national context in work-life research: an analysis of the ......laura den dulk erasmus university...
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National Context in Work-Life Research: An Analysis of the Adoption of Work-Life
Arrangements in Europe
Laura den Dulk Erasmus University Rotterdam
BC Workforce Roundtable meeting 2014
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• Impact of National context • Differences across Europe • Employers support • Interactions between national public policies and HR
practices in organizations • Future developments of work-life arrangements
Introduction
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National work-life policies in Europe
• Historical overview • Role model countries • Explaining differences across Europe
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Development of national policies • Leave: maternity, parental and paternity leave • Public childcare • Legislation around flexible work arrangements • Role of EU directives
• Policy dimensions (Korpi et al., 2013) – Traditional – Dual-earner – Dual-carer
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Source: OECD family database (http://www.oecd.org/els/family/oecdfamilydatabase.htm)
Length in weeks of parental leave
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164
126 110 110
78 65 60 58 52 50 50 48 43 42 42 42 39 35
28 26 26 22 18 17 16 16 14 14 12 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Weeks
2011 1980 1995
Source: OECD family database (http://www.oecd.org/els/family/oecdfamilydatabase.htm)
Total duration of paid leave after childbirth
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Use of maternity and parental leave by mothers and fathers with a child under the age of 1 (in percentages)
Source: OECD family database (http://www.oecd.org/els/family/oecdfamilydatabase.htm)
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Culture and national debates across Europe
• Gender equality • Work centrality • Caring fathers • Who is doing what: role of the state, employers and
parents
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Explaining differences between countries
Welfare state classifications (Esping-Andersen, 1990, 1999) – Social-democratic regime – Liberal regime – Conservative – Mediterranean – Former-socialist
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Role model countries
Scandinavian countries: high scores on dual-earner and dual-carer policies
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What are employers in Europe doing? • Extending statutory leave arrangements • Introducing flexible work arrangements (FWA’s) • Childcare/care for elderly/other family members
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Which employers offer the most support?
• Sector • Size • Proportion of female staff • Proportion of professional employees • Shortage of skilled personnel • Unionization
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WLB support in the public and private sector
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Interactions national context and employer support
• How are different types of organizations influenced by their country context?
– Country state support (childcare, parental leave, flexible work) – Cultural centrality of work – Male unemployment rate
– Sector – Size – Proportion of female employees
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Expectations • Impact of state support and cultural centrality of work on
the adoption of work-life arrangements in organizations greater in the public sector organizations than in private sector organizations; large organizations compared to smaller ones; when employing more women
• Impact of male unemployment rate greater in private sector organizations, large organizations and when employing more women
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Unique dataset • 19.516 organizations in 19 European countries • HR survey • Construction country-level variables • Multi-level analysis
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Findings • State support and cultural centrality of work
associated with FWA; for childcare and leave arrangements also labor market conditions relevant
• Public sector and large organizations were more sensitive to state support, cultural centrality of work and male unemployment than private sector and small organizations.
• Organizations employing a greater proportion of female employees were less sensitive to state support.
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Concluding remarks • How relevant is the business case? • State support catalyst to encourage employers to
provide support and vice versa? • FWA’s and cultural centrality of work: importance of
integrating policies in organizational culture and structure