nanotoxicology and nanosafety
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NANOPARTICLES AND NANOSAFETY
REPORTER: Mike K . K .AGBOOLA ADVISOR: Tet iana NEBESNA
National O.O. Bogomolets Medical UniversityDepartment of pharmacology and clinical
pharmacology Chief of department: prof. I.S. Chekman
INTRODUCTION
small is beautiful.......... DANGERS COME IN SMALL PARTICLES
What IS Nanoscience?When people talk about Nanoscience, they start by
describing thingsPhysicists and Material Scientists point to things like new
nanocarbon materials:They effuse (radiate)about nanocarbon’s strength
and electrical properties
G R A P H E N E
C A R B O N N A N O T U B E
C 6 0 B U C K M I N S T E R F U L L E R E N E
BIOLOGISTS COUNTER THAT NANOCARBON IS A RECENT DISCOVERYTHEY’VE BEEN STUDYING DNA AND RNA
FOR MUCH LONGER(AND ARE ALREADY USING IT TO
TRANSFORM OUR WORLD)
All of these things ARE very small
INDEED, THEY ARE ALL ABOUT THE SIZE OF A NANOMETER:
NANO = 10 - 9 = 1/ 1,000,000,000 = 1 / BILLIONA NANOMETER IS ABOUT THE SIZE OF TEN
ATOMS IN A ROW
THIS LEADS TO ONE COMMONLY USED DEFINITION OF NANOSCIENCE:
NANOSCIENCE IS THE STUDY OF NANOMETER SIZE THINGS (?)
WHY THE QUESTION MARK? BECAUSE WHAT IS SO SPECIAL ABOUT A NANOMETER?
A MICROMETER IS ALSO AWFULLY SMALL:MICRO = 10 - 6 - 1 /1,000,000 = 1 / MILLIONA MICROMETER (OR "MICRON") IS ~ THE
SIZE OF LIGHT'S WAVELENGTH
Size of Things (violet = man-made things)
M I L L I M E T E R S M I C R O N S N A N O M E T E R S
B A L L O F A B A L L P O I N T P E N 0 . 5T H I C K N E SS O F PA P E R 0 . 1 1 0 0
H U M A N H A I R 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 2 2 0 – 2 0 0TA L C U M P O W D E R 4 0F I B E R G L A SS F I B E R S 1 0C A R B O N F I B E R 5
H U M A N R E D B LO O D C E L L 4 – 6E - C O L I B A C T E R I U M 1
S I Z E O F A M O D E R N T R A N S I S T O R 0 . 2 52 5 0
S I Z E O F S M A L L P OX V I R U S 0 . 2 – 0 . 32 0 0 – 3 0 0
E L E C T R O N WAV E L E N GT H : ~ 1 0 N M O R L E SS D I A M E T E R O F C A R B O N N A N O T U B E
3D I A M E T E R O F D N A S P I R A L
2D I A M E T E R O F C 6 0 B U C K Y B A L L
0 . 7D I A M E T E R O F B E N Z E N E R I N G
0 . 2 8
S I Z E O F O N E AT O M ~ 0 . 1
NANOSCIENCE IS FUNDED BY EUROPEAN UNION GOVERNMENT:
TOTAL BUDGET FOR 2007 – 2013 YEARS IS € 3.5 BILLION
Now emphasis is given to the following activities: Nanosciences and nanotechnologies - studying phenomena and
manipulation of matter at the nanoscale and developing nanotechnologies leading to the manufacturing of new products and services.
Materials - using the knowledge of nanotechnologies and biotechnologies for new products and processes.
New production - creating conditions for continuous innovation and for developing generic(suitable for broad range) production 'assets' (technologies, organisation and production facilities as well as human resources), while meeting safety and environmental requirements.
Integration of technologies for industrial applications - focusing on new technologies, materials and applications to address the needs identified by the different European Technology Platforms.
NANOPARTICLES
Nanoparticles materials (nanomaterials, nanoscale), are a broadly defined set of substances that have at least one critical dimension less than 100nm (0.1micron) and possess unique optical, magnetic, or electrical properties.
TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF NPS:
NATURALINCIDENTAL ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES
Both natural and incidental nanoparticles may have irregular or regular shapes, while engineered NPs most often have regular shapes, such tubes, sphere, rings.
CLASSIFICATION OF Engineered nanoparticles
carbon-based materials (nanotubes, fullerenes),
metal-based materials (including both metal oxides and quantum dots),
dendrimers (nano-sized polymers built from branched units of unspecified chemistry), and
composites (including nanoclays).
Survey of NPs, in vivo characterization and biological areas of concern
Nanostructur, Application (example), Concerns, Mechanistic areas of interest
Metal nanoparticles: Contrast agents; drug delivery: Element specific toxicity Excretion reactive oxygen species Nanoshells Hyperthermia therapy Genotoxicity Excretion Fullerenes Vaccine adjuncts; Hyperthermia therapy Antibody generation Immunotoxicity Quantum dots Fluorescent contrast agent Metabolism ,Cytotoxicity
Intracellular/ organ edistribution; redistribution; excretion
Polymer Nanoparticles Drug delivery; therapeutics Unknown Metabolism;
immunotoxicity; complement
activation Dendrimer Guest delivery of drug/ Radiolabel dose Metabolic path Surface chemistry
and
elementaleffects; complement a activation
Liposome Drug delivery; contrast Agent vehicle Hypersensitivity reactions Complement
activation models for artificial cells
Purpose of work
evaluation and understanding of the dependence of toxic and safety effects on the shape, size, initial material, surface area, electric charge, and other physicochemical structural peculiarities, as well as on the dosage, mode of application, concentration in the target organ, and duration of action
Characterization
Scheme of problems
toxicity itself can be useful as it is highly sought for in certain applications-cancer therapies
consumer resistance that arose at the introduction of products using genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
if toxicity is known, Questions that have also been raised about the safety of engineered nanomaterials in consumer products or in implantable medical devices could be alleviated by devising a special or targeted delivery system
Analytical Aspect
Test engineering and measuring Particles concentrationSize and form, agglomerateParticle Surface charge, coating after synthesis, within
the environmentDissolution and recombination
WAYS OF ASSIMILATION AND INCORPORATION
Modes of action and mechanismsLymphatic systemBlood systemNervous systemsCells-cell interactionUptake in the cells and the nucleus
Kinds of toxicity
Bio-degradation Bio-accumulationAnimal toxicity GenotoxicityEcotoxicity Cytotoxicity
Mechanism of NPs toxicity development
Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS)free radical releaseoxidative stress inflammation and consequent damage to proteins, membranes
and DNA
Nanomedicine Application Area: Therapy Techniques
Molecular diagnostics, nanodiagnostics, and improvements in the discovery, design and delivery of drugs, including nanopharmaceuticals
Surgery-Nanorobots Cancer (nanooncology), Neurological disorders (nanoneurology), Cardiovascular disorders (nanocardiology), Diseases of bones and joints
(nanoorthopedics), Diseases of the eye (nanoophthalmology), and Infectious diseases.
Nanosafety:Tumor-Seeking Nanoparticles
In this image, targeted nanoparticles - each about 1/100th the size of a human cell and engineered to be stealthy within the body--deliver high doses of chemotherapy to cancer cells
REGULATIONS
RISK = HAZARD + EXPOSURE (ASSESSMENT)
the implications for toxicology and the risk of human health and environment
· Hazard· Risk· Exposure nature, concentration and period · Dose
NANOSAFETY:SAFETY STANDARD
nanotechnology has removed much of the “magic” to yield 21st century “smart bombs” capable of carrying a whole host of new anticancer drugs directly to tumors
ecological risk assessment is essential to understand environmental implications of nanomaterials. The fate of nanomaterials in aqueous environment is controlled by many biotic/abiotic processes such as solubility /dispersability, size, shape, form interactions between the nanomaterials and natural/anthropogenic chemicals in the ecosystem
USING NANOPARTICLES: NANO-X-RAY
Enhaced tumor cell death No toxicityMajor advantage over standard radiotherapy
treatment (No exposure to free radicals as in radiotherapy)
Amplifying X-ray effectsInjection directly into the tumors without
unnecessary interaction Allowing targeted cells of the tumorsCombats range of cancer variety
Decreasing Toxicity
Insoluble or nearly insoluble ultrafine particlesDemonstration on 3D before clinical trialsDevelop models,in vitro and in vivo for
interaction with the human body to assessing TOXICITY, BIODISTRIBUTION, ALLERGIES
The potential risk of using untested nanomaterials in personal care products SHOULD BE DISCOURAGED
The use of nanoparticles in cosmetics and sunscreen should be put to check by standard GRAS(Generally Recognised As Safe) for NPs.
Benefits and Goodnews
Nanosizing can also lead to a more economical utilization of expensive materials-meaning that can use less material because the reactions are more efficient.
Not all NPs are dangerous
Conclusion
The toxicology and biodynamics of certain (silica) NPs investigated in a mice model revealed that NPs were not toxic and can be used in vivo. This study should not be misunderstood to promote the manufacture of these nanomaterials without detailed assessment of environmental and human risks.
Besides the workers in the manufacturing wing, others who get exposed (e.g. occupational health nurses) to NPs should be aware of the potential risks and possible means to avoid health risks.
There is a need to identify specific regulatory regimes to protect personnel involved in the production and use of NPs for cosmetic, medical and agricultural purposes.
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THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!
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