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9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
NAFA Technical Seminar
Phoenix AZ, 2012
Nanofibers
New Developments in Filtration
Dr. Andreas Seeberger
Mike Harriman
Abb.: 26, FotoNr.: 0606A00035, 630 : 1 50 µm
Abb.: 4, FotoNr.: 0606A00011, 1140 : 1 50 µm
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
• Located in Greensboro, NC • Manufacturer of synthetic filters
IREMA-FILTER and Aeolus Filter Corp.
• Established 1997
2
• German Company • Manufacturer of synthetic filter media
• Manufacturer of pleated products
Industry HVAC Automotive
Synthetic Filter Media for
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 3
Let´s talk about fibers
What do you think when you hear „nanofibers“ ?
Small ?
New technologies ?
High performance filters ?
Applications ?
Use it ?
Today´s objective
Background information on fine and nanofiber filtration
Capabilities for current air filtration requirements
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
History of Nanofibers in Filtration Technical Characteristics of Nanofibers Production Technologies Performance in Filtration Applications
High Efficiency Filtration Progressive Media Design
Examples
Summary
Outline
4
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
History of Nanofibers in Filtration Technical Characteristics of Nanofibers Production Technologies Performance in Filtration Applications
High Efficiency Filtration Progressive Media Design
Examples
Summary
Outline
5
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 6
A brief overview
The development of fine and nanofibers for filtration
• Conventional and natural man made fibers were > 10 µm
• Development of microfibers brought fibers < 10µm
• Microglass nanofibers (0.4 µm) widely available for decades
• Electrospun nanofibers used for 25 years, increasingly for 10-12 years
• Since 2000 nanofibers in focus of intensive research
• Meltspun polymer nanofibers since 2007
• Today: established products, ongoing R&D, new technologies
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
History of Nanofibers in Filtration Technical Characteristics of Nanofibers Production Technologies Performance in Filtration Applications
High Efficiency Filtration Progressive Media Design
Examples
Summary
Outline
7
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 8
Definition of Nanotechnology
Ant (~ 5 mm)
Dust Mite
(~ 200 μm)
Human hair
(~ 60-120 μm wide)
DNA
(~ 1-1/2 nm)
5 Atoms of silicon
(~ 1nm)
Head of a pin
(~ 1-2 mm)
Micro Electro
Mechanical Devices (~ 10-100 μm wide)
Red blood
cells Pollen
grain
Carbon Nanotube
(~ 2 nm diameter)
Abb.: 26, FotoNr.: 0606A00035, 630 : 1 50 µm
Nanofibers
(~ 20-500 nm)
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
1 cm
10 mm
1
mm
1 nm
0,1 mm
100 μm
0,01
mm 10 μm
10 μm
100 nm
0,01
μm 10 nm
0,1 nm
Visible
Spectrum
Millisc
ale
M
icro
sca
le
Na
no
sca
le
Red blood cell with
white cell
(~ 2-5 μm)
Stacks of clay mineral
pletelets, each platelet with ~ 1 nm thickness
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 9
Definition of Nanofibers for Filtration
The definition of nanofibers for filtration
Today: Nanotechnology = smaller than 0.1 µm (100 nm)
Common in filtration: Fiber diameter < 0.5 µm (500 nm)
Former barrier to achieve fiber diameters < 1 µm
Start of „nano“-effects from 500 nm and below
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
History of Nanofibers in Filtration Technical Characteristics of Nanofibers Production Technologies Performance in Filtration Applications
High Efficiency Filtration Progressive Media Design
Examples
Summary
Outline
10
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 11
Production Technologies
Electrospinning
Island-In-The-Sea
Centrifuge Spinning
Manufacturing
Techniques Meltblown
Wet Laid Microglass Others
Glass Fiber
Synthetic
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 12
Glass fibers
Source: Owens Corning Fiberglas Corporation, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 1962
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 13
Wet-laid microglass production
Source: I. Lappas, Filtrex ASIA, New-Delhi 2010 / / Dynatec
Distributor Web Formation Binder Application Drying
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 14
Microglass Composition
Composition „E“-Glass „C-Glas“
Silicon dioxide 52-56 % 60-65 %
Calcium oxide 16-25 % -
Aluminium oxide 12-16 % 2- 6 %
Boron oxide 8-13 % 2- 7 %
Sodium and
potassium oxide
0- 1 % 8-12 %
Mognesium
oxide
0- 6 %
-
Magnesium
oxide and
calcium oxide
- 15-20 %
Binder Systems
Latex
Melamine
Phenolic
Epoxy
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 15
Microglass characteristics
Microglass filter media
• Can have very low fiber diameters (0.3 µm)
• Is available with large variety of filtration characteristics
• Is filter media of choice for high efficiency (HEPA) applications
• Has advantages and disadvantages
(efficiency vs. handling/moisture resistance/shedding
• Is tried to be replaced in increasing number of applications
• Is NOT focus of today´s presentation
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 16
Polymer Nanofibers
Polymer Nanofibers
Tissue engineering scaffold
Adjustable biodegradation rate
Better cell attachment
Contraollable cell directional growth
Wound dressing
Prevents scar
Bacterial shielding
Medical prosthesis
Lower stress concentration
Higher fracture strength
Heamostatic devices
Higher efficiency in fluid
adsorption
Sensor devices
Higher sensitivity
For celd, arteries and veins
Electrical conductors
Ultra small devices
Optical applications
Liquid crystal optical
shutters
Material reinforcement
Higher fracture toughness
Higher delamination resistance
Protective clothing
Breathable fabric that
blocks chemicals
Filter media
Improved
performance
Cosmetics
High utilization
Higher transfer rate
Drug delivery
Increased dissolution rate
Drug-nanofiber interlace
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 17
Island-In-The-Sea
Spinning of bicomponent fibers
Island-in-the-sea structure
Different geometries
Dissolving sea-polymer
Advantages Disadvantages
Standard spinning processes for bico-fibers
Narrow diameter range
Nano-range not easy achievable
Solvent use
Two-step-process
Source: Kuraray
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 18
Electrospinning
Advantages Disadvantages
Fiber diameters as low as 50 nm
Various polymers applicable
Homogeneous fiberdiameters
Low production rate
Use of environmentally critical solvents
Two-step-process
Fibers only in layers
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 19
Meltblown
Advantages Disadvantages
normal operation: fiber diameters of
only 1-2 microns
Recently increasing R&D
activities
New improvements for finer fiber diameters
polymer
hot air hot air
polymer
fibers
air air
spinneret
High productivity
Solvent free
Single step process
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
History of Nanofibers in Filtration Technical Characteristics of Nanofibers Production Technologies
Performance in Filtration Applications
High Efficiency Filtration Progressive Media Design
Examples
Summary
Outline
20
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 21
The impact of nanofibers on filtration
Decreasing pressure drop
Increasing collection efficiency
Improved media design possibilities
2
f
0
d
ftUp
η = viscosity
df = diameter of the fiber
t = thickness of filter
U0 = face velocity of filter
α = Volume fraction of fibers in a filter
porosity1volumetotal
volumefiber
Slip Flow Effect
High inner surface area
More distinct progressivity
fr
Kn
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 22
Filtration Markets for polymeric nanofiber products
Dust Collection
HEPA Filtration
HVAC
Vacuum Cleaners Automotive
Fuel Filtration EDM
Battery Separator Protective Clothing
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 23
High Efficiency Synthetic Filter Media
Electrete Product Nanofiber Product
High efficiency products
Well balanced pressure drop
No or little discharge
Very reliable filtration
Mostly medium efficiencies
Very low initial resistance
Strong discharge possible
„Insecure“ performance
All hydrophobic synthetic media show electrete effects of different strength
Combination of nanofiber and electrete technology
Influence of electrete effect only detectable by discharge treatment
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 24
Approach of IREMA and AEOLUS: Integrated Nanofiber Technology
Integration of polymer nanofibers into nonwoven material
Inline Process
Solvent free fabrication of fibers with different diameters
Task specific fiber diameters for filtration
Gradient control of nanofiber distribution
Enhanced filtration performance
One-layer pleatable filter material
Unmixed Material
Patented Technology
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 25
Integrated Nanofiber Technology for improved filter media
Developing of new
synthetic filter media
•Higher mechanical efficiencies
•Higher capacities
•Low pressure drops
Nanofiber products not only
for high efficiency filtration,
but also for basic fine dust
filtration and even
prefiltration applications !
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 26
Investigations on filter
discharge treatments
• Nordtest / SINTEF
• ASHRAE research projects RP 1189/1190
• EUROVENT 2004 round robin test
• R&D of filter companies
Still lack of information/transparency
Treatment methods
• Superfine KCl
• Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
• Soot
• Detergents
Objects
• Investigate influence of electrostatic charges
• Inactivation by impinging particles
• Long term stability / natural decay rate
• Efficiency prediction in real applications
Fine dust filtration for Merv 13-A applications – Discharge Treatments
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 27
Fine dust filtration for Merv 13-A applications – Filter Media
Stabilisation zone
Transition region
Nanofiber zone
Mechanical protection
Fine dust filter media IFN 80 – showing full potential of nanotechnology !
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 28
Comparison of treatments for synthetic filter media
ASHRAE 52.2
Appendix J
• Conditioning step:
superfine KCl
(sub 0.1 µ)
• Loading until
minimum efficiency
(0.4 µ KCl) is
reached
prEN779:2010
• Isopropyl alcohol
(IPA)treatment to
simulate discharge
effects
• Minimum DEHS
efficiencies must be
reached (0.4 µ):
F7: 35 %
F8: 55 %
F9: 70 %
Diesel soot
• Diesel soot
nanoparticles
treatment to
investigate effects
on efficiency
• sub 0.1 µm particles
Independent Testing
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 29
EN779: F7 panel filter with integrated nanofibers
EN779:2010 test of panel filter with IREMA IFN80 nanofiber
media
Cond.: 593x593x95 mm, EN779 standard test, 3400 m3 h-1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,1 1 10
DEH
S Ef
fici
en
cy [%
]
Particle Size [µm]
Efficiency DEHS [%] untreated
prEN779:2010
• Isopropyl alcohol
(IPA) treatment to
simulate discharge
effects
• Minimum DEHS
efficiencies must
be reached (0.4 µ):
F7: 35 %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,1 1 10
DEH
S Ef
fici
en
cy [%
]
Particle Size [µm]
Efficiency DEHS [%] untreated
Efficiency DEHS [%] completely immersed in IPA and dried for 24 h
F7 filter class
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 30
Ashrae 52.2: Merv 13 panel filter with integrated nanofibers
Ashrae 52.2 test of panel filter with IFN80 nanofiber media
Cond.: 593x593x95 mm, Ashrae Dust, 3350 m3 h-1
ASHRAE 52.2
Standard
• KCl efficiency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,1 1 10
Effi
cie
ncy
[%]
Particle Size [µm]
Efficiency DEHS [%] untreated
Efficiency DEHS [%] discharged by IPA
Efficiency KCl [%] untreated
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 31
Ashrae conditioning characteristics
Average number distribution of ambient
air particles from the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS)
Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004) 3275–3284
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0,001 0,01 0,1 1
Co
un
ts
Particle Size [µm]
KCl conditioning aerosol
Particle size distribution at Ashrae 52.2
conditioning step
Peak at 40 nm
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,1 1 10
Effi
cie
ncy
[%]
Particle Size [µm]
Efficiency DEHS [%] untreated
Efficiency DEHS [%] discharged by IPA
Efficiency KCl [%] untreated
Efficiency KCl [%] discharged by superfine KCl
32
Ashrae 52.2: Merv 13-A panel filter w. integrated nanofibers
Ashrae 52.2 test of panel filter with IFN80 nanofiber media
including Appendix J conditioning step
Cond.: 593x593x95 mm, Ashrae Dust, 3350 m3 h-1
ASHRAE 52.2
Appendix J
• Conditioning step:
superfine KCl
(sub 0.1 µ)
• Loading until
minimum
efficiency (0.4 µ
KCl) is reached
• No p increase
during loading
MERV 13-A
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 33
Variability of Ashrae 52.2 KCl Conditioning
Ashrae 52.2 test of non-electret filters including Appendix J conditioning step
in different US laboratories
Air Media (Fall 2008) 12-13
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 34
Soot loadig: F7 integrated nanofiber media
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0,01 0,1 1
Par
ticl
e n
um
be
r [1
0k]
Particle size [µm]
Particle size distribution of soot
Peak at 70 nm
Efficiencies of various aerosols on IREMA IFN80 nanofiber media
Cond.: velocity approx. 0.15 m/s, efficiency measurements with NaCl and soot
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,1 1 10
Effi
cie
ncy
[%
]
Particle size [µm]
Initial Efficiency NaCl
Initial efficiency KCl
Initial efficiency DEHS
Measurement of
NaCl efficiency
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 35
Soot loadig: F7 integrated nanofiber media
Soot loading on IREMA IFN80 nanofiber media
Cond.: velocity 0.15 m/s, efficiency measurements with NaCl
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,01 0,1 1 10
Effi
cie
ncy
NaC
l [%
]
Particle size [µm]
Initial Efficiency (APS)
+50 Pa soot (APS)
No efficiency
drop during soot
loading seen
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,01 0,1 1 10
Effi
cie
ncy
NaC
l [%
]
Particle size [µm]
Initial Efficiency (SMPS)
Initial Efficiency (APS)
+50 Pa soot (SMPS)
+50 Pa soot (APS)
36
Soot loadig: F7 integrated nanofiber media
Soot loading on IREMA IFN80 nanofiber media
Cond.: measurements at velocity 0.15 m/s, efficiency measurements with NaCl, no merging procedure of SMPS and APS results
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 37
Evaluation of IFN80 nanofiber media
Nanofibers strongly reduce influence of electrostatics
High mechanical efficiencies
Different discharge treatments successfully passed
No loss of filter class with IPA treatment
Sub 0.1 µm KCl particles seem to have strongest influence
Soot particles virtually have no severe effect
Very reliable filtration results under any conditions!
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 38
Fine dust filtration for Merv 13-A applications – Filter Media
Saving energy by progressive media design ?
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 39
Dust holding capacity of different panel filters
Cond.: 593x593x95 mm, measurement according to EN779 (Standard), 3400 m3 h-1
Dust holding capacity of micro and nanofiber products
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 50 100 150 200
p
[Pa]
Dust holding capacity [g]
Media A (Fiberglass)
Media B (Synthetic Microfiber)
Media C (Synthetic Microfiber)
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 40
Dust holding capacity of micro and nanofiber products
Dust holding capacity of different panel filters
Cond.: 593x593x95 mm, measurement according to EN 779 (Standard), 3400 m3 h-1
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 50 100 150 200
p
[Pa]
Dust holding capacity [g]
Media A (Fiberglass)Media B (Synthetic Microfiber)Media C (Synthetic Microfiber)Media D (Synthetic Nanofiber)
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
0 50 100 150 200
Tota
l co
sts
[€]
Operation time [d]
Annual costs (operation and service)
Total costs F7
Total costs IFN 80
41
Energy demand and lifetime costs
E = Q p t
1000
E Energy demand [kWh]
Q Flow rate [m3 s-1]
p Pressure drop [Pa]
t Time [h]
Fan efficiency [-]
Assumptions:
Dust concentration: 1 g Ashrae/day
Flow rate: 3400 m3 h-1
Energy costs: 0,15 €/kWh
Cost per filter: 60 €/filter
Labour costs: 15 €/change
Annual Energy costs: Total costs:
Media C: 390,59 € 705,25 €
Media D: 335,93 € (- 14,0 %) 562,17 € (-20,3%)
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 42
Nanofiber filtration for Merv 13-A applications – Filter Media
Nanofiber filter media – Washable mini pleats?
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
0.0
25.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
New Filter Loaded Filter 1st Washing 2nd Washing 3rd Washing
Effi
cie
ncy
NaC
l @
50
0 fp
m
0.3 - 0.5 µm
0.5-1.0 µm
43
Nanofiber filtration for Merv 13-A applications – Washable Filter Media
Efficiency measurements after several dust loading and washing procedures
Cond.: 24 x 24 x 4, 2000 cfm, ISO fine dust, washing with clear water
Important !
• Mechanical
protection of
nanofibers
• Sufficient nanofiber
concentraiton
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 44
Nanofiber filtration for Merv 13-A applications – Washable Filter Media
Resistance measurements after several dust loading and washing procedures
Cond.: 24 x 24 x 4, 2000 cfm, ISO fine dust, washing with clear water
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
100 300 500 700
Pre
ssu
re D
rop
[in
ch w
.g.]
Air Flow [fpm]
New Filter
Loaded Filter
1st Washing
2nd Washing
3rd Washing
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 45
Other examples I: nanofiber filter media for high efficiency filters
High efficiency filters
up to 95 DOP
•Increased
nanofiber density
•Coarse fibers only for stabilization
•Very good mechanical stability
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 46
Other examples II: nanofiber filter media for prefilters ?!
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Standard Nanofiber Standard Nanofiber
DH
C A
shra
e D
ust
@ 1
.8''
Init
ial R
esi
stan
ce i
nch
w.g
. @ 5
00
fpm Pressure Drop
- 35%DHC
+ 69%
Improvement of prefilter (MERV10) by innovative media design using nanofibers
Cond.: 24 x 24 x 4, 2000 cfm, ASHRAE 52.2 and EN779 tests
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008
History of Nanofibers in Filtration Technical Characteristics of Nanofibers Production Technologies Performance in Filtration Applications
High Efficiency Filtration Progressive Media Design
Examples
Summary
Outline
47
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 48
HVAC:
Nanofibers / Electrostatics / Energy Efficiency
• Push back of electrostatics by nanofibers
• Washability of filters possible if nanofibers
protected and mechanically stable
• Improved progressivity by nanofibers
for higher DHC
• Enhanced energy efficieny
• High and low efficiency filters with nanofibers
possible
Summary and Outlook
9. Symposium Textile Filter in Chemnitz, 2008 49
Nanofiber filter media - beyond filtration…
Department of Applied Art
University of Applied Science Zwickau