Meeting global energy needs - how nanomaterials can change the world By Ciarán C. Murphy Head of Product Management , Malvern InstrumentsJune 2014

Contents

› Why the interest in energy nanomaterials investment?

› Nanomaterials energy value chain

› Technology developments and characterization challenges Batteries Fuel cells Solar cells

› Nanomaterial characterization techniques

Energy drivers

› Increased energy use & depletion of fossil resources

› Move to cleaner energy solutions

"We will have to get that additional energy from

sources other than hydrocarbons — and

nanotechnology holds the answer"

› Mitigate security of supply issues

› Storage of energy

› Demand of consumer electronics

Energy production and consumption trends

Source: US Energy Information Administration 2012

Nanomaterials used within the Energy sector

Source: Future Markets Inc.

Nanomaterials (Energy) growth to 2016 ($M)

Source: Future Markets Inc

Energy value chain

› Nanomaterials offer great promise for renewable energy technologies

› Energy sources Photovoltaics

› Energy change Fuel cells

› Energy distribution CNT power lines

› Energy storage Batteries

› Energy usage Thermal insulation

German chemicals producer Wacker has developed flexible solar cells

Nanomaterial applications

Source: Hessen-nanotech

Solar cells › Estimated market size for Nanomaterials

2015: $630 million 2020: $1.8 billion

› Nanomaterials utilsed in PV cells Semiconducting polymers and oligomers Conducting nanomaterials Metal oxides

› Nanomaterials find applications as Nanostructured thin film layers Graphene electrodes TiO2 nanoparticles in dye solar cells Quantum dots for bandgap tuning ZnO for transparent conductors (shown)

Image courtesy NREL

Image: courtesy Sandia National Laboratories

Battery market potential › Market potential

2010 ($10bn) to 2020 ($60bn)

› Market drivers Cell phones, digital products, cars, etc

› Needs Store and supply more electricity and

increased range

› Li-ion batteries Higher energy density Good low temperature performance Long shelf life

› Nanomaterials in development Carbon nanotube electrode Lithium air carbon Lithium Silicon Sulfur-graphene oxide Germanium oxide used in anode

applications

Fuel cells

› Expected in medium and long term to replace a large part of the current combustion systems

Higher efficiency Lower pollution levels Potential cost levels

› In the next decade ~ $100bn spent on fuel cell technology

› Nanomaterials in fuel cells SOFC enhancing ion conductivity PEM enhancing temperature stability

Nanomaterials characterization › Nanomaterials critical parameters

Sizing • Increased surface area for interaction • Reducing cathode and anode spacing

Polydispersity • Robustness in performance

Formulation stability • Shelf prior to application / usage

Concentration

› Nanomaterial characterization techniques Dynamic Light Scattering / Electrophorectic Light

Scattering Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis Resonant Mass Measurement

Summary of techniques Technique Size range Resolution Speed of

analysisConcentration

DLS 1 nm to 1 µm Moderate Very fast High

Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA)

30 nm to 1 µm Good Fast Medium

Resonant mass measurement(RMM)

50 nm to 1 µm or300 nm to 5 µm

Excellent Slow Low

Further details: Ciaran.murphy@malvern.comwww.malvern.com

Please visit bit.ly/MInanoenergy to view a recording of the complete version of this presentation, with more in-depth discussion of characterization techniques.