupils in Georgia as a whole, and in Marneuli, was a lack of financial resources (35.8% in Georgia as a whole and 42.9% in Marneuli) and in Akhalkalaki for other reasons that were not detailed. A lack of motivation constituted the second biggest group in all locations (30.5% in Georgia as a whole, 37.5% in Akhalkalaki and 41.4% in Marneuli). Insufficient knowledge was named as the third biggest reason by size factor (34.3% of Marneuli pupils, 30.4% of pupils from Georgia as a whole and 19.6% of Akhalkalaki pupils).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Whole Georgia Marneuli Akhalkalaki

Economic reasonsLack of motivationInsufficient knowledge

Not knowing GeorgianOther reasons

Graph 3Reasons for not continuing studies

Among those who wanted to continue their education the pupils of Georgia as a whole, more so than those in Marneuli and Akhalkalaki, intended to go to University. The number of those who intended to go to vocational colleges was much less, but was higher in Akhalkalaki and Marneuli than in the whole of Georgia

117

0102030405060708090

100


University Vocational college

Graph 4Plans for continuing education

The main criteria for selecting a career or profession was an interest in it, good remuneration and chances for future employment. In selecting a University, pupils named the high quality of teaching for the selected profession, the chances of being enlisted in a University program, the cost of the studies, the prestige of the University and having relatives in the University town.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Students Pupils of Georgia Marneuli pupils Akhalkalaki pupils

Good name of UniversityHaving kin in university townChances of enlisting

Quality teachingStudy fee

Graph 5Criteria for selecting a University

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The majority of surveyed pupils intend to study at Universities in Georgia with the only exception being Akhalkalaki pupils who want to study in Armenia.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


GeorgiaAzerbaĳanArmeniaOtherD/K

Graph 6Countries of destination for pursuing University-level education

Education status of parents

One or both parents of the majority of students (90.4%) had a University education. The biggest share of those students whose both parents had University education (82.8%) are found at the most popular Universities. It should be noted that the second largest share having University-educated parents is found in the fourth-least popular group of Universities (71.3%).

2. reSourCeS

Quality of school education

The importance of family economic conditions to the access to University education is to a considerable degree determined by the low quality of schooling. Respondents did not consider the knowledge provided by school sufficient either for passing school graduation exams (so think 38.8% of students, 41.0% of Georgian language pupils, 27.7% of Marneuli and 9.1% of Akhalkalaki pupils) or for passing National Exams (so think 65.9% of students, 71.9% of Georgian language pupils, 41.5% of Marneuli

119

and 55.4% of Akhalkalaki pupils). Hence, the lack of knowledge prompts parents to hire private teachers.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Students Pupils of Marneuli Akhalkalaki Georgia pupils pupils

School graduation examsNational Exams

Graph 7Insufficiency of knowledge obtained at schools for success in school

graduation and National Exams.

In discussions with parents, school teachers, and employees of local education resource centers held in Kutaisi, Batumi, Marneuli and Akhalkalaki, the reasons determining low levels of school education and therefore the need for private schooling have been identified. As such the faults of the education system were named: issues relating to the teaching process, teachers, pupils and their parents. With respect to the teaching process, inadequate technical equipment, large class sizes, improper planning of the process, low quality of programs and textbooks, and poor matching of the requirements of National Exams with the school program were identified as obstacles to ensuring quality education. With regard to teachers, a lack of motivation to teach influenced by small salaries, and due to this a deficiency of professional cadres, were also highlighted as contributing factors. And with respect to pupil performance, a lack of motivation to study well at school, an already-formed habit of private tutoring, and poor school attendance in the 12th grade were pointed out as further faults. To this list was added the problem of not knowing the Georgian language in areas compactly-inhabited by ethnic minorities.

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Economic status of family and cost for studies

An exact estimation of income and economic well-being is acknowledged as problematic by many researchers worldwide. Respondents usually are not willing or cannot estimate their exact income. Therefore evaluations other than numerical estimations for describing affluence are used. We used one of the most common, a 5-point scale which requests respondents to select one of 5 statements describing what their family can do: at one extreme, not even having enough money for food, and, at the other end of the scale, having enough money to buy durable goods and vacationing abroad. The majority of our respondents (74.1% of students, 78.4% of Georgian language pupils, 75.7% of Marneuli and 79.6% of Akhalkalaki pupils) estimated that their families were affluent. For clarity of comparison we transformed the scores on economic conditions into scale of low, medium and high affluence. The economic condition of IDP pupils families is worse than others. Only 56.7% of IDP pupils, compared with 80.9% of non IDP Georgian language pupils, considered their families to be affluent. Family economic conditions are obviously overestimated as 51.2% pointed out that the monthly income of their families (the number of family members most often being 4) was below 2,000GEL.

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

Marneuli pupilsAkhalkalaki pupils

Low affluence Middle affluence High affluence

StudentsPupils of Georgia

Graph 8Economic conditions of the families

Family economic conditions notwithstanding, tutoring for National Exams is a widespread practice. 78.5% of students, 85.7% of pupils in Georgia as a whole, 64.0% of Marneuli and 47.3% of Akhalkalaki pupils took private

121

lessons. Among IDP pupils the number is smaller (79.2%) compared to the number of pupils in the whole of Georgia (87.9%).

The biggest share of students (38.6%) and pupils (39.8%) in Georgia as a whole take private lessons in 4 subjects while in Marneuli and Akhalkalaki in only 1 subject. As affluence increases, the share of those who take lessons in 4 or 5 subjects increases (31.3% of low, 35.3% of medium and 46.3% of high affluence families). The share of students from high affluence families was the highest in the most popular Universities (81.6%), but also in the least popular Universities (81.9%).

Table 9

Family economic condition and the number of subjects per pupil for private tutoring (%)

Number of Subjects

family economic conditionstotal

No717low

affluenceNo48

medium affluenceNo 116

highaffluence

No553None 33.3 25.0 19.3 21.2one 8.3 6.9 5.2 5.7two 22.9 11.2 8.0 9.5three 4.2 21.6 21.2 20.1four-five 31.3 35.3 46.3 43.5total 100 100 100 100

Having the largest share of students from affluent families and with parents having a University education in the most and the least popular Universities seems paradoxical, but this appears to be based on the determined efforts of the affluent and educated parents to give University education to their children. As a result, those pupils who are motivated to study find themselves placed in the most popular Universities, and those who are not motivated still manage to become students, although at the least popular Universities.

University education is associated with considerable costs. Private lessons in 4 subjects costs on average 2,880 GEL in total. Taking into consideration

122

the economic condition of the population at large this is a big sum, but less than the price of studies at University. A four-year Bachelor”s degree course at public Universities costs 9,000 GEL on average. In the case of good performances in the National Exams, pupils can obtain state grants (100%, 70% or 50%) for the study fee of University and use it at either public or private University. Monthly living expenses including the study fee and rent comprise on average 1,107GEL, multiplied by 4 years of studies, and, added to it the costs for private tutoring for the National Exams, comes up to 56,016 GEL in total.

38.90%

24.20%

14.80%12.40%

6.30%3.40%

Living Study Cloths Leisure Other Communicationcosts costs costs costs costs

Graph 9University costs for students (as a % of total costs)

Place of residence

The study demonstrated the importance of place of residence on the quality of schooling, the professional skills of private teachers, and student living expenditures. The share of students from Tbilisi (34.0%) is disproportionally higher than the share of students from any given region. A similar tendency is found with the measures of popularity among Universities. Of those first year students surveyed, inhabitants of Tbilisi constitute 60.2% in the most popular Universities and only 18.2% in the least popular Universities.

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Table 10 Share of students across place of residence and popularity of University

Place of residence

Popularity of university total1

No88%

2No121

%

3No245

%

4No275

%No729

%tbilisi 60.2 12.4 32.7 18.2 27.2rest of Georgia 39.8 87.6 67.3 81.8 72.8

Knowledge of Georgian

Not knowing Georgian is a big barrier for ethnic minorities. 37.5% of Marneuli and 48.3% of Akhalkalaki pupils pointed out that they did not know Georgian. 20.0% of Marneuli and 14.3% of Akhalkalaki pupils acknowledged that a lack of knowledge of the Georgian language constructed a barrier to getting a University education.

During discussions in Akhalkalaki and Marneuli it was noted that the introduction of a one year long course in Georgian for those who passed exams in General Skills in their native language considerably increased the chances for ethnic minorities of getting a University education in Georgia. Nonetheless, those participating in these discussions stressed the necessity of improving the teaching of Georgian at schools and also providing more possibilities of extra curricula study of the language.

5. CoNditioNS for the iNteGratioN of NatioNal miNoritieS: Similarity iN valueS

Integration of minorities is one of the declared aims of state policy. The similarity of core values of majority and minority groups builds the foundation for integration. The study compared value orientations of Georgian, Armenian and Azeri language pupils. The analysis revealed the difference in almost all the studied values. For decreasing the effect of type of residence, pupils from Georgia as a whole were divided into two groups; residents of Tbilisi and residents from all other regions. So,

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the value orientations of pupils from Tbilisi, and from the regions, were compared as follows:

The activities of a person is to a considerable degree determined by the belief they have in the effectiveness of their actions. Three questions in the survey measured this tendency. We created the composite variable of effectiveness by adding scores to these three items. It was the highest among the pupils of the regions (49.7%), then Tbilisi inhabitants (44.8%) and next Marneuli pupils (37.6%). The least sure of their effectiveness were Akhalkalaki pupils (36.9%).

With the estimation of one”s own effectiveness is connected the perception of the necessity to participate in public life. This perception was the highest among residents of Tbilisi (59.5%), then the regions (50.6%), next Aklahlkalaki residents (38.0%) and the lowest in Marneuli (25.8%).

The variable of adherence to tradition was constructed by adding the scores to 5 items, describing traditional family values. It was the lowest in Tbilisi (6.0%), then higher in the regions (12.3%), next highest in Marneuli (22.0%) and was the highest in Akhalkalaki (30.8%).

From the 5 items we constructed a gender equality measure. It was the highest in Tbilisi (41.9%), then in the regions (32.5%), next in Akhalkalaki (13.1%) and the lowest in Marneuli (2.7%).

“Materialistic/Post-Materialistic value orientation” is considered as an indicator of democracy in the country. The traditional instrument measuring it consists of 4 answers options (2 Materialistic and 2 Post-Materialistic) to the question as to what should be the most important aims of the country for the next 10 years. Respondents are requested to select the most and then the next-to-most important options. Based on choices made, a “Mixed”, “Materialistic” or “Post- Materialistic” orientation for each individual is estimated. As expected the “mixed” orientation (selecting one materialistic and one post-materialistic answer) prevailed in all four groups. It was the highest in Marneuli and the lowest in Akhalkalaki. A Materialistic orientation was the most widespread in Akhalkalaki and the least widespread in Marneuli, while a Post-Materialistic orientation, which was the lowest-ranking among the three orientations, was the highest in Akhalkalalki and the lowest in Marneuli.

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Table 11Materialistic and Post-Materialistic orientation

orientation tbilisiNo384

regionsNo605

marneuliNo214

akhalkalakiNo186

mixed 68.3 64.1 72.1 55.6materialistic 19.5 26.3 18.8 27.1Post-materialistic 12.2 9.6 9.1 17.3total 100 100 100 100

Perceived importance of different personality features also speaks to the issue of values. Three of the most valued personality features for pupils in Tbilisi were: integrity with regard to friends, having new ideas, and helping others; for representatives from the regions: integrity with respect to friends, being religious and behaving in accordance to accepted rules; for Marneuli and Akhalkalaki pupils: a feeling of being personally respected, integrity with regard to friends and helping others.

6. CoNCluSioNS aNd reCommeNdatioNS

The population of Georgia ascribes a high value to education which determines the drive for pupils to pursue University education. This ambition is backed by the fact that parents already have a University education. The low quality of schooling does not allow pupils to pass the National Exams, therefore parents are forced to hire private tutors. According to the 2013 Caucasian Barometer (CRRC, 2013) about half of Georgia”s population does not trust the education system in Georgia. Although private tutoring costs a lot, a majority of parents manages to hire private teachers for their children, economic conditions notwithstanding. The economic impact of tutoring expenses on a family differs by region and by the affluence of the families. Compared with the inhabitants of the regions, Tbilisi inhabitants are more resourceful because professional cadres of teachers, employment and hence financial resources are more concentrated in the capital. So, the chances of Tbilisi pupils being enlisted in popular Universities, the

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majority of which are located in Tbilisi anyway, are much higher than of pupils living outside the capital.

University education is less accessible to IDP than to non-IDP pupils due to their families” economic conditions. With regard to University access, the situation with ethnic minorities is different and much worse than in the whole of Georgia. Despite having quotas for enlisting at Universities, the possibility of taking General Skills exams in their native language and the possibility of taking a one year course in Georgian at University, the majority of minorities find themselves still kept outside of the University education system in Georgia. The main reasons for this are the relatively lower motivation for obtaining a University education, a poorer knowledge of Georgian, and the decision to study at Universities in Azerbaijan or Armenia at a lower cost.

A large share of pupils manage to continue education at University level, although the less affluent pupils continue their studies at less popular Universities. The question is about the expense of what they manage to do so, in the country where the poor constitute 18.2%, the state allowance is granted to 11.0% of the population.

What is the solution? Some of the participants of the discussions pointed out that the necessity of tutoring is due to the weak connection between the requirements of National Exams with the school programs. If that is so, the need for discussions and harmonization of requirements is obvious. General Skills are not taught as a subject at schools which is logical from the standpoint of the concept underlying General Skills tests, i.e. it measures skills and not knowledge. But the widespread practice of tutoring for the General Skills points to the need of working out a strategy for passing the exam, which can be practiced in some or other form, either incorporated into some of the school programs, or taught as a separate subject.

The study demonstrated that the knowledge with which the pupil enters a University is determined more by the efforts of parents and tutors which has the effect of creating inequality in terms of the affluence of the family and place of residence.

The only realistic solution for increasing access to University education and the achievement of equality is essential reformation of the school system.

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The faults of the school education system are neither new nor unknown. Since 2006 Georgia has participated in a number of literacy studies and demonstrated very poor results. These studies are:

PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study). Its aim is to assess reading skills among 9-10 years olds. In 2006, Georgia was 37th out of 45 countries and in 2011, 34th out of 49.

TIMSS (Trends in Mathematics and Science Study). Studies knowledge in mathematics and science of 4th and 8th grade pupils. In 2007, from 36 countries Georgia was 28th among 4th grade pupils and 38th out of 49 countries among 8th grade pupils.

In 2011, in Mathematics among 4th grade pupils Georgia was 40th out of 53 countries and among 8th grade pupils, 35th out of 45 countries.

In Science, among 4th grade pupils Georgia was 37th out of 53 countries, and among 8th grade pupils, 35th out of 45 countries. (www.timssandpirls.bc.edu).

PISA (International Program in Students” Achievements). Studies literacy, knowledge in mathematics and science as well as their applications. In a 2009 study 74 countries participated. In literacy, Georgia was 67th, 64th in mathematics, and 69th in science. It should be noted that in literacy and science, girls outperformed boys (National Exams center).

On the impact that the results of PISA test have on the perspectives of the development of the country speaks OECD (2010) evaluation, according to which increase of the score by 50 in 50 years perspective results in increase by 0.9% of economic indicator of the country.

The study demonstrated that in Armenian and Azeri schools the quality of schooling is even poorer than in Georgian schools. The state language is not taught well, creating problems for studying at Universities in Georgia and the integration of the youth into the society.

So, the study showed an inequality in the access to University education existing in the country. The main reasons for this are the faults in the school education system and the country”s existing economic situation. The solution lies in the improvement in overall economic conditions, an increase in the

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impact that educational status has on employment possibilities and basic reforms in school education. Education should become the priority for the country. Due to the length of time needed to feel the effects of education, the dialogue and activities associated with this issue should begin immediately. School has to provide a high quality of education by improving the management of the process, increasing demands and providing quality text-books. Central to this process is the increase of motivation and qualifications of school teachers, as well as the active involvement of the whole society, and parents in particular, in school life.

Toward these ends, a special provision for the adequate teaching of Georgian to ethnic minorities should be added. For the integration of minorities, narrowing of the gap between values of minorities and the majority is highly desirable. This can be achieved by mastering Georgian, an accessibility to Georgian media and adequate schooling of ethnic minorities living compactly.

Economic conditions build barriers not only to becoming a student but also to studying at University. Today according to information from the Ministry of Science and Education, 11,000 students have halted their study progress and status due to unpaid fees (Radio Freedom, 2014). It is necessary to increase the list of programs in public Universities which are free. Living in towns apart from families increases living costs for students. Analyses of 2014 data from the National Exam Center showed that pupils from the regions mostly select Universities according to proximity to their families. The number, as well as quality of Universities, in the regions in most cases does not match that of Universities in the capital. It is necessary to strengthen Universities located in the regions. Another necessary way of decreasing expenses is the provision of dormitories and cheap eateries to students.

Existing legislation does not allow Vocational college graduates, who do not have a school graduation certificate, access to University. A new draft law on Vocational education provides for such a possibility. It is necessary to speed up the passing of the law. It is also necessary to open more Vocational colleges in the regions and teach professions there according to existing and projected demands of any given region”s labor market.

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