national assessments of the barbados program of action cabo verde

National Assessments of the Barbados Program

of Action

Cabo Verde

Cabo Verde - Report

Presentation outlineChap.-1 Geographical and socioeconomic context, Chap.-2 National Framework of Sustainble

DevelopmentChap.-3 Progress made and obstacles. Chap.-4 Cross sectoral issuesChap.-5 The Millennium Goals and the Sustainable

Development of SIDS (Cabo Verde).Chap.-6 SPECIAL NEEDS

Cabo Verde-BPOA Geographical and socioeconomic context

Geographical and socioeconomic context

Cabo Verde-BPOA

10 small islands and 13 islets Volcanic origin (last eruption 1995) Total surface area 4,033Km2

The climate is sub-tropical arid characterized by a short rainy season, from July to October.

torrential precipitation very irregularly distributed both in space and in time.

Poor natural resources base economic exclusive zone about 700.000 km2 The coastline is relatively extensive, with about 2.000 Km


According to the results from the 2000 Census, the resident population was at the time 434.625 inhabitants.

Demographic projections indicate that the current population is of 458.748 inhabitants (55.9% in urban areas).

growth rate in the nineties was 2.4%. average population density 107.8

inhabitants per Km2(2000).


The main economic activities are in the primary sector, which still employs a substantial portion of the active labor force;

the tertiary sector (in particular trade) is very dynamic and a strong contributor to the formation of the GDP.

Cape Verde’s main development problem in the social sphere is the persistence of poverty, namely among women, in a context of unbalanced space distribution, tends to aggravate in the urban centers, as result of the strong demographic pressure on available resources.

the eradication of absolute poverty, constitute a major national development challenge.

Geographical and socioeconomic context

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Cape Verde’s vulnerability profile clearly shows that the country’s economy is still strongly dependent on two external factors: public development aid, which finances more

than 80% of public investments and represents about 12% of the GDP;

and emigrant remittances that, in turn, reach 12 to 14% of the GDP and represent more than 3 times the exports of goods and about 21/2 tourism revenues


1980s, Cape Verde has been guiding its development policy based on medium term (4-5 years) National Developments Plans

after the Barbados Conference, in 1997 the Government presented the 1997 – 2000 Main Options of the Plan.

the current Government presented the 2002 – 2005 Main Development Options. The present strategy toward a sustainable development comprises the following axis:

1. Promote good governance as a development factor, by strengthening the State and intensifying Democracy and strengthening citizenship;

2. Promote private initiatives, competitiveness and growth; expand the productive basis;

3. Develop human capital and guide education/training to the priority areas of development;

4. Promote a global policy for social development, combating poverty and strengthening cohesion and solidarity;

5. Develop basic and economic infrastructures and promote territory management aimed at balanced development;

These options were detailed into about 36 programs, with emphasis on economic and business sectors, infrastructures and transportation sectors, justice and crime combat, environment, energy and poverty alleviation.

Cabo Verde-BPOAThe National framework for sustainable development

Progress made and obstacles

The UN Convention on Climate Changes was ratified in March 1995.

Action Plan on Climate Changes (ENPA-MC) 25 sectorial studies were conducted.

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Climate changes and rising sea level

Projects/ programs a. Management of environmental vulnerability

The National Development Plan -PND 2002-2005 – contemplates the “ Environment Vulnerability Management” as a sub- program of Environment Protection and Preservation whose objective is to decrease the emission of total pollutants (CO2, CH4 e N2O) in 60%.

The program “sustainable management of natural resources”, namely water, soil and biological resources comprises preventive measures for managing vulnerabilities, which include population awareness and information on i) climate changes; ii) vulnerability of the agro-system; and iii) the impact and adjustments to be introduced in the agriculture and other sectors.

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Projects/ programs b. Monitoring pollution levels

The “Monitoring pollution levels” program intends to set up a network on climate vigilance to monitor, investigate, and better define Climate behavior. The established climate parameters, through the vigilance network, are available for maritime, water and agriculture purposes.

c. National Plan of Energy and Environment The joint execution of the Plan and of projects to mitigate

climate change effects will bring a substantially better quality of life to the population, particularly to women and children.

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National Emergency Plan and the support to the Local authorities in formulating the relevant local Plans;

the Basilea Convention on the Control of Transboundary Activities of Dangerous Residuals and their Elimination, ratified in 1995.

The Protocol to the International Convention for the Constitution of the International Fund for Compensation of Losses due to Hydrocarbon Pollution was signed by Cape Verde and approved through a Resolution in June.

ports are not equipped to handle oil, waste-waters and trash and do not have contingency plans nor trained personnel or proper equipment.

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Environmental and Natural Disasters


Convention on the Law of the Sea ratified and approved by the National Assembly on August 3, 1987

Convention on Biological Diversity approved and ratified by the National Assembly on October 20, 1994 and March 29, 1995, respectively. In a similar fashion.

Problems The exploitation of resources and coastal ecosystems has not been the most

rational, with persisting bad practices, specially the capture of young catches and use of explosives.

Some species present indications of over-capture; such is the case of coastal lobsters. The consequences of environmental and landscape degradation due to the extraction of sand are visible and some beaches have already suffered irreversible damage.

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Coastal and marine resources, including coastal and marine biodiversity resources


relevant national, sub-regional and regional projects with sustained use, management and conservation of coastal and maritime resources covering the following areas: 1. Legislation

Existing legislation is being revised and adequate. 2. Management

An integrated management process is being implemented. 3. Research/studies/planning

Different studies are being conducted and relevant strategies are being applied. 4. Protection/ surveillance

Surveillance is pertinent in the framework of a policy oriented to the exterior and economy liberalization.

5. Information, training, awareness

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Coastal and marine resources, including coastal and marine biodiversity resources


The first national policies on resource conservation were directed mainly to rural areas, focusing on soil and water conservation, reforestation and agriculture development.

Current policies point towards development of systematic measures for environment preservation that favor community participation and the equitable distribution of income from the exploration of resources.

Cape Verde signed the Convention on the Combat of Desertification on October 14, 1994 and ratified it on March 8, 1995.

To implement the Convention, the country prepared its National Action Program on the Fight against Desertification, which dedicates special attention to management of natural and water resources in particular, to better the quality of life of the population and the environmental information available.

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Land resources, (including land biodiversity)


The projects /programs / national initiatives: 1. Nature and Biodiversity Conservation

Conservation is assured through the setting up of a system of Protected Areas and their respective management plans

and the elaboration of a National Plan for eco-tourism in the Protected Areas and the fostering of local community participation in managing the protected areas.

2. National Forest Plan of Action (NFPA) The NFPA (1994) adopted as one of its guiding principles the involvement of

the local communities that use forest resources as means of subsistence. 3. Action Program for Combating Desertification

With the global objective of reducing desertification and mitigate the effects of drought toward a sustainable development, Cape Verde began in 1995 the works to prepare and implement the National Plan for combating Desertification (NPA).

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The projects /programs / national initiatives: 4. National network of protected areas.

the richest zones n terms of land biodiversity in Cape Verde, the project intends to harmonize human needs with the imperative need for conservation.

Actions in several domains Education, information and awareness actions on environmental education,

erosion, desertification, biodiversity and natural resources in general are disseminated through leaflets, information bulletins, manuals, etc.

Cape Verde’s first Red List alerts to the need to improve the situation of several vegetation and animal species and non-living resources

and the first White Book on the State of the Environment gives a status report on the situation in 2003.

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The country depends heavily on the import of petroleum by-products for the production of electric energy and dessalinated water.

The national energy policy should be approved with the validation of the “National Strategic Plan”.

The energy component of the National Action Plan on the Environment NAPE2004-2014 aims specifically at: - Promoting the efficient and effective utilization of natural resources, with

emphasis on energy; - the adoption of more efficient and less polluting technologies for the

utilization of natural resources; and - Promoting the participation and engagement of the population in the

sustainable utilization of natural resources and environment conservation.

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Energetic resources


Relevant studies for the sector were conducted with external support among which the World Bank, UNDP (UNEP) and bilateral cooperation. Strategies for Domestic Energy and Policies (1990) Strategies for Energy and Environment in Cape Verde – 1996.

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Energetic resources


According to the First White Book on the Situation of Environment in Cape Verde, aggravating indicators report to: Uncontrolled disposal of solid waste (wild garbage dumps); Waste burns in residential and other areas that produce uncomfortable odors

and degradation of public health conditions; and increasing environment pollution, with possible contamination of

underground waters.

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Waste Management and Water Supply and Sanitation


The sanitation sector needs a National Policy to fill in the gaps in infrastructures, institutional, legal organizational and management capacity and the capacity for managing and mobilizing resources for major investments.

Treatment of urban solid waste is still precarious. In spite the many infrastructure projects, a considerable percentage of the

population still has no direct access to drinking water and does not have an adequate sanitation system (in the biggest population center and capital of the country, about 60% of households do not have access to any type of sanitation).

“Energy, Water and Sanitation Program” -wastewater collection and treatment systems

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Source: INGRH, 2003


40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

Anos

Percentagem

Progresso actual Progressão necessária Cabo Verde

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Tourism

Source: INGRH, 2003


The valorization of the tourism product (maritime ecosystems, renewable energies, solid waste treatment, natural green areas, micro-climates, volcanoes, etc.) resulting from the implementation of the environmental policy and the articulation between the development of this and other sectors, namely the transportation, infrastructure, agriculture and fishing sectors, should respect the environmental conditions and the country’s limitations.

The preparation of the National Strategic Development Plan for Tourism and the Integrated Development Plan for the Islands of Boa Vista, Maio and Sal; and the establishment of a National School for Hotel activities and Tourism are the major national projects either ongoing or under preparation.

The actions of the ongoing projects aim at modernizing the sector, elevating the level of professionalism and diversifying the offer with priority to the development of rural tourism. Community participation in tourism related activities is still modest.

Cabo Verde-BPOA

Financing and investments As a small island state, Cape Verde will need public aid to face its vulnerabilities, is territory dispersion, small domestic market, and long drought periods. The aid per capita reached 306 dollars and 312 dollars[1], in 1995 and 1998, respectively, and 316 dollars in 1999, and contributed to finance the reforms and development. Emigrant remittances constitute the major source of external resources to the country, with about 19% of the GDP between 1994 and 1996, and 13% between 1997 and 2001. With exception made to 1997, there is a growing trend in remittances [1] WB estimates

CROSS SECTORAL ISSUES

Private sector investment promotion As of 1992, with the economic liberalization process, the private sector began conquering the main position as economic agent. Privatization and the restructuring of strategic companies, such as the ones in the areas of electricity and water, telecommunications, light industries, and the fostering of other sectors considered strategic in the development process, such as tourism, transportation, fisheries and others, began attracting both national and foreign private investors.

Cabo Verde-BPOA

Financing and investments


Regional cooperation •integration in the ECOWAS•integration in the CILSS •integration in the CPLP (Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries) and PALOP (Portuguese Speaking African Countries).

Coordination and institutional capacity

Cabo Verde-BPOACROSS SECTORAL ISSUES

Preschool education •an increase in the rate of children attending preschool that in 1997 was at about 49% going to 54% in 2000.•universal access to 6 years of compulsory education, • The gross schooling rate in basic education reached 117% 2000/2001, •The rate of students that repeated the year reached 12%. •The percentage of qualified teachers increased from 54.9% in 1993/94 to 56.4% in 1997/98 and to 70% in 2000/2001. •The ratio student teacher lowered to 28. •The rate of attendance by the female population is the same as the rate for the male population in the EBI.

Development of human resources


Secondary level, •EBI compulsory effect, quadruplicated during the period, going from 9 586 to 43 384. •Decision has been made to expand the compulsory education to 8 years of schooling, with view to providing universal access to the 7th and 8th grades. The gross schooling rate rose to 65% and the net rate to 54% in 2000/2001. •the annual growth rate in 1997/98 was 28.6% against the 8.7% in 1993/94. •The student/teacher ratio went from 24.8 in 1993/94 to 23 in 1997/98; this at the national level, as there is much more pressure in the urban centers.

Higher education •is still a project that needs to be materialized. •Although the University of Cape Verde was formally created in 1997,

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Technical training, integrated in the secondary education, does not have much expression, nor in terms of supply or in terms of demand. Expectations prevail in regard to secondary education that is seen as a transition phase to higher education,

Literacy and adult educationIlliteracy receded from 37% in 1990 to 25% in 2000. The main problem has to do with the resurfacing of illiteracy among the target group ages 15-49 years.

Cabo Verde-BPOA



HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases

•The first cases of HIV/AIDS were registered in Cape Verde in 1986. In 1997, according to available data at the time, HIV prevalence among the Cabo-verdean population was estimated at between 1.5% and 2%. According to available estimates, based on model techniques, about 300 people aged between 15 and 55 years are infected with HIV.•the Government of Cape Verde recently prepared a multi-sector national strategy for HIV/AIDS – the 202-2006 National Strategic Plan for Combating AIDS with the objective of reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Country. At the central level, the Plan is coordinated by a “Coordination Committee for the Combat on AIDS (CCS-SIDA)”, presided by the Prime Minister himself. • With regard to Malaria, the hypo-endemic situation is of low-transmission, with registry of only sporadic cases.

Health Services


• Satisfactory results were achieved during the last two decades in several areas such as child vaccination, the fight against diarrhea illnesses, including the eradication of some diseases, the increase in infrastructures and health professionals, while reducing the inhabitant/doctor ratio that in 1995 was of 1/2675 and lowered to 1/2441. The ratio nurse/inhabitants went from 1/1807 to 1/1435.•Life expectancy at birth is estimated at 70.8 years, being 66.4 years for men and 73.4 years for women. •The fertility rate reduced, from 5 children/woman to 4children/woman.•The vaccine coverage rate among children under 1 year was of 69.1% in 1995 and 55.1% in 2000.•Overall mortality rate was 7.9 in 1993 and rose to 9.1 per hundred-thousand in 1995 due to the cholera epidemic during the 1994/96 period and evolved to 6.6 in 1999.•The maternal mortality rate in 2000 was 76.1/100 000, a rate much higher than the average rate for past years. The number of deliveries assisted by health professionals went from 49% in 1993 to 54% in 1998.

Health Services


•The internal consumption of essential goods and the (energy and equipment) supply to national industries cannot be guaranteed by national production •basic essential goods are assured at about 80 to 85% by imports, on the other hand the needs in terms of goods and heavy equipment and petroleum by-products are 100% assured through imports.

•The main components of the foreign trade policy is the country’s adhering to the World Trade Organization – WTO – process is ongoing, and the activation and participation at different international negotiating fora: WTO, UNTACD, ICC, ACP/EU, PALOP, etc. •Cape Verde believes that joining the WTO will stimulate and accelerate exports growth.

Trade

Cabo Verde-BPOATrade, Investments an

•30% of the then residing population was considered poor (1988/1989 )•preliminary results from the 2001/2002 Survey on Household Expenditures and Income, about 29% of households in Cape Verde are poor •National Poverty Alleviation Program adopted in the second half of the 90s with the overall objective of promoting durable poverty reduction in the country. •the government, with support especially from the World Bank, has been developing since 2001 a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) whose intermediary version was presented in January 2002.

Poverty Eradication

Cabo Verde-BPOAThe Millennium Development Goals And The

Sustainable Development Of Sids

•Education has always been one of the priority areas of development in Cape Verde •The Government Program for the VI legislature (2001-2005) as well as the Main Options of the National Development Plan (2002-2005) include as strategic objectives to be followed the achieving of education for all•The country’s current health program expects to reach the following goals on mortality reduction by 2005:•- Reduce peri-natal mortality rate by 20%.•- Reduce infant mortality rate to 20/1000•- Reduce maternal mortality rate to 43/100.000•- Reduce under-5 mortality rate to 28/1000

Cabo Verde-BPOA

Education and Reduction of Child Mortality

The Millennium Development Goals And The Sustainable Development Of Sids

•Gender policy and women empowerment in Cape Verde is guided based on the guidelines from International Conferences on Women’s Rights (Nairobi, 1989), on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993), Population and Development (Cairo, 1994), Social Development (Copenhagen, 1995) and on Women (Beijing, 1995), all presented under the form of a National Plan of Action for the Promotion of Women. •Basic Integrated Education: 51.3% Boys and 48.7% Girls; Secondary Education: 49.6% Boys and 50.4 Girls; Associate Degrees: 58.1% Boys and 41.9 % Girls; Higher Education: 67.0% Boys and 33.0% Girls.• Within the Public administration, women make up for 49.1% of civil servants.•The evolution of women’s participation the Local Governments is also visible; they even doubled their presence from one legislature to another, going from 8% in 1995 to 16% in 2000.

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Gender and Women Empowerment


•HIV prevalence among the Cabo-verdean population was estimated at between 1.5% and 2%. •According to available estimates, about 300 people aged between 15 and 55 years are infected with HIV •With the participation of the central government, municipalities, NGOs, UNAIDS and other international donors, the Government of Cape Verde recently prepared a multi-sector national strategy for HIV/AIDS – the 202-2006 •National Strategic Plan for Combating AIDS with the objective of reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Country. •At the central level, the Plan is coordinated by a “Coordination Committee for the Combat on AIDS (CCS-SIDA)”, presided by the Prime Minister.

Cabo Verde-BPOA

HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases


•The first National Environment Plan Action (NEPA I) was prepared in 1994 •NEPA II 2002-2012 is at an advanced stage of preparation.•NEPA’s overall objective is to define the strategic guidelines for the utilization of natural resources, as well as its effects on the sustainable management of economic activities, so that economic and social development may be sustainable

Cabo Verde-BPOA

Environment


•1 in 1998, a Trust Fund was established with the concurrence from all development partners. The Fund should have amounted to 180 million American Dollars, of which 80 million were to be supported through privatization revenues, and the remaining 100 million through donors’ contributions •2-the preparation of a Country Financial Accountability Assessment – CFAA, and a Public Expenditures Review, both globally as well as in some sectors, such as the Education, Health and Agriculture and Fisheries sectors. 3-With view to obtaining a strategic poverty reduction instrument / paper, Cape Verde has been developing a close partnership with the IMF and the WB to prepare the PRSP, which in the medium term will facilitate achieving the millennium objectives.4 -“African Growth and Opportunity Act – AGOA”, an initiative promoted by the US Government, •5-Joining the World Trade Organization, which will strengthen the country’s trade capabilities and opportunities. The adhering process is scheduled to be concluded this year still.At the regional / continental level, the active participation in NEPAD’s development process.

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Partnerships for Development


•Deprived of any type of relevant natural resources, Cape Verde faces numerous difficulties in its development process but always supported by the international community.

•The priority strategic axis for development for the coming years were presented at the last consultation meeting with the partners, in April this year, and it became obvious that, aside from strengthening human resources, one of the country’s major needs is a financial one, estimated at about four hundred million dollars for the next 4-5 years.•This financial need should serve to cover the existing financing gap in areas elected as priority for a sustained development, that is:•- Macroeconomic stabilization and domestic debt,•- Infrastructures and Territory Management,•- Education and Valorization of Human Resources,•- Public Administration reform and Modernization, and•- Environment

•SPECIAL NEEDS

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OBRIGADO

•These priorities interpolate the State, the private sector and the civil society on the need to create the capacities and mobilize specific competences in order to respond through the execution of concrete programs to the criteria of efficacy and efficiency that are so dear to development but always very delicate to achieve more so in the context of Small Island Developing States.

Cabo Verde-BPOAprogresses made and problems encountered I

implementing the Barbados Plan of Action.

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Years

Pluviometria anual (mm) Pluviometria média (1941-1970 e 1971-2000)

555,7 mm

387,5


national assessments of the barbados program of action cabo verde

Documents

main development options

development factor

development policy

public development aid

main options

national assessments

current population

tourism revenues geographical