national environment management council...gef-5 biodiversity strategy objective 2 -- mainstream...

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

BARAZA LA TAIFA LA HIFADHI NA USIMAMIZI WA MAZINGIRA

KIHANSI CATCHMENT CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PROJECT

PROCESS FRAMEWORK

FINAL REPORT

JULY, 2013

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project Process Framework

Page | i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ i

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... ii

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1

2. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 1

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................................... 2 3.1 The Global Environmental Objective ........................................................................................ 2

3.2 The Project Development Objective (PDO)............................................................................... 2

4. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................. 4 4.1 Physiographic characteristics ..................................................................................................... 4

4.2 Biological characteristics ........................................................................................................... 5

4.3 Socio-economic characteristics .................................................................................................. 6

4.4 Water Supply for Domestic Use and Livestock ......................................................................... 7

5. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS .............................................................. 7 5.1 International agreements and conventions ................................................................................. 7

5.2 National legislation that will have an impact on the PF ............................................................. 7

5.3 World Bank Policies ................................................................................................................ 10

5.4 Key policies that are relevant to the implementation of the PF ............................................... 10

6. EXPECTED LIVELIHOODS IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS .......................................... 11 6.1 Benefits and ecological threats ................................................................................................. 11

6.2 Potential social impacts ............................................................................................................ 11

6.3 Proposed mitigation measures .................................................................................................. 13

7. KEY PRINCIPLES TO GUIDE SELECTION OF PROTECTED AREAS .......................... 13 7.1 Guiding principles .................................................................................................................... 13

7.2 Eligibility criteria ..................................................................................................................... 14

8. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR IDENTIFIED AREAS UNDER PROTECTION ......... 15 8.1 Key implementers of the Process Framework .......................................................................... 15

8.4 Technical studies ...................................................................................................................... 17

9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) ARRANGEMENTS ...................................... 18 9.1 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) arrangements ................................................................... 18

9.2 Financing .................................................................................................................................. 19

10. POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OR GRIEVANCES AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION .............. 19

11. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................ 20

12. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 21

ANNEX 1: Issues Raised During Stakeholders Consultations…………………………........22

ANNEX 2: Terms of Reference……………………………………………………………….24

MAPS OF THE PROJECT AREA…………………………………………………………...32


Page | ii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BWO Basin Water Office

DoE Division of Environment

DWR Division of Water Resources

EFA Environmental Flow Assessment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMA Environmental Management Act

IPM Integrated Pest Management

IRA Institute of Resource Assessment

IWRDMP Integrated Water Resource Development and Management Plan

KCCMP Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project

KCMP Kihansi Catchment Management Plan

KST Kihansi Spray Toad

KSCC Kihansi Sub-Catchment Committee

LGA Local Government Authority

LKEMP Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project

LKHP Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project

NAWAPO The National Water Policy

NBS National Bureau of Statistics

NEMC National Environment Management Council

NEP The National Environmental Policy

OP Operation Policy

PAD Project Appraisal Documents

PAPs Project Affected Persons/Populations

PF Process Framework

RBWB Rufiji Basin Water Board

SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture

TAC Technical Advisory Committee

TANESCO Tanzania Electricity Supply Company

TAWIRI Tanzania Resource Institute

TPRI Tanzania Pesticides Research Institute

WB World Bank

WBG World Bank Group

WUA Water User Association

WRMA Water Resources Management Act

WSDP Water Sector Development Program


Page | 1

1. INTRODUCTION

The proposed Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project (KCCMP)

aims at enhancing biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi catchment. The catchment is

located in the Uzdungwa Mountains, the largest of the 12 Eastern Arc Mountains in

Tanzania, which contains the highest ratio of endemic plant and animal species to area

of any hotspots in the world.

Despite the catchment’s critical role for both water resource management and the

protection of biodiversity, currently, a comparatively small part of the catchment is

under formal protection – (Njelele, Udzungwa Scarp, Idewa, Ihangana Forest

Reserves). In order to enhance the conservation of the critically endangered and highly

endemic species of flora and fauna, the principle activities of KCCMP will include

identification, demarcation, development of management plans and protection of

important water sources and critical biodiversity hotspots

Implementation of the KCMP will lead to gazettement of water source areas and

ecological hotspot areas found within the Kihansi River Catchment (KRC) into

protected areas status, which is likely to impact on populations particularly resource

users within and outside the catchment. Protection of biodiversity hotspots will be

focused on the Kihansi Gorge (5.5 km2) and the Udzwunga Scarp East Forest Reserve

(91 km2), areas which are uninhabited; while protection of important water source areas

will focus largely on the non-cultivated areas of the Kihansi catchment where human

population densities are low (~ 29 people/km2). In view of the above, it is essential to

ensure that the processes for effective implementation of KCCMP, including the

KCMP, are highly consultative, collaborative and participatory in order to avoid or

minimize negative impacts to communities (populations).

The purpose of the process framework is therefore to establish the design for a

consultative and participatory process by which members of potentially affected

communities participate in design of project activities, determination of measures

necessary to achieve resettlement policy objectives (e.g. definition of eligibility criteria,

mitigation measures, grievances resolution mechanisms available to project-affected

people), and implementation of relevant project activities and monitoring systems for

tracking progress and assessing project impact/results.

METHODOLOGY

The overall methodology used included literature review, interviews and field visits.

Key sources of documentation that have been reviewed were i) reports of the previous

World Bank and other initiatives in the Kihansi catchment, Project Appraisal Document

and other reports produced for the previous Lower Kihansi Environmental Management

Project, ii) the World Bank Group documents including Operational Safeguard Policies

(OP), project concept notes, project information document and Project Appraisal

Document (PAD) for this project and other WBG reports related to the process

frameworks for similar projects.

Interviews and meetings were arranged with officials and representatives of various

stakeholder groups including ministries, departments and agencies at the national and


Page | 2

district levels, private sector organizations, civil society organizations, academic

institutions and potentially vulnerable communities. They include Sector Ministries

(Environment, Water, Energy and Minerals, Natural Resources and Tourism,

Agriculture, Land, Housing and Human Habitat Development), District Councils

(Kilolo, Mufindi and Kilombero), academic and research institutions (University of Dar

es Salaam – Zoology, Botany, Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Resource

Assessment (IRA); Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Tanzania Wildlife

Research Institute (TAWIRI); Tropical Pesticide Research Institute (TPRI)); and Rufiji

Basin Water Office (RBWO). At such interviews, discussions were focused on project

objectives and impacts, suitability of activities/components including alternatives and

budgets, implementation arrangements, readiness to implement, potential project

impacts on Kihansi environment and people and remedial/mitigation measures.

Field visits were made to Kihansi catchment, surrounding areas and districts

headquarters aiming at having direct observations, discussion with key implementers

and consultative meetings with some community members and societies. Stakeholders

consulted were drawn from a wide range of groups including public sector agencies at

the sub-national levels, implementing institutions, civil society organizations, Water

Users Associations (WUAs), traders, herbalists, woodcutters, hunters, farmers, women

and youth, etc. Information sought aimed at facilitating assessment of given

data/information on the description and spatial extent of the Kihansi catchment,

description of legal, regulatory and administrative framework relevant for the KCCMP,

analysis of potential impacts of KCCMP and proposed mitigation measures, key

principles involved in the selection of protected areas and mechanism to be employed in

conflict resolution.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 The Global Environmental Objective

The proposed activities to be funded by GEF will contribute to the achievement of

GEF-5 Biodiversity Strategy Objective 2 -- mainstream biodiversity conservation and

sustainable use into production landscapes/seascapes and sectors -- by enhancing

biodiversity conservation in the Kihansi catchment of which 48% is under agricultural

production. The project is to provide for the long-term conservation and management of

globally critically endangered species and critical habitats in the Kihansi catchment.

The Kihansi catchment, which is relatively small (580 km2), brings to the fore the cross-

sectoral challenges associated with water allocation for agriculture, energy,

environment and other water uses. In this context, the Kihansi catchment is critical for

both water resource management and the protection of biodiversity.

3.2 The Project Development Objective (PDO)

The project development objective is ‘to enhance biodiversity conservation in the

Kihansi catchment1’. The project will compliment as well as assist on-going efforts of

key resource regulatory authorities to conserve critically endangered and highly

endemic plant and animal species in the Kihansi catchment. The project will be

implemented within the following three key components:

1“Enhance” in the context of this project is defined as to provide for the long-term sustainability of species and

institutions.


Page | 3

Component 1: Institutional capacity building for the management of the Kihansi

catchment

The objective of this subcomponent is to incorporate biodiversity conservation at a

planning level into Integrated Water Resource Development and Management Planning

(IWRDMP) under the WSDP. Under Lower Kihansi Environmental Management

Project (LKEMP) – (2001-2011) support was provided for the development of the 2004

Environmental Management Act (EMA) Cap 191 and 10 implementing regulations. .

LKEMP also influenced the preparation of the 2002 National Water Policy

(NAWAPO), 2009 Water Resources Management Act (WRMA) and associated

regulations. NAWAPO, EMA, WRMA and the associated regulations provide an

important policy and legal framework for the integration of water allocation for

biodiversity conservation in river basin planning. However, to fully operationalize this

complex concept of biodiversity conservation in river basin planning in Tanzania, an

operational framework and guidelines relevant to environmental water allocation in

river basin planning and EIAs for water resources infrastructure project by integrating

downstream impacts that relate to water availability, or environmental flow assessment;

the key impact of which will be improved future water resources in environmental

planning and decision making. Component 1 will also support preparation of a

communication strategy and sustainable financing. None of these are physical

interventions, but are aimed at improving knowledge, awareness and understanding of

the complex issues at hand and improving sustainability of the project interventions.

This component comprises of two sub-components; that is Development of Operational

Guidelines for conducting Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA) and Development of

a Sustainable Financing Plan for the Management of the Kihansi Catchment. The first

sub-component will provide support for the development of operational guidelies and

procedures to conduct Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA) in order to adequately

address downstream impacts of water resource infrastructure in future Environmental

Impact Assessments. This study will serve as a pilot program for the broader WSDP

which is working in nine river basins in the country.

To improve the understanding among important stakeholders on the importance of

incorporating downstream environmental flows in river basin plans, the project will

provide support for the development and implementation of a communication strategy

related to the incorporation of environmental flows into river basin and catchment

planning.

Sub-component 2 aims at developing a financing plan for the management of Kihansi

catchment through valuation of ecosystem services with the catchment along with a

detailed examination of fixed and recurrent costs associated with catchment

management.

Component 2: Conserve endangered species in the Kihansi catchment

Component 2 has three distinct sets of interventions, including physical ones: i)

biological interventions (monitoring, reintroduction, scientific experiments, etc.) related

to KST and other endangered species; ii) preparation and implementation of the Kihansi

catchment management plan; and iii) livelihood activities and interventions. The

impacts would therefore be a function of the specific type, size and extent of the

interventions. The component comprises of two sub-components namely Species and

Habitat Conservation and Community Conservation.


Page | 4

Sub-component 2.1 will focus on activities for continued reintroduction of the Kihansi

Spray Toad (KST), which is a critically endangered species with a restricted habitat

range. Furthermore, there will be activities on in-situ control and mitigation of chytrid

fungus and other diseases that are detrimental to amphibian population, conservation of

spray wetland habitat, ecological monitoring of Kihansi gorge, mapping and

management of other identified endangered species and critical habitats in Kihansi

gorge and preparation of Kihansi Catchment Management Plan.

Sub-component 2 will focus on community conservation and livelihoods, which will

help guide and prioritize community conservation activities within the 14 upstream

villages. Through participatory planning, support will be provided for pilot investments

in alternate livelihood activities, especially to those persons who will somehow be

affected by the restricted farming in valley bottoms. Capacity will also be built to

various key implementers in order to enhance the national capacity and project

sustainability in endangered species conservation and management and enforcement of

water resources and environmental regulations.

Component 3: Project Management

NEMC will be responsible for project coordination at the national, regional, district and

village levels. This will entail facilitating and coordinating the Steering and Technical

Advisory Committees as well as providing overall multi-sectoral coordination among

the governmental sectors. In addition, under this component support will be provided

for day-to-day project implementation and management including, procurement, and

financial and environmental management. The component will provide support for

office operating costs including annual audit costs.

PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION

4.1 Physiographic characteristics

Kihansi River catchment is located in the southern middle Udzungwa Mountains. Its

altitude ranges from 300 m in the Kilombero floodplain rising sharply to 1200 m at dam

site to 2000 m in the uppermost part. A sharp altitudinal change between the dam and

floodplain is characterised by several waterfalls.

The Riverine system in Kihansi comprises the main River Kihansi and its several

tributaries joining the main river at different locations before it drains into River

Kilombero in the Kilombero floodplain. This Riverine system is subdivided into

upstream and downstream river with respect to the Lower Kihansi Reservoir. Upstream

system comprises River Kihansi (headwaters in Igeleke Village) which is joined by

several small tributaries including Rivers Muhu, Mkalasi and its major tributary River

Ruaha before flowing into the 1.616 Mm3 capacity Lower Kihansi reservoir. The river

flows from the dam to be joined by rivers Mhalala, Jabali and Handaki within the

Kihansi gorge. From the gorge, River Kihansi flows as a single river into the Kilombero

floodplain where it is joined by the return flow of the tailrace before the TAZARA

railway bridge, from which it meanders in the floodplain to discharge into River

Kilombero.

The Kihansi Gorge, which is the most important habitat for critical species of fauna and

flora is not easily accessible; it can only be accessed by foot from the Kihansi Dam or


Page | 5

from the Kihansi Power Station (KPS). The footpaths up the nearly 900 meters from the

KPS up to the Kihansi dam are narrow, slippery and steeply sloping making the journey

through the gorge difficult and even dangerous for people who may not be used to such

steep and hilly terrain. In view of the above, it is worth noting that are no on-going

community related activities such as farming and/or settlements in this area. Currently,

accessibility to the Kihansi Gorge is restricted to habitat and ecological monitoring

aspects, which are carried out regularly as part of the Environmental Management Plan

(EMP) for the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Plant.

The KCCMP will focus on the protection of the water sources that are located upstream

of the catchment and will therefore have an impact on the flow of water within the

Kihansi River and the Kihansi Gorge. These water sources, which have been identified

by the communities in the catchment as part of the on-going activities in the Rufiji basin

under the Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP), include:

a) Kilolo District: Kilomele, Madete, Ilambwa, Mahare, Kiguka, Ng’embe,

Ngohwani, Msuyu, Kitalawe, Kidope and Mseve;

b) Mufindi District: Kidope, Lwanzala, Kimanyu, Mkulubanzi, Mlungu, Mongoro,

Mnyazungwa, Muhu, Mapanda and Igeleke.

The major threat to water sources arises due to deforestation in search for more land for

cultivation and uncontrolled valley bottom cultivation locally called ‘vinyungu’.

4.2 Biological characteristics

Kihansi catchment forests have abundance of terrestrial and aquatic fauna including

mammals, birds, fish and herptiles (amphibians and reptiles). Eight primate species

occur in Kihansi and Udagaji gorges: Sykes Monkey, Uhehe Red Colobus, Black &

White Colobus, Sanje Mangabey, Vervet Monkey, Baboon and two species of Galago.

One of the Galagos is the rare Matundu Dwarf Galago. The Uhehe Red Colobus and

Sanje Mangabey are globally rare being only known from the Udzungwa Mountains

(including Kihansi) and so are of high conservation importance. In Kihansi gorge the

estimated population size of Red Colobus was the largest, followed by Sykes Monkey

and Black and White colobus. Sixteen bird species recorded from the Kihansi Gorge are

of conservation concern (African Crowned Eagle, Swynnerton's Robin, Uluguru Violet-

backed Sunbird, Sharpe's Akalat, Mountain Buzzard, Half-collared Kingfisher, African

Black Duck, Giant Kingfisher, Orange Ground Thrush, Evergreen Forest Warbler,

Square-tailed Drongo, Fu-elleborn's Boubou, Moustached Green Tinkerbird, Shelley's

Greenbul, Fischer's Greenbul, White-chested Alethe). Seven of 12 globally or

regionally threatened and near-threatened species are found in Kihansi. Eastern Arc

endemic amphibians occurring in the Kihansi forest include: Nectophrynoides tornieri,

Leptopelis uluguruensis, Probreviceps macrodactylus and Arthroleptides martiensseni.

Eastern Arc endemic reptiles include: Cnemaspis udzungwae (an Udzungwa endemic)

and Rampholeon brevicaudatus. A new species of Nectophrynoides (Nectophrynoides

asperginis) or famously known as the Kihansi Spray Toad (KST) is only found in the

Kihansi Gorge.

The 1995 EIA for Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project (LKHP) listed plants for the

forest that were known to be endemic to the Eastern Arc, which is the area of high

biodiversity and endemism. Some of these plants were poorly known scientifically or


Page | 6

were significant range extensions. For example, collection of Oxyanthus haerdii in

Kihansi was the first time the plant had been found since its initial discovery in 1959,

and identification of the rare Cola scheffleri extended its range southwards by several

hundred kilometres. The largest Udzungwa Forest Reserve extends into eastern part of

the catchment within the sub-catchment of River Ruaha extending for the entire area

between the river and eastern border of Kihansi catchment. There are two small forests,

the Mwatasi and Igeleke Forests located on the northwest part of the catchment.

4.3 Socio-economic characteristics

The main livelihood activities in the area include rain-fed agriculture; livestock

keeping; fishing and fish-farming; trading on basic necessities; and harvesting of forest

products. These activities are carried out mainly for subsistence. All villagers have

access to agricultural land through customary ownership or through temporary use-

rights. There are no individuals or groups of people who cannot access agricultural land

in the area. Customary (traditional) ownership is the dominant form of land ownership

in the area. Land is more accessible in the lowland areas in comparison to the upland

villages. Only a small area of farmland is under irrigation (approximately 200 acres in

Udagaji village) although the area has over 100 streams and rivers. Farming land is

characterized by steep slopes in the upland areas, while the lowland farms are generally

flat. There is a fruit and meat processing factory in Boma la Ng’ombe. Mlimba “A” and

Boma la Ng’ombe have a number of grain mills and sawmills.

The dominant economic activities of Kihansi population are crop production (85%) and

animal keeping (10%). Different crops are grown between the lowland and upland areas

due to the difference in altitude and climate between the two areas. Maize; cassava;

sweet potatoes; and some of the fruits/vegetables are grown in both areas. Upland crops

include maize, wheat, finger millet, round potatoes, sweet potatoes and pyrethrum.

Fruits grown in upland areas include bananas, pears, peaches, avocado, oranges and

guava. Vegetables grown in those areas include beans, green peas, cabbages and

tomatoes. Lowland crops include rice, maize, sorghum, cassava; sweet potatoes,

pumpkins, pigeon-peas, groundnuts and sesame. Other lowland crops include coconuts,

cashew nuts, cocoa, palm-oil and sugar cane. Fruits grown in lowland areas include

bananas, oranges, mangos, pawpaw, sweet melons, lime fruits and guava. Vegetables

grown in those areas include beans, cabbages, onions, okra and tomatoes.

Illegal hunting for bush-meat is among the activities carried out in lowland areas.

Livestock keeping include cattle in lowland areas and dairy cows in upland areas.

Goats, sheep, pigs, rabbits and chicken are kept in both areas. Pigeons are reared in

lowland. Intercropping is widespread and often results in complicated cropping

patterns.

Exploitation of forestry resources is primarily for fuel. The main source of energy is

firewood obtained from wood forests and rain forest. Firewood is used for cooking.

Electricity is also available in some areas of Mlimba and Kihansi TANESCO area from

power produced at Lower Kihansi Power Plant. Alternative power sources include

generators, which produce energy to various financially able persons as well as solar

powers. Logging is becoming widespread following the flourishing market of timber

within and outside the country. Preferred species for logging include Mninga, Mhongo,

Mpangapanga, Msekeseke, Pamosa, Msufi and Mtondo/Mtondoro.


Page | 7

Commercial and trade facilities are run by the private sector. Private businessmen

operate shops of various merchandise, restaurants, hotels, guesthouses, bars and kiosks.

Supplies are obtained from Ifakara, Kilombero and Mikumi Towns and Morogoro

Municipality through roads and railway.

4.4 Water Supply for Domestic Use and Livestock

Most of the population in the area is supplied with water for domestic use from rivers,

streams, dug-out traditional wells and springs. Only Mlimba “A” and Boma la Ng’ombe

have limited access to tap water. Shallow wells are also among the sources of water for

domestic use. Most of the livestock in the upland areas are on zero-grazing but a good

number of lowland livestock are free-range and utilize various ponds and streams for

watering.

LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS

There is an overall national institutional and legal framework for the management and

protection of the environment.. The responsibility for the management and protection of

the environment presently lies with the Division of Environment (DoE) and the

National Environment Management Council (NEMC) under the Vice President’s

Office. NEMC is a public body established under the Environmental Management Act

Cap 191, responsible for managing the environment in Mainland Tanzania and hence to

ensure that EMA and its regulations are complied with accordingly.

5.1 International agreements and conventions

Tanzania’s commitment is reflected in a number of global and international

environmental and natural resource management conventions which the country is

signatory to and has acceded to. These include The Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), United

Nations Convention to Combat Drought and Desertification (UNCCD), Vienna

Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Montreal Protocol on Substances

that Deplete the Ozone Layer and the London Amendments to the Montreal Protocol on

Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-

boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, Convention on the

Conservation of Migratory Species, Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES), Convention on Wetlands of International

Importance (Ramsar), Convention Covering the Protection of the World Cultural and

Natural Heritage and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Tanzania is also a party to a number of Africa regional agreements such as the Bamako

Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Trans-boundary

Movement and Management within Africa of Hazardous Wastes and The African

Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

5.2 National Legislation Relevant to the PF

There is no specific legislation for the protection and conservation of biological

diversity as a whole. The EMA (2004), The Wildlife Conservation Act (2009), The

Forest Act (2002), The Water Resources Management Act (2009), The Land Use

Planning Act (2009) and The Village Land Act (1999) form the current legislative basis


Page | 8

for Wildlife Protection and Biodiversity Conservation in Tanzania. Some of the

provisions of these legislation are insufficient and above all, the institutions set up to

manage and implement these legislation have inadequate manpower as well as financial

capacity to execute daily mandates. These policies and legislation designed to foster

conservation and national management of natural resources date back to the colonial

era.

5.2.1 The Environmental Management Act (2004)

The Environmental Management Act (2004) repealed the National Environmental

Management Act, 1983 and provides for continued existence of the National

Environmental Management Council (NEMC). EMA introduces a concept of right of

Tanzanians to clean, safe and healthy environment and right of Tanzanians to access to

various segment of environment for recreational, educational, health, spiritual, cultural

and economic purposes (Section 4 (1) and (2)). Under this Act, NEMC is mandated to

undertake enforcement, compliance, review and monitoring of environmental impact

assessment and has a role of facilitating public participation in environmental decision

making, exercise general supervision and coordinating over all matters relating to the

environment.

5.2.2 Village Land Act (1999)

The Village Land Act No.5 of 1999 is arguably amongst the laws that most directly

impact the well-being of most Tanzanians. Unlike the Land Act, the Village Land Act

has in its provisions, which bear witness of some attempt to learn from past problems

and experiences. The Act suggests that the major parts of the administration of land

have been decentralized to the village and that there are firm guarantees in place to

protect the smaller-holder security of tenure. Fundamentally, the Act vests all village

land in the village. The precise distribution of authority between the Village Council

and the Village Assembly is not always defined, but the underlying principle is clearly

that Village Land is vested in the Village Assembly and that the Village Council

administers the land through the authority of the Village Assembly.

The Village Land Act through Section 18 (1) states that a “customary” right of

occupancy is in every respect of equal status and effect to a granted right of occupancy.

The meaning of this statement is somewhat unclear as the holder of customary rights

answers to a different set of rules with different hindrances and privileges than does a

holder of a granted right of occupancy. This statement in its own right is unimportant

because the status of customary rights will only be determined by the way in which the

law will be administered.

However, Section 60 of the Act makes special provisions for the establishment of a

Village Land Council “to mediate between and assist parties to arrive mutually

acceptable resolution on any matters concerning the village land. Sections 11 and 58 of

the Act show that for some reasons, the Village Land Council jurisdiction has been

limited to cases related to land sharing arrangements with other villages and land

sharing. Since the proposed KCCM Project will be carried out in the part of village

lands, the provisions given in this Act will be applicable.

5.2.3 Wildlife Conservation Act (2009)

The objective of this law is to protect, conserve and administer areas with great

biological biodiversity; protect and conserve wildlife resources and its habitats. Section


Page | 9

35 under this Act provides legal requirement of conducting EIA for significant

intervention in wildlife protected areas and their associated dispersal areas. The act

provides legal framework for various uses of wildlife resources within and outside

protected areas.

5.2.4 The Forest Act (2002)

The law provides the promotion and enhancement of the contribution of forest sector to

the sustainable development and conservation and management of natural resources for

the benefit of present and future generations. The law also encourage and facilitate the

active participation of the citizens in the sustainable planning, management, use and

conserve forest resources through the development of individual and community. To

ensure ecosystem stability through conservation of forests biodiversity, water

catchments and soil fertility.

5.2.5 The Water Resource Management Act (2009)

This is a new legislation that has repealed the Water Utilization (Control and

Regulation) Act (1974). The Act provides for institutional and legal framework for

sustainable management and development of water resources; outlines principles for

water resources management for prevention and control of water pollution and provides

for participation of stakeholders and general public in implementation of the National

Water Policy. Its main objective is to ensure that the Nation’s water resources are

protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and controlled in ways that among

others, meets the basic human needs of present and future generations, prevents and

controls pollution of water resources and protects biological diversity especially the

aquatic ecosystems.

According to Section 39 (1) of this act, owner or occupier of land on which any activity

or process is performed or undertaken, or any other situation exists which causes

pollution of a water source, shall take all reasonable measures to prevent any such

pollution from occurring, continuing or recurring. It is stated under Section 39 (2) that a

Basin Water Board may direct any person who fails to take the measures required under

subsection (1) to commence taking measures before a given date, diligently continue

with those measures or complete the measures before a given date.

Section 40 (1) states that where a person fails to comply or comply inadequately with a

directive given under Section 39 (2), the Basin Water Board may take measures as it

considers necessary to remedy the situation. Section 40 (2) provides more that the

responsible person, any other person involved in the incident or any person with

knowledge of the incident must, as soon as is practicable after obtaining knowledge of

the incident, report the incident to the Basin Water Board or any public officer and the a

responsible person shall take all reasonable measures to contain and minimise the

effects of the incident, undertake clean-up procedures, or take such measures as the

Basin Water Board may verbally or in writing direct and any verbal directions shall be

confirmed in writing within fourteen days to have effect under this subsection

The KCCMP will strive to comply with the provisions of the Water Resource

Management Act of 2009.


Page | 10

5.2.6 Land Use Planning Act (2007)

The Act established the Land Use Planning Commission, which is the principal

advisory organ of the Government on all matters related to land use. The Act has the

function of formulating policy on land use planning, coordinating the activities of all

bodies concerned with land use planning matters, and evaluating existing and proposed

policies and activities of the Government directed to the safeguarding of land against its

wrongful, wasteful or premature use or development and, on that basis, recommend

policies and programs which will achieve more effective protection and enhancement of

the land quality and encourage better land use planning.

Other functions include recommending measures to ensure Government policies are

complied with, including those for the development and conservation of land. This is

also an important environmental provision, which introduces the requirements for

environmental impact assessment at least in respect of land use matters.

5.3 World Bank Policies

The Involuntary Resettlement Policy (OP/BP 4.12) covers direct economic and social

impacts that emerge from Bank-financed investment projects, and are caused by

involuntary taking of land resulting in relocation or loss of shelter, loss of assets or

access to assets, loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the

affected persons must move to another location or the involuntary restriction of access

to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the

livelihoods of the displaced persons. The policy is triggered in situations involving

involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated

parks and protected areas.

The objective of this policy is to avoid where feasible, or minimize the resettlement,

exploring all viable alternative project designs. The policy calls for sustainable

development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons

displaced by the project to share project benefits and to improve their livelihoods. The

standards of living should be restored, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to

levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

This policy may be triggered because the proposed project is envisaged to entail some

restriction of livelihood and other activities to selected critical habitats and water

sources which will be earmarked for protection. Therefore, consistent with OP 4.12, this

Process Framework has been prepared to manage any implications for communities

relying on natural resources in these areas.

5.4 Key policies that are relevant to the implementation of the PF

The key policies and strategies that will be of relevance during the implentation of this

framework include the National Environmental Policy (1997), The National Agriculture

and Livestock Policy (1997), The National Water Policy (2002), The National Forest

Policy and the National Strategy for Urgent Actions on Land Degradation and Water

Catchments (2006).


Page | 11

EXPECTED LIVELIHOODS IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS

6.1 Benefits and ecological threats

Most of the socio-economic activities of Kihansi communities are carried out outside

protected areas from the right bank of River Ruaha to the western catchment boundary.

This leaves only the protected Udzungwa Scarp Forest (between the left bank of River

Ruaha and eastern catchment boundary) where these activities are not carried out or

illegally carried out.

Consequently, agriculture is widespread in the catchment with communities utilising

natural resources outside protected areas for most of their livelihood needs and

cultivation is extended to the river banks (popularly known as vinyungu), particularly in

dry seasons. Agricultural practice is slash and burn, and has occasionally resulted into

serious damages and changes to vegetation structure and faunal composition. Farms

occur in gentle and steep slopes on the western portions of the reserve. Other uses and

services from the unprotected areas include bee-keeping, firewood collection and wood

/timber mainly for domestic use and subsistence income generation. Communities

bordering the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Uhafiwa, Ihimbo, Kipanga and Mbawi)

do most of the illegal hunting of primates in the forest.

6.2 Potential social impacts

The implementation of the Kihansi Catchment Management Plan to be supported by the

proposed project is envisaged to support water and soil conservation activities and

propose appropriate protection status and management systems for these sites.

However, formal protection or gazettement of water source areas to a lesser degree and

biodiversity hotspots is likely to result in undesirable impacts to community livelihoods.

The possibility remains that implementation of project activities to protect important

water sources and biodiversity hotspots might materially affect the current livelihoods

of certain persons in the catchment, largely by restrictions in access to natural resources

in these newly protected areas. The main community concerns are possible restrictions

on their historical use of "natural" resources from natural forest such as harvesting of

timber and fuel wood collection and restriction on cultivation and use of fertile riparian

soils in vinyungu or valley bottom plots.

The land potential for gazettement as important water source areas is most likely is

along the water courses and adjacent to forest reserves. Protection of water sources

within the Kihansi catchment will involve prevention of steep slope cultivation or

through appropriate agricultural practices including terracing and contour bands. This

might entail joining parts of Igeleke and Mwatasi Forests (Figure 1) and consequently

gazetting the area between the two forests and most of the Mhalala sub-catchment

because of its immediately proximity to the Kihansi Gorge.. Apart from protection of

other sources, entire lengths of rivers in Kihansi might need protection against

destructions of the banks by compliance enforcement of 60 m or any established

relevant distances from sources, as mandated in Section 57 of EMA Cap 191 and

Section 34 of the WRMA of 2009.

This Process Framework outlines the key guiding principles, criteria and procedures

which the project will follow in such cases, to ensure that eligible, affected persons are

assisted in their efforts to restore or improve their livelihoods in a manner which

maintains the environmental sustainability and territorial integrity of the relevant


Page | 12

protected areas. In all such cases, the National Environment Management Council

(NEMC) as the executing agency and respective Local Government Authorities would

seek to address the livelihood issues of these persons in a manner which is fair, just, and

in accordance with the Tanzanian laws and Regulations, as well as consistent with the

World Bank's Safeguard Policies on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12),

Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Forest (OP/BP

4.36).

Figure 1: Location of socio-economic facilities in Kihansi River catchment

(upstream)


Page | 13

6.3 Proposed mitigation measures

Mitigation measures against these anticipated negative social impacts of project

activities will be developed under this project in consultation with, and taking into

account of the needs of local communities. The project will be guided by the EMA

(2004) and WRMA (2009) and the National Water Policy, which provide for

community participation in the management of natural resources. The project will work

with the Village governments, Village Environmental Management Committees and

Water User Associations to develop Kihansi Catchment Management Plan as among

envisaged outputs of KCCMP. Among the mitigations to be implemented by the project

is establishment of woodlots as part of the catchment management plan as an alternative

for firewood collection from natural forests that will be demarcated for protection.

Awareness on alternative energy sources and efficient energy use technologies (e.g.

using saw dust for cooking) and improved stoves will also be provided. The project will

also provide support for pilot investments in alternative livelihoods activities in the

Kihansi catchment based on community consultation and preferences in the use, timing,

and application of pesticides, terracing, contour bunds, mulching, intercropping, shelter

crops, the planting of insect trap crops, soil stabilizing grasses and shrubs, honey

production, poultry keeping, fruit trees, and the marketing of fruits. Demonstration

plots in the form of farm field schools will be established for communities to participate

and learn both the theory and practice of soil and water conservation, IPM and

appropriate agricultural practices. These activities will be promoted as alternatives to

traditional valley-bottom cultivation.

KEY PRINCIPLES TO GUIDE SELECTION OF PROTECTED

AREAS

7.1 Guiding principles

The following principles will guide the project’s identification and protection of

protected important water sources and biodiversity hotspots in consultation with

communities living in core and buffer zones of those areas.

a) Livelihood activities inside the proposed protected areas: Currently there is no

form of resource utilisation within the proposed protected areas. The area earmarked

to be gazetted as a biodiversity hotspot is the Kihansi Gorge where there is no

human settlement and access is already restricted. The restriction will likely be

increased under the project after gazettement.

b) Information and communication: The Project will develop a Communication

Strategy that will emphasize dissemination of clear, true and timely information to

beneficiaries (including government and non-governmental organizations and the

general public) as to the Project objectives, scope and benefits. The Project will

strongly emphasize the provision of detailed information regarding the rights and

obligations of the direct project beneficiaries, in a manner that is accessible and

enables any questions, doubts or issues to be raised and resolved as quickly and

efficiently as possible.

c) Participation: Broad public participation in the catchment particularly by those

communities living in and near the protected areas will be strongly emphasized in


Page | 14

the formulation, updating, execution, monitoring and evaluation of Management

Plans. The community participation will be through the Village Environmental

Committees (natural resources, biodiversity hotspots) and the Water User

Association (important water sources).

d) Biodiversity conservation and sustainable development: Sub-catchment

Management plans will aim to harmonize the needs of local human populations with

the conservation of natural resources. These management plans will be prepared

with full participation of communities that will be involved in the implementation of

activities identified in the management plans.

e) Environmental education. Environmental education will be strongly emphasized

so as to promote awareness and sound behaviour among the population of the

importance of natural resource conservation.

f) No involuntary resettlement. To effectively implement the project, no

involuntary physical displacement or relocation of people will take place as a part of

implementation of this project.

g) Voluntary resettlement. In the case that current livelihood activities are not

considered compatible with the conservation of important biodiversity hotspots and

water sources, innovative measures to mitigate the impacts of those household will

be developed with the participation of would-be beneficiaries in livelihood and

catchment management demonstrations that would guarantee the reestablishment of

existing socio-economic conditions. These households would be the priority

beneficiaries of activities from the community conservation and livelihood activities

sub-component.

h) Transparency. The dissemination and validation of management plan formulation,

execution, monitoring and evaluation will be done in a fully transparent manner,

such that all protected area community sectors are aware of the process. This

process will be managed so as to guarantee that established criteria and procedures

are applied transparently and equitably for all.

i) Co-responsibility. Management plan development and implementation will

include clearly defined roles and responsibilities for all institutions involved,

including national and local governmental entities, social organizations and

communities.

7.2 Eligibility criteria

Due to current limited accessibility in the proposed biodiversity hotspot (Figure 2), it is

anticipated that access to resources will not be limited as a consequence of

implementation of this project. However, restriction to cultivation near water sources is

anticipated. This restriction will be in line with the provisions by the law as outlined in

Sections 57 and 34 of the EMA of 2004 and WRMA of 2009, respectively. EMA and

WRMA will form the basis for the identification and protection of water sources in the

project area. The Water User Associations (WUAs) and Village Environmental

Committees have the primary responsibility of protecting these important water source

areas with or without the project. Gazettement of these water sources will not limit

households to collect firewood and other forest products, but will rather focus on


Page | 15

restricted valley bottom farming of ‘vinyungu’. Procedures will be put in place to ensure

that such farmers who will be affected are included in the proposed community pilot

investments under Sub component 2.2. These community investments will promote

alternative livelihood activities as well as improve water quality and its flow into River

Kihansi.

Figure 2: Kihansi gorge has limited accessibility to surrounding communities

8. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR IDENTIFIED AREAS UNDER

PROTECTION

8.1 Key implementers of the Process Framework

Implementation of this Process Framework is the responsibility of NEMC. Supporting

NEMC will be a number of actors such as the LGAs, Village governments and Village

Environmental Committees, Community Based Organizations and NGOs. Identification

and demarcation of biodiversity hotspots will be carried out by the Ministry of Natural

Resources and Tourism and Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute. The Ministry of

Water and Rufiji Basin Water Office (RBWO) will be responsible for the identification

and demarcation of important water sources. Technical studies such as Socio-economic

Diagnostics will be overseen by NEMC and carried out by private sector firms and/or

NGOs (or other competent actors). Implementation of the CMP will be the

responsibility of LGA in collaboration with the RBWO.

8.2 Public participation and consultation and community concerns

Public consultations were carried out during designing of project activities as well as

ESIA and Process Framework preparation exercise with the aim of explaining the

objectives and scope of the project as well as to identify, discuss and respond to project

issues of concern to different stakeholders. During the field visits and stakeholder

consultations, information was gathered on the population, land use patterns and


Page | 16

agriculture and key economic activities within the catchment (see Annex 1). At present

only an estimate of the categories of people to be affected by the relevant project

components has been made as detailed consultation will be carried out during project

implementation as part of the preparation of the Kihansi Catchment Management Plan,

particularly on identification of important water sources from protection. Generally,

most of the stakeholders view the proposed project as a positive initiative that will

support and build on the earlier work done under LKEMP. Stakeholders view the

overall objective and the project design as a constructive initiative in terms of

biodiversity conservation, community support by prompting alternative livelihood

activities as well as enhancing protection of water sources. Capacity building to raise

community awareness on the issues of provision of alternative investment opportunities

(referring to previous small grant schemes under LKEMP); protection of water sources;

as well as improvement of water quality were seen to be of high priority during the

discussion. These views were incorporated during the formulation of KCCMP.

Protection of critical biodiversity has existed already in the Kihansi Gorge during the

previous IDA support to LKEMP and prior to the start of World Bank project as for the

case of Njelele forest reserve. After the launch of the proposed project, there is no new

restriction of access to natural resource in these areas. During consultations

communities expressed their understanding on the biodiversity and the presence of

endemic species in the catchment, particular the Kihansi Gorge as a habitat for the

Kihansi Spray Toad and the conservation efforts under the earlier project,

LKEMPHowever, the proposed project will enhance awareness of protected areas and

involve communities in administrative action plans for biodiversity protection and

monitoring including: media publicity, on-site and off-site training, posters and

promotional graphics observing the conservation of water, soil management and

vegetation cover in demonstration plots.

Based on the community’s past involvement and knowledge they were less concerned

with the protection of biodiversity hotspots in the Kihansi Gorge where there is no

human habitation and where access is already restricted. Communities have a clear

understanding on the local environment, and are also aware that establishment of the

protected areas will help improve the local living environment for future generations.

But they are also clearly aware of various impacts of the project on their livelihood.

Concerns were aired with regard to the restricted access to cultivation along valley

bottoms and water source areas, which were not clearly defined at project preparation.

Nevertheless, communities have no objection to the project implementation, from

which they expect to benefit from conservation activities. They appeal the Government

to provide electricity and a passable road to villages on the upstream of the Lower

Kihansi Hydropower Dam. Since conservation initiatives in Kihansi catchment started

during the construction of the dam, communities associate most of the conservation

activities with the functioning of the dam. Therefore, the main argument is that, since

these villages, particularly Ukami conserve the catchment to ensure continuous flow of

water in Kihansi River for power generation, they deserve consideration form the

benefits accrued from conservation.

Communities proposed that the new project emulates the participatory approach in

identification and protection of water sources as implemented by the WSDP through

RBWO. Under WSDP, communities establish Water User Association for sub


Page | 17

catchments and agree on management and utilization procedure, which are formulated

in constitutions and by-laws, which regulate utilization in protected areas. The by-laws

are made binding and formal between the communities and the respective Local

Government Authority.

8.3 Project information dissemination

Information regarding the project’s goals, activities and advances will be disseminated

at the local, regional and national levels in accordance with the communication strategy

that will be prepared by this project. This strategy will be developed to specifically

target key stakeholders such as local communities and NGOs, as well as local, regional

and national institutions and the general Tanzanian public. At the national and regional

level the project aims to disseminate its objectives and achievements and encourage

public support during the implementation of its planned activities. For those

communities living in the project area and in the surrounding buffer zones of potential

protected areas, the strategy aims to encourage support for the sustainable use of natural

resources and conservation; motivate local participation in the design and

implementation of Management Plans; disseminate the mechanisms for, and encourage

participation in, local community-based or village committees and establish a two-way

communication channel between communities and those responsible for project

development and implementation.

The communication strategy will disseminate key information to the public through a

variety of channels, in both the public and private sector, such as governmental

institutions, NGOs, private businesses, schools, and civil society.

8.4 Technical studies

The following technical studies will be done to document the status and location of

important water sources and biodiversity hotspots within the catchment. This will be in

addition to what has been documented by the Rufiji Basin Water Office for the entire

Rufiji Basin.

a. Rapid Ecological assessment: Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA) will be done

focusing on Kihansi gorge to identify issues that are pertinent to biodiversity

conservation. The REA will be done using field verification of existing information

and aerial photography and/or satellite images. The results will be used as a basis

for preparation of management plans, with priority set for endangered and endemic

species.

b. Socio-economic Diagnostics: These diagnostics will be done to characterize the

existing livelihood uses of the potential areas for protection and help to prioritize the

identified water sources in terms of the level of degradation. Specifically, the

diagnostics will: a) characterize existing land use, b) assess the local social

dynamics, identifying key relationships between local actors, and the prevalent

forms of social organization, c) characterize the local economic dynamics,

identifying the role of actors and economic agents, and their relationships with the

natural resources of the area and d) identify historic values linking the identity of

local populations with the natural resources of the areas and their surroundings.

Additionally, these diagnostics will assess the characteristics of the local

populations, existing conflicts and infrastructure.


Page | 18

c. Development of Management Plan: The project will develop and implement a

catchment management plan (CMP) for the protected water source areas. Working

with communities, the project will develop strategies that encourage medium- and

long-term sustainable management and utilization of the protected areas. Building

upon these inputs, the CMP will include the definition of the external pilot area

boundaries (including both the core and buffer zones), as well as internal boundaries

of differential use zones. These zones will be developed considering the livelihood

activities and the compatibility of human uses with natural resource conservation.

The allowable uses within internal zones will be defined, taking care to incorporate

those persons whose existing uses and practices may be limited by these zones. The

draft CMP will be disseminated and consulted with local stakeholders so as to

validate and revise it where necessary. The final CMP will also be heavily

disseminated so that stakeholders and local beneficiaries are knowledgeable about

this key project activity.

d. Implementation of the Management Plan: The project will ensure the full

implementation of CMPs in priority zones. For programs included within the CMPs

that require community participation, by-laws will set forth the obligations and rights

of each participant. Regular meetings will be held with local actors to update them on

the CMP’s advances and results.

9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) ARRANGEMENTS

9.1 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) arrangements

Arrangements for monitoring the implementation of this Process Framework fit the

overall project monitoring plan led by NEMC. The lead coordinating institution

(NEMC), under the Project Coordinator, will be responsible for monitoring and

evaluation (M&E) and will report on project performance based on the field visits and

implementation reports to the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) through the

Director General – NEMC who will be the Chair. The TAC will consist of all

implementing institutions of the project and will be required to report on the status of

implementation of their activities. The outputs of the TAC will be reported to the

Steering Committee that will comprise of Permanent Secretaries (PSs) or their

representatives of the implementing institutions2 and chaired by the PS at the Vice

President’s Office. The Steering Committee will make policy related decisions for the

project.

The objectives of monitoring implementation of the PF are a) to ensure that the bodies

established and tasked, inter alia, with implementing the PF are performing their duties

adequately and if not, to ensure their capacity is built to do so, b) to ensure that the

actions taken to resolve conflicts, to compensate losses, to distribute benefits catalyzed

by the project and to improve overall welfare in the peripheral zones of the selected

Protected Areas are having their intended impacts and to take corrective action if not

and c) to conduct a final evaluation of whether or not the PAPs identified have been

affected in such a way that their living standards are equal or higher than before the

project.

2 Ministries of Water, Natural Resources, Agriculture, Energy, Finance and Regional Administration and Local

Government.


Page | 19

A number of indicators will be used to determine the status of livelihood of affected

communities. Definitive indicators and milestones of success will be developed in a

participatory manner after the project start date by local community representatives

chosen to represent the views of communities in the project area, established water user

associations, Districts focal persons for districts of Kilolo, Mufindi and Kilombero and

RBWO.

The project will establish an appropriate M&E system to track progress against the set

indicators to provide an overall assessment of project performance. At the protected

area level, M&E will be carried out in a participatory manner with the beneficiary

communities. A number of indicators could be used to determine the status of PAPs and

of affected communities. Definitive indicators and milestones of success will be

developed in a participatory manner after the project start date by local community

representatives chosen to represent the views of communities in the project area,

established water user associations, Districts focal persons for districts of Kilolo,

Mufindi and Kilombero and RBWB.

At the project level, M&E will include those indicators established in project documents

and aligned with the GEF biodiversity tracking tool. The overall monitoring of project

progress will be achieved through quarterly reporting.

The PF will be considered successfully implemented if affected individuals, households

and communities maintain their project standard of living or improve on it, and local

community support is built and remains supportive of the project.

9.2 FinancingThe activities mentioned above are included in the scope and costs of the project. With

respect to subprojects to mitigate potential adverse impacts, the financing for these

activities would come from component 2, Subcomponent, 2.2 regarding community

conservation activities that will focus on improving water quality and quantity for the entire

catchment.

10. POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OR GRIEVANCES AND DISPUTE

RESOLUTION

A forum for communicating and debating potential conflicts will be established in line with

the existing community conflict resolution system. The project may require the resolution

of conflicts expected to include those i) related to land use in the buffer of protected areas

and ii) regarding the use of natural resources in the protected areas. Such conflicts may be

addressed through an existing mechanism provided in the Village Land Act of 1999 or use

specific alternative resolution mechanism that will be developed by the project.

Section 60 of the Act makes special provisions for the establishment of a Village Land

Council “to mediate between and assist parties to arrive at a mutually acceptable

resolution on any matters concerning the village land”. However, the Village Land Council

jurisdiction has been limited to cases related to land sharing arrangements with other

villages and land sharing among community members. Since the proposed KCCM Project

will be carried out in the part of village lands, the provisions given in this Act will only be

partly applicable.


Page | 20

The alternative mechanism is expected to function as follows: Initially, conflicts will be

addressed at community level through the Village Environmental Committees and Water

User Associations that will investigate the complaint, and attempt to resolve it through

mediation, then through the respective LGA, and will include representatives from NEMC,

local communities and NGOs working in the protected area. If the conflict cannot be

resolved at this level, it will be escalated to NEMC. If still not resolved, the conflict will be

addressed at the national project steering committee for policy decisions. In order to trigger

this process, conflicts should be addressed to: The Project Coordinator, National

Environment Management Council, 29-30 Regent Street, P. O. Box 63154, Dar es Salaam.

11. CONCLUSION

This process framework aimed to lay down processes that will lead to effective

implementation of mitigation measures for the proposed impacts that were detailed in

the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment report. The framework has put in

place consultative measures to ensure that proposed measures are sustainable in order to

achieve the overall objective or conservation of Kihansi catchment and its important

biodiversity.


Page | 21

REFERENCES

Butynski, T.M., Ehardt, C.L., Struhsaker, T.T. (1998). Notes on two dwarf galagos

(Galagoides udzungwensis and Galagoides orinus) in the Udzungwa Mountains,

Tanzania. Primate Conservation 18: 69-75.

East African Community Treaty. 1999.

IUCN Red List

Lovett, J.C., J. Hatton, L.B. Mwasumbi, & J. Gerstle. (1997). Assessment of the impacts of

the lower Kihansi hydropower project on the forests of Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania.

Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 915-933.

NORPLAN (1995). Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project. Environmental Impact Assessment.

Report produced for Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd. (TANESCO), Dar es

Salaam, Tanzania.

NORPLAN (1999). Vegetation Survey in Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania. Report produced for

Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd. (TANESCO), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Poynton, J.C., Howell, K.M., Clarke, B.T. & Lovett, J.C. (1998). A critically endangered new

species of Nectophrynoides (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Udzungwa mountains,

Tanzania. African Journal of Herpetology 47(2): 59-67.

Poynton, J.C., Howell, K.M., Clarke, B.T. & Lovett, J.C. (1998). A critically endangered new

species of Nectophrynoides (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Udzungwa mountains,

Tanzania. African Journal of Herpetology 47(2): 59-67.

Rodgers, W.A. & Homewood, K.M. (1982). Biological values and conservation prospects for

the forests and primate populations of the Uzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Biological

Conservation 24: 285-304.

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 1995. The National Land Policy (1995)

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 1999. The National Land Act, No. 4

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2002. The National Water Policy

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2005 Environmental (Registration of Environmental

Experts) Regulations

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2005. The Environment Impact Assessment and Audit

Regulations, Gn No. 349 of 2005

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2009. The Wildlife Conservation Act

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 1997. The National Environmental Policy

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2002. The Forest Act

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2009. The Water Resource Management Act, 2009

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2004. Environmental Management Act Cap 191

United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2011. National Poverty Eradication Strategy


Page | 22

ANNEX 1: Issues Raised During Stakeholder Consultations

Issues of Institution/Organization Recommended Actions

RUFIJI RIVER BASIN

More awareness to surrounding communities over

importance of catchment management and increase

understanding about the KST

Communities awareness programs is part

of project activities

Sediment Assessment has proven that communities’

agricultures activities have contributed to basin siltation

The project will provide training on good

agricultural practices

Land use changes in some villages close to Kihansi

catchment have contributed to changes in vegetation

species as a result of commercial tree plantation activities

The project should facilitate the planting of

natural water friendly trees close to

catchment areas

Introduction of Catchment Protected Areas. This can be

implemented through gazettement of potential Kihansi

catchment parts

The project should speed up process to

gazette some potential sites of Kihansi

catchment to form Protected Area

Land use Plan to villages along Kihansi catchment KCCMP to facilitate Land use Plan to

villages close to potential areas of Kihansi

catchment

KILOLO DISTRICT

Restriction of farming in valley bottoms (Vinyungu) in

order to reduce pesticides contamination to water

Introduction of catchment protected areas

through gazettement of some potential sites

Establish bylaws to give power to village

leaders to deal with their farmers

Involve Water User Associations (WUAs) in the

management of the catchment

Facilitate and establish a sustainable funds

for Water User Association

Land use planning to villages is the main guide to enforce

the bylaw for protection of catchment areas and restriction

of vinyungu farming

Facilitate land use plan to villages with this

farming system and establish bylaws to

give power to village leaders to deal with

their farmers

Provision of alternative livelihoods to restrict vinyungu

farming

Alternative livelihoods in agricultural

sector could be bee keeping, fruit trees

cultivation and natural trees and

commercial plantation programs

Group of villagers for training through KCCMP be

established by the villages and district authorities

Project to collaborate with Village and

district authorities to select group for

alternative livelihood trainings programs

The district and Tea Plantation has already initiated Tea

groups for tea cultivation in Kabanga area hence any

training must consider Tea Growers Association

Project to collaborate with district councils

to avoid duplication of efforts and to cover

other communities which are not covered

by any other program within a district

Awareness and Publicity to community to show them

impacts of unregulated water use

The project must create awareness in

communities about the importance of

proper water use

The district receives some funds from the central

Government to support training and little capital fund to

women and youth

The project to collaborate with district

social development department to support

training to those who will get little capital

support for alternative livelihoods activities

The project group must include youth Project should consider youth as part of

community and avoid groups which have

only village leaders

The district should involve financial Institutions to

support those groups that will receive training from the

proposed project

The project to create a link between trained

village groups and Financial Institutions

and district council to be guarantor of

village groups for any financial matters

from financial institutions

MUFINDI DISTRICT


Page | 23

The previous project was not successful in agriculture

training to villagers through Demonstration Plots because

after training villagers did not receive supporting facilities

for implementation

The project to find ways to support

agriculture tools for implementation of

proper agricultural practices

Bee keeping could be main alternative livelihood to many

villagers as this will complement on-going efforts within

the Eastern Arc

Project to train and support in gears for

successful provision of alternative

livelihood to villagers

Project to join hands with existing social

development and conservation programs

Siltation in the Kihansi catchment can be reduced through

preventing of soil erosion by planting certain plantation

and contour farming practices on upper areas

Project to support trees plantations

programs and train villagers on proper

farming practices that will reduce erosion

from farming activities

The project to consider start up facilities after training bee

keeping farmers

Project to consider support of gears

TANESCO

The project to trigger process of electrification to villages

along Kihansi catchment

Water user Association in Kihansi catchment is not

practically working

The project in collaboration with Rufiji

Basin to strength water user association of

Kihansi catchment

WARDS AND VILLAGES

Wards and Villages authorities usually give awareness to

villagers on conservation of Kihansi catchment by

restricting farming (vinyungu farming), and other

economic and social activities closer to water sources.

Also support plantation of water friendly trees closer to

water sources.

Project to facilitate Land Use Plan in order

to set areas of catchment out of villagers

economic and social activities

Set of protected areas through gazetting

part of potential areas to become protected

areas

Development of bylaws that focus on

protection and conservation of catchment

areas. The wards and villages will enforce

bylaws

Water user Association to help in

conservation programs

Conflict between few villagers who were in groups

supported by LKEMP and those who were not in group

Involve a wider group of communities in

the implementation (rather than providing

funds for groups as in the previous phase)

To support more youths in conservation

programs

The proposed project should support sectors such as

Education and Health that cover a big population of

villagers to reduce conflict among villagers

The project to develop projects that will

involve many villagers in the communities

in line with the project objectives

Villagers need electricity in order to feel their effort on

conservation of Kihansi catchment. They also need

electricity to stimulate other alternative livelihood

activities.

Project to make discussion with Rural

Energy Authority (REA) and TANESCO

as part of payment for ecosystem services

initiative under the project

Some activities such as tree planting programs need a

continual support even after completion of project

Project to identify such types of programs

and incorporate them in sustainable

funding plan


Page | 24

Annex 2: Terms of Reference

TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED KIHANSI CATCHMENT CONSERVATION

MANAGEMENT PROJECT IN KIHANSI CATCHMENT MOROGORO AND

IRINGA REGIONS, TANZANIA

1. Introduction

The Kihansi Catchment is located in the Udzungwa mountains which is the largest block of

the 12 Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) in Tanzania. The Udzungwa mountains contain nearly

one-half of all the remaining closed forests in the Eastern Arc and as result have the highest

diversity of endemic and threatened plant and animal species including the Kihansi Spray

Toad (KST) and Sanje mangabay monkeys.

The catchment refers to the upper watershed area above the dam and hydropower station and

lies between 1,200m and 2,200m above sea level. The high-biodiversity Udzungwa forest

reserve covers the land to the east, while the rest of the catchment is covered with forest,

grassland and bush. The catchment is 584 km2 and spreads over the Kilolo and Mufindi

administrative districts. The area receives rainfall between 1,000mm in the western and

northern parts to 3,200 mm in the eastern part of the catchment. There are no significant high

flow seasonal changes within years responding to wet and dry seasons and moderate flows

are sustained throughout the year.

The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) is a public body established under

the Environmental Management Act Cap 191, responsible for managing the environment in

Mainland Tanzania. As part of fulfilment of her many mandates, the Council intends to

implement a GEF project to be able to mainstream biodiversity conservation is catchment

conservation. Due to the magnitude of the project and the type of activities to be

implemented, it is foreseen that some positive and negative environmental impacts will arise.

In this context NEMC is seeking a Consultant who will be able to carry out Environmental

and Social Impact Assessment of the upcoming project, identify and devise a plan to mitigate

the foreseen impacts.

2. The Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project (KCCMP)

Background

The Government of Tanzania has ratified three key conventions: Convention on Biological

Diversity (CBD), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and

the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). As part of

implementation of these global environmental conventions, the GoT officially submitted for

endorsement by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), a project proposal titled ‘Kihansi

Catchment Conservation and Management Project (KCCMP)’. The Project is full-sized with

a five year implementation period, with the key objective being ‘to enhance biodiversity

conservation in the Kihansi catchment’. This development objective will be achieved through

the implementation of activities categorised into three key components: a) Conserving

endangered species in the Kihansi catchment; b) Development of operational guidelines for


Page | 25

conducting downstream Environmental Flow Assessment and a sustainable financing plan for

the Kihansi catchment; and c) Project management.

The KCCMP is aligned under the CBD with five major Aichi Biodiversity Targets for 2011 –

2020: Strategic Goal A - Mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society;

Strategic Goal B – Reduce direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use;

Strategic Goal C – Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species,

and genetic diversity; Strategic Goal D - Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and

ecosystem series; and Strategic Goal E – Enhance implementation through participatory

planning, knowledge management, and capacity building

The project will be implemented within the three key Components

Component 1: Develop operational guidelines for conducting Environmental Flow

Assessment and a sustainable financing plan for the management of the Kihansi

catchment

The objective of this subcomponent is to incorporate biodiversity conservation at a planning

level into Integrated Water Resource Development and Management Planning (IWRDMP)

under the WSDP. Under Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project (LKEMP) –

(2001-2011) support was provided for the development of the 2004 Environmental

Management Act (EMA) and 10 implementing regulations. These regulations and EMA

provided an important legal framework for the integration of biodiversity conservation in

river basin planning. However, to fully operationalize biodiversity conservation in river

basin planning in Tanzania, an operational framework and guidelines relevant to river basin

planning and EIA, which integrates environmental flow assessment, are required. This

component comprises of two subcomponents; that is Develop operational guidelines for

conducting Environmental Flow Assessment and Develop a sustainable financing plan for the

management of the Kihansi catchment.

Component 2: Conserve endangered species in the Kihansi catchment

This component focuses on operational level interventions in the Kihansi catchment to ensure

the conservation of critically endangered plant and animal species and their critical habitat

are conserved and sustainably managed over the long-term. The component comprises of

two subcomponents namely Species and habitat conservation and Community conservation.

Within subcomponents there are number of activities to be implemented as detailed in Annex

1 as well as Project Apraisal Document.

Component 3: Project Management

NEMC will be responsible for project coordination at the national, regional, district and

village levels. This will entail facilitating and coordinating the Steering and Technical

Advisory Committees as well as providing overall multi-sectoral coordination among

governmental sectors. In addition, under this component support will be provided for day-to-

day project implementation and management including, procurement, and financial and

environmental management. The component will provide support for office operating costs

including annual audit costs.


Page | 26

The aim of developing the Terms of Reference (ToR) is to provide formal guidance to the

project proponent and contracted Consultant for carrying out the ESIA of the proposed

project on the range of issue that must be addressed in the ESIA process. Furthermore, they

form the basis for subsequent review process.

3. Objectives of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

The objective of the EIA is to identify, assess and evaluate the potential likely adverse bio-

physical and socio-economic impacts of the proposed project activities in the proposed area

and develop an Environmental and Social Management Framework outlining the necessary

steps and procedures to avoid, minimize or mitigate identified impacts. The ESIA will

provide decision-makers in VPO - NEMC and the other stakeholders with sufficient

information to justify, on environmental grounds, the acceptance, modification or rejection of

the project. It will also provide the basis for guiding subsequent actions, which will ensure

that the project is carried out taking into account the environmental, socio-economic, cultural

and health issues and concerns identified.

The objective focuses on: -

Establishing baseline information on both natural and built environment including

socio-economic conditions of the proposed project in Kihansi Catchment

Predicting and evaluate foreseeable impacts, both beneficial and adverse, of the

proposed project

Develop Environmental Management Plan or mitigation measures that aim at

eliminating or minimising the potential negative impacts and promote positive ones;

and

Develop an environmental and social screening form and checklist to evaluate project

activities related to identification of water sources and biodiversity hotspots and their

protection so that unforeseen impacts, if any can be identified, and corresponding

mitigation measures determined, managed and monitored throughout the life of the

project.

4. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Requirements

The environmental management Act, Cap 191 requires that ESIA be undertaken for all new

projects that may cause adverse environmental and social impacts. Under the environment

Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005 the proposed project is categorized as an

EIA obligatory project for which a full EIA is required.

Additionally, the project will be supported by the World Bank, requiring compliance with

their environmental and social Safeguards policies. Based on a preliminary review of the

project design, it is likely that the relevant policies include: Environmental Assessment (OP

4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Involuntary Resettlement

(OP 4.12), Forests (OP 4.36).

4.1 Scope of Work

Task 1: Description of the Proposed Project

The Consultant shall give details of:

Background of the project, highlighting the link between Kihansi dam operation and

the spray toad reintroduction plan;


Page | 27

Location of all project – related development and operation sites;

General description of the proposed project and its major components, phases and

activities to be implemented in each phase of the project life; and

Organisation relationships, mandates and interactions among the different parties to

be involved in the project.

Task 2: Description of the environment

The Consultant shall:

a) Provide information on biological environment on flora, fauna, rare or endangered

species and sensitive habitats including parks, reserves, significant natural sites, forest

and any other area that qualifies as a Critical Natural Habitat in accordance with OP

4.04.

b) Provide general description of surface and ground water hydrology, existing sources

of water pollution discharges and receiving water quality.

c) An assessment of the socio-economic environment; including community

demographics, gender issues, and existing land use practices in the catchment

including specific details on the types and amounts of pesticides used among project

affected persons.

d) Identify areas that require special attention in the project implementation and their

proposed mitigation measures.

e) Recommend improved land use and options for reducing pesticide use.

Environmental Impact Assessment shall specifically focus on these ecological

components in the environment to ensure that the proposed development does not harm

the well-being of these characteristics.

Task 3: Legislative and Regulatory Considerations

The Consultant shall describe pertinent local, national and international regulations,

standards and institutional framework governing protection of sensitive areas, protection

of endangered species, land use/catchment management etc. which are important to

observe during the implementation of the project activities. The consultant shall clarify

how each legal or institutional aspect is relevant to the project, and provide guidance as to

what the specific implication is for project design and operation.

The Consultant shall describe the relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies, and assess

which of those policies apply in the project context. The Consultant shall clarify how the

project design must take such provisions into account.

Task 4: Determination of potential impacts of the proposed project

The consultant shall identify potential impacts of the project on natural resources, humans

and ecosystems. Describe the impacts quantitatively and qualitatively, where possible in

terms of environmental costs and benefits. Impact analysis should clearly address direct,

indirect and cumulative impacts. In the analysis, distinguish between:

Positive and negative impacts

Direct and indirect impacts

Long term and short term impacts

Reversible and irreversible impacts

Identify linkages among project components and the issues


Page | 28

Evaluate the levels of significance of the impacts indicating the criteria used.

Identification, prediction and analysis of impacts should be made for each phase of the

project life. Explain significant information deficiencies or any uncertainties associated

with prediction of impacts. Recommend appropriate mitigation measures for mitigating

the negative impacts and identify opportunities from positive impacts and how they can

be enhanced.

Among other issues, the determination of potential impacts should identify the following:

Potential for involuntary resettlement. In accordance with OP 4.12, involuntary

resettlement includes those impacts associated with restriction of access to natural

resources;

Potential impact of the project on forests and/or the rights and welfare of local

communities;

Potential impact of the project on Critical Natural Habitats;

Potential for the project to lead to increased use of pesticides;

Task 5: Analysis of alternatives of the proposed project

The Consultant shall describe at least three viable design alternatives that would achieve the

same objectives. Consider and analyse alternatives in terms of location, design, technology

and phases, operating and maintenance procedures. Compare alternatives in terms of

potential environmental impacts, capital and operating costs, suitability under local

conditions, institutional, training and monitoring requirements.

Task 6: Resource evaluation or cost benefit analysis

The consultant shall describe the extent possible; quantify total/ environmental costs and

benefits of each alternative incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigation

measures. The zero alternative i.e. of not having the project must be included.

Task 7: Development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan

Based on this assessment, the ESIA should set forth an Environmental and Social

Management Plan (EMP). The ESMP shall spell out specific management measures

including, budget estimates, schedules, institutional responsibilities, staffing and training

requirements and any other necessary support services to implement the mitigation measures.

The Consultant shall ensure the EMSP describes feasible and cost effective measures to (i)

prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels and (ii) enhance positive

impacts.

Task 8: Development of an environmental and social screening form and checklist As the area size and type of some of the activities that will be supported by the project in

relation to protection of important water sources and biodiversity hotspots are not specified at

this time, the consultant shall develop an environmental and social screening form and

checklist to identify potential impacts and outline the specific environmental and social

management measures that will be applied to all activities that may result in any potential

identified impact.

Task 9: Development of an Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP)

The Consultant shall prepare IPMP including: (i) measures to identify potential activities

(supported by project or counterpart funds) where pesticides may be used, (ii) a list of

pesticide products authorized for procurement under the project, and (iii) plan (and budget)


Page | 29

for ensuring safe pesticide handling equipment is provided to those who may be using

pesticides).

Task 10: Resettlement Process Framework

The Consultant shall prepare a Process Framework for addressing potential social issues that

may arise from protection of water sources and biodiversity hotspots. These shall include:

measures to establish a process by which members of potentially affected communities

participate in design of project components; determination of measures necessary to achieve

resettlement policy objectives, and implementation and monitoring of relevant project

activities as per OP 4.12.

Task 11: Development of an Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

The Consultant shall prepare a detailed plan for monitoring the implementation of the ESMF

during project life cycle. Include in the plan an estimate of the capital and operating costs and

a description of other inputs needed to carry it out.

The Consultant shall be guided by the cost-effectiveness principles in proposing amelioration

measures. Estimation of costs of those measures shall be made. The assessment will provide a

detailed plan to monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures and impacts of the

project during project operation.

Task 12: Public consultations:

The assessment shall establish the level of consultation of the affected stakeholders

throughout the project life span, level of involvement in implementing project activities as

this is an important aspect for both environmental and project sustainability. The assessment

will provide a framework for obtaining the views of affected groups, and in keeping records

(with evidence) of meeting and other activities, communication, and comments and their

disposition.

In addition, the Consultant shall conduct a formal public consultation on the draft

Environmental Impact Assessment, after it has been approved by the Client and the World

Bank, but prior to the document’s finalization. Such a consultation should be conducted only

after the draft EIA has been made publically available, in the project area, through NEMC’s

website, and through the World Bank’s InfoShop.

For each consultation event conducted, the Consultant shall provide record of the names of

organisations, government and departments and individuals whose views will be obtained. It

should also include a list of issues raised by those consulted, and explain if and how the

project design was adjusted to respond to their concerns. This summary should be included as

an Annex to the EIS.

Task 13: Reporting and submission

Notwithstanding the above requirements, the contents and the structure of the report should

be in accordance with Regulations 18 and 19 respectively of the EIA and Audit Regulations

of 2005. The report should be concise and limited to significant environmental issues.


Page | 30

The Executive Summary and the ESIA Main Report should be submitted according to the

requirements of Regulations 19 to 21 of the EIA and Audit Regulations, GN No. 349/2005 for

simplifying the review process.

4.2 Outputs

a) The Consultant shall submit to the Client, three original bound hard and electronic copies

each of the scoping report, the Environmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIA);

Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) and Process Framework.

b) The Consultant shall also make 15 copies for the review process as stipulated in the EMA

2004; and work to ensure sufficient copies are available in the project area, through

NEMC and published through the World Bank’s InfoShop.

c) After the review process, the Consultant shall submit five hard copies and an electronic

copy of the final reports, with all comments arising from the technical review

incorporated into the reports.

4.3 Reference

The Consultant shall provide a list of all information sources used, including unpublished

documents and sources.

5. Consulting Team

Team composition: The core team must be multi-disciplinary, with expertise in Hydrology,

Ecology, Social Science and familiar with World Bank safeguard policies.

To undertake the ESIA and their profiles. One of the team members will be the team

leader.

For each specialist proposed, curriculum vitae will be provided, setting out their relevant

qualifications and experiences.

Key qualifications: The Lead Consultant must be in possession of a post graduate degree

(MSc or PhD) in Ecology, Wildlife or related fields.

The Consultant must be a registered EIA Expert with a minimum of three years working

experience in environmental assessment.

Experience in carrying out environmental assessments and related assignment(s) in

Tanzania or outside the country.

6. Mode of Payment

Payment will be effected as follows:

a) 50% upon submission and acceptance of the technical and financial proposal and

signing of the contract;

b) 50% upon submission and acceptance of the final ESIA report acceptable at the

Client.

7. Timeframe

The Consultancy is expected to take a maximum of six weeks from the date of the signing

of the contract to the submission of the final report.

8. Client Contribution


Page | 31

a) NEMC will cover all costs associated with the field work that will be carried out by

the Consultant (travel and daily subsistence allowance according to Government

rates).

b) Costs associated with printing, binding and distribution of the report will be covered

by the Consultant.

a) Costs that will cover travel and DSA for the two assistants from NEMC, and Costs

associated with organizing and conducting site visits review meetings by the

reviewing board (in this case NEMC).


Page | 32

Maps of Project Area

Figure 1. Rivers and streams in the Kihansi Catchment. (Source: SMEC International (2005) Landscape Wide

Conservation Plan for the Upstream Kihansi Catchment).

5 0 5 Kilometers

N

Streams and Sub Catchment

Kihansi

Conservation Area

Sub CatchmentsIlogombe

Kihansi FallsLower RuahaMapanda

MhalalaMkalasi

MnyazungwaMuhu

RuvalaUpper Ruaha

Village Boundary

Kihansi Conservation Area

Dam

StreamRiver


Page | 33

Figure 2. Land cover types as of 2005 in the Kihansi Catchment. (Source: SMEC International (2005)

Landscape Wide Conservation Plan for the Upstream Kihansi Catchment).

#

Mapa nda

#

Ig ele ke

#

Ilo go mbe

#

Kib eng u

#

Mwa tasi

#

Bom ala ng'o mbe

# Ng'ing ula

#

Masisiwe

#

Nya wege te

#

Mbawi

#

Kip ang a

#

Ih imbo

#

Uhafiwa

#Uka mi

5 0 5 Kilometers

N

Generalized Land Cover 2005

Grouped Land Cover 2005

Forest

Grass/Bush

Grass/Bush/S cultivation

Intensive cultivation

Semi intensive cultivation


Catchment

Dam

Village

Road

River


Page | 34

Figure 3. Human population density as of 2005 in the Kihansi Catchment. (Source: SMEC

International (2005) Landscape Wide Conservation Plan for the Upstream Kihansi Catchment).

3952

2810

4730

2864

2374

1911

1909

3786

1605

2317

2210

1231

1789

378 6

#

Bomalang'ombe

#

Ng'ingula

#

Masisiwe

# Nyawegete

#

Mbawi

#

Kipanga

#

Mwatasi

#

Kibengu

#

Igeleke

#

Ilogombe

#

Mapanda #

Ih imbo

#

Uhafiwa

#

Ukami

Kihansi Conservation

Area

5 0 5 Kilometers

N

Population Density 2002 - Population per Square KM

Population Density 2002

25 - 30

31 - 39

40 - 59

60 - 92

93 - 112

Population 2002

Pop_2002


Catchment

Dam

Road


Page | 35

Figure 4. Land use adjacent to the Kihansi Gorge. (Source: Mwansasu, S. 2007. Ecological Monitoring Report:

Land Cover.)