Nanomedicine for Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

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Nanomedicine for Drug Delivery and

Therapeutics Edited by

A jay Kumar Mishra

# >

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Contents

Preface xv

Part 1: N a n o m e d i c i n e 1

1 High-technology Therapy Using Biomolecules or Synthetic Compounds for HIV Inhibition 3 Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Pascaline Fonteh and Ajay K. Mishra 1.1 Gene Therapy Including RNA High-Technology

Against HIV 4 1.1.1 Introduction 4 1.1.2 Antisense Sequences Technology 4 1.1.3 Ribozymes Technology 11 1.1.4 RNA Interference Technology 13

1.2 Metals and HIV Therapy 16 1.2.1 Introduction 16 1.2.2 Metals and HIV 20 1.2.3 Nanotechnology and HIV 23

1.3 Conclusions 26 References 27

2 Emerging Nanomedicine Approaches for Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration 39 S. Panseri, T. D'Alessandro, F. Valentini, C. Cunha 2.1 Introduction 39

2.1.1 Current Surgical Treatments 40 2.2 Emerging Nanomedicine Approaches 42

2.2.1 Osteochondroconductive Scaffolds 43 2.2.2 Osteochondrogenic Precursor Cells 50 2.2.3 Osteochondroinductive Signals 51

References 54

v

CONTENTS

Synthesis of Poly(Methacrylate) Encapsulated Magnetite Nanoparticles via Phosphonic Acid Anchoring Chemistry and Its Applications Toward Biomedicine B. Kothandapani and Ajay K. Mishra 3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.1.8

3.2 Synth 3.2.1

3.2.2

3.2.3

Magnetic Materials Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism Superparamagnatism and Domain Walls Polymer Brush "Grafting to" Technique "Grafting from" Technique Immobilization of Initiators Using Various Anchoring Chemistry to Nanoparticles

esis of Magnetite Nanoparticles Immobilization of ATRP Initiator onto the Surface of MNs Grafting of Polymer Brushes Using Immobilized ATRP Initiator Dispersion of MNs

3.3 Application in Biomedical Fields 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Stem-cell Labeling Gene Delivery Drug Delivery Bioseparation

3.4 Conclusions References

63

64 65 66 67 67 68 69 70

71 73

75

78 80 82 82 82 83 83 84 84 85

Potentiometric PVC Membrane Sensors and Their Analytical Applications in Pharmaceuticals and Environmental Samples at Micro- and Nano-level 87 Gamal Abel-Hafiz Mostafa 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Ion Selective Electrode 88 4.3 Glass Membrane Electrode 89

4.3.1 Solid State Electrode 89 4.3.2 Liquid Membrane Electrode 89

4.4 Characteristics of ISE 90 4.4.1 Measuring Range 90 4.4.2 Detection Limit 91

CONTENTS vii

4.4.3 Response Time 91 4.4.4 Selectivity 91 4.4.5 Sensitivity 93 4.4.6 Lifetime 94 4.4.7 Accuracy and Precision 94

4.5 Preparation of PVC Membrane 94 4.5.1 Polymeric (liquid) Membrane ISE s 94 4.5.2 ISE Membrane Components 94 4.5.3 The Polymeric Matrix 95 4.5.4 The Ionophore (Membrane-active

Recognition) 95 4.5.5 The Membrane Solvent (Plasticizer) 95 4.5.6 Ionic Additives 96

4.6 Method of Preparation of the Liquid Membrane ISEs 96 4.6.1 Preparation of ISEs Liquid Membranes

by Dipping Method 96 4.6.2 Preparation of ISEs liquid Membranes 97

4.7 Application of Ion Selective Electrodes in Pharmaceutical and Environmental Analysis Using 97 4.7.1 Ion-pair as Electroactive Material 97 4.7.2 Ionophore as Electroactive Material 113 4.7.3 Schiff Base as Electroactive Material 117

4.8 Conclusion 126 References 126

Bioceramics: Silica-based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials for Medical Applications 135 Sadanand Pandey and Shivani B. Mishra 5.1 Introduction 136

5.1.1 Bioceramics 136 5.1.2 Definitions of Biocompatibility 138 5.1.3 Properties of Advanced Bioceramics 140

5.2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials 141 5.3 Tissue Engineering 146

5.3.1 Strong Interactions via Covalent Linkages between 3D-Scaffolds and Osteoinductive Agents 147

viii CONTENTS

5.4 Other Organic-Inorganic Bioceramics for Medical Applications 150 5.4.1 Drug Delivery 151

5.5 Conclusion 156 5.6 Considerations and Future Directions 157 Acknowledgement 157 References 158

6 Recent Advances of Multifunctional Nanomedicines 163 Pradeep Pratap Singh and Ambika 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Nanomaterials of Biomedical Interest 164 6.3 Target-specific Pharmacotherapy: Need for

Nanocarrier Delivery Systems 165 6.4 Engineering of Pharmaceutical Nanosystems 166

6.4.1 Functional Nanosystems 166 6.4.2 Multifunctional Nanosystems 166

6.5 Applications of Pharmaceutical Nanotools 180 6.6 Nanotoxicity 181 6.7 Future prospects 182 6.8 Conclusion 183 References 184

7 Nanomedicinal Approaches for Diabetes Management 189 Prashant Kumar Rai and Ajay Kumar Mishra 7.1 Introduction: The Motivation behind the Chapter 189 7.2 Type of Diabetes 191

7.2.1 Type 1 or Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

7.3 7.4 7.5

7.6 Ack Reft

(IDDM) 7.2.2 Type 2 or Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes

Mellitus (NIDDM) 7.2.3 Type 3 Diabetes Treatments for Diabetes Why the Interest in Nanomedicine Research? The Vision of Nanotechnology and its Clinical Applications for Diabetes Summary

:nowledgements fences

191

191 191 192 193

194 195 195 195

CONTENTS ix

Polymeric'. Nanofibers in Regenerative Medicine Narayan Chandra Mishra and Sharmistha Mitra (Majumder) 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Preparation of Nanofibers 8.3 Recent Advances on Application of Polymeric

Nanofibers in Regenerative Medicine 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6 8.3.7 8.3.8 8.3.9 8.3.10 8.3.11 8.3.12 8.3.13 8.3.14 8.3.15 8.3.16

Cartilage Bone Skin Heart/Cardiac Grafts Liver Teeth Ligament Tendon Cornea

Bladder Blood vessel Skeletal Muscle Nerve Esophagus Adipose Tissue Salivary Gland

8.4 Conclusions References

197

197 199

201 201 204 206 208 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 219 220 221 222 222 222 222

Part 2: Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 227

9 Multifunctional Nano/Micro Polymer Capsules as Potential 229 Haider Santi, J. Jaishree, Ashok Kumar and Sri Sivakumar 9.1 Introduction 230 9.2 Synthesis of Polymer Capsules 232

9.2.1 Templated Synthesis 232 9.2.2 Templated Synthesis 233

9.3 Properties of Multilayered Polymer Capsules 237 9.4 Loading of Therapeutics 239 9.5 Stimuli-responsive Polymer Capsules 242

9.5.1 pH Responsive Polymer Capsules 243 9.5.2 Glucose Responsive Polymer Capsules 246

CONTENTS

9.5.3 Redox responsive Polymer Capsules 248 9.5.4 Salt Responsive Polymer Capsules 249 9.5.5 Enzyme Responsive Polymer Capsules 249 9.5.6 Thermoresponsive Polymer Capsules 252 9.5.7 Ultrasound Responsive Polymer Capsules 253 9.5.8 Dual-responsive Polymer Capsules 254

9.6 Multifunctional Hybrid Capsules 255 9.6.1 Nanoparticles-modified Capsules 257 9.6.2 Capsosomes 266

9.7 Targeted Polymer Capsules 267 9.7.1 Specific Cell Targeting by Biomolecules 267 9.7.2 Magnetic Targeting 267

9.8 Biomedical Applications 268 9.8.1 Drug Delivery 270 9.8.2 Bioimaging 271 9.8.3 Biosensing 272

9.9 Outlook and Future Prospects 274 References 274

Nanophosphors-Nanogold Immunoconjugates in Isolation of Biomembranes and in Drug Delivery 285 Dwijendra Gupta, Dhruv Kumar, Manish Dwivedi, Vijay Tripathi, Pratibha Phadke-Gupta and Surya Pratap Singh

10.1 Introduction 286 10.2 Nanoparticle Technology 287 10.3 The Versatility of Nanoparticles in

Biological Sciences 288 10.3.1 The Biologic Problems - Why should

We Study Them? 288 10.3.2 Lysosomal Storage Disorders 289

10.4 Materials and Methods 293 10.4.1 Preparation of Nanogold Particles (5-12 nm)

and Nanogold Immunoconjugates 293 10.4.2 Generating IgYs (against known cDNAs)

in Layer Hens 293 10.4.3 Recombinant Constructs with

DKFZp564K2464 (also known as Human Transmembrane protein TMEM22 (accession UGID: 692851) 294

CONTENTS xi

10.4.4 Expression of Fusion Protein GFP-DKFZp564K2464

10.4.5 Metabolic Labeling Experiments 10.5 Nanotags for Bio-labeling and Targeting:

Nanophosphors or Quantum Dots 10.5.1 Preparation of Nanophosphors

10.6 AFM Study of CdS and BSA Tagged ZnS-Mn Nanoparticles 10.6.1 Sample Preparation 10.6.2 AFM Imaging 10.6.3 AFM Image Analysis

10.7 Nano-Conjugates in Drug Delivery 10.8 Nanoparticle-mediated Drug Delivery and

Nanotherapeutics 10.9 The Limitations of QDs

10.10 Summary Acknowledgements References

295 295

297 297

302 302 302 303 304

304 305 307 308 309

11 Cyclodextrin-based Nanoengineered Drug Delivery System 311 Jay a Lakkakula and Rui Werner Magedo Krause 11.1 Introduction 312 11.2 Inclusion Complex Formation 314 11.3 Phase Solubility Relationships 316 11.4 Effect of Cyclodextrin on Drug Formulation 319

11.4.1 Effect on Drug Solubility and Dissolution 319 11.4.2 Effect on Drug Absorption and

Bioavailability 320 11.4.3 Effect on Drug Stability 320

11.5 Cyclodextrin-based Drug Delivery 322 11.5.1 Oral drug Delivery 322 11.5.2 Nasal Drug Delivery 323 11.5.3 Transdermal Drug Delivery 324 11.5.4 Ophthalmic Drug Delivery 325

11.6 Cyclodextrins in Novel Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) 326 11.6.1 Cyclodextrin in Nanoparticles 326 11.6.2 Liposomes 327

CONTENTS

11.6.3 Microspheres 328 11.6.4 Hydrogels 328

11.7 Conclusion 331 Acknowledgements 331 References 331

Medicinal Patches and Drug Nanoencapsulation A noninvasive Alternative 337 Maria H. Lissarrague, Heman Garate, Melisa E. Lamanna, Norma B. DAccorso and Silvia N. Goyanes 12.1 Introduction 337 12.2 Overview of Passive Skin

Permeation (Passive Patches) 338 12.2.1 Human Skin 339 12.2.2 Transdermal Passive Patches 341

12.3 Recent Development on Skin Permeation 351 12.3.1 Passive Permeation Enhancement 352 12.3.2 Transdermal Active Patches 353

12.4 Drug Encapsulation 356 12.4.1 Production of Polymer-based

Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery 356 12.4.2 Production of Natural Organic and Protein-

based Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery 360 12.4.3 Production of Nanoparticles from Natural

Macromolecules: Chitosan Nanoparticles 361 12.4.4 Drug Loading 361

12.5 Triggered Release 364 12.5.1 External Stimuli 364 12.5.2 Transdermal Delivery 367

12.6 Conclusions 368 References 368

Dendrimers: A Class of Polymer in the Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery 373 Sunil K. Singh and Vivek K. Sharma 13.1 Introduction 373 13.2 Historical Origin of Dendrimers 374 13.3 Structure of Dendrimers 375 13.4 Terms Used in Dendrimer Chemistry 377

CONTENTS xui

13.5 Types of Dendrimers 379 13.5.1 Chiral Dendrimers 379 13.5.2 Liquid Crystalline Dendrimers 379 13.5.3 Tecto Dendrimers 380 13.5.4 PAMAM Dendrimers 380 13.5.5 PPI Dendrimers 381 13.5.6 Hybrid Dendrimers 383 13.5.7 Peptide Dendrimers 383 13.5.8 Glycodendrimers 384

13.6 Application of Dendrimers 386 13.6.1 Dendrimers as a Carrier for Drug Delivery 386

13.7 Dendrimers in Oral Drug Delivery 388 13.8 Dendrimers in Transdermal Drug Delivery 390 13.9 Dendrimers in Ocular Drug Delivery 392 13.10 Dendrimers in Anticancer Drug Delivery 393 13.11 Dendrimers in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 395

13.11.1 Diagnosis 395 13.11.2 Targeting 397 13.11.3 Treatment 398 13.11.4 Photodynamic Therapy 400 13.11.5 Photothermal Therapy 402 13.11.6 Gene Transfection 402 13.11.7 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) 404

13.12 Conclusion 405 References 405

14 Designing Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery 411 Munishwar N. Gupta and Joyeeta Mukherjee 14.1 Introduction 411 14.2 Sizes, Shapes and Advantages of Nanomaterials 412 14.3 Bioconjugation Strategies 415

14.3.1 Modifying with Polymers 421 14.4 Carbon Nanotubes 423

14.4.1 Noncovalent Functionalization 424 14.4.2 Covalent Functionalization 426

14.5 Drug Targeting 428 14.6 Future Perspectives 430 Acknowledgements 431 References 436

xiv CONTENTS

15 Multifunctional Polymeric Micelles for Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 437 Alicia Sawdon and Ching-An Peng 15.1 Introduction 437 15.2 Composition, Formation and Characterization of

Polymeric Micelles 438 15.2.1 Polymeric Micelle Formation 439 15.2.2 Preparation of Polymeric Micelles 442 15.2.3 Factors Affecting Drug Loading and Drug

Release from Polymeric Micelles 443 15.3 Polymeric Micelles for Cancer Chemotherapy 444

15.3.1 Biological Significance 444 15.3.2 Passive Targeting 446 15.3.3 Polymeric Micelles in Clinical Trials 446

15.4 Targeting Schemes 451 15.4.1 Active Targeting 452 15.4.2 Angiogenesis-associated Targeting 453 15.4.3 Uncontrolled Cell Proliferation Targeting 454 15.4.4 Stimuli-Sensitivity 457

15.5 Polymeric Micelles for Diagnostics and Imaging 459 15.5.1 Diagnostics 459 15.5.2 Imaging 460

15.6 Conclusions 461 References 461

16 Nanoparticles-based Carriers for Gene Therapy and Drug Delivery 471 Marketa Ryvolova, Jana Drbohlavova, Kristyna Smerkova, Jana Chomoucka, Pavlina Sobrova, Vojtech Adam, Pavel Kopel, Jaromir Hubalek and Rene Kizek 16.1 Introduction 471 16.2 Targeted Delivery 471

16.2.1 Gene Delivery 473 16.2.2 Drug Delivery 476

16.3 Conclusion 488 References 488

Index 493

Preface

During the last few decades, the development of new tools has provided a unique facility to look at materials on a nanoscale. The boom in the field of nanotechnology has affected biological sciences and related areas in a significant fashion. Imaging at a subcellular level and precise delivery of drugs to tissues are two such important areas wherein nanotechnology has a promising future. Medicinal research is a rapidly growing field for intense scientific research due to a wide variety of potential applications in areas such as the biomedical, optical, and electronic fields.

Nanomedicine is of great scientific interest as it is an effective bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. A bulk material should have constant physical properties regard-less of its size, but at the nanoscale this is often not the case.

Nanomedicine for Drug Delivery and Therapeutics mainly focuses on the broad area of research and applications in nanomedicine, drug delivery and therapeutics. It presents both an overview of the fun-damental concepts as well as numerous applications. The chapters will provide researchers, academics and health specialists a com-prehensive overview of techniques concerning health applications.

Nanomedicine is the approach of science and engineering at the nano-meter scale towards biological applications. It involves the diagnosis, prevention, treatment of disease and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nano-devices and nanostructures. Thus the book focuses on the emerging concept of multifunctional nano-medicines and the opportunities they hold.The book introduces the potentiometric PVC mem-brane sensors using different approaches e.g. ion-pair, ionophore and schiff-base as sensing membranes. The potentiometric sen-sors have some outstanding advantages including simple design and operation, wide linear dynamic range, relative fast response and rational selectivity. The book covers the current surgical interventions to treat osteochondral defects. An overview of the

xv

xvi PREFACE

nanomaterials developed for osteochondral regeneration is also presented, addressing their characteristics, advantages and draw-backs. The principles of regenerative medicine, the electrospinning process for the production of nanofibers, and the recent advances on polymeric nanofibres in regenerative medicine are presented.

The book highlights several anticancer agents (paclitaxel, docetaxel, camptothecin, doxorubicin, cisplatin, curcumin, fluo-rouracil and geldanamycin), antiviral/bacterial agents (peptides, antibiotics, antivirotics) and/or nucleic acids encapsulate in deliv-ery nanotechnology systems. The influence of their combination with aforementioned nano-particulate transporters to their proper-ties such as cytotoxicity, short life time and/or solubility are dis-cussed as well. Drug encapsulation at the nanoscale transpired to be an outstanding approach to medical drug administration, avoid-ing the typical side-effects oftraditional treatments. The conjunc-tion of both medicinal patches and drug nano-encapsulation may lead to a new generation of non-invasive drug delivery systems. Therefore, the present work summarizes recent techniques for drug encapsulation, their stimuli-controlled release, passive skin perme-ation and transdermal drug administration mechanisms. The book also summarizes the cyclodextrin-based nano-carriers in different areas of drug delivery, particularly for oral, gene or transdermal deliveries. Cyclodextrins have also played a pivotal role in design-ing novel drug delivery systems such as liposomes, dendrimers, nano-sponges, microspheres and nanoparticles. The book also explores current developments in gene therapy and metal based therapy (enhanced by nanotechnology), with respect to the design of effective drugs for the treatment of HIV infection.

Applications of organic-inorganic hybrid bio-ceramics, such as stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems are discussed in the book. The applications of nano-medicines in diabetes management that correlates the diabetes and nanotechnology which may be beneficial to mankind is also one of the attractions to be found in the text.The book also reviews the preparative methods of nano-phosphors, their protein-conjugates and various physical characterizations to evalu-ate their possible use in membrane isolation and nano-therapeutics.

Nanomedicine for Drug Delivery and Therapeutics provides an in-depth snapshot for all academics and researchers in the field since it includes extensive background on recent research and advances. Researchers who are working towards their postgraduate degree

PREFACE xvii

in nanomedicine, drug delivery and nanotechnology will espe-cially find this book beneficial.

This book is required reading for all those researchers who are more interested in a general overview of fundamental concepts and various applications in the multidisciplinary areas of medicine, drug delivery and therapeutics. As the book covers a wide area of research that integrates biology, chemistry, physics, electron-ics, sensors, materials science, engineering and nanotechnology, it also serves as an interdisciplinary guide for solving a multitude of research problems.

A jay Kumar Mishra Johannesburg

January 1st 2013

List of Contributors

Vojtech Adam is an associate professor and Head of Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic. His scientific interests are focused on metallomics. He is an author or co-author of 190 ISI indexed papers.

Ambika is working as assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Hans Raj College, University of Delhi, India. She received her BSc, MSc. and PhD from University of Delhi. Dr. Ambika has published 5 research papers in international journals and various chapters in books.

Kothandapani Babu obtained his bachelor's degree from Madras University, India in the year 2000; his masters and PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology in Madras in 2002 and 2009 respec-tively. His first post-doc position was at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee and he is now in his 2nd post-doc position at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Jana Chomoucka is a postdoctoral researcher at Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. She is an author or co-author of 16 ISI indexed papers. Her research interests include the nanomaterial application for electronic a bioelectronic purposes as well as bio-modification of nanoparticles.

Carla Cunha is a post-doc researcher at INEB (Instituto de Engenharia Biomedica), Porto, Portugal. She obtained her PhD through the prestigious GABBA programme and she has been in Italy, USA, and Australia, working on nanobiotechnology and tis-sue engineering. She has published 15 papers in international peer-reviewed journals and 3 book chapters.

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xx LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Norma D'Accorso obtained her PhD in chemistry from Buenos Aires University, Argentina. She is now Titular Professor in the Department of Organic Chemistry at the Faculty of Sciences - UBA and head of the Bio-organic Materials Group as well as the princi-pal researcher of the National Research Council (CONICET). Fields of interest include: polymers, bioactive compounds, heterocycles, carbohydrates, biomedical materials.

Jana Drbohlavova is a postdoctoral researcher at Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. She is an author or co-author of 18 ISI indexed papers. Her main research activities include nanopar-ticle research focused on synthesis and surface functionalization for biaplication in sensor and biosensor area.

Manish Dwivedi M Phil and M Sc (Biotechnology) and PhD (sub-mitted) is a Senior Research Fellow of Department of Science and Technology at Center of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad. He is a life member of the Indian Science Congress Association and International Academy of Physical Sciences.

Pascaline Fonteh holds a PhD in biochemistry from the University of Pretoria where she is currently working a postdoctoral fellow-ship. She was one of five 2010 L'Oreal/UNESCO Regional Fellows for Women in Science in Sub-Saharan Africa. She is interested in research for improving delivery of existing HIV drugs.

Elvis Fosso-Kankeu holds a doctorate in bioprocessing and is cur-rently a research associate at the University of Johannesburg. He is a reviewer of several accredited journals and has a couple of papers and book chapters published.

Hernan Garate, Magister in chemistry and PhD student from Buenos Aires University, is also a doctoral research fellow of the National Research Council (CONICET) and a member of the Nanomaterials Group and the Bio-organic Materials Group. Fields of interest include: polymers, nanocomposites and nanostructures

Silvia Goyanes obtained her PhD in physics from Buenos Aires University. She is now a professor of experimental physics in the Department of Physics at the Faculty of Sciences - UBA and head of the Nanomaterials Group. She is senior researcher of the

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xxi

National Research Council (CONICET) and her fields of interest are: nanostructures, nanocomposites, biodegradable and biomedi-cal materials

Dwijendra Gupta is professor and former Head of Biochemistry at Allahabad University and Chairperson of Bioinformatics. He has been a visiting professor at universities of Bonn, Marburg, Hamburg and Bologna. He has published more than 70 articles in international journals, including Science in 1988. His research inter-ests include: protein traffic, and molecular basis of diseases using nanobiotechnological and proteomics approaches.

M. N. Gupta teaches biochemistry at IIT Delhi, India. He obtained his PhD in biochemistry from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and works in the area of applied biocatalysis. He is the Associate Editor of Biocatalysis and Biotransformation and an edito-rial board member of several journals. He is the author or co-author of more than 250 publications.

Jaishree J obtained her masters in nanoscience and technol-ogy and is currently PhD student in the Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Kanpur, India. Her research interests are in the development of nanoparticles-based contrast agents for optical and MRI imaging of cancer cells.

Jaromir Hubalek is an associate professor at the Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. He is an author or co-author of 129ISI indexed papers. His research is focused on new nanomaterials and their applications as sensors and biosensors.

Rene Kizek is a professor at Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic. His research is mainly focused on the roles of metal ions in various pathological processes, mainly tumour diseases. He is an author or co-author of 251 ISI indexed papers.

Pavel Kopel is an associate professor at Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic. He is an author or co-author of 29 ISI indexed

xxii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

papers. His main scientific interests cover organic synthesis of nanoparticles and surface modification of nanomaterials.

Rui Werner Macedo Krause (PhD Wits University) is currently professor of organic and nanomaterials chemistry at Rhodes University. His research interests are in photocatalysis, organic synthesis, medicinal natural products chemistry, and nanomateri-als in drug delivery. He has 54 publications with h-index 8. He recently received a Rhodes Sandiswa Imbewu grant for researching stimuli-responsive drug systems.

Ashok Kumar is working as a professor of bioengineering in the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering at IIT Kanpur, India. His research interests are in the area of biomateri-als, tissue engineering, bioprocess engineering, environmental bio-technology, nanobiotechnology. He has published more than 100 research papers and has written three books and has several pat-ents. He has been awarded with UKIERI-DST and GRO Samsung international research projects.

Dhruv Kumar is a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Kansas Cancer Center working on therapeutic approaches of can-cer preventions. He obtained his PhD from the university of Bologna, Italy in 2012 and his masters from Allahabad University, India.

Jaya R. Lakkakula is currently a PhD research scholar at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. She holds an MSc in cyto-genetics and molecular biology from Mumbai University, India. Her primary research interest is in designing nano drug delivery systems using biopolymers.

Melisa E. Lamanna obtained her PhD in chemistry from Buenos Aires University. She is a teaching assistant in the Department of Organic Chemistry at the Faculty of Sciences, UBA. She is also a postdoctoral research fellow of the National Research Council (CONICET) and a member of the Nanomaterials Group. Her fields of interest are: polymers, heterocycles, nanocomposites, biodegrad-able materials.

Maria H. Lissarrague, Magister in chemistry and PhD student from Buenos Aires University, is also a doctoral research fellow of

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

the National Research Council (CONICET) and a member of the Nanomaterials Group and the Bio-organic Materials Group. Fields of interest include: polymers, nanocomposites and biomedical materials.

Ajay Kumar Mishra is currently working as Director at Centre for Nanomaterials Science and also as an associate professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Prof. Mishra is a group leader of the research area for the composites/nanocomposites, water research and bio-inorganic chemistry. He has completed his PhD degree from University of Delhi, India. Prof. Mishra has been awarded AVI award 2009, IAAM Scientist award 2011 and AML medal 2011 for his great contribution in the area of science and technology. He has edited several books, and is a member of editorial boards/scientific organizations and reviewers of many journals.

Narayan Chandra Mishra received his PhD from the Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Germany, MTech (Chemical Engineering) from IIT Kanpur, BTech(Chemical Technology) from Calcutta University. He is presently working as an assistant pro-fessor in the Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee, India. His main research interest is tissue engineering and nanotechnology. He has published one US-Patent and 14 articles in refereed journals.

Shivani B. Mishra received her BSc and MSc degree in chemistry from the University of Madras, India, and PhD in chemistry from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi in 2003. She is working as an asso-ciate professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Her research interests include mate-rials science, nanotechnology and its applications.

Sharmistha Mitra (Majumder) received her PhD from the Materials Science Centre, IIT Kharagpur, India in 2006. Currently, she is working as a research scientist in the Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee, India. Her main research interest is polymers in sensor applications. She has a total of thirteen publi-cations in reputed journals and conferences.

Gamal Abel-Hafiz Mostafa received his BSc in chemistry from Mansoura University, Egypt in 1987; his MSc in analytical chemistry

xxiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

in 1992; and his PhD in analytical chemistry in 1998 through the Ain Shams University and the channel program between the National Research Centre, Egypt and Tubingen University, Germany. His research areas are potentometric PVC membrane sensors, spectro-photometry, and HPLC.

Joyeeta Mukherjee obtained her BSc in chemistry from St. Stephen's College, Delhi, India and her MSc degree in chemistry from IIT Roorkee, India. She is currently doing her PhD [senior research fel-low (CSIR)] at IIT Delhi, India under the supervision of Prof. M. N. Gupta. Her research focuses on bioconjugation and low water enzymology.

Sadanand Pandey is a post-doctoral fellow at MRC, India after receiving a DPhil from the University of Allahabad. Dr. Pandey was honored with a young scientist award in ISC, India as well as prestigious fellowships in India and South Africa. He has pub-lished 16 articles, 1 patent and over 20 conference proceedings in materials science. His research interests are in organic-inor-ganic nanocomposite and applications in water purification and sensors.

Silvia Panseri is a post-doc at the National Research Council and Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Italy. She is interested in tissue engi-neering and nanomedicine, with 17 papers in international peer-reviewed journals and 3 book chapters. She has won a SIBS award and a Marco Polo Fellowship.

Ching-An Peng earned a PhD in chemical engineering at the University of Michigan. He is the first holder of the James and Lorna Mack Endowed Chair in Bioengineering at Michigan Technological University. His research interests include drug/gene delivery and cell/tissue engineering. Dr. Peng has published more than 60 papers and holds several patents.

Pratibha Phadke-Gupta earned a PhD from Banaras Hindu University, India and a postdoctoral research associateship from CWRU, Cleveland, USA where she is currently the Research Director at the Center for Allaying Health Disparities at CSU Wilberforce, Ohio. Her research interests include nanomedicine, stress biochem-istry and medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXV

Prashant Kumar Rai is currently doing a post doctorate at AIIMS, New Delhi, India. He obtained his DPhil from Allahabad University, India in 2009. Dr. Rai has two patents and more than 45 international and national publications including of 5 book chap-ters. Dr Rai currently serves as lead guest editor of Experimental Diabetes Research, and is associate editor of the journals British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology and International Journal of Basic Science and Applied Medical Science.

Marketa Ryvolova is a postdoctoral researcher in Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology. Her main research interests include analytical chemistry with a focus on sep-aration science in the area of bioanalysis and nanomedicine. She is an author or co-author of 32 ISI indexed papers.

Haider Sami obtained his masters in biotechnology and he is currently in his final year as a PhD student in the Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering at IIT Kanpur, India. His research interests are in the areas of biomaterials and nanobiotech-nology. He has published 4 research papers and 2 patents.

Alicia J. Sawdon is currently a PhD student in the Chemical Engineering Department at Michigan Tech, with a BS in biochemis-try from Oakland University. Her research interests include synthe-sis of micelle carriers for drug and gene delivery. In particular, her research is aimed at synthesizing micelles for gene therapy.

Vivek K. Sharma completed his BSc and MSc. from Hansraj College, University of Delhi. Currently he is a senior research fel-low in the Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, India. His research work is mainly focused on synthesis of modified nucleo-sides of therapeutical importance and has two research publica-tions in American Chemical Society journals.

Pradeep Pratap Singh is assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, India. He obtained his MPhil and PhD degrees from Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi. Dr. Singh has contributed 5 research papers in international journals and various book chapters.

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Sunil K. Singh completed his BSc (Rank 1) from Post Graduate College, Ghazipur, V.B.S. Purvanchal University Jaunpur, U.P. India. He then moved to the University of Delhi, India and completed his MSc in organic chemistry. After this he joined the research labora-tory of Professor Ashok K. Prasad in the Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi and worked in the area of biocatalytic trans-formations. He has published 8 research articles and is currently working as an assistant professor in Kirori Mai College, University of Delhi, India. His current research interest includes multiple com-ponent synthesis, nanotechnology and biocatalysis.

Surya Pratap Singh has an MSc in bioinformatics and is pursuing a PhD at Allahabad University.

Sri Sivakumar is currently working as an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. He earned his PhD from the University of Victoria, BC, Canada. His research areas include design of novel nanomaterials for drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensors, solar energy harvesting, and solid-state lighting applications. He has authored more than 25 research publications and two patents.

Kristyna Smerkova is a PhD student at Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic. She is an author or co-author of 2 ISI indexed papers. Her main work covers the analysis of chemotherapeutics and their effect to the living organisms by the bioanalytical and molecular biology methods.

Pavlina Sobrova is a PhD student at Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic. She is an author or co-author of 10 ISI indexed papers. Her main work is focused on bioanalysis of neurodegener-ative diseases and application of nanomaterials for early diagnosis.

Vijay Tripathi has an MSc in biotechnology from APS University, Rewa and has submitted his PhD thesis in bioinformatics. His awards include a MUIR Fellowship at University of Cagliari (Italy) and an Israeli postdoctoral fellowship.

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