national center for restructuring education … · learning‐ and learner‐ centered schools and...
TRANSCRIPT
NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESTRUCTURING EDUCATION, SCHOOLS, AND TEACHING
TEACHERS COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
ANANALYSISOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPOSITIVEACADEMICMINDSETSINDIVERSEIBOSCHOOLS
ElisabethBarnett
OsvaldoAvila
FenotAklog
March2017
NationalCenterforRestructuringEducation,SchoolsandTeaching
TeachersCollege,ColumbiaUniversity
NewYork,NewYork
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TABLEOFCONTENTSIntroduction 3ReasonforthisResearch 3InternationalBaccalaureate(IB)Programmes 3TheNationalCenterforRestructuringEducationSchoolsandTeaching 4
ReviewoftheLiterature 4
ResearchDesignandMethodology 7Overview 7Sampleselection 9Datacollectionmethods 10DataAnalysis 12
Findings 12SchoolEnvironmentandClassroomPracticesthatFosterPositiveAcademicMindsets 12MeasuresofStudentAcademicMindsets 24StudentPerceptionsofSchoolCultureandClassroomPractices 29RelationshipsBetweenPositiveAcademicMindsetsandPositiveAcademicBehaviors 31
ConclusionsandImplicationsforIBO 32Summaryoffindings 32ImplicationsforIBO 35
AreasforFutureResearch 37
FinalThoughts 37
References 38
AppendixA:InstrumentsLeadershipInterviewProtocol 41TeacherInterviewProtocol 44ObservationProtocol 47StudentSurvey 49
AppendixB:StudentSurveyDesignandReponses 54
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ListofTablesandFigures
Table1.SampleSchoolCharacteristics 9Table2.SummaryofDataCollectionActivitiesintheSampleSchools 10Table3.AverageDifferencesinStudentAcademicMindsetbyCountry 26Table4.RelationshipBetweenSchool/ClassroomFactorsandAcademicMindsets 31Table5.RelationshipBetweenAcademicBehaviorsandAcademicMindsets 32
Figure1:LogicModel–ResearchonAcademicMindsets 8Figure2:AverageResponsestoMeasuresofAcademicMindsetsbySchool 25Figure3:ResponsestoMalleableIntelligenceKeyItems 27Figure4:ResponsestoSenseofBelongingKeyItem 27Figure5:ResponsestoSelf‐ConfidenceKeyItem 28Figure6:ResponsestoSchoolWorkRelevanceKeyItem 28Figure7:SchoolCultureandClassroomPracticesAverageResponsesBySchool 29Figure8:ResponsestoSchoolCultureandClassroomPracticeKeyItems 30Figure9:StudentAcademicBehaviors,AverageResponsebySchool 31
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ANANALYSISOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPOSITIVEACADEMICMINDSETS
INDIVERSEIBOSCHOOLS
Introduction
ReasonforthisResearch
Thereisgrowingevidencethatstudents’postsecondaryandcareerreadinessisdrivenbymorethantheircontentknowledgeandcoreacademicskills.Non‐cognitivefactors(i.e.setsoflearningstrategies,academicmindsetsandbehaviors)playacriticalroleinstudentsuccess(Farrington,Roderick,Allensworth,Nagaoka,Keyes,Johnson,andBeechum,2012;Levin,2012).Theliteraturealsoincreasinglysuggeststhatstudentsaremorelikelytodemonstratethosenon‐cognitivebehaviors,attitudesandstrategiesineducationalcontextsthatarespecificallystructuredtoleadstudentstodevelopandexhibitthem.
ThecurrentstudyexaminesthewaysinwhichInternationalBaccalaureate(IB)DiplomaProgrammeschoolsandclassroomsfosteranddevelopstudents’non‐cognitiveassets,withaparticularfocusonacademicmindsets.Academicmindsetsarethe“beliefs,attitudes,orwaysofperceivingoneselfinrelationtolearningandintellectualworkthatsupportacademicperformance”(Farrington,etal.,2012).WefollowFarringtonetal.inconsideringasetoffourdimensionsofacademicmindset:1)thebeliefthatsuccessismainlyaproductofeffort,2)asenseofbelonging,3)confidenceinone’sabilitytosucceed,and4)aconvictionthatlearningtasksareimportant,interestingand/orrelevant.Theirresearchfurthersuggeststhatstudents’academicmindsetshaveanimportantinfluenceonacademicbehaviorssuchasstudyskillsandtimemanagementthatarecloselyrelatedtoacademicperformance.
Thisstudywasconductedusingamultiplecasestudydesign,implementedinfourschools—twointheUnitedStatesandtwoinPeru.ItwasdesignedtoinformtheInternationalBaccalaureateOrganization’sthinkingabouthowitpromotespositiveschoolenvironmentsandclassroompracticesthatsupportstudentdevelopmentofpositiveacademicmindsets.Itwillalsoprovidecontributionstotheliteratureonthewaysinwhichnon‐cognitiveassetsthatcontributetostudents’successfulacademicperformancecanbetaughtandlearnedinschoolandclassroomsettings.Thiswillbeofparticularinteresttothoseinterestedinhownon‐cognitiveassetsarevaluedandexpressedindifferentculturesandsettings.
InternationalBaccalaureate(IB)Programmes
IBschoolsofferoneormoreoffouravailableIBprogrammes.Threeofthesearewellestablishedandhavebeenofferedformanyyears—theDiplomaProgramme(DP)implementedsince1968,theMiddleYearsProgramme(MYP)since1997,andthePrimaryYearsProgramme(PYP)since1994(Bunnell,2011).Morerecently,theIBOhasaddedanIBCareer‐relatedCertificate(IBCC)
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Programme,intendedtointegrateacademicandcareer‐orientedlearning.Alloftheprogrammesseektopromotelife‐longlearningandinternationalmindedness,anaimthatisadvancedthroughhelpingstudentstostrivetobeinquirers,knowledgeable,thinkers,communicators,principled,open‐minded,caring,risk‐takers,balancedandreflective,asdescribedintheIBLearnerProfile(IB,2008).
Inaddition,eachprogrammehasitsowngoalsandnorms.TheDiplomaProgramme,offeredtostudents16‐19,isbyfarthelargest,accountingfor56%oftotalIBprogrammes(IB2011AnnualReport).Itisnotedforitsrigorandforitsuseofexamstoassurethatstudentsmeethighacademicstandards.Studentsengageincourseworkinlanguages,socialstudies,theexperimentalsciences,mathematic,thearts,andTheoryofKnowledge(TOK).Thosecompletingtheircourses,passingassociatedexams,writinganextendedessay,andparticipatinginCreativity,ServiceandAction(CAS)activitiesareeligibletoearntheIBDiploma.
TheIB/DPprogrammestructureandpractices,theLearnerProfile,theirnewerAcademicTeachingandLearningframework,thefocusoninternationalmindedness,andthepracticesofteachersinDPclassroomsmayallplayaroleinsupportingthedevelopmentofpositiveacademicmindsetsinstudents.
TheNationalCenterforRestructuringEducationSchoolsandTeaching
TheNationalCenterforRestructuringEducationSchoolsandTeaching(NCREST)atTeachersCollege,ColumbiaUniversityconductedthisstudy.Foundedin1990,NCRESTisaneducationresearchanddevelopmentorganizationthatcarriesoutresearchincriticalareasofschoolreformsuchasassessment,accountability,standards,andrestructuringelementary,middle,andhighschools—includingtheirorganization,governance,instruction,curriculum,teacherandstudentlearning.NCREST’smissionistodisseminateknowledgetomultiplestakeholdersonhowlearning‐andlearner‐centeredschoolsandeducationcanincreaseequity.
ReviewoftheLiterature
Non‐cognitiveassets,includingacademicmindset,haverecentlygainedprominenceamongthoseconcernedwithstudentacademicperformance.Priorresearchhasfoundanimportantassociationbetweentheexpressionofnon‐cognitiveskillsandacademicsuccessandpersistenceinbothsecondaryandpostsecondaryeducation(e.g.,Porchea,Allen,Robbins,&Phelps,2010;Poropat,2009;Robbins,Allen,Casillas,Peterson,&Le,2006;Trapmann,Hell,Hirn,&Schuler,2007).
Academicmindsetsareasub‐setofnon‐cognitiveskillsorassets.ThetermmindsetiscloselyassociatedwiththeworkofnotedscholarCarolDweck.Sheconductedresearchshowingthatstudentswitha“growth,”ratherthana“fixed”mindsetaremorelikelytobeeffectivelearnersandattaingoodacademicoutcomes(Dweck,2006).Inherresearch,sheemphasizestheimportanceof
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believingthatitispossibletobeasuccessfulstudentbasedoneffort,notjustonesbasedoninnatequalities.
Whilethereisextensiveliteratureonthetopicofnon‐cognitiveskillsandaconsiderableamountonacademicmindsetsinparticular,wefoundtwosourcestobeofparticularrelevanceinconstructingthisstudy.Asnotedabove,Farringtonetal.(2012)offerawell‐arguedapproachtoframingnon‐cognitiveskillsthatdrawsextensivelyontheresearchoftheChicagoSchoolsResearchConsortiumaswellasfromotherscholarsandorganizations.Inaddition,wefoundthatSnipes,Fancsali,andStoker(2012)havesynthesizedarangeofstudiesthatdescribeinterventionsthatpromotepositiveacademicmindsets.Intandem,thesetworesourcesallowedustolayastrongfoundationforthisstudy.
Farringtonetal.(2012)positthatnon‐cognitiveskillscanbesub‐dividedintoseveralcategories.Intheirframing,academicmindsetsareconsideredtobefoundationalandapreconditionforothernon‐cognitiveskills.Positiveacademicmindsetscontributetoacademicperseverance,definedastheintensity,directionanddurationofstudenteffort.This,inturn,leadstopositiveacademicbehaviorssuchasstudyskillsandtimemanagement,whichthenresultingoodacademicperformance.Intheirframework,therefore,positiveacademicmindsetsunderlieothernon‐cognitiveskills,andthushaveparticularimportance.Inthecurrentresearch,wefollowFarringtonetal.(2012)inconsideringfourdimensionsofacademicmindset:1)thebeliefthatsuccessismainlyaproductofeffort(whichweshortento“malleableintelligence”),2)asenseofbelongingtoanacademic,learningand/orsocialcommunity(“belonging”),3)confidenceinone’sabilitytosucceed(“self‐confidence”),and4)aconvictionthatlearningtasksareimportant,interestingand/orrelevant(“relevance”).
Buildingontheworkofanumberofresearchers,Snipes,Fancsali,andStoker(2012)identifyarangeofschool‐based“tools,practices,andstrategiesfocusedonpromotingpositiveacademicmindsetsandlearningstrategies”(p.4)anddiscusstheevidencesupportingtheiruse.Theirlistisextensiveandpertainstomanyaspectsofschoolpractice.WeidentifiedthosethatappearedmostlikelytoberelevanttoIBschoolsandclassifiedthemintothoserelatedtoschoolenvironmentsandthoseusedintheclassroom.ThistwopartdivisionisalignedwiththeworkofDurlakandcolleagues(2011)whoidentifiedtwomainstrategiesthatpromotethedevelopmentofnon‐cognitiveskills:instructionalandenvironmentalapproaches.
WhilethefollowingaspectsoftheschoolenvironmentandclassroompracticearesummarizedintheworkofSnipesetal.(2012).Itshouldbenotedthatmanyoftheseideascomefrom–andareattributedto–othernotedscholarsandpractitioners(e.g.Carr&Walton,2011;Lee&Smith,1999:Marzano,2000).
Schoolenvironment:Certainaspectsofaschool’sculturehavebeenfoundtobeassociatedwithpositiveacademicmindsetsincludinganatmosphereofrespectforscholarship,anemphasison
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teamwork,apositivepeerculture,school‐wideassumptionsthatallstudentscanbesuccessfullearners,andanoverallstrongandhealthyorganization.Scholarshavealsofoundevidencethatcertainstructuressuchasextendedtimewithteachersandaconsistentgroupofpeers(e.g.blockscheduling,looping)areassociatedwiththedevelopmentofpositiveacademicmindsets.Otherschoolconditionsfoundtobepositiveareasystemofrewardsandconsequencesthataretransparentsothatstudentsunderstandwhatisrequiredtosucceed.Inaddition,studentsbuildpositiveacademicmindsetswhentheyaregivenopportunitiestoengageinservicetoothers.
Classroompractice:Attheclassroomlevel,researchershavefoundthataspectsofcurriculumandinstruction,studentsupports,assessmentpracticesandclassroomculturecaninfluencethedevelopmentofpositiveacademicmindsets.Studentsaremorelikelytoholdpositivemindsetswhentheinstructionalpracticesincludechallengingbutachievableassignments;whenpraiseisofferedforhardworkratherthanintelligence;throughopportunitiestoundertakeauthentic,relevanttasksappliedtorealworldsettings;andwhenclassroomactivitiesincorporatestudents’culturalknowledgeandpersonalopinions.Inaddition,itishelpfulwhenstudentsaregivenchoices,cognitiveautonomyandownershipoflearning.Inaddition,studentswhohaveaccesstosupportswhentheystrugglewithlearningaremorelikelytodeveloppositivemindsets.Withregardtoassessments,studentsbenefitfromtransparentgradingpracticesandfromregular,supportivefeedbackfromteachersonprogresstowardgoalattainment.
Linkageshavealsobeenfoundbetweenpositiveacademicmindsetsandtrustandsafetyintheclassroom.Studentsbenefitalsofromhighexpectationsamongteachers,especiallywhenitisalsoclearthatteachersrespectthemaslearners.Moregenerally,positivestudent‐teacherrelationshipsareassociatedwithpositivemindsets.Inaddition,welookedforwaysinwhichparticularIBOcoreideas,framingdocumentsandinitiativesmightintersectwitheffortstopromotepositiveacademicmindsetsamongstudents.WeexpectedthattheremightbeparticularconnectionbetweentheIBLearnerProfileandacademicmindsets,whilealsoacknowledgingthatthespecificitemsintheprofiledidnotoverlaptoasignificantdegreewiththefourfocaldimensionsofacademicmindsets.1Inaddition,wewereinterestedinwhetherarelativelynewinitiativewithinIBOentitledtheApproachestoTeachingandLearning(IB)2wouldbelikelytopromotepositiveacademicmindsets,inparticularwithregardtotheself‐managementskills,oneoffiveareasemphasized.Finally,webelievedthataspectsoftheDPdesigncouldleadtopositiveacademicmindsetssuchasCreativity,ActionandService(CAS),theextendedessay,andtheTheoryofKnowledgeCourse(IBO,2016).Ineachof 1TheIBLearnerProfilequalitiesareinquirers,knowledgeable,thinkers,communicators,principled,open‐minded,caring,risk‐takers,balanced,reflective.Seehttp://www.ibo.org/benefits/learner‐profile/2Thesearethinkingskills,communicationsskills,socialskills,self‐managementskills,andresearchskills.Seehttp://www.ibo.org/globalassets/digital‐tookit/flyers‐and‐artworks/approaches‐to‐teaching‐learning‐dp‐en.pdf
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thesecases,wehypothesizedthatstudentswouldbeexposedtoexperiencesthatrequiredthemtoconsider–andpossiblydevelop–beliefinthemalleabilityofintelligence,asenseofbelonging,self‐confidenceandasensethatlearningwasrelevant.
Thereisconsiderabledifferenceofopinionregardingwhethernon‐cognitiveassetsareinnateorcanbelearned.Iftheyareindeedlearned,inwholeorpartially,thentheycanbetaughtineducationalsettings.Whilethereisreasontobelievethatpeoplemaybebornwithpersonalitytraitssuchasconscientiousnessthatareassociatedwithgoodacademicoutcomes(Noftle&Robins,2007),thereisalsoconsiderableevidencethatnon‐cognitiveassetscanbeinfluencedbyteachersandschools(Farringtonetal.,2012).
YeagerandWalton(2015)positthatworktopromotepositiveacademicmindsetsmaybelessaboutteachingcontentthanaboutinterveninginsocial‐psychologicalterms.Theynotethatrelativelysmallinterventionsmayhaveanoutsizedeffectwhentheytargetkeymentalprocessesthatcandeterstudentachievement.Conversely,Shechtmanetal.,(2013)suggestthatopportunitiestolearnacademicmindsetsbeintroducedintotheacademiccoresothatstudentscanexplicitlylearnandpracticetheminacademicsituationsandunderstandhowtheycaninfluencetheiracademicachievement.Farnsworthetal.(2012)foundresearchevidencethatpositiveacademicmindsetsmaybefosteredbothinrelationtoinstructioninspecificcontentareasaswellasincontextsthatspancontentareas.
Studieshaveshownwaysthatthedevelopmentofpositiveacademicmindsetscanbeadvancedthroughthecurriculum(Bailey,Heape,&Shields,2009),throughstudentsupports(Cassen,Feinstein,andGraham,2008)orthroughsocio‐culturalapproachesthatinvolveschool‐widewaysofthinkingaboutstudentcapacity(Duckworth,Kamentz&Keene,2012).Classroomteacherscanhelpstudentsdevelopastrongacademicmindsetbypresentingtasksinwaysthatseemattainableaswellasbyofferingthesupportandtoolsneededtobesuccessful(Dweck,Walton&Cohen,2014).
ResearchDesignandMethodology
OverviewNCRESTemployedamixedmethod,multiplecasestudydesignforthisstudy.EachIBschoolselectedforinclusioncomprisedacaseorunitofanalysis.AmultiplecasestudydesignwasselectedtoenableNCRESTtostudyanddescribetheschoolandclassroom‐levelfactorsthatcontributedtostudents’developmentofpositiveacademicmindsetsateachoftheschoolsinoursample,aswellastoexploreanddescribecommonanddivergentthemesthatemergedacrosstheIBstudyschools.Weusedbothquantitative(surveyadministrationandanalysis)andqualitative(guidedinterviewsandclassroomobservations)methodstoanswertheresearchquestions.
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Toframeourresearch,wedevelopedthefollowinglogicmodel,basedontheresearchliteraturethatwereviewedandourunderstandingoftheDPmodel.Inourstudy,wefocusedonthefirstthreeboxes;thefourthonecouldnotbeexploredwithinthetimeframeorresourcesavailable.
Figure1:LogicModel‐ResearchonAcademicMindsets
Thefollowingquestionsguidedtheresearch:
1. HowdoDPschools’structures(philosophy,structure,leadership)andclassroompractices(curriculumandintendedandenactedinstruction)contributetostudents’positiveacademicmindsets?
2. TowhatextentdoDPstudentsandteachersperceivethattheIBprogrammeandtheschools’structure,curriculumandinstructionsupportthedevelopmentofpositiveacademicmindsets?
3. WhatoutcomesdoDPstudentsobtainonstandardizedmeasuresofacademicmindset?Howdotheseoutcomescompareacrossschools,especiallythoseindifferentcountries?Whatschool‐basedfactorsmightcontributetothisvariation?
4. WhatlinkagescanbeobservedbetweenpositiveacademicmindsetsandpositiveacademicbehaviorsinDPschools?
5. WhatstrategiesmightIBOuseorstrengthentodeveloppositiveacademicmindsetsamongDPstudentsinthefuture?
DP schools/
programs
implement ‐
Positive
school
environment
Positive
classroom
practices
Students develop
positive academic
mindsets including:
- Malleable intelligence
- Relevance - Self‐confidence - Belonging
Students
exhibit
positive
academic
behaviors
Students
successfully
complete DP
courses and
programs
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SampleselectionOurresearchfocusedonfourschoolslocatedintwocountries.Tomakedecisionsaboutwhichcountriestoworkin,weprioritizedthosewithaconsiderablenumberofIBschoolsanddecidedthatoneofthesecouldbetheUnitedStates(ideallyNewYorkState)tokeepcostsincheck.WeconsideredonlycountrieswhereEnglishorSpanishisspokenasthesearethetwoIBlanguagesinwhichourresearchteamisfluent.Inselectingschools,wedevelopedasetofcriteriaintendedtoidentifythosewithwellestablishedDPprogramsaswellasconditionsthatmightbefavorabletothisresearch.WewereassistedintheidentificationofschoolsbyrepresentativesofIBObasedonourselectioncriteria,asfollows:
1. Timeinexistence(authorizedafter2008).2. EvidenceoffullimplementationofDPwithapreferenceforschoolsrecognizedfortheir
useoftheLearnerProfile.3. Somediversity(intheUS,with20%ormorestudentsfromminoritygroupsoreligiblefor
freeorreducedlunch).4. AsubstantialproportionofstudentswhowereDPexamtakers(over25%inpublic
schools;over50%inprivateschools).5. Aninterestexpressedbyschoolpersonnelinparticipatinginastudyofthiskind.
Thefollowingfourschoolswereselected:Table1.SampleSchoolCharacteristics
School Location Control Grades/forms
No.ofstudents DPparticipants
SchoolA NY,USA Public 9‐12 1100AllstudentstakeDPcourses;abouthalfworktowardtheDiploma
SchoolB NY,USA Public 9‐12 1400AllstudentstakeDPcourses;5‐20worktowardtheDiploma
SchoolC Peru Private Pre‐KthroughFormVI 1200girls
AllsecondarystudentstakeDPcourses;abouthalfworktowardtheDiploma
SchoolD PeruPrivate,parent
cooperative
Pre‐KthroughFormV 1400
AllstudentstakePYP,MYPorDPcourses;abouthalfworktowardtheDiploma
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DatacollectionmethodsTocollectdata,two‐dayvisitsweremadetoeachschool.Duringeachvisit,interviewswereconductedwiththeDPcoordinator,theschoolheadorprincipal,thepersoninchargeofCASandtheextendedessay,selectedteachers(includingtheTOKteacher),andotherschoolleaders.Inaddition,weconductedobservationsinarangeofclassroomsandsomeCASactivities.Duringorjustpriortoourvisit,astudentsurveywasadministeredtostudentsparticipatinginDP.Inpreparationforourvisits,weconductedaninterviewwithJennyGillett,SeniorCurriculumStrandManageratInternationalBaccalaureateinTheHague,tolearnabouthowtheIBcurriculumintegratesanyofthefourdimensionsofacademicmindsetsofinterestinourresearch.
Thefollowingsummarizestheresearchactivitiesundertaken:
Table2.SummaryofDataCollectionActivitiesintheSampleSchools
School Location Dateofvisit Interviewees(#)
Observations(#)
Studentssurveyed
(#)SchoolA NY,USA Nov2016 9 4 454SchoolB NY,USA Nov2016 18 4 406SchoolC Peru Oct2016 5 4 44SchoolD Peru Oct2016 12 4 162Total 43 16 1066
Morespecifically,thefollowingactivitieswerecompletedateachschool.AllinstrumentsandprotocolsweredevelopedinEnglishandtranslatedintoSpanishforuseinPeru.TheseareincludedinAppendixA.Consentformsandprocedureswerealsodevelopedinbothlanguages.
1. SchoolLeaderandIBCoordinatorInterviews.NCRESTdevelopedprotocolsforandconductedsemi‐structuredinterviewswithschoolleadersandDPCoordinators.Theinterviewsweredesignedtocollectdataontheschoolandprogram‐levelstructuresandpracticesthatdevelopandsupportstudents’positiveacademicmindsets.WewerealsointerestedinhowIBandDPresourcessuchastheLearnerProfileandtheTheoryofKnowledgecurriculummightpromotepositiveacademicmindsets.
2. TeacherInterviews.Theteacherinterviewguidesweredesignedtocollectdataonteachers’understandingsofacademicmindsetsaswellasinstructionalpracticesthatsupportstudents’developmentofpositiveacademicmindsets.Theyalsoaddressedteachers’perceptionsofthewaysinwhichtheIBprogramaswellasotherschoolandclassroomfactorssupportthedevelopmentofpositiveacademicmindsets,inthecontextoflocalculturesandnorms.
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3. StudentSurvey.NCRESTdevelopedatwo‐partquestionnairethatwasadministeredtoDPstudentsinthestudyschools.ItemsinthefirstpartweredevelopedbyNCRESTandwereusedtocollectstudentdemographicinformationaswellasdataonstudents’perceptionsofschoolenvironmentsandclassroompracticesthatmaysupporttheformationofpositiveacademicmindsets.Tofacilitatelateranalysis,weconstructedscalesinwhichitemsrelatedtoschoolenvironmentandtoclassroompracticewereclustered.ThefinalscalesusedareincludedinAppendixBalongwiththeirvalidity(Cronbach’salpha)values.
Thesecondsectionofthestudentquestionnairecontaineditems/scalesdesignedtoassessstudents’academicmindsetsandacademicbehaviors.Forthese,wedrewonexistingscalesthathadbeenpreviouslyvalidated.AnimportantsourcewastheMotivationandEngagementScale(MES),developedinAustralia,whichmeasuresbehavioral,emotionalandcognitivedimensionsofstudentengagementandhaselevensubscales(Martin,Yu,Papworth,Ginns,&Collie,2015).TheMES‐HighSchool(MES‐HS)wasdesignedforstudentsage12‐19andhasstrongpsychometricproperties;itwasnormedon21,579studentsin58highschoolsinAustralia.Cronbach’salphafortheelevensubscalesis0.79fortheMES‐HS(0.77–0.82forindividualscales).3FromtheMES,weusedscalesforacademicbehavior,relevanceandself‐confidence.
WealsoincorporatedoneversionofDweck’s(n.d.)mindsetscaletomeasurestudents’perceptionsofmalleableintelligence.4Tomeasurebelonging,weadaptedascaledevelopedbyHurtadoandCarter(1997)foruseinresearchconductedwithLatinocollegestudents.
AllitemsusedclosedresponseoptionsandallitemsthatenteredscalesusedaLikertscalerangingfrom1forstronglydisagreeto5forstronglyagree.
4. ClassroomObservations.Duringourvisits,theresearchersspenttimeinclassroomsandCASactivities,whenpossible.Theobservationswereguidedbyanobservationprotocolthatfocusedourattentiononteacherinteractionswithstudentsthatwerelikelytogenerate/supportpositiveacademicmindsets.TheobservationguideusedinthisresearchisincludedinAppendixD.
5. ReviewofSchoolDocuments.NCRESTalsocollectedandreviewedrelevantschooldocuments,suchasmissionstatements,policies,curriculumdocuments,etc.relevanttoourresearchquestions.
3TheMESwasdevelopedbyDr.AndrewJ.MartinoftheUniversityofSydney,andispublishedbytheLifelongAchievementGroup.Sampleitemsandinformationonconstructsmeasured,psychometricproperties,administrationandscoringarecanbefoundat:http://www.lifelongachievement.com/the‐motivation‐and‐engagement‐scale‐mes‐i8/
4https://mindsetonline.com/testyourmindset/step1.php.ItshouldbenotedthatthiswastheonescalethatweusedwithalowCronbach’salphavalue.Despitethis,wedecidedtogoaheadanduseitinitsoriginalformbecauseithasbeenusedextensivelyinpreviousstudies.
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DataanalysisTheanalysisofinterviewdatawasdoneusingdetailednotestakenduringeachinterview;recordingswerealsomadeandusedtoverifythenoteswhenneeded.Thesenoteswereanalyzedbyfirstorganizingthemaccordingtotheresearchquestionsandthenclusteringtheresponsesintocategoriesbyemergenttheme.ThesurveyresponsesweredownloadedinExcelandtransferredtoSPSSforanalysis.Wefirstgeneratedsimpledescriptivetablesandchartsshowingaveragestudentresponsestoeachitemandforeachscale.Wenextlookedforcorrelationalrelationshipsbetweenthedifferentscalesincludedinthelogicmodel.SeeAppendixBformoredetails.
Findings
SchoolEnvironmentandClassroomPracticesthatFosterPositiveAcademicMindsets
Inthissectionweaddressourfirsttworesearchquestions.Theseare,“HowdoDPschools’philosophy,structure,leadership,curriculumandintendedandenactedinstructioncontributetostudents’positiveacademicmindsets?”and“TowhatextentdoDPstudentsandteachersperceivethattheIBprogrammeandtheschools’structure,curriculumandinstructionsupportthedevelopmentofpositiveacademicmindsets?”Becauseourinterviewandsurveyquestionsfocusedonbothofthesetopicsatthesametime,itwasdifficulttodisentanglethetwo;thereforeweaddressthetwoquestionstogether.Inkeepingwithourlogicmodel,ourdiscussionisseparatedintoschoolenvironmentandclassroompracticessections.
Schoolenvironment
Schoolenvironmentandmalleableintelligence
Emergingandcompellingresearchthatsuggestsnon‐cognitivefactorsassociatedwithpositiveacademicoutcomesandschoolsuccess,suchaspro‐academicmindsets,arelargelycreationsofschoolandclassroomcontextsratherthanthepersonalcharacteristicsthatstudentsbringwiththemtoschool(Farrington,et.al,2012;Hamedani,Zheng&Darling‐Hammond,2015).Forthemostpart,wefoundthattherewaswidespreadbeliefinthefourschoolsvisitedthatintelligenceismalleable,althoughitwasoccasionallyquestionedtosomedegree.Inmanycases,respondentstoldusthatallgoodteachersbelievethatintelligencecanbebuiltwitheffortandgoodteaching.Moststudentssurveyed(79%)agreedwiththestatementthattheirIBprogramemphasizedhardworkasawaytosucceed.Sixtytwopercentofstudentsagreedwiththestatement,“Nomatterhowmuchintelligenceyouhave,youcanalwayschangeitagooddeal.”However,fewer‐52%‐agreedthattheyweregenerallypraisedforeffortwhile46%saidthattheywerepraisedfortheirintelligence,suggestingthatperceptionsofadultsonthistopicvary.
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Inanumberofcases,beliefinthemalleabilityofintelligencewasseenasrelatedtobothfamilyandschoolculture.Inseveraloftheschools,thepointwasmadethatstudents’familiesencouragedthemtobelievethattheycouldlearnwitheffort.
Weliveinacommunitywheresuccessisveryimportanttofaculty,studentsandhome.Parentspushthemathome.IBisrigorous.Youreallyhavetoworkinordertobesuccessful.Studentsjusthavethatmindsetcomingin.
Inothercases,theemphasiswasontheclimateandphilosophyofeducationwithintheschoolitself:
Theschoolitselffostersthat.Wehaveaclimatewhere[students]arechallengedanditisnotcooltotaketheeasypath…Theideathateverybodycandoitisfosteredfromthedaytheywalkinin9thgrade.
Ingeneral,schoolleadersexpressedacommitmenttohavingallstudentsgoingasfarastheycanintheirlearningandwefoundthatpoliciesencourageprogressionthroughtheDPcurriculuminallofthefourschools.AtSchoolB,theprincipalnotedthat“IBforall”isamottoandmessageattheschool.Theschoolencouragesstudentstoconsiderthemselvesascapableofachievingathighlevels,andtotrythingsthataredifficult.Structurally,theschoolrequiresall11thgraderstotaketheDPEnglishandHistorycourse.Theprincipalexplainedthatit'sawayforstudents“tolearnwhatisinvolvedandlosethefearofmorerigorouscoursework.”TheschoolhasanominimumrequirementforentryintoahigherlevelDPcourseand,astheprincipalnoted,ifastudentiswillingtotry,theyarenotdiscouraged.
Wealsofoundthatmeasuresaretakentohelpstudentstobuildaconvictionthattheycanengageinrigorousandchallengingacademicwork.AtSchoolA,staffworktocreateanenvironmentinwhichstudentsarechallengedbutalsofrequentlypraisedandsupported.Theseeffortsarepartoftheschool’slong‐termcommitmenttode‐trackingandengagingstudentsinrigorouscoursework.Aspartofitsde‐trackingefforts,theschooloffersvariedIBoptionsrangingfromtakingoneclass,totakingseveral,toearningtheDPdiploma.Inaddition,theschoolhassupportclassesforstudentswithspecialneedsaswellasstaffresources(e.g.guidancecounselors,socialworkersandpsychologists)tohelpstudentstacklemorechallengingcoursework.
AtSchoolD,policiesandstructurescommunicateanunderlyingbeliefthatallstudents,includingspecialneedsstudents,cansucceedintherigorousDPacademicprogram.StudentscompletetheDPcourseworkbytheequivalentoftheUS11thgrade,anearlieragethanistypicalforDPstudents.Theschoolisconcernedwithboostingstudents’confidenceandacademicself‐efficacy.Theyhavestartedadepartmentoflearningsupport,whichincludesbothacademicsupportsandsocial‐emotionalcounseling.Anotherthemethatemergedwashelpingstudentstogrowtheirintelligencebyprovidingtherightmixtureofchallengeandsupportor,asoneprincipalsaid,“therightamountofdissonance–strugglewithoutdeflation.”
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Inaddition,anumberofschoolsusedsystemsthatprovidesystematicwaystohelpstudentsthroughrigoroustasks,likelytoinfluencetheirbeliefthattheirintelligenceisgrow‐able.Thethinkingisthatstudentswillbenefitfromasetofstructuredexperiencesthatwouldallowthemtogrowintellectually.Forexample,ateacheratSchoolDtalkedabouthowIB’sExtendedEssayprocesshelpsstudentstobuildabeliefthattheycantackleadifficultproject.
It’saprogressive2‐yeareffort.Foryear2theypickthetopicorcoursewheretheywillbedoingtheirresearch.Theymeetwiththeirsupervisorattheendofyear1tobeginresearch.Beforeyear2thereisanothermeetingtomakesurethereissomemovement….Atthebeginningofyear2thereisareview.Thereisaformwherestudentsandsupervisorstracktheirprogresssotheycanfinishontime.
Leadershipattitudesappearedtobeveryimportantinaddressingquestionsaboutmalleableintelligence,particularlywhetherallstudentsarecapableofengaginginrigorouscoursework.ThiswasespeciallysalientintheUSpublicschoolsthatwereenrollingprogressivelymorestudentsinDPcourses.Oneprincipalinparticularwaseloquentonthistopic.
Howdoteachersreact?Teachersarecautiousatfirst.Guarded.Thisissecondorderchange.Changeishardforanyone….It’sabigshifttobelievethiscanbedoneforall.Themajoritynowbelievethatallstudentscandothisbutit’snoteasy.Leadershavetokeepupthepress.
Atthesametime,weencounteredexampleswheredoubtwasexpressedbyschoolpersonnelthatintelligenceisfullymalleable.Onequestionedwhetherallstudentsshouldbepreparedforcollege,believingthat“notallstudentsarewiredthatway.”Anotherintervieweebelievedthatgirls’andboys’brainslearndifferentlyandthatgirlsbenefitedfrombeinginclassroomssegregatedbygender.
Schoolenvironmentandasenseofbelonging
Students’senseofbelongingisfosteredandexhibitedwhentheyformasenseofidentitywithandfeelthattheyaregenuinemembersofanacademicandlearningandsocialcommunity—attheschool‐leveland/orclassroomlevel.(Snipes,et.al.,2012).Asenseofbelongingwasdescribeddifferentlyineachschool.Sometalkedaboutschoolspirit,whileotherstalkedaboutschoolpride,orasenseofbeingpartofacomfortablefamilyenvironment.Amongstudentssurveyed,overhalf(54%)agreedwiththestatement“Ifeelasenseofbelongingtotheschoolcommunity.”
InthetwoPeruvianschools,asenseofbelongingwaswellestablishedbythetimestudentswereintheDPprogramme.Inbothcases,moststudentsenteredattheageofthreeorfourandstayeduntilgraduationfromsecondaryschool.Asoneschoolleadersaid,
Herethekidscomeinatnurserysothespiritisthereandtheygrowuptogether.Thestudentsarecomfortablewithoneanother.Thereareveryfewinstancesofbullyingandstudentsseemtohavearespectforoneanother.
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Inaddition,thepopulationsoftheseschoolsarewelloffeconomicallyandfairlyhomogeneous,reducingthedifferencesamongstudentsthatcancausetensions.Thus,theschoolsdidnotneedtomakeasmuchefforttoengenderasenseofbelongingamongstudents.However,SchoolCexplicitlyaddressedtheimportanceofasenseofbelongingontheirwebsite:
Wevalueeachandeverystudent,theiruniqueness,andthediversityofourcommunity,andthe commitment and skills of our staff. Building a strong sense of community is veryimportantforus;webelievethatwhenpupilsfeeltheybelongtheyaremorelikelytobecomeacademicallymotivated,toactethicallyandtodevelopsocialandemotionalcompetencies.
SchoolCalsofosteredstudents’senseofbelongingthroughstructuresthatcreatestudentidentitygroups.Allstudentsareassignedtoahomeroomatthebeginningoftheirsecondaryschoolyearsandtoaleadteacherwhostayswiththestudentcohortthroughgraduation.Theymeetbrieflyatthebeginningofeachdayandalsoonceaweekforapersonaldevelopmentclass.Theleadteacherkeepstrackofhowindividualstudentsaredoingbothsociallyandacademicallyandinterveneswhennecessary.Inaddition,theschoolhasahousesystem,inwhichstudentsareassignedtooneoffourhousesinthe2ndgradeinwhichtheyremainuntilgraduation.Thehousesystemaimstopromoteschoolspirit,teamworkandhealthycompetitionamonghousesinacademicsportsandspecialprojects.
IntheUSschools,studentswerelesslikelytohavegrownuptogetherandparticularlyinoneschool,studentswerelesswell‐off.However,expliciteffortsweremadetopromoteasenseofbelongingamongstudents.BothUSschoolsencouragedstudentstoparticipateinactivitiesandorganizationssuchasfishingorlanguageclubsthatwouldpromoteaconnectiontotheschoolandeachother.AtSchoolA,theschoolencouragedparticipationintheir56studentclubsandactivities,someofwhichcouldbeusedbyDPstudentstofulfilltheirCASrequirements.InSchoolB,aschoolleadertalkedabouteffortsmadetoengenderasenseofbelongingacrosstheyears.
Expliciteffortsforbelonging?New9thgradersgetatour.Wehavespiritweek….clubs…backtoschoolnight…juniorgala…homecoming.
AtSchoolB,theprincipalnotedthathemakesitaprioritytosupportstudentsandstafftodevelopasenseofbelongingandprideintheschool,andnotesthathefrequentlyhearsstudentssaywithpride,“I’manIBstudent.”Inaddition,theprincipalperceivesthatthestudentswhostrivetoearntheDPdiplomafeelasenseofkinshipandprideinundertakingrigorouswork.
Acrossallschools,warmrelationshipsbetweenstudentsandteacherswerementionedasespeciallyimportanttodevelopingasenseofbelonging.
Ican'treallyascribehappinesstoanythingtheschooldoesinparticular.Theschoolisafairlyfriendlyplacebecausestudentsalreadyknowthestaffandwho'sgoingtobetheirteacherfromyeartoyear.
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Studentshavelotsofaffectionfortheteachers.Therearegreatrelationships.Teachersgotoweddingsofformerstudents,knowthefamily.Therearealwaysthingsgoingoninstudents’families.
Atthesametime,therewerecaseswherethesenseofbelongingcouldbeweakenedbythedivisionofstudentsintoDPdiplomastudentsandthosewhowerenot.Studentsworkingtowardthediplomaweresometimesconsidereddifferentorofhigherstatusintheschool,somethingthatcoulddiminishthesenseofbelongingtoaschoolcommunity.
Schoolenvironmentandself‐confidence
AscitedinFarringtonetal.(2012),Bandura(1986)notedthatstudentsaremostlikelytoengageinlearningactivitiesthattheyfeelabletocompletesuccessfullyandtoavoidthosethattheydonotfeelconfidentaboutundertaking.Accordingtoourinterviewees,IBcourseworkcanseemdauntingtostudentsand,especiallyinthetwoUSschools,effortsweremadetopromotestudents’self‐confidenceinundertakingthesecourses.Inaddition,therewereexamplesofmoregeneraleffortstobuildstudentself‐confidence.
Therewasevidencethatseveralschoolsworkedtohelpstudentsfindarenasinwhichtheycouldshineasawaytobolstertheirself‐confidence.Thissometimestooktheformofencouragingexplorationofdifferentinterestsand“selves”throughinvolvementinCASwithitsemphasesoncommunityservice,thearts,andsports.AteacheratSchoolDpointedoutthatmanyoftheseopportunitiesareun‐gradedsoitencouragesstudentstotakemorerisksanddevelopconfidenceintryingnewendeavors.OneCAScoordinatorsaid,“Weencouragethemtostepoutsideoftheircomfortzone.”
Inothercases,studentswereofferedleadershipopportunitiesthatappearedtocontributetotheirself‐confidence.InoneofthePeruvianschools,studentscouldbeleaderswithinstudentgovernment,in“houses”similartothoseintheBritishschoolsystem,orinvarioussports,clubs,andactivities,allowingthemtogainconfidenceindifferentroles.Intheoneall‐girlsschoolthatwevisited,aschoolleadertalkedabouthowasinglegenderenvironmentencouragesthedevelopmentofleadershipandself‐confidenceamongtheirstudents.Therewasnodeferencetoboysorassumptionsthatgirlsarelimitedtocertainareasofaccomplishment.
Withanall‐girlsschool,girlsareabletorecognizeandseethemselvesasscientistsandmathematicians….Becausethisisanall‐girlsschool,girlsbelievetheycanthriveanywhere.
Therewasalsothoughtgiventohelpingstudentstakechargeoftheirowneducation.Atoneschool,anexternalreviewerhadquestionedwhetherstudentsweregiventoomuchsupport.Theschoolwasindiscussionsaboutwhethertoreducetheamountof“spoonfeeding”andincreasestudents’opportunitiesto“thinkforthemselves.”
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Finally,insomeschools,therewasexplicitconcernwithstudents’self‐conceptandsupportisprovidedtobolsterit.Asoneleadersaid,therigoroftheprogramcanmakeithardforstudentstomaintaintheirconfidenceandtheschooloffersvariousresources.
Thepsychologistisalwaysinvolvedwithsupportingthekidswithsocialemotionalproblems.Shedoeslotsofcoachingforkidswhoneedit.SomestudentswereshockedwhentheirgradeswentdownbecauseoftherigoroftheIBprogram.
TheDPcoordinatorswereanotherresourceforstudentswhoseself‐confidenceneededbolstering.Acrossalloftheschools,theywereinvolvedinencouragingfalteringstudentsandhelpingthembelievethattheycouldsucceedinchallengingclassesandaspiretobecomeaDPdiplomaholder.
InoneoftheUSschools,theprincipalmadeaparticularefforttobuildasenseofprideandabeliefthatstudentsatthatschoolcouldbeasgoodasstudentsanywhere.Infact,theuseoftheIBcurriculumhasplayedaroleinconvincingstudentsthattheycansucceedinlife.
WhenIstartedhere27yearsago,therewaslowself‐esteemandthebeliefthat[SchoolD]studentsaredumb.Ikepttellingthemthatthey’regreat.Istartedbymakingtheschoollookbettertoreinforcetheideaofself‐pride.IBhasbeenabigpartofthatalso.
Schoolenvironmentandrelevance
Schoolwidestructuresandpracticesthatpromoteandfosterstudentadoptionofacademicmindsetsincludelearningopportunitiesandexperiencesthatstudentsenjoyandperceivetoberelevantandvaluabletothemselves,theircommunitiesand“therealworld”(Snipes,et.al,2012).Inthefourcasestudyschools,weconsistentlyfoundthatschoolfacultyidentifiedstructuresandpracticesthatbuildstudents’beliefthateducationisrelevant.Ofstudentssurveyed,60%agreedthat“I’mabletousesomeofthethingsIlearnatschoolinotherpartsofmylife,”onemeasureofrelevance.
Developingaschoolenvironmentinwhichstudentsfindtheircourseworkrelevanthadmuchtodowithemphasizingtheimportanceoflearningandachievementfortheattainmentoffuturegoals,especiallysuccessincollege.Themajorityofstudentsinallfourschoolswerebroughtupwiththeideathattheyshouldtakethestepsnecessarytoattendandgraduatefromagoodcollege;94%ofthosesurveyedexpectedtogotocollegerightafterhighschool.Accordingtoschoolstaff,thismessageisoftendrivenhomebyparents.Inaddition,schoolstookmeasurestoreinforcetheideathatschoolsuccessleadstocollegesuccess.Atoneschool,alumniwereregularlyinvitedintospeakwithstudentsaboutthevalueofstudyinghard.
Howdoyouconvincestudentsit’sworththeeffort?Bringinformerstudentstoconnecthowthiswillberelevantandhelpful.BringtheminforschooleventstoremindthemthatDPisastrugglebutthatonceyougettouniversity,it’sacakewalk.
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Insomecases,studentstookcoursesthatwererelevanttotheirfutureplans.IBcoursesofferedatSchoolAsuchasbusinessmanagementandartsallowedstudentstolearnabouttopicstheyfoundengagingoruseful.FacultyatSchoolBdiscussedwaysthatotherDPcomponentssuchasCASandtheExtendedEssayofferlearningexperiencesthatareintrinsicallyenjoyableandrelevant,asstudentareencouragedtofocusontopicsandexperiencesthataremeaningfultothem.
Inaddition,weobservedthatschoolleadersandstaffwereoftencommittedtomakingthelearningrelevanttostudents’currentlivesandinterests.AtSchoolA,recentfacultyprofessionaldevelopmenthadfocusedondifferentiatingcoursesinwaysthattakeintoaccountstudentchoiceandinterests,includingstudentselectionofresearchandstudytopics,waysoflearning,andsometimesmeansofassessment.AtSchoolD,connectingstudentlearningopportunitiesandexperiencetostudentinterestsisfosteredthroughthestructureforcourseselection.Studentsandparentsdecidewhatcoursesshouldbetakenbasedontheirinterestsandgoals.
CASactivitieswereoftenstructuredtogivestudentsaconnectionwiththerealworld.Inmanycases,serviceprojectsbroughtstudentsintocontactwithpeopleandplacestheywouldnothaveotherwiseknown;theyalsoprovidedstudentswithopportunitiestobeusefultoothers.ThisappearedtobeespeciallytrueinthePeruvianschoolswheremanystudentshadledshelteredlives.Forexample,atoneschool,studentsweretutoringyoungerchildrenfromalow‐incomeschool.Inanother,studentsorganizedgamesandsocialactivitiesforspecialeducationstudents.CASactivitiesalsoallowedstudentstobecreativeinrealworldsettings.Onegroupofstudentswasworkingwithasmalllocalmuseumtosetupinteractivedisplaysthatwouldengagethepublicandhelpthemtolearnaboutancienttextiles.Atthesametime,onlyhalf(50%)ofstudentssurveyedagreedthattheylearnskillsinCASactivitiesthatarerelevantintherealworld,suggestingthatmorecouldbedonetoconnectCAStostudentinterests.5
Finally,mostoftheschoolsinvolvedatleastsomestudentsintripstoplacesthatbroadenedtheirhorizonsandunderstandingoftheworld.AtoneoftheUSschools,studentsgoonafieldtriptoNicaraguaalmosteveryyeartocarryoutserviceactivities.Studentsformedcloserelationshipswiththeirhostfamiliesandgainedinsightsintoadifferentculture.Thisschoolalsoregularlytookgroupsofstudentstoconductresearchinthelibraryatalocalcollegetoexposethemtothecollegeenvironmentandresources.AtoneofthePeruvianschools,therewasanannualtriptothejungletostudyecologyaswellastodoserviceprojects.
Inaddition,itwasclearthatstudentswereoftenconcernedwithmakingtheadultsintheirlivesproudofthem,anattitudethatmadesuccessinschoolrelevantinapersonalway.Thisconnectionwasstrengthenedwithinschoolsbythededicationthatteachersshowedtoeducatingandsupportingtheirstudents.
5Althoughtherangewasfrom89%agreeingatSchoolCto28%atSchoolB.
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ClassroompracticesFarringtonet.al.(2012)statethat“Classroomconditionshavepowerfulinfluencesonstudents’feelingsofbelonging,self‐efficacy,andvaluationofschoolworkandcanalsoreinforceorundermineagrowthmindset(p.32).”Unfortunatelytheresearchislimitedwithregardtospecificclassroomstrategiesthatdirectlytranslateintothedevelopmentofacademicmindsets.However,multiplestudieshavefoundthereareinterventionsthathaveapositiveeffectinpromotingpositiveacademicmindsets(Snipes,2012).ThesefindingsservetohighlightthewaysthatIBteacherpracticesinfluenceacademicmindsetsinthefourcasestudyschools.ClassroompracticesandmalleableintelligenceClassroompracticesthatsupportamalleableintelligencemindsetarecomplicatedtoidentifyandassess.Inmanyways,theyareembeddedinongoingteacherpracticeanddailycommunicationswithstudents.Researchsuggeststhatmuchdependsonhowteacherscommunicateandvaluestudenteffortaswellashowstudentsinternalizethemessage.Inthisstudywefoundthatteachersoverwhelminglyexpressedabeliefthatintelligenceismalleable,yetstudentsingeneraldidnotscoreashighinthemalleableintelligencemindsetastheydidfortheotheracademicmindsetmeasuresinthestudentsurvey(seeFigure2onpage25anditem‐levelsurveyresultsinAppendixB).Most,ifnotall,teacherscommunicatedthattheybelievedthatallstudentscouldlearnrigorouscoursematerialandthatstudenteffortintheclassroomwaskeytoacademicsuccess.Insomecases,theassessmentsystemreflectedeffortaswellasmasteryofknowledgeandskills.SchoolB’steachersgive“goodhousemarks”tostudentswhoareexcellingacademicallyandstudentswhodemonstratepositivebehaviorintheclassroom.ADPcoordinatoratSchoolDstatedthat,“studentsearnbothacademicandattitudinalgrades.Professorsmayrecognizeextraeffort.”Inaddition,attentionwaspaidtobolsteringstudents’willingnesstoinvesteffortintheirstudies.InSchoolB,ateachertalkedaboutwaystomakesurestudentmoraleishigh.Forinstance,ifshehasastudentwhoisnotproficientinEnglishshemayprovideanalternativeassignmentoravoidaskinghimorherquestionsinfrontofthewholeclasstoavoidembarrassment.Similarly,teachersfromSchoolsBandDmentionedtheimportanceofprovidingstudentswithpositivefeedbackandtheeffectithasontheiracademicsuccess.InSchoolB,teacherswerespecificinstatingthattheyhavegravitatedawayfromhighlightingstudentfailuresormishaps.Onestated,
Intheolddaysifyouwereintrouble,youlostpointsorloweredyourgrade.Nowweemphasizeareasyouareabletodowell.‘Ifyouaddthesepiecestoyourwritingthenyouwillbehereorthere.’Studentsunderstandwhatisneededtothriveandtheeffortneeded.
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Thisisaclearindicationofateacher’sefforttogravitatetowardsastyleofteachingalignedwithpromotingpositiveacademicmindsets.Thisteacherwentontoexplainthatshehelpsstudentunderstandtheneedforperseverancebyexpressingherselfhonestlyandshowingstudentsherownstruggles.Shesometimesmodelsherownprocessofconqueringherweaknessesandhelpedstudentsrealizethat,althoughthecourseworkmaybedifficult,itisachievable,andtheyarecapableofachievingherrigorousstandards.Inaddition,wenotedthatteacherstookadvantageofthecharacteristicsofseveralDPcoursesandactivitiestopromoteamalleableintelligencemindset.TheseincludedtheTheoryofKnowledge(TOK)course,theExtendedEssay,andtheCommunity,ActivityandService(CAS)program.Teachersacrossschoolspointedoutthatthesearesettingsinwhichstudentsarerequiredtoapplyskillsetsthatmaybeneglectedintypicalacademicclassrooms.InacourselikeTOKstudentsmayspendmoreclassroomtimethinkingdeeplyandcriticallyaboutacademicandlifeissuesandstretchingthemselvesasintellectuals.OneteacherfromSchoolDstated,
Theyareencouragedtoquestionthingsintheirlives.Itgetsthemconnectedtoreallifeandaseriesofrelevanttopics.It’snotonlyaboutaskingquestions,butalsofindinganswers.Thinkingaboutdifferentwaystoanswerbasedondifferentkindsofframing.
TOKcoursesallowteacherstoprobecomplexissueswithstudentsandtograntstudentstheacademicspacetochallengethemselvesandvalidatetheirperceptionsabouttheirownintelligence.AsanotherSchoolDleadteacherputit:
Inquiryisanotherareathatencouragesgrowthmindsets.Whenthereisnorightorwronganswer[totheseopen‐endedquestions].It'snotabouttherightorwronganswerbutratherhowdidyougetyouranswer.Thispromotesmindset.
ManyCAScoordinatorsfeltsimilarlythattheiroverallgoalistoencourageinquiryandreflection.Forinstance,aCASteacheratSchoolAstatedthatafter18monthsofworkingwiththeirpeersandinthecommunity,students’writtenreflectionsshowagrowthinmaturityandincomplexityofthought.Thesestudentreflectionsplayasignificantroleingradingandallowteacherstoprovidepositivefeedbackandpromotepositiveacademicmindsets.Teachersoverseeingstudents’ExtendedEssaysalsopracticestrategiesthatpromoteabeliefinmalleablemindsets,particularlyhelpingstudentslearnhowtohandlechallengingprojects.ClassroompracticesandbelongingHumanshaveabasicneedtobelongintheworld(Mazlow,1943)and,formanystudents,theclassroomisamajorpartoftheirlife.Teacherpracticesthatpromoteastudentsenseofstudentbelongingdependonaclassroomculturethatisestablishedbyteacher.Studentsupportsmustbe
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inplacesostudentsmayproductivelystrugglewiththeiracademicworkandyetpersistandthriveintheiracademicenvironment.Soisateacher'sabilitytopromotetrustintheclassroom(Farringtonetal.,2012).Asenseofbelongingintheclassroominvolvesrelationshipswithandamongbothteachersandpeers.Almostallschoolleadersspokehighlyoftheirteachers’effortstopromotestudents’senseofbelongingbysupportingthemandshowingthemthattheywereimportant.Onewaythiswascommunicatedacrossschoolswasthroughteachers’willingnesstostayafterschoolorcometoschoolearlytohelpstudentswhorequestedtheirassistance.AschooladministratoratSchoolCstated:
Teachersareverywillingtogivetheirfreetimetohelpstudents.Studentsrarelysaythatateacherdoesnotwanttohelpthem.
Beyondbeingavailable,teachersusedotherstrategiestopromoteclassroomcohesivenessandasenseofbelonging.TeachersatSchoolsAandDarrangedtheirclassroomsinwaysthatencouragedasenseofcommunity(e.g.,organizingdesksincirculargroupsorclusters).Similarly,providingstudentswithopportunitiestoworkingroupsallowedteacherstoencourageinteractionamongstudentswithdifferentacademicandnon‐academiccharacteristics,facilitatingpeerbonding.AsoneSchoolDteachernoted:
Kidsformconnectionsthataren’tnecessarilybasedonacademiclevels;they’rebasedonotherkindsofaffinities.Butbotharegood.Inmanygroups,studentsdivideuptheworkdependingontheirdifferentstrengths.
Thesestrategicclassroompracticesfacilitatedialogue,whichSchoolCteachersfeltwasimportanttopromoteasenseofbelongingintheclassroom.Ateacherstatedthathedemanded“gooddiscussion”andavoidedstructuringtheclassroominawaythatemphasizedtheroleoftheteacherasalecturer.Thisteacherpreferredtobeginclasseswithsmallgroupdiscussion.
Anotherimportantpieceincreatingaclassroomenvironmentthatpromotesastudentsenseofbelongingisassigningtasks/projectsthatencouragebondingamongstudents.SchoolCsentitsstudentstotherainforesttoconductresearchonlocalecology.Anotherschooltookgroupsofstudentstovisittheirlocaluniversitywheretheywereguidedbyuniversitylibrariansinconductingresearch.Oneschooltookitsstudentstovisitanotherschoolinamountainousregionfamousforitsarcheologicalsites.Theseexperiencescreated,asoneSchoolAteacherputit,an“allinthistogethermentality.”However,students’senseofbelongingintheclassroomoftencamebacktotheirrelationshipandsenseofconnectionwithteachers.AteacherfromSchoolDsaid,
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It’sabouttherelationshipwiththeteacher…..Studentswillcomeandsaythattheyusedtobereallyscared—bothexcitedandscared—feltunabletobesuccessful…..Soyouneedtoshowstudentsthatyoubelieveinthem.Thatmakesabigdifference.
Insomecases,therewereothermotivationsforconnectingwithstudents,however.AteacherfromSchoolDstatedthatclassroomswouldbeemptyiftheydidnothavepositiverelationshipswiththeirstudents.Teachersofclassesthatarelessintrinsicallypopularneedtocreateaclassroomenvironmentthatisbothacademicallychallengingandfunsothatstudentswilltaketheirclasses.
Classroompracticesandself‐confidenceManyteachersinthefourschoolsstudiedbelievedthattheirstudentswerequitemotivatedandconfident,buttookmeasurestoreinforcethisintheclassroom.OneSchoolBteacherusedtalkingpointstoremindstudentsthattherearemultipleopportunitiesforsuccessinschoolandinlife.Teachersfromseveralschools(SchoolsA,BandD)mentionedthatstudents’writtenreflectionswereveryimportantinidentifyingtheirweaknessesandstrengths,allowingthemtoassiststudentstoharnessareasofstrength,whilepushingthemselvestoimproveinareasofweakness.InSchoolD,ateachertalkedaboutusingdifferentiatedinstructionasatoolforhelpingstudentstogainconfidenceaslearners(e.g.,auditory/visuallearners).Opportunitiesforautonomousdecision‐makingwereseenasawaytobuildstudentself‐confidence.TheoryofKnowledge,CAS,andExtendedEssayteacherstendedtogivetheirstudentsconsiderableautonomyinchoosingwhatprojectstoworkon.OneschoolleaderfromSchoolCsaidthat,acrosscoursesandactivitiesattheschool,"studentshavethefreedomtochoosetheprojectstheywanttoworktowards."Theopportunitytomakethesedecisionscontributedtotheirfeelingthattheworkwasrelevantandalsobuilttheirself‐confidenceastheychosetopicsofinterestandthencouldbuildacademicskills.Thissentimentwasechoedthroughoutourconversationswithadministratorsandteachingstaff.ASchoolDteacherexplainedwhygivingstudentsthefreedomtochooseishelpful:
Ithelpsraiseself‐esteembecausetheprojectsforcethemtobeleadersandmakethembespeakers.Thishelpsraiseself‐esteemandmakesthemlessintroverted.
ASchoolCteacherechoedthisviewintalkingabouthowCAS’semi‐structuredcurriculumallowsstudentstohaveavoiceinwhatactivitieswillbeundertaken.LikeotherCAScoordinators,sheconductsindividualinterviewswithstudentsthroughoutthecourseoftheprogramwheresheencouragesstudentstoreflectonhowCAShelpsthemtobuildskillsandconfidence.Thisteachersaid,
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Thisisthevalueoftheindividualinterviews.Studentstalkabouttheirfearsandworries.Onegirldecidedtoovercomeherfearsbypushingherselftoparticipateintheschoolplay;thenshegotinvolvedinthefundraisingwalk.
However,therewereconstraintstohowmuchautonomyteacherswillgivetheirstudents.Forinstance,SchoolCandDteacherssupervisingtheExtendedEssaywilltypicallynotletastudentworkonaprojectifinstructorsarenotwellversedinthetopicordonotthinkthatitwillgarneragoodassessmentfromDP.Assessmentpracticescanalsoinfluencestudentself‐confidence.SometimesassessmentguidelinescomefromIBintheformofcomprehensiverubricsthatteachersusetoclarifywhatisneededtoearnsuccessfulgradesonDPprojectsandproducts.Incourseswhereteacherswereaffordedmoreassessmentautonomy,theytendedtobeveryexplicitabouttheirgoalsfortheclassroom.Forinstance,oneSchoolDartteachermentionedassessingherstudentsatthebeginningoftheyearandadaptingherpracticetofittheneedsofherstudents.Shestated,
Theinstructionbecomesveryindividualized—startingwithformativeassessmentandthenworkingfromtheirstrengths.Gettingstudentstotakeresponsibilityfortheirlearning.Lettingthemfail;showingthemwheretheycouldbestronger.Showingsuccesses—oncetheyfeelsuccessfultheyjustgo.Inarttherearemanywaystobestrong.Studentscanfindthemselves.
Thisteacher’swillingnesstoadapttoherstudentneedsshowedherinterestinusingassessmentandindividualizedinstructiontobuildstudents’self‐knowledgeandself‐confidence.ClassroompracticesandrelevanceItiswidelyunderstoodthatstudentsare,"naturallymotivatedtolearnwhentheyperceiveatasktobeinherentlyinteresting."(Farringtonet.al,2012,pg.29).TheresearchofLeeetal.asdiscussedinSnipes(2012)emphasizestheimportanceofgivingstudentsauthentic,relevanttasksthatcanbeappliedtorealworldsettingsandalsomakingeffortstoincorporatestudents’culturalknowledgeinclassroomdiscussions.Teachersinourstudyschoolswereoftenobservedtobemakinganefforttoengagestudentsbecausetheyrecognizedthatstudentswillputmoreeffortintoworkthattheyviewasrelevant.Mostteachersstatedthattheybuildrelevanceintheirclassroombypushingstudentstoengagewithquestionsthataskthemtoexaminetheirlivedexperiences.Forinstance,duringasingleTheoryofKnowledgeclassinSchoolC,therewereanumberofdiscussiontopicsthatallowedstudentstoreflectontheirownexperiencesandexploretheirvalues.
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TherewasadiscussionofEudaimonia,onewayofknowingthatemphasizeshumanwelfare.Theclasstalkedaboutthesocialconsequencesofminingusingthisframing.
Theteacheraskedwhatstudentswoulddoifstoppedbyapolicemanandaskedtopayabribetoavoidalargefine.Heasked,“Whichisbetter?Doesrespectforthepoliceofficerrequireyoutopaythefine?Ifyoupaythefine,willitbeusedforcorruptpurposes?”
Therewasadiscussionaboutwhetherpeoplewithmentalillnesseshavetobehaveethically.AstudentaskedaboutpeoplewithAsperger’s.Anothertalkedaboutsomeonesheknewwithschizophrenia.
Teachersatallschools,especiallyTheoryofKnowledgeteachers,similarlyarticulatedaclassroomnormwheretheirstudentsconnecttheirlearningwiththeirlivedexperiences.ASchoolDteachergaveafewexamplesofthetypesofpromptsheusedtofacilitatemeaningfuldiscussion:
IntheTOK,thereareaseriesoftoolsthathelpyouteach.Themannerofaskingquestionsiskey—Whatarethelimitsofknowledge?What’sthebasisfortheknowledgethatwehave?Thishelpskidstoaskgoodquestionsanddigintodifferenttopics.Theyareencouragedtoquestionthingsintheirlives.Itgetsthemconnectedtoreallifeandaseriesofrelevanttopics.
Anotherpracticethathasalreadybeenmentionedinprevioussectionsisteachers'willingnesstoallowstudentstopicktheirownprojects,specificallyforTheoryofKnowledge,ExtendedEssay,andCAS.Givingstudentsthatautonomyincreasesthepossibilitythatthestudentwillchoosetoexploreanareaofcontenttheyarepassionateaboutandinturnbetterengagewiththematerial.OneSchoolBadministratorinparticularemphasizedtheimportanceofmakinglearningrelevant.Hestated,"Studentsdon’twanttojustsitanddobusyorboringwork.”Hechallengestheteachertobeengaging,usingtechnologyandflippedclassrooms.AschoolleaderatSchoolAwaspromotingdifferentiatedinstructionasawaytoengagestudentsandmakesurethattheyconnectwiththematerialtaught.Professionaldevelopmentonthistopichasbeenofferedanumberoftimesinthepastyear.Ingeneral,wenotedthatleadershipsupportservestomotivateteacherstocontinuetofigureoutwaysofmakinglearningrelevant.TeachersatSchoolsAandBnotedthatthereareaspectsoftheDPprogramthatinterferewithateacher'sabilitytomakelearningandcontentrelevant.BothteachersstatedthattheDPguidelinesaretoorigidandoverly“academicallybased.”Theybelievedthattheguidelinesdonotallowteacherstoexploreideasthatgobeyondtherequiredcontent.MeasuresofStudents’AcademicMindsets
Inthissection,weexaminethefindingsofourstudythataddressresearchquestion3:WhatoutcomesdoDPstudentsobtainonstandardizedmeasuresofacademicmindset?Howdothese
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outcomescompareacrossschools,especiallythoseindifferentcountries?Whatschool‐basedfactorsmightcontributetothisvariation?Weprimarilyusetheresultsofthestudentsurveytoaddressthesequestions.Asectionofthesurveyasksstudentstoagreeordisagreewithscaleitemsdesignedtoindicatetheirstrengthoneachofthesedimensionsofacademicmindset.EachscaleiscomprisedofmultipleitemsasshowninAppendixB.Figure2,showseachschool’saverageresponsesoneachofthefourdimensionsofacademicmindsetsona1‐5scalewhere5indicatedstrongagreement.6Acrossallschools,studentswerelesslikelytoembodyamalleableintelligencemindsetascomparedwiththeotherthreemindsetdimensions.Students’averageratingsplacethembetween“disagree”and“neitheragreenordisagree”onthemalleableintelligencemindset.Itisworthnotingthatthereliabilityofthescaleusedtomeasuremalleableintelligencewasquitelow(Cronbach’salphaof.56)indicatingthattheresultsshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.Withregardtotheirsenseofbelonging,students’averageresponsesplacethembetween“neitheragreenordisagree”and“agree,”exceptinSchoolCwheretheywereconsiderablyhigher.Thesamepatternisfoundonstudents’sensethatschool/courseworkwasrelevant.Students’self‐confidencewassomewhathigherwithaveragesfallingbetween“agree”and“stronglyagree”atallschools.Figure2:AverageResponsestoMeasuresofAcademicMindsetsbySchool
Weexamineddifferencesonthefourdimensionsofacademicmindsetacrossthefourschools.Significantdifferenceswerefoundoneachdimension.However,aposthocScheffetestrevealedthatthedifferencesamongschoolswerenotconsistentinanyparticulardirectionandwereleast
61=stronglydisagree,2=disagree,3=neitheragreenordisagree,4=agree,and5=stronglyagree.Itemswerereversecodedwhereappropriate.
2.82
3.66
4.06
3.63
2.88
3.44
3.99
3.59
2.83
4.324.52
4.30
2.99
3.60
4.083.87
1
2
3
4
5
Malleable intelligence Sense of Belonging Self‐confidence School/Courseworkrelevance
School A School B School C School D
26
likelytobesignificantinregardtothemalleableintelligencemindset.Noparticularconclusionsaredrawnfromthisanalysis.Wealsocomparedaverageacademicmindsetsscoresbycountry.AsTable3showswefoundsmallbutstatisticallysignificantdifferencesoneachofthefourmindsetdimensions—withstudentsinthetwoPeruvianschoolsconsistentlyscoringhigher,onaverage,thanstudentsintheUSschools.Thelargestdifferencesfoundwereinthedimensionsofrelevanceandbelonging.Therecouldbemanypossibleexplanationsforthis.ThetwoPeruvianschoolswerebothprivatewithrelativelyhighsocio‐economicstatusamongtheirstudents.Bothenrolledstudentsfromnurseryschoolthroughhighschool,givingthemmoretimeinwhichtoestablishnormsandrelationshipsassociatedwithpositiveacademicmindsets.Atthesametime,thesampleofschoolsstudiedisextremelysmall,limitingourabilitytodrawinferencesfromthisfinding.Table3.AverageDifferencesinStudentAcademicMindsetbyCountry
Average Difference
Malleableintelligence
Peruvianschools 2.95.11*
USschools 2.84
SenseofBelonging
Peruvianschools 3.76.21*
USschools 3.55
Self‐confidence
Peruvianschools 4.17.14*
USschools 4.02
RelevancePeruvianschools 3.96
.35*USschools 3.61
*Significantatthep<.05levelorless.
Toprovidefurtherinsightintostudents’statusonacademicmindsetsacrossschools,wealsodisplayresponsestooneortwoquestionsrelatedtoeachmindsetdimension.Thesewereselectedasitemsthatareparticularlyrepresentativeofeach.MalleableIntelligence:Twospecificsurveyitemsprovideadditionalinsightintostudents’statusonmalleableintelligence.Figure3showsthepercentageofstudentswhoagreedorstronglyagreedwithtwoitemsthatcapturethecoreconceptsassociatedwithmalleableintelligence(i.e.growthversusafixedmindset).Ascanbeseen,therewasconsiderablevariationbyschoolinthepercentageofstudentswhoagreedwiththesetwoitems.InSchoolsBandDamajorityofstudents(61%and78%respectively)respondedinawaythatreflectsamalleableintelligencemindset.Incontrast,responsesofthemajorityofstudentsinSchoolA(57%)reflectedafixedmindset.Itis
27
interestingthat,despitethefactthattheresponsestothesetwostatementsshouldbedifferent,somestudents(especiallyatSchoolD)appearedtoagreewithboth.Figure3:ResponsestoMalleableIntelligenceKeyItems(%whoagreedorstronglyagreed)
Belonging:Figure4providesstudents’responsesacrossschoolstooneitempertainingtotheirsenseofbelonging.Thereisconsiderablevariationbyschoolonthisdimension.Figure4:ResponsestoSenseofBelongingKeyItem(%whoagreedorstronglyagreed)
49%
61%
51%
78%
57%
36%
51% 52%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
School A School B School C School D
No matter how much intelligence you have, you can always change it a good deal.
You can learn new things, but you cannot really change your basic level of intelligence.
65%
53%
83%
60%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
School A School B School C School D
I feel that I am a member of the school community
28
Self‐confidence:Similarly,Figure5showsthelevelofstudentagreementwithanitemthatrevealstheirself‐confidence.Responsesonthisitemwerehighacrossschools,althoughtherecontinuedtobeconsiderablevariation.Figure5:ResponsestoSelf‐ConfidenceKeyItem(%whoagreedorstronglyagreed)
Relevance:InFigure6,weseelowerlevelsofagreementwiththeselecteditemontheperceivedrelevanceofwhattheyarelearningtotheirfutureplans.Considerablevariationacrossschoolsisfoundhereaswell.Figure6:ResponsestoSchoolWorkRelevanceKeyItem(%whoagreedorstronglyagreed)
84%78%
98%
83%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
School A School B School C School D
If I try hard, I believe I can do my schoolwork well.
44% 41%
65%58%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
School A School B School C School D
What I learn at school will be useful in the future.
29
StudentPerceptionsofSchoolCultureandClassroomPracticesTocontextualizeourexaminationofstudents’statusonmeasuresofacademicmindset,welookedatstudentresponsestomeasuresofschoolcultureandclassroompracticespositedtobeassociatedwithpositiveacademicmindsetsinstudents.Theresultsreflecttheextenttowhichstudentsagreedthatschoolswerestrongonthesedimensions.7EachscaleiscomprisedofmultipleitemsasshowninAppendixB;thesescaleshadgoodreliabilityindicators.Figure7showsaverageschoolresponsesonthetwodimensionsofschoolcultureandclassroompracticesona1‐5scalewhere5indicatedstrongagreement.TheresultsonschoolculturewerefairlyuniformacrossschoolswiththeaverageresponseinSchoolsA,BandDfallingbetween“neitheragreenordisagreeand“agree,”butgenerallycloserto“agree.”SchoolChadanaverageresponseof“agree.”Onstudents’ratingsofclassroompractices,theaverageresponsesateveryschoolweremorepositivewithSchoolsAandCbeingratedat“agree”oraboveandSchoolsBandDratedatslightlybelow“agree.”Figure7:SchoolCultureandClassroomPracticesAverageResponsesBySchool
7 Studentsindicatedtheextenttowhichtheyagreedwiththesestatements.Schoolcultureitems:Myclassmatesshowrespectforpeoplewithacademicability;TeamworkisencouragedinmyIBprogram;StudentsinmyIBprogramtendtosupportoneanother;InmyIBprogram,adultsbelievethatallstudentscansucceed;Iconsidermyschooltohaveahealthy,supportiveculture;IfeelsafeinmyschoolandIBcourses;TeachersinmyIBprogrambelievethatstudentslikemecansucceed.Classroompracticeitems:InmyIBprogram,scholarshipisrespected;IconsidermyIBcourseworktobechallenging;IwouldsaythatmyIBteachershavehighexpectationsfortheirstudents;IwouldsaythatmyIBassignmentsarechallengingbutachievable.
3.794.11
3.493.64
4.094.43
3.693.84
1
2
3
4
5
School culture Classroom practices
School A School B School C School D
30
Figure8showsstudentresponsestocoreitemsontheschoolcultureandclassroompracticesscales.Althoughamajorityofstudentsacrossthefourschoolshavepositiveperceptionsoftheschool‐andclassroom‐levelfactorspositedbytheresearchtobeimportanttogrowthmindsetdevelopment,thefindingsalsodemonstratethattheremaystillberoomtostrengthenschoolcultureandpractices.Figure8:ResponsestoSchoolCultureandClassroomPracticeKeyItems(%whoagreedorstronglyagreed)
Wewerealsointerestedincorrelations–orrelationships–betweenthedimensionsstudied.Weranstatisticalteststhatshowthestrengthoftherelationshipbetweenanytwofactorssuchasschoolcultureandeachoftheacademicmindsets.Apositivecorrelation(expressedasanrvalue)indicatesthatasstudentperceptionofschoolculturebecomesmorepositivesomaytheiracademicmindset.8
InTable4,weseetheresultsofthisanalysis.Asaruleofthumb,acorrelation(rvalue)of.3to.5isconsideredmoderateandacorrelationof.5andaboveisconsideredstrong.9Wecanseethat,forexample,studentswhobelievedthattheschoolculturewaspositivewereespeciallylikelytofeelastrongsenseofbelonging(anrvalueof.589,astrongrelationship).Similarly,studentswhobelievedthatthereweregoodclassroompracticeswereespeciallylikelytofeelasenseofself‐confidence(anrvalueof.469,amoderaterelationship).
.
8Theoppositemayalsobetrue.Asastudent’smindsetbecomesmorepositive,theirperceptionofthecultureoftheschoolmaybecomemorepositive.9Fromhttps://explorable.com/statistical‐correlation
80%
69%
64%
58%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
I would say that my IB teachers have highexpectations for their students.
I would say that my IB assignments arechallenging but achievable
In my IB program, adults believe that allstudents can succeed.
I consider my school to have a healthy,supportive culture.
31
Table4.RelationshipBetweenSchool/ClassroomFactorsandAcademicMindsetsRelationships Correlation(rvalue)
Schoolculturewith….
Malleableintelligence .261*Senseofbelonging .589*Selfconfidence .508*Relevanceofschoolwork .559*
Classroompracticeswith….
Malleableintelligence .076*Senseofbelonging .425*Selfconfidence .469*Relevanceofschoolwork .427*
*Statisticallysignificantatthep<.05levelorless.RelationshipsBetweenPositiveAcademicMindsetsandPositiveAcademicBehaviors
Wealsousedstudentsurveydatatoaddressresearchquestion4:WhatlinkagescanbeobservedbetweenpositiveacademicmindsetsandpositiveacademicbehaviorsinDPschools?Tolookattheserelationships,wefirstlookedatwhetherstudentsinschoolswithmorepositiveschoolenvironmentsandstrongclassroompracticeswouldalsohavemorepositiveacademicmindsets.Subsequently,welookedattherelationshipbetweenpositiveacademicmindsetsandpositiveacademicbehaviors.Figure9presentsstudents’averageresponsesonthescaleonacademicbehaviors(seeAppendixBformoreinformationonthisscale).Theitemsinthisscalefocusedmainlyonstudyhabitssuchas:a)BeforeIstartanassignment,IplanouthowI’mgoingtodoit,andb)WhenIstudy,IusuallystudyattimeswhenIcanconcentratebest.Aswiththepreviousitems,responseswereona1‐5scalewith5beinghigh/positive.Ascanbeseen,students’responsestothesekindsofquestionsfellsquarelyinthemiddlebetween“neitheragreenordisagree”and“agree.”Therewaslittlevariationbyschool.Figure9:StudentAcademicBehaviors,AverageResponsebySchool
3.58 3.47 3.61 3.48
1
2
3
4
5
School A School B School C School D
32
Toexaminewhetherthereanyassociationsexistbetweenstudents’academicbehaviorsandtheiracademicmindsets,weconductedcorrelationanalysesbetweenthesescales.AsTable5shows,therewerepositiveandsignificantrelationshipsbetweenstudents’academicmindsetsandtheiracademicbehaviors.Positiveacademicmindsetsamongstudentsareassociatedwiththepracticeofgoodacademicbehaviors.Thisrelationshipwasstrongestbetweenasenseofrelevanceandgoodacademicbehaviors(rvalueof.381);itwasweakestbetweenthemalleableintelligencemindsetandgoodacademicbehaviors(.225).
Table5.RelationshipBetweenAcademicBehaviorsandAcademicMindsetsRelationships Correlation(rvalue)
Academicbehaviorswith….
Malleableintelligence .225*Senseofbelonging .320*Selfconfidence .375*Relevanceofschoolwork .391*
*Statisticallysignificantatthep<.05levelorless.
ConclusionsandImplicationsforIBO
Inthissectionwesummarizeourfindingsandalsoaddressourfinalresearchquestion:WhatstrategiesmightIBOuseorstrengthentodeveloppositiveacademicmindsetsamongDPstudentsinthefuture?SummaryoffindingsOurresearchprovidesevidenceinsupportoftherelationshipspositedinthelogicmodelonpage7.Thestudentsurveyresultssuggestthatschoolenvironmentsandclassroompracticesareindeedassociatedwithpositiveacademicmindsets;further,studentswithpositiveacademicmindsetsaremorelikelytopracticegoodacademicbehaviorsfoundintheresearchliteraturetoleadtogoodstudenteducationaloutcomes.Thestudentsurveyresultsalsosuggestthat,whilemalleableintelligence(orgrowthmindset)getsmoreattention,sensesofrelevance,belongingandself‐confidencearemorecloselyassociatedwithpositiveacademicbehaviorsintheIBschoolsstudied.Theywerealsopresentinhigherlevelsamongstudentsatallfouroftheschoolsparticipatinginourresearch,increasingtheirpotentialimpactonacademicbehaviors.Furthermore,wefoundthatschoolleadersandteachershaddevelopedmorewaystopromoteself‐confidence,belonging,andrelevancethantheydidmalleableintelligence.
33
Themostimportantfindingsrelatedtoschoolenvironmentsandpracticesthatpromotepositiveacademicmindsetswereasfollows:Malleableintelligence:Attitudesvariedwithregardtothemalleabilityofintelligenceamongbothadultsandstudentsinthefourschoolsstudied.Severalschoolshadadoptedpracticesthatbuiltonthisconceptbyemphasizingpoliciessuchasde‐tracking.However,othersweremorelikelytoseekoutdifferentwaysforstudentstobeshine(e.g.throughtheartsorleadership).Inbothcases,therewasintenttohelpstudentsbesuccessful,howeverthefirstismorelikelytoadvancetheideathatallstudentscangrowtheirintelligence,whilethesecondismorelikelytomakestudentsfeelthatit’sOKnotbeanintellectualstarifyoucansucceedinotherways.Similarnumbersofstudentssaidthattheywerepraisedforintelligenceandforeffort.Thissuggeststhatsomepracticesconsidereddetrimentaltoamalleableintelligencemindset(i.e.praiseforintelligence)arewidelyused.Atthesametime,schoolleadersexpressedacommitmenttohavingallstudentsgoingasfarastheycanintheirlearningandwefoundthatpoliciesencourageaccesstotheintellectuallychallengingDPcurriculuminallofthefourschools.Inallschools,everyone,includingspecialeducationstudents,tookatleastoneDPcourse,andmostlearnedthattheywerecapableofsucceedinginrigorousandchallengingcourses.Inaddition,schoolleadersandteacherswereabletodescribeinstructionalpracticesthattheybelievedwouldstrengthenstudents’malleableintelligencemindset.Theseincludedseekingtherightblendofchallenge/highexpectationsandsupport/scaffoldingor,asoneprincipalsaid,“therightamountofdissonance–strugglewithoutdeflation.”Most,ifnotall,teacherscommunicatedthattheybelievedthatallstudentscouldlearnrigorouscoursematerialandthatstudenteffortintheclassroomwaskeytoacademicsuccess.Anumberofteachersalsosoughtwaystoputinplacestructurestohelpstudentsthroughthestepsinvolvedinchallengingthemselvesintellectually.Theybelievedthatstudentswouldbemorelikelytoinvesttheeffortindifficultassignments,forexample,iftheprocesswasclearlylaidout.Belonging:Asenseofbelongingwasdescribeddifferentlyineachschool,withsomeemphasizingschoolspirit,whileotherstalkedaboutschoolpride,orasenseofbeingpartofacomfortablefamilyenvironment.Amongstudentssurveyed,overhalf(54%)agreedwiththestatement“Ifeelasenseofbelongingtotheschoolcommunity.”ThedevelopmentofasenseofbelongingseemedtobeeasierinthePeruvianschoolswherethestudentshadattendedthesameschoolsinceagethreeorfour.Acrossallschools,warmrelationshipsbetweenstudentsandteacherswerementionedasespeciallyimportanttodevelopingasenseofbelonging.Insomecases,teachersshowedtheirconcernforstudentsspendingextensiveout‐of‐classtimewiththem.
34
Schoolsuseddifferentmethodstofosterasenseofbelongingincludingstructuressuchashomeroom,houses,andarangeofactivitiesinwhichstudentscouldengageinout‐of‐schooltime.Teachersatsomeschoolsarrangedtheirclassroomsinwaysthatencouragedasenseofcommunity(e.g.,organizingdesksincirculargroupsorclusters)orprovidedstudentswithopportunitiestoworkingroups,facilitatingpeerbonding.CASactivitieswerealsosettingsinwhichstudentsbondedwitheachotheranddevelopedasenseofbelonging;theywerealsocitedashelpingstudentsdevelopself‐confidenceandseetheirlearningasrelevant.Self‐confidence:EspeciallyintheUSschools,effortsweremadetopromotestudents’self‐confidenceinundertakingchallengingDPcourses.Intervieweesstatedthatstudentsoftengainedconfidenceintheirabilitytobesuccessfulinschoolfromtheexperienceofsucceedinginthesecourses.Inaddition,therewereexamplesofmoregeneraleffortstobuildstudentself‐confidence,oftenthroughleadershipopportunitiesintheclassroom,inclubs,sports,etc.Intheoneall‐girlsschoolinthestudy,aschoolleadertalkedabouthowasinglegenderenvironmentencouragesthedevelopmentofleadershipandself‐confidenceamongstudents,astheydonothavetocompetewith–ordeferto–boys.
Therewasevidencethatseveralschoolsworkedtohelpstudentsfindarenasinwhichtheycouldshineasawaytobolstertheirself‐confidence.Thissometimestooktheformofencouragingexplorationofdifferentinterestsand“selves”throughinvolvementinCASwithitsemphasesoncommunityservice,thearts,andsports.Inaddition,someteachersemphasizeddevelopingself‐confidencethroughself‐knowledgeandprovidedopportunitiesforthemtousewrittenreflectionstoconsidertheirareasofstrengthandtoembraceworkingonareasofweakness.Opportunitiesforautonomousdecision‐makingwerealsoseenasawaytobuildstudentself‐confidence.TheoryofKnowledge,CAS,andExtendedEssayteacherstendedtogivetheirstudentsconsiderableautonomyinchoosingwhatprojectstoworkon.
Relevance:Developingaschoolenvironmentinwhichstudentsperceivedtheircourseworkasrelevanthadmuchtodowithemphasizingtheimportanceoflearningandachievementfortheattainmentoffuturegoals,especiallysuccessincollege.Thiswasahighpriorityforthemajorityofstudentsineachoftheschools.Insomecases,thiswasreinforcedbythecourseworkavailablethroughIB.Whilemoststudentstookcorecollegepreparatorycourses,somealsotookDPcoursessuchasbusinessmanagementandmusicthatallowedstudentstolearnabouttopicstheyfoundengagingorworthconsideringascareeroptions.
Teachersinourstudyschoolswereoftenobservedtobemakinganefforttoengagestudentsbecausetheyrecognizedthatstudentswillputmoreeffortintoworkthattheyviewasrelevant.MostteachersstatedthattheybuildrelevanceintheirclassroombypushingstudentstoengagewithquestionsthataskthemtoexaminetheirlivedexperiencesinTheoryofKnowledgeandotherclasses.Inothercases,teacherssoughtoutwaystokeeplearningconnectedtolifebygivingstudentschoicesonresearchpapertopicsorinselectingCASorclassroomprojectsofinterestto
35
them.CASprojectsandrelatedtravelwereoftencitedasimportanttoconnectinglearningtolifeexperiences.
ImplicationsforIBOConsiderableresearchsuggeststhatpositiveacademicmindsetslayanimportantfoundationforotherkindsoflearning.Further,thereisemergingandcompellingresearchsuggestingthatthemosteffectivewayforschoolstohelpstudentsdevelopthesemindsets(andothernon‐cognitiveskills)istosupportchangesineducators’instructionalpractices(Farrington,etal.,2012).Inmanycases,schoolsattemptshort‐term,isolatedinterventionsthatfocusonnon‐cognitivefactors,e.g.academicmindsets.However,theresearchpointsoutthatnon‐cognitivelearningismosteffectivewhenintegratedcomprehensivelyacrosskeycomponentsoftheschool(Hamedani,etal.,2015).Infact,Farringtonetal.,(2012)concludedthat,“Theessentialquestionfordevelopingstudentsaslearnersisnothowtochangestudentstoimprovetheirbehaviorbutratherhowtocreatecontextsthatbettersupportstudentsindevelopingcriticalattitudesandlearningstrategiesnecessaryfortheiracademicsuccess”(p.74).
Shechtmanetal.,(2013)furtherassertthatopportunitiestolearnacademicmindsetsandrelatednon‐cognitiveskillscanbeintroducedintotheacademiccoresothatstudentscanexplicitlylearnandpracticetheminacademicsituationsandunderstandhowtheycanaffecttheiracademicachievement.Weobservedinanumberofsettingsthatinstructionthatsupportedthedevelopmentofacademicmindsetswasalreadyinplaceinanumberofschools;however,itispossiblethatthiscouldbemoreintentionalandbetterintegratedwithinexistingIBcourses.Clearly,theTheoryofKnowledgecoursecameuprepeatedlyasoneinwhichstudentswerelikelytodeveloppositiveacademicmindsets,asdidCAS.Butcouldmorebedone?
OneopportunityappearstoemergeinrelationtoIB’sApproachestoTeachingandLearning(ATL),launchedinearly2015.Thisframeworkincludesanexplicitfocusonself‐management,includingpracticalaspectsliketimemanagement(alignedwith“academicbehaviors”inourlogicmodel)andemotionalaspectssuchasresilienceandperseverance(alignedwith“academicmindsets”inourlogicmodel).Inaddition,thesocialdimensionoftheATLincludesopportunitiesforstudentstodevelopasenseofbelonging.AnATLself‐reflectiontool(IBO,2015)developedforusebyteachersinauditingtheirownpracticesincludesitemsalignedwithacademicmindsetssuchas:
askstudentstolookforpersonalrelevanceinthesubjectmatter; createanatmospherewherestudentsdonotthinktheyhavetogeteverythingrightthe
firsttime; helpstudentstoseethe“bigpicture”relevanceofwhattheyarestudying; explorecontemporaryglobalconcernssuchasdevelopment,conflict,rights,andthe
environment; encouragestudentstofeelcomfortableaskingquestionswhentheydon’tunderstand;
36
setatasktogaininsightintostudents’particularstrengthsandweaknesses.
ItcouldbeworthwhiletoreviewandreflectonthisandotherATLdocumentsinlightoftheresearchcitedinthispaper‐aswellasourfindings‐toseeiftheymightbestrengthened.Inaddition,itappearsthatATLisonlybeginningtobeknownandusedbyIBschools.Furthereffortstodisseminatetherelatedresourceswouldbeusefultoteachersthinkingabouthowtoincorporatebuildingofacademicmindsetsintotheirlessons.Similarly,whenrevisingtheIBOstandardsandpractices,curricula,andtheLearnerProfile,itwouldmakesensetoreviewtheresearchonacademicmindsetstomakesurethattheseconceptsaretakenintoaccount.ThisalignswellwithIBO’sinterestinmakingsurethatteachersarehelpedtobe“teachersoflearners,notjustcontent”(IBO’sSeniorCurriculumStrandManager,personalcommunication,May2016).
Thefindingsofthisresearchsuggestthatthereisroomforgrowthondevelopingpositiveacademicmindsetsamongstudents.Theyalsoprovidesomeareasforreflectiononhowtodothis.Somehintsareinstudents’responsestoresearchquestions.Forexample,while78%ofrespondentsagreethattheirIBcourseworkinchallenging,33%saythattheyfindithardtogethelpiftheyarestrugglingwithadifficultassignment.Lessthanhalfofstudents(46%)agreethatwhattheylearninschoolwillbeusefulinthefuture.Alittleoverhalf(56%)agreethattheylikeworkthatthey’lllearnfromeveniftheymakealotofmistakes,aproportionthatcouldideallybehigher.TimespentanalyzingtheresultsofthestudentsurveycouldprovidehintstowaystofurtherstrengthentheIBcurriculumandapproach.Otherapproachestostrengtheningacademicmindsetsemergefromtheliterature.Thefollowinglistwasgleanedfromourearlyreviewofresearchandusedtoinformourresearchdesignandanalysis.FurtherworkcouldbedonetoincludethefollowingelementsintoIBOprovidedprofessionaldevelopmentanddiscussiongroups.Schoolculturethatencouragespositiveacademicmindsets
a. Atmosphereofrespectforscholarship(AchievementGapInitiative,2001;inSnipesetal,2012)
b. Atmosphereofteamwork(AchievementGapInitiative,2001;inSnipesetal,2012)c. Systemofrewardsandpunishments(Snipesetal,2012)d. Assumptionsthatallstudentscansucceed(CarrandWalton,2011;inSnipesetal,2012)e. Extendedtimewithteachersandpeers(e.g.blockscheduling,looping;Osterman,2000;in
Snipesetal,2012)f. Overallstrong,“healthy”organization(Snipesetal,2012)
Classroompracticesthatencouragepositiveacademicmindsets
37
a. Messagesaboutvalueofeffort(Snipesetal,2012)b. Praiseforhardworknotintelligence(Dweck,2007;inSnipesetal,2012)c. Transparentgradingpractices(Marzano,2000;inSnipesetal,2012)d. Regularfeedbackfromteachersongoalattainment(Marzano,2000;inSnipesetal,2012)e. Challengingbutachievableassignments(NationalResearchCouncil,2004;inSnipesetal,
2012)f. Highexpectationsofteachersconveyingrespect(variousinSnipesetal,2012)g. Availabilityofsupportsforlearning(Gordon&Bridgall,inFarringtonetal,2012)h. Authentic,relevanttasksappliedtorealworldsettings(Leeetal.,1993;inSnipesetal,
2012)i. Incorporatingstudents’culturalknowledge(Leeetal.,1993:inSnipesetal,2012)j. Givingstudentschoice,cognitiveautonomy,ownershipoflearning(NRCinSnipesetal,
2012)k. Chancetocontributetothegreatergood(Snipesetal,2012)l. Encouragementofgoodrelationships(Snipesetal,2012)m. Leveloftrustandsafetyintheclassroom(BrykandDriscollinFarringtonetal.2012)
AreasforFutureResearchAddedresearchcouldprovidefurtherinsightsintotheschoolenvironmentsandclassroompracticesmostconducivetothedevelopmentofpositiveacademicmindsets.Individualschoolsmaywishtousethestudentsurveydevelopedbythisprojecttoconducttheirownanalysesoftheirstudents’statusonmindsetsandwaysthattheirschoolsfacilitateorhindertheirdevelopment.IBOcouldidentifythemostpromisingschoolenvironmentsandclassroompracticesandconductprofessionaldevelopmenttosupporttheirimplementation;accompanyingresearchcouldbeconductedtoevaluatetheextenttowhichtheyleadtoimprovedstudentmindsets,academicbehaviors,andoutcomes.FinalThoughtsIBschoolsareclearlysettingsinwhichthereisconsiderableinterestinhighqualityeducationandindevelopingtheenvironmentsandclassroompracticesmostconducivetostudentsuccess.TheIBOworkshardtoprovidestrongmaterialsandprofessionaldevelopmenttosupportthem.Inourresearch,weobservedacommitmenttoinnovativepracticesandprocessesforcontinuousimprovementintheschoolswevisitedandintheIBOoverall.Wecommendthemforthesequalitiesandhopethatthisresearchonacademicmindsetsservesasafurthersourceofinspirationgoingforward.
38
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Hamedani,M.G.,Zheng,X.,&Darling‐Hammond,L.(2015).Learningfromsuccessfulpractice:Socialemotionallearninginthreediverseurbanhighschools.Stanford,CA:SCOPE.
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AppendixA:Instruments
Leadership Interview Protocol
Introduction/ConsentScriptThankyoufortakingtimeoutofyourscheduletomeetwithustoday.Mynameis________________(andthisis_____________),andwe’rewithNCREST.NCRESTisaresearchanddevelopmentcenteratTeachersCollege,ColumbiaUniversity.Thepurposeofthisinterviewisforustounderstandhowstudents'academicmindsetisnurturedatyourschoolandtheroleyouplayincreatingaconduciveenvironmentforpositiveacademicmindsetdevelopment.Academicmindsetsarethe“beliefs,attitudes,orwaysofperceivingoneselfinrelationtolearningandintellectualworkthatsupportacademicperformance”Academicmindsetisespeciallyaboutthebeliefthatsuccessismainlyaproductofeffort.Thisconversationwilltakeapproximately45minutesandiscompletelyvoluntary.Ifyoudonotfeelcomfortableansweringanyofourquestions,youcanchoosenottoanswerthem,orendtheinterview.Alltheinformationwecollectinthisinterviewwillbekeptconfidential.Wewouldalsoliketoaudiorecordtheinterviewtomakesurewecaptureyourresponsesaccurately,andsowecanfocusontheconversationwithyou.Pleasenotethatonlytheresearchteamwillhaveaccesstothenotes,recordings,andtranscriptscollectedduringthisinterview.Alloftheinformationisstoredsecurelyandcanonlybeaccessedbytheresearchteam.Also,wewillnevermentionyournameinourreport,andwewillmakeeveryefforttopreventanyoneoutsideoftheprojectteamfromconnectingyourindividualresponseswithyouridentity.Doyouhaveanyquestionsforme?DoIhaveyourconsenttomoveforwardwiththeinterview?Introduction
1. Tostart,pleasetellmealittleaboutyourselfandtheroleyouplayintheschool,specificallywithregardstoDP?
2. CanyoutellusabitabouttheschoolandtheDPprogramme(Probe:whereDPfitsinthe
school;coursesoffered;numberofstudents;accomplishments)3. Whatschoolgoals,ifany,arebeingemphasizedthisyear?
4. Howwouldyoudescribeyourschoolculture?(vii,f)
CoreAcademicMindsetQuestions
1. WouldyousaythatmostDPteachersatthisschoolbelievethatintelligencecanbebuiltorincreased?Pleasediscuss.(MI)
42
2. WouldyousaythatyourDPteachershelpstudentstoappreciatethevalueofeffort?Ifso,
howdoesthishappen?(MI)
3. TowhatextentisaneffortmadeinyourDPprogrammetomakelearninginterestingtostudents?Inwhatways?(R)
4. Whatkindsofthingsaredonetomakelearningrelevant?(R)
5. DoyourstudentshaveasenseofbelongingtotheDPprogramme?Totheirschool?Please
describe.(B)
6. Areanyparticulareffortsmadetobuildasenseofbelonging?
7. Arethereeffortsmadetobuildstudents’self‐confidence?Ifso,pleasedescribe.(SC)FacilitatingaPositiveAcademicMindset
8. CouldyoutalkabouttheextenttowhichDPteachersareencouragedtoworktogether?
How/whendoesthishappen?(ii)
9. HowwouldyoudescribeDPteacher‐studentrelationshipsingeneral?Aretherenormsaboutthekindsofteacher‐studentrelationshipsthatareencouraged?(l)
10. Wouldyousaythatthereisaschoolculturethatencouragesattentiontostudiesamong
students?Howso?(i,iv)
11. Howiscourseschedulingdoneforeachstudent?Whatfactorsaretakenintoaccountindevelopingacourseschedule?(vi,j)
12. Ingeneral,whatarethegradingpoliciesintheDPprogramme?Howmuchofthegrade
dependsontheDPexamvs.otherkindsofworkoreffort?(c,d,e)
13. Whatkindsofsupportsareavailableforstudentswhoarestrugglingintheircourses?(g)
14. Ingeneral,howcomfortabledostudentsfeelaboutexpressingdifferingopinions?Abouttalkingabouttheirownculturaltraditions?(m,i)
15. HowisCAShandledatyourschool?(Probefor:leadershipopportunities,chancestodo
good,involvementinauthentictasks,havingchoices)(k,j,h)
16. Arethereanyotherwaysthattheschoolpromotespositiveacademicmindsetsthatwehaven’tdiscussedyet?
ClosingQuestions
43
1. Whathavebeenthebiggestchallengesatyourschoolasitrelatestostudentsuccess?
2. WhatelseshouldweknowaboutyourschoolorDPprogramme?
Thankyouforparticipatinginthisinterview!
44
TeacherInterviewProtocolIntroduction/ConsentScriptThankyoufortakingtimeoutofyourscheduletomeetwithustoday.Mynameis________________(andthisis_____________),andwe’rewithNCREST.NCREST[insertsentenceaboutNCREST]Thepurposeofthisinterviewisforustounderstandhowstudents'academicmindsetisnurturedatyourschoolandtheroleyouplayincreatingaconduciveenvironmentforpositiveacademicmindsetdevelopment.Academicmindsetsarethe“beliefs,attitudes,orwaysofperceivingoneselfinrelationtolearningandintellectualworkthatsupportacademicperformance”Academicmindsetisespeciallyaboutthebeliefthatsuccessismainlyaproductofeffort.Thisconversationwilltakeapproximately60minutesandiscompletelyvoluntary.Ifyoudonotfeelcomfortableansweringanyofourquestions,youcanchoosenottoanswerthem,orendtheinterview.Alltheinformationwecollectinthisinterviewwillbekeptconfidential.Wewouldalsoliketoaudiorecordtheinterviewtomakesurewecaptureyourresponsesaccurately,andsowecanfocusontheconversationwithyou.Pleasenotethatonlytheresearchteamwillhaveaccesstothenotes,recordings,andtranscriptscollectedduringthisinterview.Alloftheinformationisstoredsecurelyandcanonlybeaccessedbytheresearchteam.Also,wewillnevermentionyournameinourreport,andwewillmakereasonableeffortstopreventanyoneoutsideoftheprojectteamfromconnectingyourindividualresponseswithyouridentity.Doyouhaveanyquestionsforme?DoIhaveyourconsenttomoveforwardwiththeinterview?Introduction
1. Tostart,pleasetellmealittleaboutyourselfandtheroleyouplayintheschool,specificallywithregardstoDP?
2. CanyoutellusabitabouttheschoolandtheDPprogramme(Probe:whereDPfitsinthe
school;coursesoffered;numberofstudents;accomplishments)
3. Whatschoolgoals,ifany,arebeingemphasizedthisyear?
4. Describethetypeofcultureyouliketoseeinyourclassroom?(vii,f)CoreAcademicMindsetQuestions
1. YoufeelthatmostDPteachers,includingyourself,atthisschoolbelievethatintelligencecanbebuiltorincreased?Pleasediscuss.(MI)
45
2. Whatinstructionaltools/strategiesdoyouusetoencouragestudentstobelievethatacademicsuccessistiedtotheireffortnottotheirinherentintelligence?(MI)
3. Whatareexamplesofwaysthatyouhelpstudentsappreciatethevalueofeffort?(MI)
4. Howaretheseeffortsincorporatedintoyourin‐classassignmentsand/assessmentofstudentwork.(MI)
5. OneofthegoalsofDPistohelppreparestudentswithvaluesandlifeskillstoliveafulfilled
andpurposefullife.TowhatextentisaneffortmadeinyourDPclassestomakelearninginterestingtostudents?Inwhatways?(R)
6. Whattypesoftasksdoyouassignthatrequirethemtoapplytheirlearningtotheirlivedexperience?(R)
7. Doyourstudentsfeelasenseofbelonginginyourclassroom?(B)
8. Whateffortsaremadetobuildasenseofbelonging(e.g.,Teambuildingactivities,groupactivities,DPinstructionaltools,DPcurriculum,DPprojects)(B)
9. Arethereeffortsmadetocreateaclassroomenvironmentwherestudents'self‐confidence
isnurturedanddeveloped?(SC)FacilitatingaPositiveAcademicMindset
1. Howwouldyoudescribeyourexperienceworkingatthisschool?(ii)
2. HowoftenareyouabletoworkwithotherDPteachers?(ii)
3. Howwouldyoudescribeyourrelationshipwithotherteachers(l)
4. Howwouldyoudescribeyourrelationshipwithstudents?Whattype(s)ofstudent/teacherrelationshipsareencouraged?(l)
5. Wouldyousaythatthereisaschoolculturethatencouragesattentiontostudiesamong
students?Howso?(i,iv)
6. Whatteachingstrategiesdoyouutilizetopromoteanenvironmentwherestudentsfeeltheyhavecontroloverwhattheyarelearning?(J)
7. Dostudentsdecidethetypesofactivitiestheywillparticipateinordotheyhaveasayinthecreationofclassroomnorms/goals?(J)
46
8. Ingeneral,whatarethegradingpoliciesintheDPprogramme?HowmuchofthegradedependsontheDPexamvs.otherkindsofworkoreffort?(c,d,e)
9. Howdoyouengageandsupportstudentswhomaybestrugglingacademically(g)
10. Arethereanyearlyinterventionsystemsforstudentswhobegintoshowsignsofstruggle(g)
11. Howdoyoukeephighachievingstudentsengaged?(g)
12. Ingeneral,howcomfortabledostudentsfeelaboutexpressingdifferingopinions?Abouttakingabouttheirownculturaltraditions?(m,i)
13. HowisCAShandledatyourschool?(Probefor:leadershipopportunities,chancestodo
good,involvementinauthentictasks,havingchoices)(k,j,h)
14. Arethereanyotherwaysthattheschoolpromotespositiveacademicmindsetsthatwehaven’tdiscussedyet?
ClosingQuestions
1. Whathavebeenthebiggestchallengesatyourschoolasitrelatestostudentsuccess?
2. WhatelseshouldweknowaboutyourschoolorDPprogramme?Thankyouforparticipatinginthisinterview!
47
Observation Protocol
District and School Name: _________________________________
Class Grade & Title: _________________________________
Number of adults in classroom: _______ Number of students in classroom: _______
What part of the period: beginning OR middle OR end
Observer:__________________________ Date:____________________
Instruction that influences academic mindsets
Topic or Activity What is teacher doing or saying related to academic
mindsets
4 aspects of academic
mindsets
(circle all that apply)
B MI SC R
B MI SC R
B MI SC R
B MI SC R
B MI SC R
B MI SC R
48
Classroom/school structures that influence academic mindsets
Classroom/school structures Explain how they do so
B MI SC R
Classroom visuals that provide insight into the 4 Academic Mindset components:
Visual Cues Explain how they exemplify
B MI SC R
Time spent teacher lead lecture:______
Time spent student independent work:________
Time spend student group work________
Other comments or observations:
___________________________________________________________________________
49
Student Survey
[StudentAssent]
DearIBStudent,
WeareinvitingyoutoparticipateinaresearchstudybeingconductedbyTeachersCollege,ColumbiaUniversityabouttheInternationalBaccalaureate(IB)DiplomaProgramatyourschool.ThepurposeofthisstudyistohelpuslearnmoreaboutIBstudentexperiences,yourIBcoursesandyourschool.
Yourparticipationinthisstudyinvolvescompletingthisonlinesurvey.Thesurveyisnotatest.Therearenorightorwronganswers.Thesurveywilltakeabout30minutestocomplete.
Yourparticipationisvoluntary,andyoucanstopparticipatinginthesurveyatanytimebyclosingthewebbrowser.Youcanskipaquestiononthesurveyifyoudonotwanttoanswerit.Ifyoudecidenottoparticipate,youwillnotbeinanykindoftrouble.HowyouanswerthesequestionsandwhetherornotyoucompletethesurveywillNOTaffectyourgradesinanyway.
Wewillnotaskyoutoprovideyournameonthesurvey,andyourresponsestothequestionswillbesentdirectlytotheresearchers.Yourindividualresponseswillbekepttotallyprivateandwillnotbesharedwithyourschooladministratorsorteachers.
IfyouhaveanyquestionsaboutthesurveyyoucancallDr.ElisabethBarnettat646-745-8228
Pleasechecktheboxbelowtoindicatewhetherornotyouagreetoparticipateinthissurvey.Thenclickthe“Continue”buttonbelow.
o Yes,IagreetoparticipateintheIBDPAcademicMindsetStudyStudentsurvey.IunderstandthismeansthatIwillfilloutthissurveyonetimeonly.Myanswerswillbekepttotallyprivate;nooneelsebesidestheresearcherwilleverseethem.IunderstandIdon’thavetoansweranyquestionifIchoosenotto.
o No,IdonotagreetoparticipateintheIBDPAcademicMindsetStudyStudentsurvey.<filtertoendofsurveymessage:Thankyouforyourtime>
[CONTINUEbutton]
1. Whatisthenameofyourschool?_________
2. Whatgradeareyouin?___________
3. AreyoucurrentlytakingorhaveyoualreadytakenanyIBclasses?o Yeso No<Filtertoendofsurvey;“Thankyouforyourtime,thesurveyisforstudentswhoareinthe
IBprogram”>
50
4. Intotal,howmanyIBcourseshaveyoutakensofar(includingtheclassesyouarecurrentlytaking)?_______
5. DoyouexpecttoearntheIBdiploma?o Yeso No
ABOUTYOURSCHOOLANDIBPROGRAM
6. Pleaseindicateyourlevelofagreementwiththefollowingstatements St
ronglyagree
Agree
Neitheragree
nordisagree
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
Notapplicable
a) InmyIBprogram,scholarshipisrespected.
b) Myclassmatesshowrespectforpeoplewithacademicability.
c) TeamworkisencouragedinmyIBprogram.
d) StudentsinmyIBprogramtendtosupportoneanother.
e) InmyIBprogram,adultsbelievethatallstudentscansucceed.
f) IseemanyIBclassmatesinmorethanonecourseeachyear.
g) StudentsintheIBprogramarepraisedforeffort.
h) ItiscleartomewhatIneedtodotoearngoodgradesinmyIBcourses.
i) Iconsidermyschooltohaveahealthy,supportiveculture.
j) InmyIBprogram,thereisanemphasisonhardworkasthewaytosucceed.
k) TeachersinmyIBprogrambelievethatstudentslikemecansucceed.
l) Iampraisedformyintelligence.
m) IgetregularfeedbackfrommyIBteachersonmyacademicperformance.
n) IconsidermyIBcourseworktobechallenging.
51
o) Ihaveanadult,otherthanmyteacher,whocanhelpmewithmyIBcoursework.
p) IwouldsaythatmyIBteachershavehighexpectationsfortheirstudents.
q) ItishardformetogethelpifIamstrugglingwithadifficultassignment.
r) TherearefewtopicsthatIstudyinmyIBclassesthatarerelevanttome.
s) IhavedrawnonexperiencesfrommyfamilyandcommunitylifewhencompletingIBassignments.
t) Ioftengettochoosewhattowriteaboutwhendoingwritingassignments.
u) InmyCASactivities,Ilearnskillsthatarerelevantintherealworld.
v) IwouldsaythatmyIBassignmentsarechallengingbutachievable
w) IfeelcomfortablestatingunpopularpointsofviewinmyIBclasses.
x) WeseldomhavediscussionsaboutsocialjusticetopicsinIBclasses.
y) IhaveparticipatedinaCASprojectthatwasdesignedtoimprovesociety.
z) IfeelsafeinmyschoolandIBcourses.
aa) Ifrequentlymissdaysofschool.
YOURSTUDYHABITS
7. Pleaseindicateyourlevelofagreementwiththefollowingstatements St
ronglyagree
Agree
Neitheragree
nordisagree
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
a) WhenIstudy,IusuallystudyinplaceswhereIcanconcentrate.
b) WhenIstudy,Iusuallyorganizemystudyareatohelpmestudybest.
c) BeforeIstartanassignment,IplanouthowI’mgoingtodoit.
52
d) WhenIstudy,IusuallystudyattimeswhenIcanconcentratebest.
e) IgetitclearinmyheadwhatI’mgoingtodowhenIsitdowntostudy.
f) Iusuallysticktoastudytimetableorstudyplan.
YOURVIEWSABOUTSCHOOLANDLEARNING
8. Pleaseindicateyourlevelofagreementwiththefollowingstatements St
ronglyagree
Agree
Neitheragree
nordisagree
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
a) Nomatterhowmuchintelligenceyouhave,youcanalwayschangeitagooddeal.
b) Youcanlearnnewthings,butyoucannotreallychangeyourbasiclevelofintelligence.
c) I’mabletousesomeofthethingsIlearnatschoolinotherpartsofmylife.
d) Iusuallyturninmyassignmentsontime.
e) It’simportanttounderstandwhatI’mtaughtatschool.
f) Iseemyselfasapartofthisschool
g) IfIworkhardenough,IbelieveIcangetontopofmyschoolwork.
h) Ilikemyworkbestwhenitmakesmethinkhard.
i) WhatIlearnatschoolwillbeusefulinthefuture.
j) IlikemyworkbestwhenIcandoitreallywellwithouttoomuchtrouble.
k) IlikeworkthatI'lllearnfromevenifImakealotofmistakes.
l) IlikemyworkbestwhenIcandoitperfectlywithoutanymistakes.
m) IfeelthatIamamemberoftheschoolcommunity
n) IfItryhard,IbelieveIcandomyschoolworkwell.
o) Whensomethingishard,itjustmakesmewanttoworkmoreonit,notless.
53
p) Totellthetruth,whenIworkhard,itmakesmefeelasthoughI'mnotverysmart.
q) Ifeelasenseofbelongingtotheschoolcommunity
r) IfIdon’tgiveup,IbelieveIcandodifficultschoolwork.
s) Learningatschoolisimportant.
t) IfIhaveenoughtime,IbelieveIcandowellinmyschoolwork.
MOREABOUTYOU
9. Whatisyourgender?o Maleo Female
10. Howoldareyou?_______
11. Whatisthehighlevelofeducationofyourmotherorfemaleguardian?
o Lessthanhighschoolo Highschooldiplomao Somecollegeo Collegedegreeo Graduatedegree
12. Areyoueligibleforfreeorreducedlunch(USonly)
o Yeso No
13. Whichisthelanguagethatyouspeakathomemostoften?o Englisho Spanisho Anotherlanguage(pleasespecify)____________________
14. Whatisyourplanforafterhighschool?(checkallthatapply)
o Attendcollegeo Getajobo Other(pleasedescribe)__________________
15. Inwhatjob/careerwouldyoueventuallyliketowork?_____________
54
AppendixB:StudentSurveyDesignandResponses
DuringthemonthsofOctoberandNovemberof2016,a10‐15minuteWeb‐basedstudentsurveywasadministeredtoallstudentswhohadtakenorwerecurrentlytakingDPcourses.AllDPcoordinatorsattheirrespectivesiteschosetoadministerthesurveyincaptiveadministration,meaningalleligiblestudentsateachschooltookthesurveyataspecificpointintimeduringtheschoolday(typicallydoneduringanelectiveperiod).ThesurveyposedgeneralstudentcharacteristicquestionsandmoredetailedquestionsregardingstudentperspectivesabouttheirschoolandIBprogram,studentstudyhabits,andviewsaboutlearning(resultspresentedbelow).
Thefollowingtablesummarizesthescalesusedforthisreport.Aconfirmatoryfactoranalysiswasconductedonthefirstfivefield‐testedscales.Thelasttwoscalesareexploratoryscalescreatedusingfactoranalysiswithvarimaxrotation.Onlyvariableswithfactorcoefficientshigherthan.30wereretainedfortheexploratoryscales.Ascalereliabilitytest(Cronbach'salpha)wascomputedforallscales.Additionally,onlyrespondentswhoansweredatleasthalftheitemsreceivedascaledscoreforbothconfirmatoryandexploratoryscales.
SurveyScaleItemsandScaleReliability
*MalleableIntelligenceDweck(n.d) α=.56
Nomatterhowmuchintelligenceyouhave,youcanalwayschangeitagooddeal.
Youcanlearnnewthings,butyoucannotreallychangeyourbasiclevelofintelligence.
Ilikemyworkbestwhenitmakesmethinkhard.
IlikemyworkbestwhenIcandoitreallywellwithouttoomuchtrouble.
IlikeworkthatI'lllearnfromevenifImakealotofmistakes.
IlikemyworkbestwhenIcandoitperfectlywithoutanymistakes.
Whensomethingishard,itjustmakesmewanttoworkmoreonit,notless.
Totellthetruth,whenIworkhard,itmakesmefeelasthoughI'mnotverysmart.
*SenseofBelongingHurtadoandCarter(1997) α=.92
Iseemyselfasapartofthisschool
IfeelthatIamamemberoftheschoolcommunity.
Ifeelasenseofbelongingtotheschoolcommunity
*SenseofSelf‐ConfidenceMartinetal.,(2015) α=.84
IfIworkhardenough,IbelieveIcangetontopofmyschoolwork.
55
IfItryhard,IbelieveIcandomyschoolworkwell.
IfIdon’tgiveup,IbelieveIcandodifficultschoolwork.
IfIhaveenoughtime,IbelieveIcandowellinmyschoolwork.
*SenseofAcademicRelevanceMartinetal.,(2015) α=.82
I’mabletousesomeofthethingsIlearnatschoolinotherpartsofmylife.
WhatIlearnatschoolwillbeusefulinthefuture.
Learningatschoolisimportant.
It’simportanttounderstandwhatI’mtaughtatschool.
*StudentAcademicBehaviorsMartinetal.,(2015) α=.85
WhenIstudy,IusuallystudyinplaceswhereIcanconcentrate.
WhenIstudy,Iusuallyorganizemystudyareatohelpmestudybest.
BeforeIstartanassignment,IplanouthowI’mgoingtodoit.
WhenIstudy,IusuallystudyattimeswhenIcanconcentratebest.
IgetitclearinmyheadwhatI’mgoingtodowhenIsitdowntostudy.
Iusuallysticktoastudytimetableorstudyplan.
**SchoolCulture α=.86
Myclassmatesshowrespectforpeoplewithacademicability.
TeamworkisencouragedinmyIBprogram.
StudentsinmyIBprogramtendtosupportoneanother.
InmyIBprogram,adultsbelievethatallstudentscansucceed.
Iconsidermyschooltohaveahealthy,supportiveculture.
IfeelsafeinmyschoolandIBcourses.
TeachersinmyIBprogrambelievethatstudentslikemecansucceed.
**ClassroomPractices α=.71
InmyIBprogram,scholarshipisrespected.
IconsidermyIBcourseworktobechallenging.
IwouldsaythatmyIBteachershavehighexpectationsfortheirstudents.
IwouldsaythatmyIBassignmentsarechallengingbutachievable
Source:IBAcademicMindsetStudentSurvey2016Notes:Allitemsareona5‐pt.scale:1=stronglydisagree,2=disagree,3=neitheragreenordisagree,4=agree,5=stronglyagree.*Confirmatoryfactoranalysis**Exploratoryfactoranalysis
56
SurveyResultsbyItem
SurveyItem1 SanSilvestre Lincoln SouthSide Hilton Total
WhatIsthenameofyourschool?
44(4%) 162(15%) 454(43%) 406(38%) 1066
SurveyItem2 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th Total
Whatgradeareyouin? 1(<1%) 91(9%) 549(52%) 415(39%) 1(<1%) 1057
SurveyItem3–Questionusedtoassureaccuratestudentsurveysample.SurveyItem4 Average Minimum MaximumHowmanyIBcourseshaveyoutakensofar? 5.3 0 19
SurveyItem5 Yes No TotalDoyouexpecttoearntheIBdiploma? 526(50%) 526(50%) 1052
57
SurveyItem6a‐aa Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Neitheragree
nordisagree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Total
InmyIBprogram,scholarshipisrespected. 33(3%) 36(4%) 220(23%) 414(43%) 249(26%) 952
Myclassmatesshowrespectforpeoplewithacademicability. 35(4%) 76(8%) 155(16%) 538(55%) 182(18%) 986
TeamworkisencouragedinmyIBprogram. 31(3%) 117(12%) 238(24%) 436(45%) 157(16%) 979
StudentsinmyIBprogramtendtosupportoneanother. 39(4%) 94(10%) 249(25%) 415(42%) 184(19%) 981
InmyIBprogram,adultsbelievethatallstudentscansucceed. 51(5%) 109(11%) 191(19%) 428(43%) 208(21%) 987
IseemanyIBclassmatesinmorethanonecourseeachyear. 19(2%) 32(3%) 118(12%) 426(44%) 372(38%) 967
StudentsintheIBprogramarepraisedforeffort. 71(7%) 135(14%) 266(27%) 356(36%) 154(16%) 982
ItiscleartomewhatIneedtodotoearngoodgradesinmyIBcourses.
53(5%) 102(10%) 160(16%) 453(46%) 221(22%) 989
Iconsidermyschooltohaveahealthy,supportiveculture. 68(7%) 103(10%) 246(25%) 418(42%) 153(15%) 988
InmyIBprogram,thereisanemphasisonhardworkasthewaytosucceed.
25(3%) 52(5%) 128(13%) 482(49%) 299(30%) 986
TeachersinmyIBprogrambelievethatstudentslikemecansucceed.
26(3%) 42(4%) 158(16%) 485(49%) 270(28%) 981
Iampraisedformyintelligence. 58(6%) 148(15%) 329(34%) 311(32%) 135(14%) 981IgetregularfeedbackfrommyIBteachersonmyacademicperformance.
55(6%) 143(15%) 272(28%) 381(39%) 125(13%) 976
IconsidermyIBcourseworktobechallenging. 31(3%) 50(5%) 133(14%) 344(35%) 426(43%) 984
Ihaveanadult,otherthanmyteacher,whocanhelpmewithmyIBcoursework.
187(20%) 280(29%) 171(18%) 214(23%) 99(10%) 951
IwouldsaythatmyIBteachershavehighexpectationsfortheirstudents.
26(3%) 34(3%) 134(14%) 452(46%) 339(34%) 985
ItishardformetogethelpifIamstrugglingwithadifficultassignment.
137(14%) 270(28%) 241(25%) 219(22%) 107(11%) 974
TherearefewtopicsthatIstudyinmyIBclassesthatarerelevanttome.
66(7%) 145(15%) 293(30%) 283(29%) 193(20%) 980
58
SurveyItems6a‐aa(cont.)
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Neitheragree
nordisagree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Total
ItishardformetogethelpifIamstrugglingwithadifficultassignment.
137(14%) 270(28%) 241(25%) 219(22%) 107(11%) 974
TherearefewtopicsthatIstudyinmyIBclassesthatarerelevanttome.
66(7%) 145(15%) 293(30%) 283(29%) 193(20%) 980
IhavedrawnonexperiencesfrommyfamilyandcommunitylifewhencompletingIBassignments.
103(11%) 195(20%) 318(33%) 261(27%) 80(8%) 957
Ioftengettochoosewhattowriteaboutwhendoingwritingassignments.
124(13%) 205(21%) 249(25%) 314(32%) 87(9%) 979
InmyCASactivities,Ilearnskillsthatarerelevantintherealworld.
76(9%) 98(12%) 246(29%) 257(31%) 161(19%) 838
IwouldsaythatmyIBassignmentsarechallengingbutachievable
55(6%) 70(7%) 178(18%) 521(53%) 157(16%) 981
IfeelcomfortablestatingunpopularpointsofviewinmyIBclasses.
85(9%) 133(14%) 283(29%) 325(33%) 148(15%) 974
WeseldomhavediscussionsaboutsocialjusticetopicsinIBclasses.
103(11%) 211(22%) 296(31%) 241(25%) 101(11%) 952
IhaveparticipatedinaCASprojectthatwasdesignedtoimprovesociety.
78(10%) 98(12%) 193(24%) 258(32%) 179(22%) 806
IfeelsafeinmyschoolandIBcourses. 43(4%) 71(7%) 192(20%) 454(47%) 214(22%) 974
Ifrequentlymissdaysofschool. 429(50%) 188(22%) 131(15%) 74(9%) 44(5%) 866
59
SurveyItems7a‐f Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Neitheragree
nordisagree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Total
WhenIstudy,IusuallystudyinplaceswhereIcanconcentrate. 19(2%) 48(5%) 122(13%) 489(51%) 280(29%) 958
WhenIstudy,Iusuallyorganizemystudyareatohelpmestudybest.
32(3%) 110(12%) 181(19%) 405(43%) 224(24%) 952
BeforeIstartanassignment,IplanouthowI’mgoingtodoit. 53(5%) 173(18%) 239(25%) 342(35%) 160(17%) 967
WhenIstudy,IusuallystudyattimeswhenIcanconcentratebest.
36(4%) 112(12%) 204(21%) 386(40%) 218(23%) 956
IgetitclearinmyheadwhatI’mgoingtodowhenIsitdowntostudy.
36(4%) 158(16%) 212(22%) 392(41%) 163(17%) 961
Iusuallysticktoastudytimetableorstudyplan. 138(15%) 278(30%) 226(24%) 199(21%) 100(11%) 941
60
SurveyItems8a‐t Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Neitheragree
nordisagree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Total
Nomatterhowmuchintelligenceyouhave,youcanalwayschangeitagooddeal.
39(4%) 98(10%) 223(24%) 422(45%) 161(17%) 943
Youcanlearnnewthings,butyoucannotreallychangeyourbasiclevelofintelligence.
67(7%) 236(25%) 219(23%) 323(34%) 97(10%) 942
I’mabletousesomeofthethingsIlearnatschoolinotherpartsofmylife.
74(8%) 113(12%) 191(20%) 442(47%) 127(13%) 947
Iusuallyturninmyassignmentsontime. 29(3%) 44(5%) 105(11%) 329(34%) 447(47%) 954
It’simportanttounderstandwhatI’mtaughtatschool. 30(3%) 32(3%) 157(17%) 443(47%) 288(30%) 950
Iseemyselfasapartofthisschool 46(5%) 94(10%) 200(21%) 399(42%) 207(22%) 946
IfIworkhardenough,IbelieveIcangetontopofmyschoolwork. 25(3%) 45(5%) 100(11%) 427(45%) 355(37%) 952
Ilikemyworkbestwhenitmakesmethinkhard. 121(13%) 211(22%) 299(32%) 226(24%) 84(9%) 941
WhatIlearnatschoolwillbeusefulinthefuture. 96(10%) 130(14%) 286(30%) 303(32%) 131(14%) 946
IlikemyworkbestwhenIcandoitreallywellwithouttoomuchtrouble.
14(1%) 44(5%) 165(17%) 389(41%) 338(36%) 950
IlikeworkthatI'lllearnfromevenifImakealotofmistakes. 45(5%) 107(11%) 259(27%) 379(40%) 155(16%) 945
IlikemyworkbestwhenIcandoitperfectlywithoutanymistakes. 23(2%) 63(7%) 225(24%) 347(37%) 291(31%) 949
IfeelthatIamamemberoftheschoolcommunity. 54(6%) 85(9%) 228(24%) 378(40%) 189(20%) 934
IfItryhard,IbelieveIcandomyschoolworkwell. 22(2%) 37(4%) 107(11%) 437(46%) 342(36%) 945
Whensomethingishard,itjustmakesmewanttoworkmoreonit,notless.
105(11%) 207(22%) 277(30%) 237(25%) 110(12%) 936
Totellthetruth,whenIworkhard,itmakesmefeelasthoughI'mnotverysmart.
99(11%) 228(25%) 241(26%) 220(24%) 136(15%) 924
Ifeelasenseofbelongingtotheschoolcommunity 64(7%) 102(11%) 261(28%) 344(37%) 161(17%) 932
IfIdon’tgiveup,IbelieveIcandodifficultschoolwork. 19(2%) 70(7%) 192(20%) 418(44%) 246(26%) 945
Learningatschoolisimportant. 26(3%) 27(3%) 151(16%) 434(46%) 313(33%) 951IfIhaveenoughtime,IbelieveIcandowellinmyschoolwork. 14(1%) 24(3%) 119(13%) 423(45%) 365(39%) 945
61
SurveyItem9 Female Male TotalWhatisyourgender? 548(56%) 428(44%) 976
SurveyItem10 Average Minimum MaximumHowoldareyou? 16.4 12 19
SurveyItem11
Lessthan
highschool
Highschool
diploma
Somecollege
College
degree
Graduate
degree
Total
Whatisthehighestlevelofeducationofyourmotherorfemaleguardian?
29(3%) 113(12%) 116(12%) 337(35%) 375(39%) 970
SurveyItem12(USonly) Yes No TotalAreyoueligibleforfreeorreducedpricelunch? 128(16%) 687(84%) 815
SurveyItem13 English Spanish Other TotalWhichisthelanguageyouspeakathomemostoften?
764(79%) 193(20%) 16(2%) 973
SurveyItem14 Attendcollege Getajob Other TotalWhatisyourplanforafterhighschool?
902(94%) 44(5%) 15(2%) 961
SurveyItem15–openendedresponse.
SurveyScaledItems
Average Minimum MaximumMalleableIntelligence 2.87 1.13 4.63SenseofBelonging 3.60 1.00 5.00SenseofSelf‐Confidence 4.06 1.00 5.00SenseofAcademicRelevance 3.68 1.00 5.00StudentAcademicBehaviors 3.53 1.00 5.00SchoolEnvironment 3.68 1.00 5.00ClassroomPractices 3.91 1.00 5.00