nation and memory in eastern europe (19 th and 20 th century) lecture 6 polish history ii week 7
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Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe (19th and 20th century)
Lecture 6Polish History II
Week 7
Why was Poland partitioned and what can be done to regain independence?
God’s Punishment – Sins
Evilness of Prussia, Austria, Russia – Break of international law
Weakness of old Polish Constitution – Anarchy, not Liberty
Guilt of noble factions - treason
Oppression of peasants
Polish Backwardness
Back to Catholic values, support Catholic Church, pray and live virtuous life
Uprisings, waiting for international crisis, European war
Restitution of May Constitution 1791, liberal Constitution, stronger government
Fight against traitors, replacement of nobility in national leadership
Liberation of peasants, (National) Education of Peasants
Modernisation, Polish Middle Class, Organic Work
Bishop Adam Stanisław Naruszewicz, 1733-1796
History of the Polish Nation
Teki Naruszewicza (Collection of Documents of Polish History)
Enlightenment
Collaboration
Loyalism Surrender Treason Duty
Resistance Idealism Rebellion Duty Treason
Conciliation Realism Moderation Collaboration Moderation
Emigration
Free after Norman Davies, Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland’s Present. New Edition (Oxford, 2001), p. 157
Options/Perspectives‘Neutral’ Ideas Moderates Insurgents Partitioning
Powers
Outline
1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars2. „For our and for your freedom...“3. Realism vs. Romanticism4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building
Suchodolski: The death of Józef Poniatowskis at Leipzig
1813
Grand Duchy of Warsaw 1807 – 1815
Kingdom of Poland 1815 – 1864 (1831)
Grand Duchy of Posen 1815 – 1848
Crown Land of Galicia and 1867 – 1918Lodomeria
Autonomy or Semi-Autonomy
Outline
1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars2. „For our and for your freedom...“3. Realism vs. Romanticism4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building
November Uprising, 1830
Finis Poloniae
1831
Polish Emigration
• Conservative-aristocratic (Czartoryski in Hotel Lambert)
• Moderate democratic: Polish National Committee
• Radical: Polish Democratic Society (TDP)
Joachim Lelewel1786-1861
Poland, her History and Affairs Surveyed, in 20 vols, Posen, 1853-1876
Karol Szajnocha1818-1868
Jadwiga i Jagiello
Romanticism
Uprisings before 1900
1794 Kosciuszko-Uprising (Russia)Also in Greater Poland (Prussia)
1806 Uprising in Greater Poland (Prussia)
1830 November Uprising (Russia)
1846 Greater Poland (attempt, Prussia) and Galician Slaughter, Kraków (Austria)
1848 Greater Poland (Prussia)
1863 January Uprising (Russia)
Polish lands, 1840-1848
Polish participation in European revolutions 1848-1849
January Uprising, 1863/64
1863
Outline
1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars2. „For our and for your freedom...“3. Realism vs. Romanticism4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building
Cracow School:Michał Bobrzyński 1849-1935
A short history of Poland, 1879
The Birth of the Polish State, 2 vols., 1914-22
Realism and Positivism
Warsaw School:
Tadeusz Korzon
1839-1918
Organic Work
Starting point: failed insurrections
Poland culturally and economically too underdeveloped
to sustain an independent state
New strategy:
• Improve industry and trade in the Polish provinces
• Build towns and railways
• Organize cooperatives and organize Polish peasantry
• Raise the literacy and the national consciousness of the
population
Important advocates: Stańczyk group in Cracow and
Warsaw positivists
The Polish lands 1863 - 1914
Russian Empire Kingdom of Poland becomes Vistula land RussificationDiscrimination of Catholic Church (Uniate Church)University of Warsaw replaced by Imperial University
of Warsaw (Teaching in Russian)
German EmpireAnti-Catholic policy under BismarckGermanisation of School systemSchool strike after attempt to introduce German language
in religious instructionPolicy to promote settlement of ethnic GermansDiscrimination of ethnic Poles
Michał Drzymała, his wife and his wagon
Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria, 1910Population: 8 Million
West Galiciain %
East Galiciain %
Together
Roman-Catholic 2,381,940 88.6 1,349,630 25.3 3,731,570 46.5
Greek-Catholic 86,585 3.2 3,294,420 61.7 3,381,005 42.1
Jewish 213,173 7.9 658,722 12.4 871,895 10.9
Protestant 7,953 0.3 30,371 0.6 28,324 0.5
Orthodox 165 0.0 2,680 0.0 2,845 0.0
Austria-Hungary after 1867
Crownland Galicia and LodomeriaPolish elite profits from imperial reformsClose cooperation with Polish elitesSocial, political, economic and cultural dominance of
PolesPolonisation of administration, educationDominance of Polish language in universities in Cracow
and LwówModern political parties develop, Hundreds of Polish newspapers and journals,
thousands of books are publishedPolish politicians (Polish club in Austrian parliament)
very influentialPolish ministers and gouvernors
Galicia – the Polish Piedmont
Outline
1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars2. „For our and for your freedom...“3. Realism vs. Romanticism4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building
Putzger, Historischer Weltatlas, pp. 106 f.
The Making of the Polish Nation
PRO• Polish language and long tradition of literate culture• Influence in Galicia since 1867• German Empire: rule of law• Roman-Catholic faith• Common history of most of the territory until the end of the 18th c.• Existence of a numerous, genuinely Polish elite – the nobility• Cultural bonds: similar traditions, costumes, songs and so on• Emancipation/liberation of peasants in Prussia, Austria, RussiaParadox: creating precondition for Polish nation building
CONTRA• Partitions of Poland: no state• Living in the Russian Empire, Prussia/German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.• No common present• Opportunities for educated Poles in the service of the Empires• Small middle class• Sharp social conflict between peasants and estate owners• Unclear borders• Unclear national boundaries (for ex. Polish Jew or Jewish Pole)• National 'awakening' of Ukrainians, Lithuanias etc.• Policy of Russification and Germanization