nanoitaly 2015 - tassini oleds for lighting ... · pdf filepedot:pss, metal oxides (moo 3),...

ENEA Portici Research Centre

[email protected]

OLEDs for lighting

State of the art and ENEA competence

Department for Sustainability of the productive and territorial systems (SSPT)

Division for Technologies and processes of the materials for the sustainability (SSPT-PROMAS)

Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT-PROMAS-NANO)

Maria Grazia Maglione, Paolo Tassini, Carla Minarini

NanoItaly 2015

Roma - Italy

OLEDs… DISPLAYS!

Sony XEL-1,

11" TV set (2007)

From early samples… … to marketed products…

Epson 40" TV set, ink-jet printed,

polymer-based (2004)

Kodak LS633 photocamera,

2.2" AMOLED display (2003)

PANASONIC TX-65CZ950, 65" curved

4K TV set (2015) (LG panel)

LG 55EC9300, 55" curved

Full HD TV set, US$ 1999 (2014)

… OLEDs are an

important success

of the

Organic ElectronicsLG 77EG9900, 77" flexible

4K TV set, US$ 50,000 (!?) (2015)Images: www.oled-info.com; www.samsung.com; www.lg.com

LG G Flex LS995,

6.0" (2013)

Samsung S6 Edge,

5.1" (2015)

OLEDs for lighting

OLEDs

It is a Solid State Lighting technology, with LEDs and EL sources

It is an answer for• high efficiency

• very small or zero

environmental impact

It is THE answer for• natural, large area,

glare-free light

• tuneable colour

• flexible, thin and

lightweight sources

• transparent sources

• dimmable sources

OLEDs for lightingOLED lighting development is moving fast too!

World’s first OLED lamp by

OSRAM and Ingo Maurer

design (2008)

(price: € 25 000)

General Electric chandelier

Philips

Novaled

LG Chem (2009)

Novaled

transparent OLEDs (2010)

Several prototypes…


… first commercial devices in 2009…

� OSRAM Orbeos

� diameter = 80 mm

� efficacy = 25 lm/W

� CRI (Colour Rendering Index) = 80

� price (at launch) = 375 US$

� PHILIPS Lumiblade

� various dimensions and forms

� efficacy = 20 lm/W (white & RGB)

� luminance = 1.000 cd/m2

� life = 10.000 hours

� price (at launch) = 72 € @ 44 x 47 mm2


… to present (and coming) products

� OSRAM

� Novaled

� Blackbody (FIAMM)

� LG Chem

� Konica Minolta

� Fraunhofer COMEDD

� AUDI

� etc.

Novaled

Blackbody (FIAMM)LG Chem

OSRAM

AUDI

Konica Minolta

Fraunhofer COMEDD

OLEDs for lighting

Characteristics of some OLED lighting products

� OSRAMefficacy = 40 lm/W

luminance = 2000 cd/m^2

CRI = 80

lifetime L70 = 10 000 h

working voltage = 6 V

active area = up to > 11 cm^2

cost = N.A.

� Konica Minoltaefficacy = 64 lm/W



active area = 68 cm^2

cost = N.A.

Announced best performances of OLED devices

� NEC Lighting &

Yamagata Univ. (2013)efficacy = 156 lm/W


active area = 4 mm^2

� Konica Minolta (2014)efficacy = 139 lm/W


CRI = 81


active area = 15 cm^2

� LG Chemefficacy = 50+ lm/W

luminance = 3000+ cd/m^2

CRI = 90+

lifetime L70 = 30 000+ h

working voltage = 6 or 8.5 V

active area = up to ≈ 1000 cm^2

cost = $566/klm (680 US$/panel)

OLED lighting average cost ≈ 200 US$/klm ≈ 20X LEDs source: www.oled-info.com

DOE and

IDTechEx

(2013)

OLEDs for lighting

But, the market is still moving… Philips and Panasonic in 2015 decided to drop OLED lighting!… but Philips sold its knowhow to OLEDWorks

OLED lighting market Performances and market continue to grow

UBI Research

(2014)

IDTechEx (2014):

market < $200 million @ 2019 � $1.9 billion @ 2025

Cintelliq (2014):

OLEDs become a strong competitor to LEDs by 2016

By 2020: OLED panels priced at €200/m^2 @ 5 000 cd/m^2, and less than €14/klm

By 2023: OLED panel production > 500 million of 100mm x 100mm panel equivalents

NanoMarkets (2014)

OLED

materials

market

OLEDs for lighting

source: OE-A - White Paper - Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics, 6th Ed. (June 2015)

Years 2014-2015 2016-2018 2019-2022 2023-2027

Efficacy 100 lm/W 130 lm/W 160 lm/W 190 lm/W

First

products /

Prototypes

Decorative lighting,

High price

applications B2B

Automotive lighting,

High prices flexible

Integration for

special building,

Transparent

Free form

Mass

production/ / Flexible lighting

Building-integrated,

Flexible,

Transparent

OLED lighting market (according to OE-A)

But, to note,

OLED lighting market

is driven by

NEW INSTALLATIONS

Anyway, there are still "red brick walls" to face

� Lifetime � Encapsulation � New Barriers• for large area and flexible devices

• integrated in-line production

� Devices Efficiency � Light Outcoupling/Extraction• intelligent glass substrates and lenses (micro lenses, pyramid array, prism foil)

• index-matched materials and adhesives

• encapsulation, for matched index plastic substrates

� Standardization

� Manufacturing Costs � Improved Processes �

Lower Prices and High Production Volumes • high throughput and material utilization efficiency for vacuum deposition

• solution processing and printing tooling promises must turn into reality

for lower cost manufacturing, but must deliver high performance devices

• this red brick wall is becoming the most dominant one� Investments, to move from R&D and pilot lines to real production

OLEDs for lighting

source: OE-A - White Paper - Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics, 6th Ed. (June 2015)

• OLEDs

• OPV

• OTFTs

• Innovative process technologies

• Raw materials recovery from waste

Lab. ENEA NANO competence

Laboratory NANO is organized as a lab-scale full processing line

for simulation, design, fabrication and test of materials, devices and systems

of ORGANIC and PRINTED ELECTRONICS,

its applications in horticulture,

and study the recovery and recycling of raw materials from waste

Activities address the EIT priorities for RAW MATERIALSImages: ENEA SSPT-PROMAS-NANO; COATEMA


OLEDs on glass


OLEDs on plastic

�Performances of the devices, through� materials

� devices’ architecture

� fabrication technologies (high through-put methods, printing techniques, etc.)

� simulations (physical and electrical)

�Stability and lifetime, and methods to improve them

�Life cycle of devices and systemsto study low eco-impact materials and processes, to reduce the waste and

improve the recovery of valuable materials

�Usefulness of the devicesto develop and transfer useful knowledge to the companies and the public


ENEA NANO - OLEDs activity Objectives

Improvement of …

Lab. ENEA NANO competence• Substrate

Glass; PET; PEN; etc.• Anode

ITO; doped PEDOT:PSS; ZnO; AZO; etc.• HIL - Hole Injection Layer

PEDOT:PSS, Metal Oxides (MoO3), CuPc• HTL - Hole Transport Layer

α-NPD, TPD• EML - Emitting Layer

Small Molecules, Polymers, Blends and Nanocompositesdeposited by evaporation in vacuum and from solutionhost materials: CBP, SimCPguest materials: Ir(Fppy)3, Ir(ppy)3, etc.

• HBL - Hole Blocking LayerBCP

• ETL - Electron Transport LayerAlq3

• CathodeLiF + Al; Ca + Al; Li + Al; etc.

• Encapsulationrigid: glass lid + epoxy resin sealant + getter flexible: thin film encapsulation:

inorganic barriers, organic-inorganic multilayer

ENEA NANO OLEDs

Materials and architecture

Substrate

HIL

HTL

Anode

HBL

ETL

EML

EIL

Cathode

Encapsulation

• Anode surface treatments

• Charge injection layers (HIL, EIL)

• PEDOT:PSS, CuPc, LiF, etc.

• Low work-function cathodes

• Phosphorescent emitting materials

• Light outcoupling


Improvement of the devices’ performances

• Materials: CBP + Ir(ppy)3; LiF/Al

• Turn-on voltage ≈ 2.0 V

• Luminance ≈ 40 000 cd/m^2 @ 9 V

• Current efficiency ≈ 20 cd/A

• Efficacy ≈ 15 lm/W

No light outcoupling


White OLEDs Blue OLEDs Violet OLEDs


Encapsulation and lifetime studiesRigid encapsulation Flexible encapsulation

• US Patent 2009/0066244 A1: "Encapsulated organic electronic device

with improved resistance to degradation", 12/03/2009

• Italian patent TO2007U000116: "Dispositivo elettronico organico

incapsulato, con migliorata resistenza al degrado", 11/09/2007

getter getter

Lamination of transparent barrier

film (Foil Encapsulation (FE)).

WVTR of 10-1 to 10-3 g/m2/dayat room conditions (T = 25°C, RH =

50%; measured by permeabilimeter)

has been achieved.

Multilayer barrier of sputtered

Al2O3, on the device (Thin Film

Encapsulation (TFE)).

WVTR of 10-3 g/m2/dayat room conditions (T = 25°C,

RH = 50%; below the detection limit

of our permeabilimeter (< 10-2

g/m2/day)) can be reached.

In progress

Study of the intrinsic degradation phenomena through

shelf life experiments, performed at different storage

conditions (by using a climate chamber).

Water vapour

transmission rate

(WVTR) of 10-5 g/m2/dayat room temperature

(T = 25°C, RH = 50%;

measured by ENEA electrical

Ca test) has been obtained.

0,1 1

1E-7

1E-6

1E-5

1E-4

1E-3

0,01

C

urr

ent (A

)

Voltage (V)

PEDOT:PSS anode

DMSO-PEDOT:PSS anode

I vs. V

with DMSO

initial

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Tra

sm

itta

nce

(%

)

Wavelenght (nm)

PEDOT:PSS

DMSO-PEDOT:PSS

UV - Vis

PEDOT:PSS doped with DMSO

Conductivity ≈ 700 S/cm

400 500 600 700

80

90

100

Tra

nsm

itta

nce

(%

)

Wavelenght (nm)

DMSO-PEDOT:PSS with 1wt% CNT

DMSO-PEDOT:PSS with 0.5wt% CNT

DMSO-PEDOT:PSS with 0.1wt% CNT

DMSO-PEDOT:PSS

UV-Vis

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

700

750

800

850

900

950

1000

Co

nd

uctivity

(S/c

m)

DWCNT-COOH % loading

Conductivity ≈ 950 S/cm

PEDOT:PSS doped with DMSO + CNT

Transmittance > 85%

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 161E-3

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

Voltage (V)

Lum

inan

ce (

Cd/m

2)

DMSO-PEDOT:PSS anodo

PEDOT:PSS anodo

ITO anodo


Transparent conductive materials for ITO substitution

OLEDs performances

• Lower optical turn-on voltage

• Higher luminance

Transmittance > 85%

In-situ polymerization of Ag

nanoparticles in doped PEDOT:PSSIn progress

Ag weight

(%)

Thickness

(nm)

Roughnes

(Rq) (nm)

Sheet Resistance

(Ω/□)

Conductivity

(S/cm)

10 300 35 25 1250

2.5 285 17 43 830

- 150 1.9 2.85*102 650

Aluminium

doped zinc

oxide (AZO)

MWCNT

(%)

Thickness

(nm)

Roughness

(Rq) (nm)

Sheet Resistance

(Ώ/sq)

Conductivity

(S/cm)

- 155 0.3 129 500

0.01 162 6.8 117 524

0.05 158 7.6 102 620

0.1 170 10.2 82 740

KURT J. LESKER integrated process system: Evaporator, Sputter,

Spin-coaters, integrated in a glove box with inert atmosphere

OXFORD OpAL Atomic Layer

Deposition system (ALD), for barrier

layers deposition: Al2O3, SiN, SiO2

Modular and upgradable

COATEMA Smartcoater roll-to-roll printing system:

gravure and screen-printing, slot-die coating,

lamination, inert atmosphere


OLEDs fabrication facilities

Ink-jet printing system

Mask Aligner with Nano Imprint

Lithography (NIL) (EVG620 NT)

Clean room (class 100),

for photolithography and

chemical processes

Direct Writing Laser

system,

for high resolution

photolithography

PECVD

cluster

system

Excimer laser

processing:

• Laser assisted

deposition

• Crystallization

Hot embossing system



Electro-optical benchSEM

Profilometer

Contact angle

Spectrofluorometer

Probe station

Climatic chamber

Organic Material Analyzer




Encapsulation and degradation studies

KURT J. LESKER integrated

process system

Electro-optical

characterization tools Water vapour permeabilimeter

(10°C < T < 50°C)

Glove box system (O2 and H2O < 1 ppm)

for sealing of organic devices,

using automatic dispensing of

UV-curable resins and lamps

Climate chamber for

ageing and testing of the

encapsulated devices

(10°C < T < 50°C;

10% < RH < 98%)

Laminator (in glove box)


Salvatore Aprano (PhD student)

Elena Santoro (PhD student)

Maria Fiorillo (PhD student)

Valeria Criscuolo (PhD student)

Tania Prontera (PhD student)

Michele Tesoro (SESMAT)

Giovanni Cotella (former SESMAT)

Emanuele Bezzeccheri (former UniSA)

Giuseppe Pandolfi (ENEA)

Enzo Calò (ENEA)

Tommaso Fasolino (ENEA)

Giuseppe Nenna (ENEA)

Giuliano Sico (ENEA)

Anna De Girolamo (ENEA)

Claudia Diletto (ENEA)

Paolo Tassini (ENEA)

Maria Grazia Maglione (ENEA)

Carla Minarini (ENEA)

People

Paolo Tassini

C. R. ENEA Portici

p.le E. Fermi, 1

Località Granatello

I-80055 Portici Italy

[email protected]

+39 081 7723 289

Department for Sustainability of the productive and territorial systems (SSPT)

Division for Technologies and processes of the materials for the sustainability (SSPT-PROMAS)

Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT-PROMAS-NANO)

nanoitaly 2015 - tassini oleds for lighting ... · pdf filepedot:pss, metal oxides (moo 3),...

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