[email protected]@staffs.ac.uk, e.r.edwards applied comms technology lecture 2...

[email protected], E.R.Edwards

Applied Comms TechnologyLecture 2 Mobile CommunicationsIntroduction to mobile networksCurrent state

TechnologyApplicationsPlayers

The impact of 3G networksCosts and implementation in an organisationSummary

Slide1


Applied Comms TechnologyHistory of mobile communications1st Generation (1G) of mobile phone 1983 –

Analogue!2G standards 1991

Uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) as radio transmission, data rate <9.6kbps

2.5G standards - Transition between 2G and 3GGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

Packet switched architecture on circuit switched GSM network, Speed up to 114kbps

EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution) <384Kbps, inexpensive deployment – using existing GPRS

infrastructure

Slide [email protected] &[email protected] & Alison Griffiths


Applied Comms TechnologyHistory of mobile communications3G Standards – 2001

Still Packet switched and Circuit switched architecture

More functionality - telephone, mobile internet, video calls, live TV

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) system in UK (CDMA2000 in US)

HSPA (High Speed Packet Access)56Mbit downlink / 22Mbit uplink

4G Standard – from 2006 in South Korea (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4g)WiMax, LTE



Applied Comms Technology2nd Generation Phones1982 CEPT (European Conference of Postal and

Telecommunications Administrations) created group to develop European standard.

1989 GSM responsibility transferred to ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)

GSM launched in 19913 Primary Benefits

Digitally EncryptedMore efficient on spectrum allowing greater phone

penetration levels (more phones per km2)Introduced data services

Initially SMS

[email protected] &[email protected] & Alison Griffiths


Applied Comms TechnologyGSMGlobal System for Mobile Communications (

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gsm)>3 billion in more than 212 countriesRoaming between mobile phone operators“112” - Emergency telephone number worldwide

1997 added packet data capabilities via GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

1999 Introduced higher data speeds using EDGE (enhanced Data rates for GSM evolution)



Applied Comms TechnologyGSMGSM Cell radius depends on

Antenna heightAntenna GainPropagation conditions

Longest in practical use is 35 kmIndoor coverage by in-building penetration or

Indoor picocell base station orIndoor repeaterDistributed indoor antennas fed through power splittersUsed where high call capacity need e.g. shopping centre

or airport



Applied Comms TechnologyCells and clusterCells are base stations

transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons

May actually be overlapping ovals

Size and actual shape varies depending on the landscape

A cluster is a group of cells



Applied Comms TechnologyCells and clusterFrequency reuse - reuse radio

channels to carry more than one conversation at a time MACRO - Base station antenna

installed on mast above average roof top level

MICRO - Antenna height below average roof top level, typically used in urban areas

PICO - Small cells with coverage diameter of few meters, used mainly indoors

FEMTO - Designed for use in residential or SME environments, Connected to service provider via a broadband internet connection

UMBRELLA - Used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells, fill in gaps in coverage between cells



Applied Comms TechnologyGPRS

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)This standard was agreed by ETSI in March

1998It is designed to allow data communication to

take place within the existing GSM infrastructure and technology

A few additional servers are added to the network to allow this.

Speeds of 140Kbits in theory, typical 56KbpsPacket switched rather than circuit switchedThis is described as being a 2.5G technologyTo use GPRS you will need a GPRS enabled

device. Existing GSM devices will not be able to make use of the additional features.

Version 1.2 Jan 2008Slide 9



Applied Comms Technology3G UMTSUniversal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)

Full packet driven architecture for voice and for data transmissions.

Packet based networks allow for an increased amount of traffic on a medium.

Up to 21Mbits/s using HSDPA (actual 384Kbits or 7.2Mbits HSDPA)

The only time part of that medium is blocked is when a device is transmitting or receiving.

Consider how often, in your phone calls, you actually say nothing;-Natural pause between words, taking a breathWaiting for a response, thinking of something to say – “errrr”

WCDMA or CDMA2000 instead of TDMA – American systemWideband Code Division Multiple AccessTime Division Multiple Access

Slide 10


Applied Comms Technology3G (Cont)Multi-rate transmission – different speeds for different

type of data -Better QoS3G is targeting the following data rate based on micro-

cells, macro-cells and pico-cellsMicro-cells - 144 kbits/sMacro-cells - 384 kbits/s Pico-cells - 2048 kbits/s

Slide 11


Applied Comms TechnologyMobile phone frequency spectrumNormally, 2 frequency bands are needed for mobile

transmissionUplinkDownlink

Different providers adopt different frequency ranges

Slide 12

A – Reserved for new entrant – Three and Hutchinson

B - Vodafone C - BT D – T-mobile E - Orange

Source: http://www.three-g.net/3g_spectrum.html


Applied Comms TechnologyCritique of 3gDoes it add any value – business point of view

Depends on view pointAnd on type of business

What are its issues, if any? The evolution of 3g networks to support the 3g devices

Need to run on 2g networks as wellBottleneck - Increase the number of base stations/masts

Are industries using it? See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3g

EntertainmentMobile TVDownload video/music

Speed….Slide 13 [email protected].

uk &[email protected]

& Alison Griffiths


Applied Comms TechnologyBase Station LocationsA database of all cellular base stations is provided by OFCOM in

the UKThis database contains the locations of all Base stations and discusses

the details of them Here is a screen grab of Stoke (station)

Mast on station Ofcom Sitefinder/


Applied Comms TechnologyInvestment in what?What would you buy/how to become 3g as a firm?How do you plan to use mobile/wireless technologies ?What wireless network is currently available in your area

and what will be available in the future? SecurityLearning curves for employeeAlternatives to 3G?

Wireless broadband (local area only)Bluetooth (pico-network, very local)


Applied Comms TechnologyFuture communicationsHigh Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

From 3.6Mbps (2009); runs at 42Mbps as of 2013, 337Mbps soon.

Fourth generation GSM (4G) Not quite here yet (WiMaX and LTE)

Entirely packet switched networks - Voice and data in packetPeak data rates of 100Mbps for high motility 1Gbps for low

motility n/wDynamically share and utilise network resources to support

more simultaneous users per cell.Scalable channel bandwidth between 5-20MHz (theoretical

40MHz)High quality support for next generation multimedia supportSeamless wireless network Handover


Applied Comms TechnologyOrigins of SMS

Version 1.2 Jan 2008Slide 17

Short Messaging Service (SMS), also known as Simple Message Service Intention - Designed as a replacement for the Pager

Pager allows text messages to be sent to the deviceTo respond you must get to a phoneWidely used in Hospitals, Military, Police, Industry

SMS allowedTwo way communications of the text messagesMaximum character length of 160 characters

This can change though depending on the operator or the character set used

Character sets supported areASCII + additional European charactersUnicode (uses 2 characters!)

First Text was sent in December 1992, to a Vodafone device, sent by Neil Papworth, saying “Merry Christmas”

Standard defined by ETSI and is known as “GSM 03.40”


Applied Comms TechnologySMS Origins (cont)The success is SMS was never planned for!It was only ever intended as the Pager replacement, with limited

use - this explains some of the design decisions madeUsage in the UK alone

By December 2004, 2.45 billion messages were sent via the UK operators alone, now over 4 billion a month

Consider this at 8 pence a time! Using nothing other than spare capacity in the network

Operators recognised the massive potential of data servicesThey looked at developing SMS

Result was Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS)Allowed additional data to be sent beyond SMSText formatting

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) – Pictures, Video

Slide 18


Applied Comms Technology

Slide 19


Applied Comms TechnologySMS InfrastructureOne additional server needs adding to the GSM

networkShort Message Service Centre (SMSC)

SMSC

GSM SMS InfrastructureBaseStation

BaseStation

HLR

HLR = Home Location Register

Other Mobile Phone

Network


Applied Comms TechnologyExample SMS transmission packet

Slide 21


Applied Comms TechnologyMMSMultimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

Allows the transfer of more than text between mobile devices Old devices do not need to be compatible! In the event of an incompatible device being sent a MMS, they will receive an Internet

link insteadThe message can then be view on the Internet at a later stage

Is only available on GPRS devices and newer

The following are the current standards, may be expanded in the future

This is a list of base requirements for devices to be given the title of MMS compatible

Pictures - JPEG, GIF, PNG, SVG-Tiny (2D Vector Graphics)Movies - MPEG-4Sound - SP-MIDI, Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR)Text - ASCII Text, UTF 8/16Future Use Allows unlimited expansion

Slide 22


Applied Comms TechnologyMMS DeliverySMS was delivered in a single packetMMS can have a theoretical unlimited message size

In reality the operators/devices will control the size of the messagesThis indicates that the message can not be delivered in a single

packetNumber of packets will depend on the type of messages sent, as with

TCP

SummaryWe have discussed the evolution of mobile carriers and messaging

technologies.3.5G is the latest mobile technology but it is still new in the mobile

market and the service is not widely available yet. There are alternative solutions than 3G/3.5G – WiMax and WiFi.

Slide 23


Applied Comms TechnologyGlossary

GSM – Global System for MobilesTDMA – time division, multiple accessGPRS – General Packet Radio ServiceEDGE – Enhanced Data rates for Global EvolutionCDMA2000 – A standard Code Division Multiple AccessWCDMA – Wideband Code Division Multiple AccessHSPA – High Speed Packet AccessCEPT – The Electronic Communications CommitteeETSI – European Telecommunications Standards InstituteSMS – Short Messaging ServiceUTMS – Unrealistically Twisted Mental Shenanigans?UTMS – Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemQoS – Quality of Service

[email protected]@staffs.ac.uk, e.r.edwards applied comms technology lecture 2...

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