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Nanomaterial

Nanotechnologies and Desig

An Introduction f

Engineers and Architec

ELSEVIER

Michael F. As

Paulo J. Ferr

Daniel L. Scho

^Ш Ш Ш ' AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LON DON

Ш -И NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO

SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY

TOKYO

Butterworth-Heinem ann is an imprint of Elsevier



Contents

Preface xiii The first three chapters in the

Acknowledgments xix hook are introductory in

. „ „ „ „ „ .

T

nature. Chapter 1 provides

CHAPTER 1

N a n o m a t e r i a l s a n d N a n o t e c h n o l o g i e s :

•*<.•, ,

an overview of the general

A n O v e r v i e w 1

characteristics an

d field of

1.1 Why Nan om aterials? 1

mnomateriah

1.2 Scale Struc ture an d Behav ior 11

Further Reading 15

CHAPTER 2 A n E v o l u t i o n a r y P e r s p e c t i v e 1 7 Chapter 2 presents a

2.1 A Brief History of M aterials 17 retrospective look at

2.2 Nanom aterials and Nan ostructures in

materials, nanoma terials in

Nature 23 nature, and nanomaterials as

2.3 Na nom aterials in Art and Cultural He ritage .... 29 they have long been found in

Exam ples Found in Art 29 works of artisans.

Conservation 32

Further Reading 38

CHAPTER 3

T h e D e s i g n C o n t e x t 4 1 Chapter 3 discusses the

3.1 M aterials in Design 41

general use of

materials

in

Design Focus 47 architecture

and product

3.2 Produc t Design Arch itecture design, general product and

and Engineering 49 building types, and design

Products 49 processes

all with a special

Characterizing Products: A Broad

emphasis on the emerging

Perspect ive 50

role

of nanom aterials.

Production Volumes 52

Value 52

General Product Complexity and

Performance 53

Arc hitecture Building Eng ineering and Civil

Engineering 55

The Design and Developm ent Context 55

Building Ty pes 58



Contents

3.3 Environmen ts Systems and Assem blies 5

Environments 5

Systems and Assem blies 6

Unitary and Modular Design Approaches to

Systems and Assem blies 6

3.4 The Design and Dev elopme nt Proce ss 7

The Overall Dev elopme nt Proce ss 7

Structured Design Processes in Relation to

Materials 7

Unstructured Design Processe s 7

3.5 A Design Vign ette 7

Further Reading 8

presents the basic properties CHAPTER 4 M a t e r ia l C l a s s e s S t r u c t u r e

materials from a qualitative and a n d P r o p e r t i e s 8

perspective. Topics

should

4.1 Cla sses of M aterials

familiar to engineers and material Metallic M aterials

Ceramic M aterials 8

designers. Polymeric M aterials 8

Com posite Ma terials 8

Electronic Ma terials 8

Biomaterials 8

Nanomaterials 8

4.2 The Internal Structure of Ma terials 8

Atomic Structure 8

Atomic Bonding 9

Crystal Structure 9

Molecular Structure 9

Defects 9

4.3 M echanical Behavior 10

Stre ss Strain Stiffness an d Stre ngth 10

The Origins of Stre ngth 10

4.4 Th erm al Behavior 11

Intrinsic Therm al Prope rties 11

The Physics of Therm al Prop erties 11

4.5 Electrical Behavior 11

Resistivity an d Con ductivity 11

Dielectric Beha vior 11

The Physics of Electrical Prop erties 12

4.6 M agn etic Behavior 12

M agne tic Fields in a Vacuum 12

M agne tic Fields in M aterials 12

Me asuring Magne tic Propert ies 12

The Physics of M agne tic Behavior 13



Contents

Optical Behavior 132

The Interaction of Ma terials an d Radiation. 133

Spec ular an d Diffuse Reflection 134

Absorption 134

Transmission 134

Refraction 134

Th e Physics of Optical Prop erties 136

Acou stic Behavior 141

Sound Velocity and W avelen gth 141

Sound M anage me nt 141

Sound Wave Impedance and Radiat ion

of Sound En ergy 143

Fu rther Rea ding 144

M a t e r i a l P r o p e r t y C h a r t s a n d T h e i r

Uses 147

M aterial Property Ch arts 147

The Modulus Bar Chart and the

Mo dulus-Densi ty Bubble Chart 147

The M odulus-R elative Cost Chart 149

The Strength-D ensi ty Chart 150

Thermal Expansion a and Thermal

Cond uctivity A 151

Feel: Tactile Attrib utes 152

He aring: Acou stic Attribu tes 154

Using Charts to Select Translation

Screening Ranking and Doc um entation 154

Translation 155

Screening 157

Ran king: Ma terial Indices 157

Documentation 157

Plotting Limits and Indices on Cha rts 158

Screen ing: Con straints on Cha rts 158

Rank ing: Indices on Cha rts 159

Com puter-Aided Selection 160

Reso lving Conflicting Objec tives 162

The M ethod of W eight Factors 163

Systematic Methods: Penalty Functions and

Exch ange Constan ts 164

Tradeoff Stra teg ies 165

Pena lty Func tions 166

Values for the Ex chan ge Co nstan ts a 167

Furth er Rea ding 170

Chapter 5 presents a structured de

process based on ma terial propert

charts that can be used for materia

selection and resolving conflicting

design objectives. The

approach

is

great interest to

design oriented

engineers and technically oriented

architects.



Contents

7, and 8 provide an

classes and

characteristics of

and their

properties.

The

generally assumes some level

prior technical background in

chapters are of interest

engineers and material scientists who

ield of

nan omaterials.

echnically oriented architects and

who want a deeper

nanomaterials will

sections useful.

CHAPTER 6

6 1

6 2

CHAPTER 7

7 1

7 2

7 3

7 4

7 5

7 6

7 7

CHAPTER 8

8 1

Nanomaterials: Classes and

Fundamentals 17

Classification of Na nom ateria ls 1

Size Effects 1

Surface-to-Volume Ratio Ve rsus Sha pe 1

Magic Num bers 1

Surface Curv ature 1

Strain Confinem ent 1

Qu antum Effects 1

Furthe r Read ing 1

N a n o m a t e r i a l s : P r o p e r t i e s 1

Me chanical Prop erties 1

Scale and Prop erties 1

Scale Dependence of

M aterial Prop erties 2

The Mechanical Properties of

Nan ostructured Materials 2

Therm al Prop erties of Na nom aterials 2

M elting Point 2

Thermal Transport 2

Electrical Prope rties 2

M agnetic Prop erties 2

Optical Prop erties 2

Acoustic Prop erties 2

Special Cas es 2

Carbon Nan otubes 2

Nanocomposites 2

Furthe r Read ing 2

N a n o m a t e r i a l s : S y n t h e s i s a n d

C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n 2

Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials

and Structures 2

M ethods for Ma king 0-D Na nom aterials 2

Methods for Making 1-D and 2-D

Nanomaterials 2

M ethods for Ma king 3-D Na nom aterials 2

Т о р -D ow n P r oc e ss e s 2

Interme diate Processes 2

Bottom-Up Proc esse s 2

M etho ds for Nanoprofiling 2



Cha racterization of Nan om aterials 271

Furthe r Rea ding 289

D e s i g n E n v i r o n m e n t s a n d S y s t e m s 2 9 1

Environme nts and Systems 291

Structural and Me chanical Env ironm ents 293

Nano-Based Structural/Mechanical

Applications 296

The Thermal Environment 307

Basic He at Transfer 308

Therm al Env ironm ents in Produ cts 309

Therm al Environments in Spaces 312

Application of Nanomaterials in the

Design of Therm al Environ me nts 317

Electrical and M agne tic Env ironme nts 328

Electronic Ma terials 328

General Trends 328

Impacts 331

Light and Optical Env ironm ents 334

Fu nda m enta ls of Light 336

Color 339

Visual Perce ption 340

Luminous Environments 342

App lications of Nan om aterials 344

Nano-Related Pheno me na 345

Light Control Films, Coatings, and

Sheets 347

Antireflection, Transmission,

and Contrast Enh ancem ent 348

Dichroics 350

Polarizing Films an d Glas ses 351

Chromics 352

Luminescence 355

Na noph osph ors in Lighting 355

Solid-State Lighting: Quantum Dots

andQLEDs 357

Displays, Screens, and Electronic

Papers 360

Other Nano-B ased Techn ologies 363

Sound and Acoustical Env ironm ents 364

Fundamental Characterist ics of Sound

Environments 365

Gen eral Noise-Control Ap proa ches 367

Chapter Э looks at characteristics

primary design environments that a

important in architecture and produ

design. The role of nanomaterials

nanotechnologies within these

environments are explored in a

qualitative

way.

For those not in th

design fields, the chapter provides

insight into how nanomaterials imp

real applications and how an

applications perspective can stimu

ideas about developing novel mater



Conten t s

Space Aco ustics 36

Applications of Nanomaterials in Sound

Environments 37

M anipulating Prop erties 37

Nan oporous Sound Insulation Ma terials 37

Acoustical Dam ping and Isolation 37

Sound Sources 37

Musical Instrum ents 37

Other App licaations 37

9.7 Enabling Environments and System s:

Energy 37

9.8 Interactive, Smart, and Intelligent System s

and Environments 38

Responsive Environments 38

Characterizing Interactive, Smart,

and Intelligent Env ironm ents 39

Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology

Applications 39

9.9 Nan om aterials Costs 39

Types 39

Furthe r Rea ding 40

explores the many different

CHAPTER 1

N a n o m a t e r i a l P r o d u c t F o r m s a n d

exciting functional and form F u n c t i o n s 4 0

of nanomaterials that are 10.1 Cha racterizing Forms and Func tions 4

architecture,

engineering, and

Ю .2 Functional Character is t ics 4

gn as well to the several Fund am ental Approac hes for Cleaning

produce them. Chapter

a n

d Antimicrobial Actions 40

readers with any type Self-Cleaning and Easy -Cleaning

background. Ma terials 41

Self-Healing M aterials 42

Antifogging, Antireflection, and Other

Characteristics 42

10.3 Sm art M aterials 42

10.4 Na noprodu ct Forms 43

Nanocoatings 43

Mu ltilayers an d Nanofilms 43

Nanop aints and Nan osealants 43

Nanoadhesives 44

Nano porous Ma terials 44

Nanotextiles 45

Nanocosmetics 45

Furthe r Read ing 46



C o n t e n t s

CHAPTER 11

N a n o m a t e r i a l s a n d N a n o t e c h n o l o g i e s

i n H e a l t h a n d t h e E n v i r o n m e n t 4 6 7

11 1 The Context 467

11.2 Medical and Pharm aceu tical

Nan otechnology Applications 468

11.3 He alth Co nce rns 472

Primary Con siderations 475

Effects 476

A Specific De bate 478

11.4 Env ironme ntal Benefits and Imp acts 481

Reducing Environmental Impacts:

Gen eral Source Redu ctions 482

General Rem ediat ion and Treatm ent 485

Env ironme ntal Mo nitoring 486

W ater Clea ning an d Purification 486

Air Clea ning an d Purification 491

Special Applications in Air Pollution

Reduction 494

Soil Re me diation 495

Gen eral Environm ental Risks 496

W orkplace Sources and Exp osures 498

Further Reading 499

CHAPTER 12

T h e B r o a d e r C o n t e x t

501

12.1 Indu stry Pers pec tives 501

12.2 The Autom otive Indus try 502

12.3 The Building and Con struction Indus try 510

Directions 510

Systems 512

12.4 Ae rospa ce Textiles Sports and Other

Industries 518

12.5 A Closing Com me nt 523

Further Reading 525

Chapter 11 surveys the m any posi

applications of nanomaterials and

nanotechnologies

in the medical a

pharmaceutical world as well as in

improving the environment. Health

questions are also addressed. Cha

11 is suitable for

readers

with an

of background.

Chapter 12, the final chapter of th

book

succinctly reviews drivers

economic, societal, ethical) that a

leading to increased uses of

nanomaterials and nanotechnolog

various industries.

Index

5 7

nano material

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