naomi i. eisenberger, matthew d. lieberman, kipling d. williams tyson miao
TRANSCRIPT
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Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion
Naomi I. Eisenberger, Matthew D. Lieberman,
Kipling D. Williams
Tyson Miao
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Social bonds are importantEssential for physical and emotional well-
beingSocial attachment system after birth keeps
young near their caregiver a healthy/balanced social life = Happiness
Does social exclusion “hurt”?Many languages use the same words to
describe physical pain and social exclusion. “Heart ache”; “hurt feelings”.
Do physical pain and social exclusion share similar neural mechanism?
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Hypothesis
The brain regions activated by social pain are similar to those found in previous studies of physical pain.
In particular, this fMRI study focused on 2 brain regions, which have been associated with physical pain
1) Anterior Cingulated Cortex (ACC)2) Right Ventral Prefrontal Cortex (RVPFC)
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Anterior Cingulated Cortex (ACC)Act as alarm and monitors conflicts with current
goalPain = “something Wrong” = activate ACCDorsal ACC is activated by the distress
generated by pain, rather than the sensory component of pain Right Ventral Prefrontal Cortex (RVPFC)
Involved in the regulation of pain distressInhibit response to painful stimulation
VPFC has efferent connections to ACC, may partially regulate ACC
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Method fMRI scans were acquired while participants played a virtual ball-tossing game under three conditions. I. Implicit social exclusion (ISE)
- Technical difficulty
II. Inclusion/control
III. Explicit social exclusion (ESE) – after participants received 7 throws from 2 other players, the ball no longer passed toward the participants
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Method The “2 other players” were computer programs,
although the participants believed they were real.
The order of the conditions was not randomized. It followed 1)ISE 2)Inclusion 3)ESEThis order minimized the residual effect of active
exclusion during ESE
Participants self-reported their distress due to exclusion after ESE
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ResultESE vs InclusionDorsal ACC was more active during ESEACC activity positively correlated with self-
reported distress
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ResultESE vs Inclusion con’tRVPFC was more active during ESERVPFC activity negatively correlated with self-
reported distress and ACC activationACC activity mediated RVPFC activity, not distress
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DiscussionPhysical pain and Social exclusion shares similar
neural mechanism which involve ACC and RVPFC
ACC is activated by distress, which result in RVPFC activation. RVPFC then inhibits the response of ACCThis self-regulation only occurred during ESE,
suggesting that conscious awareness may be an essential part of regulation.
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Opinion on the PaperStrength
Detailed background Well-versed Interesting study
Limitation Order of condition not
randomized No support for a direct
relationship Paper is unorganized
Future DirectionsComparison of degree of activation during physical
pain and emotional exclusionAnalyze recovery period & susceptibility Investigate other brain regions
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Midterm guide Claim: Physical pain and Social exclusion shares similar neural mechanism which involve ACC and RVPFC
Result: ACC is activated by social exclusion, which result in RVPFC activation. RVPFC then inhibits the response of ACC
Discussion : Self regulation requires awarenessDistress does not activate RVPFCNeed time to recover from emotional distressSocial exclusion hurts
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Citation Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., &
Williams, K. D. (2003). Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290-292.
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Thank You Questions?