national culture and management. questions re culture&management what is the role of culture in...
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![Page 1: NATIONAL CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT. QUESTIONS RE CULTURE&MANAGEMENT WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN MGT? IN WHAT WAYS DO CULTURES VARY IN MGT? WHAT PROBLEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082711/56649f225503460f94c3b3ac/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NATIONAL CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT
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QUESTIONS RE CULTURE&MANAGEMENT
• WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN MGT?
• IN WHAT WAYS DO CULTURES VARY IN MGT?
• WHAT PROBLEMS ARE FACED WHEN DEALING W/ OTHER CULTURES?
• HOW DO WE DEAL WITH THESE PROBLEMS?
• IS THE IMPACT OF CULTURE EXAGGERATED?
• IS MANAGEMENT UNIVERSAL?
• WHY IS THE MGT/CULTURE RELATION HARD TO UNDERSTAND?
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CULTURE DEFINED
• A WIDELY SHARED SYSTEM OF MEANING, IDEAS,THOUGHT AND ACCEPTABLE PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR.
• SOFTWARE OF THE MIND
• POWERFUL BECAUSE IT SHAPES OUR BEHAVIOR
• GOES WITHOUT SAYING, HABITUAL
• IT IS LIKE GRAVITY, RECOGNIZED WHEN DEFIED.
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LEVELS OF CULTURE
• PAN-NATIONAL CULTURES• NATIONAL CULTURES• NATIONAL SUBCULTURES (ETHNIC)• PROFESSIONAL SUBCULTURES• ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURES• ORGANIZATIONAL SUBCULTURES
– WE ARE ALL MEMBERS OF MULTIPLE CULTURES– WHY DO WE FIRST FOCUS ON NATIONAL CULTURES?
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DIMESNSIONS OF NATIONAL CULTURE:SILENT LANGUAGE (HALL)
• TIME: LINEAR (ON SCHEDULE) OR NON LINEAR (BUKRA)
• SPACE: NORMS OF SOCIAL DISTANCE; INDICATE: FORMALITY,INTIMACY, FRIENDSHIP
• SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS DENOTING STATUS• MATERIAL GOODS: INDICATE POWER AND STATUS
IN US, NOT IN JAPAN OR EU• FRIENDSHIP: DEBTH, DURABILITY, SENSE OF
RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS.• AGREEMENTS: HOW VOICED; DISSENT
&CONFRONTATION; HOW SIGNALED?
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HIGH VS LOW CONTEXT CULTURES
• HALL’S CENCEPTUALIZATION OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
• CULTURE AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION• CONSISTS OF FIVE SILENT LANGUAGES
– LANGUAGES OF• TIME
• SPACE
• MATERIAL GOODS
• FRIENDSHIP
• AGREEMENTS
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HIGH CONTEXT CULTURESEMPHASIZE
• FRIENDS AND NETWORKS• LESS FORMAL IN NEGOTIATIONS• TRUST AND UNDERSTANDING• COMMUNICATION W/O MUCH EXPLICIT CODING• RELATIONSHIPS AND SOCIAL CONTACTS• MULTITASKING CONCURRENTLY
– EXAMPLES• MEDITERRANEAN
• ARAB
• JAPANESE
• LATIN
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LOW CONTEXT CULTURES EMPHASIZE
• EXPLICIT CODING
• PLAIN, OPEN PRECISE SPEAKING
• VOICE DISAGREEMENTS OPENLY
• OPEN, EXPLICIT, COMPLETE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS
• DISCRETE, LINEAR USE OF TIME AND SCHEDULES
• CASUAL FRIENDSHIPS, EASLILY ESTABLISHED
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CULTURAL WORK RELATED VALUES(HOFSTEDE)
• INDIVIDUALISM/COLLECTIVISM
• POWER DISTANCE
• UNCERATINTY AVOIDANCE
• MASCULINITY/FEMININITY
• CONFICUIAN WORK VALUES
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INDIVIDUALISM/COLLECTIIVISM
• INDIVIDUAL OR A MEMBER OF A GROUP
• FOCUS ON INDIVIDUAL FIRST SO THAT THEY CONTRIBUTE TO THE COMMUNITY OR COMMUNITY SINCE THE BENEFITS ARE SHARED
• PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENTS, INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, INDEPENDENCE OR GROUP WELFARE, HARMONY, EQUALITY, DUTY TO THE OTHERS
• INTERACTIONS ARE NEUTRAL,DETACHED AND OBJECTIVE OR EMOTIONAL AND EXPRESSIVE
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POWER DISTANCE
• HIGH POWER: WIDE AND ACCEPTED GAP B/W HIERARCHICAL POSITIONS– LESS EGALITARIAN– SUBORDINATES SHOW PROPER RESPECT– TOP DOWN MANAGEMENT AND DIRECTIVES– STATUS SYMBOLS ARE IMPORTANT AND WELL
PRONOUNCED– STARTS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD, IN THE FAMILY AND AT
SCHOOL: AUTHORITY FIGURES ARE RESPECTED AND NOT-QUESTIONED.
• OPPOSITE FOR THE LOW POWER DISTANCE CULTURES
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UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
• “WHAT YOU DON’T KNOW IS DANGEROUS” VS “WHAT YOU DON’T KNOW IS CURIOUS”
• HIGH UA: AVOID RISK, DISLIKE AMBIGUITY, THREATHENED BY UNCERTAINTY, PREFER STABILITY& CONTINUITY&RULES ®S
• LOW UA: EMBRACE CHANGE, COMFORTABLE WITH STRANGERS, NEW IDEAS, DIFFERENT VIEWS; WELCOME RISK, TAKE INITIATIVE
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MASCULINITY VS FEMININITY
• MASCULINE CULTURE EMPHASIZE– ASSERTIVENESS– AGGRESSIVE PURSUIT OF MATERIAL GAIN– ACHIVEMENT– COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR– BOTTOM LINE PERFORMANCE– REWARDS FOR PERFORMANCE– FOCUS PERFORMANCE
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FEMININE CULTURES EMPHASIZE
• HIGH QUALITY OF LIFE• CARING FOR AND NURTURING OTHERS• MAINTAINING AMICABLE RELATIONSHIPS• OVERALL WELFARE OF THE ORGANIZATION• BEING SENSITIVE TO OTHERS’ NEEDS• CONSIDERING THE WHOLE INDIVIDUAL NOT ONLY
THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
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CONFUCIAN WORK VALUES
• HARD WORK• PERSEVERENCE• PATIENCE• FRUGALITY AND HIGH SAVINGS• DELAYED GRATIFICATION• LONG TIME ORIENTATION• STRIVE FOR PERFECTION• DISREGARD “TEMPORARY”ABSENCE OF WORLDLY
GOODS• EAST ASIAN NATIONS