napoleon 1799-1815. rise to power 1790s: led french military campaigns 1796-1797: victories in...
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Napoleon
1799-1815
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RISE TO POWER
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1790s: Led French military campaigns
• 1796-1797: victories in northern Italy
• 1798: defeat in Egypt … but left his troops there and came back to France a hero
Fun fact: The French discovered the Rosetta Stone in Egypt during Napoleon’s campaign. The stone provided the key to understanding hieroglyphics.
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1799: Coup d’etat
November: • overthrew Directory• est. the “Consulate”• named “First Consul” (Julius Caesar’s title)
December:• new constitution (#4) approved in a plebisciteOfficial report: 3,011,007 for; 1,562 against
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Later title changes1802: named himself sole “Consul for Life”1804: proclaimed himself emperor (Napoleon I)
Jacques Louis David’s Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon and the Empress Josephine on Dec. 2, 1804, 1806-1807
≈20x32 feet!
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Napoleon’s Throne
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DOMESTIC REFORMS & POLICIES
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(1) Concordat of 1801• What the CC gained:
– declaration: “Catholicism was the religion of the great majority of the French”
– Pope can depose French bishops– Church seminaries permitted
• What Napoleon gained:– Religious freedom kept – CC not a state church– Pope accepts loss of church lands & tithes– State nominates bishops, pays clergy
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(2) Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)
• Legal equality of all male citizens• Security of $$/private property
• Women lost rights:– Dependents on fathers or husbands– Cannot make contracts– Cannot have bank accounts in own names
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The Influence of the Napoleonic Code
The Influence of the Napoleonic Code
Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal
property relations.
Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal
property relations.
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(3) Strengthened the bureaucracy
• Former revolutionaries put in gov’t posts• Emigrés invited back, given jobs, swear loyalty
oath• New imperial nobility – positions granted on
the basis of merit
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(4) Financial reforms
• Tax reform – no tax exemptions due to status• Improvement of accounting methods• Est. sound currency and public credit• Est. Bank of France
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(5) Education: the lycée system
• Est. 30 state-supported post-secondary schools• Admission based on merit• Scholarships available• Aim to prep students for gov’t service and
learned professions
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Reforms Who liked the reforms and why
Concordat of 1801- Agreement b/t Catholic Church & French state
Catholic Church – treated poorly during FR … Napoleon made peace with it
Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)-Legal equality of all male citizens-Security of $$/private property
-Middle class – driven by Enlightenment ideas of liberty; had $$/property-Peasantry – had gained land/status from FR … code secured their gains
Strengthened the bureaucracy-Former revolutionaries put in gov’t posts-Emigrés invited back, incorporated-New imperial nobility – meritocratic system
-Revolutionaries, emigrés – brought into Napoleon’s gov’t.-Middle class – opportunity to earn gov’t positions
Financial reforms-Tax reform-Bank of France-Sound currency & public credit
Middle class – had interest in state’s economic security; liked that the Bank was privately owned (yay capitalism)
Education: the lycée system-Meritocratic, state-supported school system designed to produced professionals
Middle class – opportunity to get good education, later gain gov’t positions
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Authoritarian Domestic Policies
• Women lost rights (see Napoleonic Code)• Little freedom of speech/press• Occasional elections … not run fairly• Spy system• Unfair detainment & sentencing for pol. crimes
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FOREIGN POLICY
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Introduction
• France was at war 1792-1815.• A series of wars … only Britain remained
almost continually at war w/ France (1 year of peace, 1802-1803).
• Not until 1813 were all the Great Powers (Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia) simultaneously at war with France.
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Timeline of events1801 Treaty of Lunéville – France acquires Austrian and German territory
1802 Treaty of Amiens – France keeps Holland, Austrian Netherlands, German & Italian lands
1803 Renews war w/ Britain
1805 Battle of Trafalgar – Britain defeats France & Spain – end of French hopes to invade BritainBattle of Austerlitz – France defeats Austria & Russia
1806 France dissolves HRE & est. German Confederation of the RhineBattles of Jena and Auerstädt – France defeats Prussia
1807 Treaty of Tilsit – Russia becomes an ally, accepts French reorg. of W/Central Europe; France takes Prussia’s western lands
1812 Invasion of Russia French retreat, major military disaster for France
1814 Treaty of Charmont – Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain pledge alliance to defeat NapoleonNapoleon exiled to Elba
1815 Battle of Waterloo – final defeat of Napoleon exiled to St. Helena
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Continental System (est. 1806)
Blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt trade b/t continental Europe & Britain, aimed to weaken the British econ & military
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The Grand Empire
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Napoleon’s Family Rules!Napoleon’s Family Rules! Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia. Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain Louise Bonaparte King of Holland Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italy Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of
Rome Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of Tuscany Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples
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Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies
Napoleon’s Family & Friends/Allies
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How Napoleon treated areas incorporated into his empire
• (+) introduced French laws / spread FR reforms (ex. abolish feudal practices)
• (-) heavy taxes, req. men to serve in Fr. army
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Napoleon wrote to his brother Jerome, on making him king of
Westphalia:
“the peoples of Germany, as of France, Italy and Spain, want equality and liberal ideas. For some
years now I have been managing the affairs of Europe, and I am convinced that the crowing of the privileged classes was everywhere disliked.
Be a constitutional king.”
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“Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)
“Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)
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Views of Napoleon
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Haitian Independence, 1791-1804
Haitian Independence, 1791-1804
Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture
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Louisiana Purchase, 1803Louisiana Purchase, 1803
$15,000,000$15,000,000
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FALL FROM POWER
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Key Events
• 1814: – Napoleon abdicates Elba– Louis XVIII and Constitutional Charter
• 1815:– Hundred Days– Battle of Waterloo
St. Helena
Napoleon’s residence on St. Helena
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NAPOLEON & CULTURE
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Neoclassical Architecture
Temple to the Glory of the Great Army, commissioned 1806
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Neoclassical Architecture
Napoleon’s Tomb
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Beethoven’s Eroica (1803)
• Dedicated to Napoleon in 1803• In 1804, Napoleon’s crowning himself
emperor disgusted Beethoven, who exclaimed, “He’s just a rascal like all the others,” and violently erased his name from the manuscript.