national monument - national park service · you’ll find our national parks all across the united...
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You’ll find our national parks all across the United States, from the
cold coast of Alaska to the swampy tip of Florida. Many parks offer
visitors the chance to become a Junior Ranger. With the program, you’ll
discover each park’s wild beauty and colorful human history. You’ll
even receive a special badge. The more parks you visit, the more Junior
Ranger badges you can collect.
So get out your walking shoes, your water bottle, and your sun hat…it’s
time to go exploring!
TAKE CARE WHILE YOU ARE HERE!
• Trail Smarts:Pleasestayonthegraveltrail.MostoftheflagstoneatFortUnionisoriginalandvery
bumpy,andtheadobewallsandfoundationsarefragile.
• Artifact Facts: Pleaseleaveanyhistoricitems,suchasbeads,buttons,orbullets,whereyoufindthem
It’sthelaw!Anditensuresthatothervisitorsenjoythem,too.
.
• Wild Side: Keeparespectfuldistancefromwildanimals.Beespeciallyalertforrattle-
snakes,andreportanyyouseetoaparkranger.
• Stormy Weather: Watchoutforapproachingstorms.Ifyoucanhearthunder,then
lightningisgettingcloser.Returntothevisitorcenterimmediately.
F o r t U n i o n N a t i o n a l M o n u m e n t
J U N I O R R A N G E R G U I D E
D i s c o v e r i n g F o r t U n i o n
Theplacewhereyoustandnowwasoncebustlingwithactivity.Soldierspracticedtheirarmydrillsontheparadegrounds.Blacksmithshammeredhorseshoesandwagonwheels.PosttradersexchangednewsinEnglishandSpanish.
FortUnionwasbuiltshortlyaftertheU.S.-MexicanWar,providingamajormilitaryoutpostontheSantaFeTrail.HeresoldiersworkedtoenforceUnitedStatespoliciesintheNewMexicoTerritory.Firstbuiltin1851,thefortwasreconstructedtwiceindifferentlocations.TodayasyouvisitFortUnionNationalMonument,youcanseetracesofallthreesites.
WeinviteyoutoexplorethegroundsofFortUnionandimaginewhatitwouldhavebeenliketoliveandworkherelongago.Youcanlearnmorebycompletingtheactivitiesinthisguide.Intheprocess,you’llalsoqualifytobecomeaJuniorRanger.Youcanworkalone,withaparent,orevenwithfriends.Whenyouarefin-ished,bringyourguidetoaparkrangertoreceiveyourbadgeandcertificate.
• If you are 6 years old or younger, complete at least 4 activities.
• If you are between 7 and 10 years old, complete at least 6 activities.
• If you are 10 years old or older, complete all of the activities.
First Things First Whatthreewordscometo
mindfirstwhenyouthinkofFortUnion?
1.
2.
3.
IfyoucouldflyoverFortUnion,itwouldlooksomethinglikeitdoesinthisaerialphotograph.Canyoufindwhereyou’restanding?MarkthatspotwithanX.Thenlabelthefeaturesinthephotographchoosingfromthelistbelow:
Earthwork, Santa Fe Trail, Visitor Center, Turkey Mountains, Ocaté Volcanic Field
1
3
2
5
4
Whatelsecanyouseeinthisphotograph?Whatdoyoulikebestaboutthisview?
kr o hw tr Ea 5. ter, n Ce r toi Vis 4. l, i arT Fe ta San 3. ns, i ta Moun ey k ur T 2. ld, ie F ic an lc oV té a Oc 1. ey: k er nsw A
Manyimportanteventsoccurredbefore,during,andafterFortUnionwasinoperation.ReadaboutsomeoftheeventsthatshapedFortUnion’shistorybelow.ThencreateyourownFortUniontimelinebywritingthenumberofeacheventinthecorrectcircleonthetimelinebelow.
1500 1600
For many centuries before the arrival of the Spanish, Native American com-munities developed trade and travel routes that eventually became what is known as the Santa Fe Trail.
Spanish explorers arrived to this area in 1540 and claimed the land for the Crown. The Spanish founded Santa Fe in 1610.
1700 1800
This was a time of exploration by the Spanish. Conflicts between the Spanish and Native Americans occurred as the Spanish tried to colonize the land.
1900 2000
New Mexico became the 47th state in the United States in 1912. The rail-road continued to bring big changes to the West.
1821 1846 1848 1851 1861 1864 1879 1891
EVENTS1TheUnitedStatesdeclareswaronMexico.(1846)2 AftertheCivilWarbreaksout,FortUnion’ssecondfortis
built,providingaUnionbaseforsupplies.(1861)3 TheAtchison,Topeka,andSantaFeRailwayreachesFort
UnionanduseoftheSantaFeTrailends.(1879)4 MexicodeclaresindependencefromSpainandtheSanta
FeTrailofficiallyopensfortrade.(1821)5 TheU.S.invasionofMexicoendswiththeTreatyof
GuadalupeHidalgo.TheUnitedStatesclaimsmuchofwhatisnowtheAmericanSouthwest.(1848)
6 FortUnionisabandoned12yearsaftertherailroadarrived.(1891)
7 FortUnionisestablishedasthemainmilitarybaseintheSouthwesttoprotectmilitaryfreight,trade,andcommerceontheSantaFeTrail.(1851)
8 ColonelChristopher“Kit”CarsonleadsacampaignagainsttheMescaleroApacheandDinéinthe“LongWalk”toBosqueRedondo.(1864)
0 100 200 300
scale in feet
Fort Union 1877
FortUnionwaslikeasmallcity,completewithabakery,mercantile,hospital,homes,andcorrals.Usethediagrambelowtohelpyounavigatethefortgroundsinordertolocateeachoftheplacesandobjectsinboldonthefollowingpage.Onceyoufindeachone,answerthequestions.Be sure to stay on the gravel trails at all times and do not climb on any structures during your hunt.
GrainHouses
TransportationCorral
StoreHouses
Cistern
Sundial
MeridianMarker
Laundresses’Row
Stables
Bakery
Hospital
Corral
ElevationMarker
DepotOfficers’Quarters
PostOfficers’Quarters
Prison
EnlistedMen’sQuarters
1.Peopleoncetoldtimebylookingatwherethesuncastitsshadowonasundial.
What time does it say on the sundial? What time does it say on your watch?
2.Thiscisterncouldhold20,000gallonsofwater!Thewaterwasusedtofightfiresatthefort.
How does the width of the cistern compare to your height? Is it longer, shorter, or the same?
3.Topographicalengineersworkingforthearmyplacedelevation markerstoshowhowhighabovesealeveltheywere.
What is the elevation of the Geological Survey Marker? What year was it constructed?
4.Bakerslitfiresinovensatthebakery,thenremovedthecoalsandplacedloavesinside.Theovenstayedhotenoughtobakethebread.
What do you think this oven is made of?
5.Doctorsandnursescaredforpeoplewithscurvy,cholera,smallpox,andotherdiseasesattheforthospital.Nopersonwasturnedaway.
How many patient rooms does the hospital have?
6.Localwomenandenlistedmen’swiveslivedandworkedatlaundresses’ row,washingclothesandlinensforsoldiersatthefort.
Do the laundry rooms have washing machines? How do you think the laundresses washed and dried clothes?
7.ThesoldiersatFortUnionbuiltamilitary prisonin1868outofsandstoneandadobebrick.
How many cells did the prison have?
Lookcarefullyatthepicturesbelow.Canyouguesswhateachoneis?Hint:T heyareallclose-upviewsofthingsyoucanfindatFortUnion.Unscrambletheletterstofindoutwhattheitemsare.Didyouguessright?Drawyourownclose-uppictureintheemptybox.Writeaclue,andthenseeifsomeoneelsecanguess!
TravelersontheSantaFeTrailtrulyleft
theirmark!
ogawnustr
—————————
Whatistall,yellow,andhasbeenused
forfoodandmedicine?
fsnulwoer
—————————
You’dbewatchful,too,ifcoyotes,foxes,
andbirdsofpreyhuntedyoufordinner!
arbibtyee
—————————
What’smadefromsand,straw,andclay,
thendriedinthesun?
oadebiskbrc
———————————
Whenit’shot,Ihideintheshade;when
it’scool,Iwarmmyselfinthebrightsun.
asekn
—————
Howdoesflowingwaterleavea
signatureonsandstone?
prlipemrkas
———————————
Icanjumpmorethan15timesmy
height—canyou?
spohgsaperr
———————————
Whenyouwalkthroughgrassyareas,
watchoutformeandmysharpspines!
lkpyircarep
———————————
Cansomeoneelseguess?
Overthecenturies,thesoundsofmanydifferentlanguageshavefilledthisvalley.HometotheJicarillaApacheandotherNativeAmericansforthousandsofyears,thislandwasthentakenoverbySpain,Mexico,andfinallytheUnitedStates.W henFortUnionwasatitspeak,EnglishandSpanishwerethemostcommonlanguagesspokenonthepost.
CanyouspeakSpanish?TrysayingthenamesofthefollowingitemsinSpanish.DrawalinefromtheSpanishwordtoitsEnglishtranslation,thenwritethewordinSpanish.
Caballo (Kah-buy-oh) Guantes (Want-ehs)
Pala (Pah-lah) Bueyes (Bway-es)
Oxen
Gloves
Shovel
Money
Horse
Soldier
oldado (Sol-dah-doh) Dinero (Dee-nehr-oh) S
TheSantaFeTrailwasonceamaineast-westtravelcorridor,extendingfromMissouritonorthernMexico.Intheearlyandmid-1800s,activityonthetrailwasatitspeakwithmerchantsandtradersconductinginternationalbusiness.Militaryfortswereestablishedtoprotectthiscommerceandthetrailwasalsobusywithfreighterstransportingmilitarysupplies.WagonrutsallaroundFortUnionremindusofthistime.
Santa Fe
Colorado
LamarBent’s Fort
Iron Spring
New Mexico
Fort Union
N
W E
S
July 2, 1858Iron Spring At mid-day we stopped and let the horses graze and drink. We had our usual rations of bread, bacon, coffee, and sugar.
Whatdidyouhaveforlunchtoday?
June 22, 1858Lamar The weather has been something terrible. This afternoon dark clouds from the west brought thunder, lightning, rain, hail, and such strong winds that we had to chain the wagonstogether so they wouldn’t topple over.
WhatkindofweatherdidyouexperienceatFortUnion?
June 10, 1858CimarronAt times I think this is a very bleak and desolate place. The plains seem to go on forever. There are almost no trees. It can make a person feel lonely inside.
Howdoesthelandaroundheremakeyoufeel?
Oklahoma
What would it have been like to travel with your family on the Santa Fe Trail? Start at Council Grove in eastern Kansas and
experience the journey as you follow along by reading fictional journal entries written by a teenager. Then write
your own present-day observations in the spaces provided.
Missouri
Independence
Kansas
Council Grove(Start Here)
Cottonwood Crossing
Cow Creek Crossing
Pawnee Rock
Cimarron
May 5, 1858 Council GroveYesterday we left Council Grove, Kansas, in a train of 25 wagons. Each wagon is pulled by oxen that move slowly across the rutted trail. Pa says we should cover about 15 miles a day.
HowdidyougettoFortUniontoday?Howfastdidyoutravel?
May 25, 1858 Cow Creek Crossing All kinds of animals scurry and prowl on these plains. We’ve seen prairie dogs, elk, antelope, jackrabbits, and coyotes. Best of all is seeing huge herds of buffalo!
WhatanimalshaveyouseenwhiletravelingnearFortUnion?
MATH PUZZLER: How Long Will It Take?ImagineyouareafreightercarryingmilitarysuppliesdowntheSantaFeTrailtoFortUnion.Ifyouaretravelingatarateof17milesperhour,andyouhave34mileslefttogo,howlongwillittakeyoutogettoFortUnion?Hint:Distance=RatexTimed=(r)(t)
FortUniononcebuzzedwiththeactivityofsoldiers,animals,civilianworkers,andmore.Whatsoundswouldyouhaveheardthen?Whatsoundsdoyouhearnow?
WRITING SOUNDSChooseasoundyou’veheardtoday,orthatyouthinkyoumighthaveheardin1865.Howwouldyouspellthatsoundifyouweretowriteitonpaper?
IMAGINING SOUNDSCloseyoureyesandimaginestandingherein1865.Whatsoundsmightyouhear?
COUNTING SOUNDSCloseyoureyes.Liftyourfingereverytimeyouhearasound.Countsoundsyoucouldhaveheard150yearsagoonyourlefthandandsoundsyoucouldnotonyourright.Whichhandgetstofivefirst?
EYES OPEN, EYES SHUTListencarefullytothesoundsaroundyou.Nowcloseyoureyes.Listenagain.Doyounoticemoresoundswhenyoureyesareopenorclosed?
ANIMAL NOISESListenforananimal(evenabirdorinsectcounts!).Whatsoundsdoesitmake?Canyoumakethosenoises?Canyouguesswhatismakingthesound?Writeyourguesshere.
FortUnionliesinasemi-aridregionknownastheHighPlains.Readaboutcommonweatherconditionsinthisarea,and
thenrecordyourownweatherobservationsinthespaceprovided.
The Rain Shadow Effect TheSangredeCristoMountainstothewestgivethisregionitsdryclimate.ImaginethecloudsthatblowinfromthePacificOceanasbigspongesfullofmoisture.Asthecloudsriseoverthemountains,thecoolerairactslikeahand,squeezingouttheirmoistureasrainorsnow.Asthecloudsdescend,the“hand”letsgoandthecloudsholdontoanyremainingmoisture.This“rainshadoweffect”keepstheareaaroundFortUniondry.
LightningLightningiscommonontheHighPlains,especiallyduringthesummer.Whentheprairieistinder-dryduringahotsummer,lightningcaneasilystartwildfires.
Weather JournalToday’sdate:
Temperature:
Precipitation(rain,snow,etc.):
Cloudcover:
Windconditions:
Stormconditions:
Otherobservations:
Moist Wind fromPacific Ocean
Windward Slope
Leftover Dry Air
Leeward Slope
Sangre de Cristo Mountains
Fort Union
Ocaté Volcanic Field
AfterthestartoftheCivilWar,thepostcommander
atFortUnionorderedtheconstructionofa
secondfortbecausetheoriginalwas
poorlylocatedincaseofanenemy
attack.Menworkedwithpicks
andshovels24hoursaday
formorethan6months
untiltheEarthwork
wascomplete.
The
Earthwork
(sometimes
calledtheStar
Forttoday)wasnever
usedasintendedthough;
FortUnionwas
neverattacked.
Connect the letters going clockwise, and then connect the numbers
going counterclockwise, to see a diagram of the
Earthwork.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
1
2
3
45
6
7
8
Why do you think a fort would be built in this shape?
In Your Own WordsInthespacebelow,writeadescriptionanddrawapictureofyourfavoritepartofyourvisittoFortUnion.
Drawapicturehere.
Last Things Last WhatthreewordsnowcometomindwhenyouthinkaboutFortUnion?
1.
2.
3.
Fort Union National Monument
Junior Ranger Pledge
As a Junior Ranger,
I promise to explore the rich history
of the Southwest, respect nature,
and help protect all
National Park sites.
WrittenbySaraSt.AntoineDesignedandillustratedbyBoeltsDesignMapbyPaulMirochaEditedbyMelissaUrreiztietaSpecialthankstothestaffatFortUnionNationalMonumentfortheircareanddirectionwiththisproject.
PublishedbyWesternNationalParksAssociationCopyright2008WesternNationalParksAssociationThispublicationwasproducedwithfundsdonatedbyWesternNationalParksAssociationandisintendedforeducationalpurposesonly.TolearnmoreaboutWNPAvisitwww.wnpa.org.TolearnmoreaboutFortUnionNationalMonumentvisitwww.nps.gov/foun.