Nanochemistry in the New Leaving Certificate

Chemistry Syllabus

Dr Justin D. Holmes

30th Annual ChemEd Conference, UCC 22 Oct 2011

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Draft Chemistry Syllabus (Leaving Certificate)Draft Chemistry Syllabus (Leaving Certificate)

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Unit 2: Properties, Structure and Bonding

Students learn about Student should be able to

2.6 Technological applications ofchemistry

Discuss the terms : nanoscience, nanochemistry and nanotechnology

Describe and discuss how incorporation of carbon nanotubes into polymer composites can alter the mechanical properties of these composites

Describe/discuss the electronic properties and potential applications ofcarbon nanotubes

What is Nanoscience, Nanochemistry and What is Nanoscience, Nanochemistry and Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology?

Nanoscience - the study of matter at very small length scales: 100 nanometres and below.

Nanochemistry – the synthesis of nanoscale building blocks of different size, shape, composition, surface structure, charge and functionality.

Nanotechnology - the products that are derived from this knowledge

So what is the big deal? 1.Novel and sometimes unexpected properties…..

2.Can design materials to have specific properties

3.Small matter is constantly moving…can arranges itself to form interesting and useful objects, e,g. part of a computer chip, or cure for cancer…but you need to know the rules!

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What is a Nanometre?What is a Nanometre?

Nanos [Greek]: the dwarf

A Nanometre is a millionth fraction of a millimetre

1mm

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1 nanometre lengthcorresponds to five atoms side-by-side

Atom Apple Earth

04/10/23© CRANN 095

How big: Atom compared to an apple?How big: Atom compared to an apple?

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Nano: The Middle GroundNano: The Middle Ground

?

Gal

acti

c

“Mac

rosc

op

ic”

“Mic

rosc

op

ic”

“Nan

osc

op

ic”

Mo

lecu

lar/

Ato

mic

Sca

leS

ub

ato

mic

/Nu

clea

rP

arti

cle? ?

10 20 m

10 10 m10 1 m

10 -6 m10 -9 m

10 -15 m10 -10 m

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Why the Hype about NanotechologyWhy the Hype about Nanotechology??

Internet search engine ~ 10 Million hits

Nanotechnology is on the way to becoming the FIRST $Trillion Market

Nanotechnology affects almostevery aspect of daily life, e.g. security or medicine

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Nanotechology: Research to ApplicationsNanotechology: Research to Applications

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Electron tube Transistor

Integrated circuits

Notebook

Mobile Phone

Internet

Remember the TransistorRemember the Transistor

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Electronics & MoleculesElectronics & Molecules

5 cm

0.05 m

Tube Transistor Chip Molecule ?

5 mm

0.005 m

5 m

0.000,005 m

< 5 nm

< 0.000,000,005 m

$$

Getting smaller and smaller

More transistors per laptop than people on planet Earth

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Nelumbo nucifera, the sacred Lotus flower.

New Materials: Lotus EffectNew Materials: Lotus Effect

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Stain Resistant FabricsStain Resistant Fabrics

No More Restaurant Disasters!

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Nanoparticles/Nanospheres in CosmeticsNanoparticles/Nanospheres in Cosmetics

Small crystal size and controlled particle size: - give excellent dispersibility, - make skin feel attractive, - transparent on the skin

May increase protection against both UVA and UVB rays

Helps increase penetration of active material into skin

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Scratch Resistant MaterialsScratch Resistant Materials

NanoTek® Aluminium OxideNanoparticles

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Therapies Based on NanoparticlesTherapies Based on Nanoparticles

Antibody that recognisescancer cell

Drugs forrelease

“Magic Bullets”…specifically designed to target cancer cells15

But that’s not all - Small Stuff is Always MovingBut that’s not all - Small Stuff is Always Moving

Diffusion of oxygen vacancies on TiO2(110) surfaces

Prof. F. Besenbacher, iNano Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark

Aggregation of Nano-Au

Materials Chemistry & Analysis Group, UCC

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Various Forms of CarbonVarious Forms of Carbon

Allotropes of carbon have different covalent bonding arrangements

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++++++

+

No

+++++

No

Conducts Electricity

++++++++++Buckyballs

++++++++++++++++Carbon Nanotubes

+++Not Known+++++Diamond

+++++++++Graphite

+++Coal

Conducts Heat

Tensile StrengthHardnessAllotrope

Properties of Carbon AllotropesProperties of Carbon Allotropes

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200× stronger than steel - 1/16th weight First synthetic material to have greater strength than spider silk Excellent conductors of electricity and heat - similar to Cu Have huge potential for product development

Unique Properties of Carbon NanotubesUnique Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

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Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs)

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs)

Structures of Carbon NanotubesStructures of Carbon Nanotubes

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Nanotube Composites: Electronic Paper Nanotube Composites: Electronic Paper

CRANN- HP Project

Flexible substrate Light weight High transparency Good conductivity

Prototype HP e-skins device

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Nanotube Composites: Sporting EquipmentNanotube Composites: Sporting Equipment

• Badminton racquet manufacturer Yonex incorporates carbon nanotubes into their cup stack carbon nanotubes racquets (www.yonex.com)

• American baseball bat manufacturer Easton Sports has formed an alliance with a nanotechnology company Zyvex to develop baseball bats incorporating carbon nanotubes

• Tennis racquets also incorporate carbon nanotubes (www.babolat.com)

Light weight Strength Bigger ‘sweet spot’

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800 g

Super Light and Strong MaterialsSuper Light and Strong Materials

BMC designs high-tech bicycle frame with carbon nanotubes

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Metallic vs Semiconducting SWNTsMetallic vs Semiconducting SWNTs

(0,0)Ch = (10,0)

a1a2

x

y

MetallicMetallic24

(0,0)Ch = (10,5)

a1a2

x

y

Chirality - twist of the nanotube

Metallic vs Semiconducting SWNTsMetallic vs Semiconducting SWNTs

SemiconductingSemiconducting

Atomically resolved STM measurement of a carbon nanotube

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Electronic Properties of SWNTsElectronic Properties of SWNTs

Diffusive Transport in Ordinary Materials

Ballistic Transport in Nanotubes

Carriers are scattered in new directions by electrons, phonons, impurities and interfaces

Carriers cannot be scattered in new directions because no other directions are available

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Electronic Applications of Carbon NanotubesElectronic Applications of Carbon Nanotubes

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Next Generation of Nanotube TechnologiesNext Generation of Nanotube Technologies

• Carbon nanotubes are being used to develop flat screen televisions with higher resolution than the human eye can detect

• Your next TV screen could be thin, ultra-light and foldable…

• Branching and switching of signals at electronic junctions is similar to what happens in nerves

• A carbon nanotube ‘neural tree’ can be trained to perform complex switching and computing functions

• Could be used to detect/respond to electronic, acoustic, chemical, biological or thermal signals.

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Potential Health Risks of NanomaterialsPotential Health Risks of Nanomaterials

Critical factors:–Surface Area–Surface Chemistry–Size - deposition probability and translocation–Shape

Carbon Nanotubes Engineered Nanoparticles

Quantum Dots©Felice Frankel

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Nanoscience – International ContextNanoscience – International Context

Worldwide investment in nanotechnology research and development has increased over 20-fold in the last 12 years – from $432 million in 1997 to about $9,200 million in 2009.

Over 35 countries have now initiated national based activities in this space and the levels of investment are increasing.

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Who is Winning the Nanoscience Race?Who is Winning the Nanoscience Race?

Top 10 NationsRanked by Impact

1. Switzerland2. Netherlands3. United States4. Canada5. Belgium6. Ireland7. United Kingdom8. Denmark 9. France 10. Japan

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Nanoscience – Materials ResearchNanoscience – Materials Research

Ireland now ranked 8th in the world in Materials Science!

- Chemistry- Physics- Biology

Source: Times Higher Education, August 26th 2010http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=413239&c=1

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The FutureThe Future

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SummarySummary

Nanotechnology is the next wave!

Will impact all sectors: from health care to next generation computers and communications- presently 10% of Irish exports are enabled by nanotechnology

Anticipated €1.5 trillion market by 2015

Ireland has critical mass of research excellence and world-class facilities

Ireland is well positioned to catch the nanotech wave! Ireland is well positioned to catch the nanotech wave!

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsProf John Boland (TCD, CRANN)Prof Georg Duesberg (CRANN / Infineon Technologies AG)

National Nanotechnology Secondary School ResourceAn Australian Government Initiative (www.accessnano.org)