NASA JPL/NSTA Web Seminar:

Robotic Exploration of the Red Planet

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Wednesday, May 14, 2008

Robotic Exploration of theRobotic Exploration of theRed PlanetRed Planet

Greg MehallGreg MehallArizona State UniversityArizona State University

School of Earth and Space ExplorationSchool of Earth and Space Exploration

Mars Space Flight FacilityMars Space Flight Facility

Instrument System Engineer & Mission ManagerInstrument System Engineer & Mission Manager

Image Credit: NASA/STSci/AURA

Why Study Mars?Why Study Mars?

Search for lifeSearch for life Mars has water, atmosphere, sunlight - could it Mars has water, atmosphere, sunlight - could it have life?have life?

Comparison to EarthComparison to Earth Mars may have undergone a large change in its Mars may have undergone a large change in its climateclimate

Could we learn something about climate change Could we learn something about climate change on Earth?on Earth?

Curiosity and explorationCuriosity and exploration Mars has the same land area as the EarthMars has the same land area as the Earth It is a complex place - not just a point of It is a complex place - not just a point of light in the night skylight in the night sky

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

How Do We Approach This Problem?How Do We Approach This Problem?

What do we think all What do we think all life needs?life needs? WaterWater

Look for environments Look for environments where water may have where water may have existedexisted LandformsLandforms MineralsMinerals

How do we do this?How do we do this? OrbitersOrbiters RoversRovers Returned samplesReturned samples Human explorationHuman exploration New ways of lookingNew ways of looking

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/ASU

NASA Mars Science StrategyNASA Mars Science Strategy

Geology

Life

Climate

Prepare for Human Exploration

W

A

T

E

R

WhenWhereForm

Amount

““Follow theFollow theWater”Water”

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

NASA Mars Exploration ProgramNASA Mars Exploration ProgramPast DecadePast Decade

Currently Operating Missions

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

2001 Mars Odyssey Orbiter2001 Mars Odyssey Orbiter

2001 Mars Odyssey Spacecraft2001 Mars Odyssey Spacecraft

Thermal EmissionThermal EmissionImaging SystemImaging System(THEMIS)(THEMIS)

Gamma RayGamma RaySpectrometer (GRS)Spectrometer (GRS)Sensor HeadSensor Head

NeutronNeutronSpectrometerSpectrometer

High EnergyHigh EnergyNeutron DetectorNeutron Detector(HEND)(HEND)

High GainHigh GainAntenna (HGA)Antenna (HGA)

SolarSolarPanelsPanels

Martian RadiationMartian RadiationEnvironmentEnvironmentExperimentExperiment(MARIE)(MARIE)

Image Credits: NASA/JPL

Launched April 2001 (Delta II)Launched April 2001 (Delta II)Started Science Mapping February Started Science Mapping February 20022002400 km Polar Mapping Orbit (2 hour 400 km Polar Mapping Orbit (2 hour period)period)

Dry Mass = 376 kg (829 lbs)Dry Mass = 376 kg (829 lbs)

2001 Mars Odyssey2001 Mars Odyssey

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Lockheed Martin

2001 Mars Odyssey2001 Mars Odyssey

Image Credits: NASA/KSC/Lockheed Martin/Boeing

Thermal Emission Imaging System Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS)(THEMIS)

Image Credits:NASA/JPL/ASU/Raytheon SBRS

Infrared and Visible Infrared and Visible Imaging SystemImaging System 10 band IR 10 band IR

(100m/pixel)(100m/pixel) 5 band VIS (18m/pixel)5 band VIS (18m/pixel)

Mineralogical MappingMineralogical Mapping Thermophysical PropertiesThermophysical Properties Atmospheric MonitoringAtmospheric Monitoring GeomorphologyGeomorphology Developed by Arizona Developed by Arizona

State University and State University and Raytheon Santa Barbara Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote SensingRemote Sensing

http://themis.asu.eduhttp://themis.asu.edu

Day/Night IR MosaicAram Chaos

Gamma Ray Spectrometer Instrument Gamma Ray Spectrometer Instrument SuiteSuite

Gamma Ray SensorGamma Ray Sensor University of University of

ArizonaArizona Elemental Abundance Elemental Abundance

MappingMapping

High Energy Neutron High Energy Neutron Detector (HEND)Detector (HEND) Russian Space Russian Space

Research Institute Research Institute (IKI)(IKI)

Hydrogen MappingHydrogen Mapping

Neutron SpectrometerNeutron Spectrometer Los Alamos National Los Alamos National

Laboratory (LANL)Laboratory (LANL) Hydrogen MappingHydrogen Mapping

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/Univ. of Arizona/LANL/IKI

Mars Reconnaissance OrbiterMars Reconnaissance Orbiter

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)

Launched August 2005 (Atlas V)Launched August 2005 (Atlas V)Started Mapping in November 2006Started Mapping in November 2006255-320 km Polar Mapping Orbit (2 hour 255-320 km Polar Mapping Orbit (2 hour period)period)

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/Lockheed Martin

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter SubsystemsSubsystems

up to 6 Mbits/sec

(3 meter diameter)Dry mass = 1,031 kg (2,273 lbs)

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Lockheed Martin

SHARAD

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/Lockheed Martin

MRO HiRISE CameraMRO HiRISE Camera

High Resolution CameraHigh Resolution Camera 30 cm/pixel (@300km)30 cm/pixel (@300km) 0.5 m telescope0.5 m telescope 14 focal planes (VIS/NIR)14 focal planes (VIS/NIR) 6 km swath, 20k pixels 6 km swath, 20k pixels

(red)(red) 1.2 km swath (blue/green & 1.2 km swath (blue/green &

NIR)NIR) Developed by University of Developed by University of

Arizona and Ball AerospaceArizona and Ball Aerospace

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/Univ. of Arizona/Ball Aerospace

HiRISE ImageryHiRISE Imagery

Avalanche on North Polar Scarp

Mawrth Vallis - Proposed MSL Landing Site

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/Univ. of Arizona

Other MRO Science InstrumentsOther MRO Science Instruments

Context Imager (CTX)Context Imager (CTX)• Visible imager: 1 band• 6 m/pixel & 32 km swath (@400 km)• Malin Space Science Systems

Mars Color Imager (MARCI)Mars Color Imager (MARCI)• Visible/NIR imager: 7 band• 1-4 km/pixel & 140° swath (@400 km)• Malin Space Science Systems

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/JHU-APL/MSSS

Compact Reconnaissance ImagingCompact Reconnaissance ImagingSpectrometer for Mars (CRISM)Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM)• Visible and Near IR spectrometer• ~18 m/pixel & ~10 km swath (@300 km)• Johns Hopkins University APL

Mars Climate Sounder (MCS)Mars Climate Sounder (MCS)• Visible and IR Sounder: 9 bands• 5 km/pixel & 105 km FOV (@300 km)• Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Mars Exploration Rovers Mars Exploration Rovers (MER)(MER)

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

Mars Exploration RoversMars Exploration Rovers

Spirit (MER-A)Spirit (MER-A) Launched:Launched: June 10, 2003June 10, 2003 Launch Vehicle:Launch Vehicle: Delta II 7925Delta II 7925 Arrival at Mars:Arrival at Mars: January 3, 2004January 3, 2004 Landing Site:Landing Site: Gusev CraterGusev Crater Primary mission:Primary mission: 90 sols90 sols Current Sol:Current Sol: 15521552

Opportunity (MER-B)Opportunity (MER-B) Launch:Launch: July 7, 2003July 7, 2003 Launch Vehicle:Launch Vehicle: Delta II 7925-HeavyDelta II 7925-Heavy Arrival at Mars:Arrival at Mars: January 24, 2004January 24, 2004 Landing Site:Landing Site: Meridiani PlanumMeridiani Planum Primary mission:Primary mission: 90 sols90 sols Current Sol:Current Sol: 15321532

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell

MER Landing SitesMER Landing Sites

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/GSFC

QuizQuiz

Which of the spacecraft below Which of the spacecraft below consisted of only a lander?consisted of only a lander?

(use your stamp tool)(use your stamp tool)

Viking Pathfinder MER

MER Delta II 7925-9.5MER Delta II 7925-9.5

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Boeing

MER-A on the PadMER-A on the Pad

Image Credits: NASA/KSC

MER-A & Fairing EncapsulationMER-A & Fairing Encapsulation

Image Credits: NASA/KSC

MER-A Launch (June 10, 2003)MER-A Launch (June 10, 2003)

Image Credit: NASA/KSC

MER-A LaunchMER-A Launch

Image Credits: ASU

MER-BMER-BDelta II Delta II 79257925HeavyHeavy

Image Credit: NASA/KSC

MER-B MER-B LaunchLaunch(July 7, (July 7, 2003)2003)

Image Credit: NASA/KSC

QuizQuiz

How long did it take MERHow long did it take MERto get to Mars?to get to Mars?

(make your selection using the stamp tool)(make your selection using the stamp tool)

1 month1 month

5 months5 months

7 months7 months

9 months9 months

2 years2 years

MER Cruise Stage and AeroshellMER Cruise Stage and Aeroshell

Image Credit: NASA/KSC

MER Parachute and AirbagsMER Parachute and Airbags

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/ARC

Stowed MER LanderStowed MER Lander

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

MER on LanderMER on Lander

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

Rover Solar PanelsRover Solar Panels

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

““Rocker-Bogie” Mobility SystemRocker-Bogie” Mobility System

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

Fully Deployed RoverFully Deployed Rover

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

Driving Tests at KSCDriving Tests at KSC

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

Rover Science PayloadRover Science Payload

Solar Arrays

Low GainAntenna (LGA)

Pancam MastAssembly (PMA)

Pancam (pair)

Navcam (pair)

High GainAntenna (HGA)

UHFAntenna

InstrumentDeploymentDevice (IDD)

IDD Instruments(APXS, MB, MI, RAT) Miniature Thermal Emission

Spectrometer (Mini-TES)

Mass = 175 lbs

Rover WarmElectronics Box (WEB)

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell

Rover Trenching and IDDRover Trenching and IDD

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell

Microscopic Image of SoilMicroscopic Image of Soil

Image Credit:NASA/JPL/Cornell

Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT)Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT)

Image Credit:NASA/JPL/Cornell

Spirit Traverse: Sol 1506 (7.5 km) Spirit Traverse: Sol 1506 (7.5 km)

Image Credits:NASA/JPL/Cornell/MSSS/OSU

Spirit Landing Site PanoramaSpirit Landing Site Panorama

Columbia HillsColumbia Hills

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell

Columbia Hills West SpurColumbia Hills West Spur

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell

Sol 329 Dusty Deck PanSol 329 Dusty Deck Pan

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell

Sol 432 “Clean” Deck PanSol 432 “Clean” Deck Pan

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell

Dust Devils - Martian Vacuum Dust Devils - Martian Vacuum CleanersCleaners

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/Cornell

Opportunity Traverse: Sol 1487 Opportunity Traverse: Sol 1487 (11.7 km)(11.7 km)

Image Credits:NASA/JPL/Cornell/MSSS/Univ. of Arizona/OSU

Opportunity PanoramaOpportunity Panorama

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell

Making TracksMaking Tracks

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell

Victoria CraterVictoria Crater

Opportunity

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/Cornell/Univ. of Arizona

MRO HiRISE Orbital Image

Opportunity Surface Image

NASA Mars Exploration ProgramNASA Mars Exploration ProgramNext DecadeNext Decade

2020

TBD mission based on

budget and science feed-forward

TBD mission based on

budget and science feed-forward

TBD missionMSR Element #1

TBD missionMSR Element #1

Sample Receiving Facility online by 2022

TBD missionMSR Element #2

TBD missionMSR Element #2

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

Phoenix Mars LanderPhoenix Mars Lander

Phoenix Mars LanderPhoenix Mars Lander

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Univ. of Arizona

Launched August 2007 (Delta II)Launched August 2007 (Delta II)Landing on May 25, 2008 at 4:36 PM PDTLanding on May 25, 2008 at 4:36 PM PDT90 Sol Primary Surface Mission90 Sol Primary Surface MissionDry mass = 350 kgDry mass = 350 kg

Science Objectives:Science Objectives:- Study the History of Water in All its Phases- Study the History of Water in All its Phases- Search for Evidence of Habitable Zone and Assess the Biological Potential of - Search for Evidence of Habitable Zone and Assess the Biological Potential of the Ice-Soil Boundarythe Ice-Soil Boundary

Phoenix Landing Site (68° N lat, Phoenix Landing Site (68° N lat, 233° E lon)233° E lon)

MRO HiRISE Image ofPolygonal Terrain (68.3° N, 232.9° E)

250m x 250m

MRO MARCI Image

MRO CTX Image (68° N, 127° W)

100km x 20km landing ellipse

Image Credits:NASA/JPL/MSSS/Univ. of Arizona

Phoenix Lander Science Phoenix Lander Science ConfigurationConfiguration

Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Univ. of Arizona

Phoenix SpacecraftPhoenix SpacecraftBuilt by Lockheed Martin Space Systems

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/Lockheed Martin

Phoenix Science InstrumentsPhoenix Science Instruments

Robotic Arm (RA)Robotic Arm (RA)• 2.35m long, 0.5m deep trench• Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Robotic Arm Camera (RAC)Robotic Arm Camera (RAC)• Visible color imager, RGB lamps• 23 µm/pixel• Univ. of Arizona & Max Planck Institute

Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)• Visible imager, 1024x1024 CCD• 66° FOV• Won’t be used due to I/F issue• Malin Space Science Systems

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/Univ. of Arizona/MSSS

Surface Stereo Imager (SSI)Surface Stereo Imager (SSI)• Visible and Near IR imager• 12 spectral filters• 1024x1024 CCD• Univ. of Arizona

Thermal and Evolved GasThermal and Evolved GasAnalyzer (TEGA)Analyzer (TEGA)• Mass Spectrometer (10 ppb), 8 cells• 1000°C Furnace• Univ. of Arizona & Univ. of Texas

Meteorological Station (MET)Meteorological Station (MET)• Light detection & ranging (LIDAR)• MET mast: Pressure and Temp.• Canadian Space Agency

Microscopy, Electrochemistry, andMicroscopy, Electrochemistry, andConductivity Analyzer (MECA)Conductivity Analyzer (MECA)• Wet chemistry lab (4 cells)• Optical & atomic force microscopes, 4 µm/pixel, 69 substrates• Thermal & electrical conduct. probe• Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Phoenix Entry, Descent and Landing Phoenix Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL)(EDL)

““EDL: 7 minutesEDL: 7 minutesof Terror” Movieof Terror” Movie

Image Credits: NASA/JPL/Univ. of Arizona/Lockheed Martin

Mars Science LaboratoryMars Science Laboratory

Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)

Launches September 2009 (Atlas V)Launches September 2009 (Atlas V)Lands Summer 2010Lands Summer 20101 Mars Year Primary Surface Mission (687 1 Mars Year Primary Surface Mission (687 Earth days)Earth days)Dry mass = 850 kgDry mass = 850 kg

Image Credit: NASA/JPL

Science Goals:Science Goals:- Determine whether life ever arose on Mars- Determine whether life ever arose on Mars- Characterize the climate of Mars- Characterize the climate of Mars- Characterize the geology of Mars- Characterize the geology of Mars- Prepare for human exploration- Prepare for human exploration

Mars Science LaboratoryMars Science Laboratory

Image Credits: NASA/JPL

MSL Science InstrumentsMSL Science Instruments

CamerasCameras::Mast Camera (MastCam)Mast Camera (MastCam)Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)Mars Descent Imager (MARDI)

SpectrometersSpectrometers::Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam)Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam)Chemistry & Mineralogy X-Ray Diffraction/X-Ray Fluorescence Chemistry & Mineralogy X-Ray Diffraction/X-Ray Fluorescence Instrument (CheMin)Instrument (CheMin)Sample Analysis at Mars Instrument Suite with Gas Chromatograph, Sample Analysis at Mars Instrument Suite with Gas Chromatograph, Mass Spectrometer, and Tunable Laser Spectrometer (SAM)Mass Spectrometer, and Tunable Laser Spectrometer (SAM)

Radiation Detectors:Radiation Detectors:Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD)Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD)Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)

Environmental Sensors:Environmental Sensors:Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS)Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS)

More exciting discoveries to come …More exciting discoveries to come …

Thank YouThank YouImage Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell

NASA logo

Thanks to our presenter Greg Mehall and to NASA

JPL and Arizona State University for sponsoring

this program

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