Napoleon

Results for France

““A Man of A Man of Destiny”Destiny”

Poor family of Lesser Nobility

Born in Corsica10 Yrs. Old -

Military School1783 Student at

military academy in Paris

Napoleon’s Napoleon’s MarriagesMarriages

1st Wife – JosephineMarch 9, 1796

MarriedDivorced 1809

2nd Wife – Marie Louis17 Year Old

Hapsburg Princess

Early Military Early Military CareerCareer 1st Coalition

1796 - Command of French Army in Italy

1798 - Invaded EgyptDiscovery of

Rosetta StoneMilitary Set

Back - still Hero

Early Military Early Military CareerCareer

2nd Coalition – Russia formed new alliance with Great Britain. Austria, Portugal, Naples and the Ottoman Empire joinedFrance suffered

defeats in Italy and Germany

Weakened Directory

1799 French wanted order

1799 - Coup d’etat - Napoleon ousted the Directory

Consulate FormedNapoleon = 1st

Consul [power concentrated in the 1st Consul]

1800 defeated Austrians – dropped out 1801

March 1802 – Treaty of Amiens Truce w/ Great

Britain France kept

European Conquests

1802 Plebicite made him consul for life

1804 Declared himself Hereditary emperor

1805 Took title, King of ItalyStepson ruled as

viceroyDivorced Josephine

Centralized Administration

$ Economic Reforms

Napoleonic Code The Concordat

of 1801Reforms in

Education

Centralized Centralized AdministrationAdministration

Financial ReformsFinancial ReformsSystem of Prefects and Subprefects83 Departments run by PrefectsSubprefects administered districts

Economic Corruption and waste was EliminatedCentralized tax collecting systemPaid off various economic obligationsStabilized French Economic condition

1800 appointed Commission to draft a new code of civil law

1804 Went into effect and in 1807 it became the Napoleonic code

Progressive in some ways

Less Progressive in others

Third Coalition Battle of Trafalgar

Victories in Europe

Continental System

The Peninsular War

The Invasion of Russia

1805 – 3rd Coalition Created for Balance of Power

1805 – Napoleon prepared to invade G.B.

October 21 – Lord Nelson found combined French and Spanish fleet at Cape Trafalgar.

British victory – France lost all hope of ever winning a naval battle

The Big Idea:The Continental System & the spread of nationalism led to rebellions against French rule. After the Failed invasion of Russia & major defeats at Leipzig & Waterloo, Napoleon was removed from power. European leaders at the Congress of Vienna sought to restore stability & order based on the status quo of 1792. They redrew national boundaries, restored monarchs, established a balance of power and created the Concert of Europe.

Napoleon & Nationalism:

• Nationalism sparked French success, however, it also worked against them b/c others may have liked the ideas of the Fr. Rev. but saw his armies as foreign oppressors.

• Resented Continental System• Resented pushing French culture on

them

Downfall of Napoleon

• Disaster in Russia brought a new alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria & Prussia against France

• he’s defeated at Leipzig & enemies close in on France and 1814 he abdicated the throne (stepped down from power)

• he was exiled to Elba & Louis XVIII was crowned king

• Louis kept the Napoleonic Code & honored the land settlements made during the Revolution.

I’m BACK!

• HOWEVER, loyalty to Napoleon does not cease to exist and because of a fear of returning to the old regime, he is able to raise an army after he escaped from his island exile & returns to France.

• Napoleon marched to Paris and Louis XVIII (18th) fled.

OOPS

• his success did not last long b/c the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium ended in defeat for Napoleon. He was defeated by the British troops commanded by Duke Wellington and the Prussian army & forced once again to abdicate the throne.

• exiled again but this time to the island of St. Helena where he would die.

Napoleon’s Legacy• Napoleonic code consolidated many changes of

the revolution• Established a strong centralized state with a

constitution.• Elections were held w/ expanded (yet still

limited) sufferage • More citizens had rights to property & access

to education than b/f• His conquests spread the ideas of the

revolution• He sparked nationalist feelings across Europe• He abolished the Holy Roman Empire which

eventually led to the creation of a new Germany

• Louisiana Territory sold to the US ushered in an age of American expansion

The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

Congress of Vienna

• After Waterloo order had to be restored After Waterloo order had to be restored to Europe after 25 years of war.to Europe after 25 years of war.

• The C of V met for 10 months 9/1814-The C of V met for 10 months 9/1814-6/1815 as a gathering of European 6/1815 as a gathering of European leaders.leaders.

• They enjoyed dancing and food as well as They enjoyed dancing and food as well as the serious work they had to accomplish.the serious work they had to accomplish.

• 3 men worked to shape the peace: 3 men worked to shape the peace: Metternich of Austria, Alexander I of Metternich of Austria, Alexander I of Russia and Lord Castlereagh of Britain.Russia and Lord Castlereagh of Britain.

Key Players at Vienna Key Players at Vienna

The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.)

Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh

(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)

King Frederick William III (Prus.)

Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Chief goals:• create lasting peace by establishing a balance of

power & protecting the system of monarchy• Metternich wanted to restore status quo of 1792• Alexander wanted a “holy alliance” of Christian

monarchs to suppress future revolutions• Castlereagh wanted to prevent a revival of

French milt power

The Vienna Settlement• These decisions set the stage for

European politics for the next 100 years!• Balance of power:• redrew the map of Europe. • To control France they ringed the country

with strong countries • (north they added Belgium &

Luxembourg to Holland to create the kingdom of the Netherlands. Eastward: gave Prussia lands along the Rhine River Y allowed Austria to reassert control over northern Italy.)

Stability• to return to the ways of 1792, the principle

of legitimacy was promoted (restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Rev or Napoleon had unseated…restoring the “legitimate heirs” to the thrones in Italian states, Spain & Portugal)

• as protection for the new order the Concert of Europe was created.

• This was a peacekeeping organization that included all of the major European states. The leaders pledged to maintain the balance of power & to suppress any uprisings inspired by the French Rev.

Looking Ahead…problems with peace

• They achieved immediate goals but…• Failed to foresee how powerful new forces

like nationalism would shake the foundations of Eur. Problem: when they redrew national lines they failed to take into consideration national cultures

• Many people were inspired by revolutionary ideals & condemned the Vienna settlement. The slogans/goals of the Fr. Rev. inspired people in Europe & Latin America to seek equality & liberty.

• No wars on the Napoleonic scale until 1914.

Europe After the Congress of ViennaEurope After the Congress of Vienna

Closure: