nanoparticles in agriculture - ct.gov-connecticut's … in agriculture dr. wade elmer...
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CAES- Plant Science Day 2014 www.ct.gov/caes
Nanoparticles in Agriculture
Dr. Wade Elmer
Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
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CAES- Plant Science Day 2014 www.ct.gov/caes
What is a nanoparticle
Imagine something so small that it's a
million times smaller than the length of an
ant.
Any particle that has at least one diameter
less than a 100 nanometers.
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How big is a nanometer
It is one billionth of a yard stick.
The diameter of the earth is 7918 miles, so a
nanometer equivalent (one billionth) would
be ½ inch.
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Nanoparticles occur naturally
Nanoparticles are produced by:
Volcanic ash, ocean spray, and dust storms
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Man made nanoparticles are
categorized as “incidental” or
“engineered”
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Over 1000 engineered
nanotechnology products are on
the market in the manufacture of:
• Food flavoring
• Perfumes
• Scratchproof eyeglasses
• Stain-repellent fabrics
• Medicines
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Nanoparticles behave differently
than their bulked equivalents.
They have more
surface area.
There is more area
for interactions and
reactions.
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Nanoparticles have unique properties
compared to the bulked product
Material Nanoparticle Bulked
Copper Hard Soft
Gold Chemically
active
Chemically
inactive
Silicon Conductor Insulator
Titanium
dioxide
Colorless White
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Engineered nanoparticles have
been used for years in paints and
sunscreen
Titanium oxides Zinc oxides
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Do nanoparticles have use in
agriculture?
• Could agricultural chemicals applied
as nanoparticles be more effective at
lower doses?
• Could fertilizers be delivered more
efficiently if they were
nanoparticles?
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• Micronutrients like Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and
Zn are required by plants in very
small amounts.
• Nutrition is the first line of defense
against disease.
• These elements protect roots against
soilborne diseases by activating
enzymes in defense products.
Micronutrients
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• The Problems:
• These metals become
less available for
uptake by plants in
soils that have a
pH of 6.5-7.0.
.
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• The Problems
• These metals do not
move down to the roots
when applied to leaves
Not basipetally
translocated.
.
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• The Problems
• When applied to soil
they immediately
become unavailable
to the plant.
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• The Literature reports
• Nanoparticles of Silver
(Ag) will move to the
roots when applied
to leaves. The
bulked equivalent
of Ag did not move
down.
Ag
Ag
Ag
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• The Hypothesis Would applying
micronutrients as
nanoparticles to
leaves deliver these
metals to the roots
where they might
suppress root disease?
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Fusarium Wilt of Tomato
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Would nanoparticles of Al, Fe, Cu, Mn,
Ni or Zn increase or decrease Fusarium
disease on tomatoes?
Experiment 1
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Methods Two rates (100 ppm or
1,000 ppm) of nanoparticles
of Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, or Zn
were sprayed onto tomatoes
in the greenhouse.
Plants were inoculated with
Fusarium pathogens.
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Disease estimate
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
100 µg/ml 1000 µg/ml
Control Al Cu Fe Mn Ni Zn
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• Conclusions
• Treating tomatoes with nanoparticles
of Cu and Mn promoted healthier
plants.
Experiment 1
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• Would nanoparticles of Cu or Mn
behave the same as their bulked
oxide equivalents?
• Would basipetal translocation occur?
Experiment 2
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Methods Nanoparticles of Cu or Mn
or the bulked oxide equivalent
were sprayed onto leaves.
Plants were inoculated with
Fusarium pathogens
Roots were analyzed for Cu and Mn
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Comparison of Nanoparticles to their
bulked equivalent for suppressing
disease on tomatoes.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Untreated Bulked Cu NP Cu Bulked Mn NP Mn
Disease Progress
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Copper levels in roots of tomatoes
treated with Cu nanoparticles or
bulked oxide equivalents
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Untreated Bulked Cu NP Cu
PPM
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Manganese levels in roots of
tomatoes treated with Mn
nanoparticles or bulked oxide
equivalents
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Untreated Bulked Cu NP Mn
PPM
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• Conclusions
• Nanoparticles of Cu again
suppressed disease and performed
better than the bulked Cu equivalent.
• Nanoparticles of Cu were detected in
the roots suggesting basipetal
translocation.
Experiment 2
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Verticillium Wilt of Eggplant
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• Would nanoparticles of Cu, Mn and
Zn suppress Verticillium wilt of
eggplant?
• Would they behave the same as
their bulked oxide equivalents?
• Would they affect yield?
Experiment 3
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Methods Nanoparticles of Cu, Mn, and Zn oxides
were compared to the bulked oxide
equivalent.
Plants were grown in soil
infested with Verticillium.
Growth and yield were measured.
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Nanoparticle-Verticillium field trial
on Eggplant 2013
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Nanoparticle-Verticillium field trial
on Eggplant 2014
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Comparison of Nanoparticles to the
bulked equivalent on the plant canopy
development of eggplants with
Verticillium wilt
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
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Comparison of Nanoparticles to their
bulked equivalent for yield on
eggplants with Verticillium wilt.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Yield (kg)
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• Conclusions
• Nanoparticles of Cu and Mn
improved eggplant growth more than
their bulked equivalents, but only
nanoparticles of Cu increase yield.
• Fruit did not have elevated levels Cu
when compared to controls.
Experiment 3
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• Nanoparticles can have positive and
negative effects on plants depending
the element and rate.
• Copper nanoparticles appear to have
benefit in suppressing soilborne
diseases.
Summary
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• The mechanism for disease
suppression may be associated with
the greater basipetal translocation
with nanoparticles from leaves to the
roots.
• Copper could enhance defense
reactions against soilborne
pathogens.
Summary
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Jason White Dr. Alia Servin Mr. Peter Thiel
Dept. of Analytical Dept. of Analytical Dept. of Plant
Chemistry Chemistry Pathology and
Ecology
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Dr. Wade Elmer
Department of Plant Pathology
and Ecology
123 Huntington Street
P. O. Box 1106
New Haven, CT 06504
Phone: 203.974.8503
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.ct.gov/caes