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National Plant Diagnostic Network January 28 – 31, 2007, Orlando, Florida

National Repository CERIS

National Repository CERIS

National Meeting Program Guide

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National Plant Diagnostic Network National Meeting Orlando, Florida

January 28-31, 2007

WELCOME to the first national meeting of the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN). Since June of 2002, the collective efforts of many individuals representing Land Grant Universities, federal agencies, state departments of agriculture, and several plant industries have contributed to the transformation of the NPDN from a concept into an internationally respected network of plant diagnostic laboratories. The accomplishments have been significant including, an enhanced national diagnostics infrastructure, a secure networked communications system, the development and implementation of training programs that reached thousands of first detectors nationwide, and the development and implementation of an outbreak exercise program that helps States prepare for plant disease and insect pest outbreaks. These accomplishments were made possible because of the time, talents, and commitment to excellence by all members of the NPDN from the local to the national level. To the several people who helped to plan and organize this meeting, thank you! A special thanks to Karen Snover-Clift from Cornell University who put in many hours to make sure that all the necessary details to make this meeting successful were accomplished. Please take this opportunity to interact with your colleagues from other states and regions and to contribute to the future of NPDN. Again, welcome to this NPDN national meeting and thank you for the significant contributions that each of you gave to the development and success of the National Plant Diagnostic Network. Enjoy your meeting. Jim Stack Director, Great Plains Diagnostic Network Executive Director, NPDN Cover Photo Credits: Citrus Greening: J.M. Bove, INRA Centre de Recherches de Bordeaux, France Citrus Greening Photo courtesy T.R. Gottwald and S.M. Garnsey Citrus Variegated Chlorosis- USDA-ARS Giant Hogweed- University of Maine, Extension Potato Wart-CERIS, Purdue University Pink Hibiscus Mealy Bug- CDFA Plum Pox- Ralph Scorza, USDA Soybean Aphid- CES, NCSU Sudden Oak Death- DEFRA, UK Soybean Rust- Reid Fredrick, USDA-ARS

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Need Assistance?

Hello, we would like to introduce ourselves as your registration assistants for the first national meeting of the NPDN. We are Laura Ritchie (left) from the University of Florida who is a member of the Southern Plant Diagnostic Network and Dawn Dailey O'Brien (right) from Cornell University who is a member of the Northeast Plant Diagnostic Network. To make this event as pleasant as possible, we will be located at the registration desk throughout the meeting to assist you with registration, questions, directions, and/or any emergency needs you may have. We will be present at the registration desk Sunday 5pm-9pm, Monday and Tuesday 8am-5pm, and Wednesday 8am-12pm. Please stop by and say hello and we look forward to seeing you during the meeting.

Laura Ritchie- SPDN Dawn Dailey O’Brien- NEPDN

NPDN NATIONAL MEETING AGENDA DATE: JANUARY 28-31, 2007

Sunday, January 28, 2007: 5:00-7:00 Registration (Outside Floral Ballroom)

7:00-9:00 Welcome Reception and Viewing of Posters (Floral Ballroom and Oleander)

Monday, January 29, 2007:

I. Opening Session (Orange/Lemon/Lime):

08:00 Welcome Address: Introductions and Welcome: –Jim Stack, GPDN Director, Kansas State University, NPDN Operations Committee Executive Director

08:15 Keynote Address I: Agricultural Security as a USDA Priority –Kitty Cardwell, CSREES, National Program Leader –Mark R. Wilson, Program Manager, Chemical Biological Sciences Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation

09:05 Keynote Address II: Agricultural Security as a State Priority –Honorable Charles Bronson, Florida Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services –Mike Seyfert, Legislative Director for Senator Pat Roberts

09:45 Break

II. NPDN Report of Progress and Collaboration (Orange/Lemon/Lime)

10:00 NPDN: A Record of Accomplishments Overview of Network Record –Rick Bostock, WPDN Director, University of California at Davis

10:30 NPDN: Partnering for Success NAHLN –Mark Robinson, CSREES, Program Leader National Plant Board –Mike Brown, National Plant Board IPM –John Ayers, Director, Northeast IPM Center EDEN –Steve Cain, Extension Disaster Education Network Certified Crop Consultants –Harold Watters, North Central Regional Representative to the International Certified Crop Advisor Board

11:45 NPDN: Vision Vision for the NPDN–Ray Hammerschmidt, Director NCPDN, Michigan State University

12:15 Lunch (Jasmine/Magnolia)

1:15 High Consequence Plant Pathogens, Insect Pests, and Invasive Weeds How Real is the Threat? –Jim Stack, GPDN Director, Kansas State University, NPDN Operations Committee Executive Director Potato Cyst Nematode –Phil Berger, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, National Science Program Leader Citrus Greening –Ron Brlansky, University of Florida UG-99 Wheat Rust –Marty Carson, University of Minnesota Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 –Karen Snover-Clift, NEPDN Associate Director, Cornell University

2:45 Break

3:00 High Consequence Plant Pathogens, Insect Pests, and Invasive Weeds (continued) High Consequence Insect Pests Dan Gilrein, Entomologist, Cornell University High Consequence Weeds and Coordination of Invasive Species Efforts at the National Level –Robert Nowierski, CSREES

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III. Disease Surveillance: Technology and Strategy

3:40 Off –shore Pest Information Program and Preparedness Planning –Joel Floyd, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Emergency and Domestic Programs Early Detection Strategies- Vision and Direction with Pest Detection –Matt Royer, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Emergency and Domestic Programs PIPE –Scott Isard, Pennsylvania State University Epidemiology: Regional to Local Focus –Paul Jepson and Co-author, Oregon State University

5:00 Summary and Adjourn

6:30 Banquet (Palms Ballroom E) Entertainment: Great Moments in History and How the Fungi Got Us There. –George Hudler, NEPDN Director, Cornell University, accompanied by Rick Bostock, WPDN Director, University of California at Davis, on the Guitar.

Tuesday, January 30, 2007:

IV. Disease Diagnosis: Technology and Strategy (Orange/Lemon/Lime)

08:00 Developing a Technology Strategy –Chet Sutula, AGDIA, Inc. Advanced Diagnostics Technology: “Mind the Gap: The Role of the NRI in Supporting Plant Bio-security.” –John Sherwood, Program Leader CSREES Bio-security Collaborative Diagnostics: Distributed Laboratory Systems Integrated Consortium of Laboratory Networks –Randolph Long, Department of Homeland Security APHIS, National Diagnostics–Phil Berger, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, National Science Program Leader

10:00 Break V. Current Issues 10:15 Review of the Data Sharing Policy Document –Rick Bostock, WPDN Director, University of

California at Davis Operations Committee Function –Jim Stack, GPDN Director, Kansas State University, NPDN Operations Committee Executive Director Laboratory Accreditation and Method Standardization in the NPDN –Phil Berger, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, National Science Program Leader, and Denis McGee, Consultant, Iowa State University Information Security –Keith Watson, Research Engineer, CERIAS

12:15 Lunch (Jasmine/Magnolia)

VI. Subcommittee Break Out Sessions (The IPM Directors will be meeting in Tangerine B)

1:15 Diagnostics Subcommittee (Orange) (Moderator & Chair, Karen Snover-Clift- NEPDN) 1:15- Evolution of Laboratory Upgrades and Preparedness Training Since the Establishment of the National Plant Diagnostic Network –Karen Snover-Clift 1:30- New Tests Available through AGDIA –Mike Tiffany 1:45- Valuable Laboratory Techniques –Gail Ruhl 2:00- Discussion Section- Diagnostician Needs, Bar Coding Equipment, SOPs.

Education & Training Subcommittee (Lemon) (Moderator & Chair, Amanda Hodges- SPDN) 1:15- NRI Crop Bio-security Project Update –Gerald Holmes, Gerry Snyder, Howard Beck 1:30- ICS and Preparedness Training –Will Lanier 1:45- An Impact Should Make More Than a Dent in the Ground…. Making a Bigger Impact (statement) –Marty Draper

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2:00- Discussion Section

Epidemiology Subcommittee (Lime) (Moderator & Chair, Carla Thomas- WPDN) 1:15- Summary of Epidemiology Activities to Date –Carla Thomas 1:30- Phase 2 Data Fields –Tom Creswell 1:45- New Tools for Epidemiology- Maps and Reports –Mike Hill and Len Coop 2:00- Discussion Section

Public Relations Subcommittee (Tangerine A) (Moderator & Chair, Ray Hammerschmidt- NCPDN)

1:15- Overview of past efforts (Booth, Discussion Meetings, Presentations, Publications) 1:30- Future Needs and Approaches 1:45- Addition of New Members 2:00- Discussion Section-

National Database Subcommittee (Orange) (Moderator & Chair, Karen Snover-Clift- NEPDN) 2:15- An Overview of the Purpose and Recent Accomplishments of the National Database Subcommittee. –Karen Snover-Clift 2:30- What Is Phase 2 All About? –Eileen Luke 2:45- Use of the National NPDN Database for Early Warnings and Indications of New and Threatening Plant Pathogens and Pests. –Forrest Nutter 3:00- Discussion Section-

Website Subcommittee (Lemon) (Moderator & Chair, Karen Scott- NEPDN) 2:15- Overview of Committee Accomplishments –Karen Scott 2:30-Overview of the New Web Portals being Developed Part I –Will Baldwin 2:45-Overview of the New Web Portals being Developed Part II –Will Baldwin 3:00- Discussion Section-

Entomology (Lime) (Moderator & Chair, Amanda Hodges- SPDN) 2:15- New Pest Detections –Clay Kirby, University of Maine 2:30- Entomology Component in the PDIS Data Entry –Will Lanier, Montana State University 2:45-When Is a Pest of Regulatory Concern? –Joe Cavey, USDA-APHIS-PPQ 3:00- Discussion Section-

3:15 Break

3:30 Governance & Funding Subcommittee (Orange) (Moderator & Chair, Jim Stack- GPDN) 3:30- NPDN Funding: History, Prospects, and Strategy 3:45- NPDN: Pathway to Governance 4:00- NPDN Operations Committee: Structure and Function 4:15- NPDN Governance Charter (Draft)

Information Technology Subcommittee (Lemon) (Moderator & Chair, Eileen Luke- CERIS) 3:30- Security of the NPDN –Keith Watson 3:45- Managing Diagnostic Data in The NPDN –Eileen Luke 4:00- IT Challenges and Accomplishments –Will Baldwin 4:15- Discussion Section-

Exercise Subcommittee (Lime) (Moderator & Chair, Carla Thomas- WPDN) 3:30- Overview of NPDN Exercise Program –Carla Thomas 3:45- Exercise Partnership and the Incident Command System –Will Lanier and Mike Stubbs 4:00- On-line First Detector Exercises- New Tools –Howard Beck 4:15- Discussion Section-

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4:30 Training for the Legume Virus PIPE, (Orange) –Sue Tolin, Professor of Plant Pathology, Viginia Tech University

5:00 Adjourn Wednesday, January 31, 2007:

VII. Regional Meetings (IPM Directors are meeting in the Azalea room) (Review Team members are meeting in the Key Largo room)

08:00 Great Plains Diagnostic Network (Tangerine A) North Central Plant Diagnostic Network (Tangerine B) Northeast Plant Diagnostic Network (Orange) Southern Plant Diagnostic Network (Lemon) Western Plant Diagnostic Network (Lime)

10:00 Break


12:00 Lunch (all regions together) (Jasmine/Magnolia) -Dr. Gale Buchanan, USDA, Undersecretary for Research, Extension, and Economics


2:00 Break

2:15 Town Hall (Jasmine/Magnolia) Question and Answer Session

4:15 Summary and Adjourn

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Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday ThursdayJanuary 28, 2007 January 29, 2007 January 30, 2007 January 31, 2007 February 1, 2007

Break

Break Break

Regional Meetings Orange/Lemon/Lime/

Tangerine A & B 10:15am-12:00pm

BreakBreak

Break

Summary 4:15pm Adjourn

General Session Orange/Lemon/Lime

10:00am-12:15pm


Tangerine A & B 8:00am-10:00am

Registration 8:00am-12:00pm Poster Viewing- Oleander

8:00am-4:15pm IPM Directors- Azalea

8:00am-4:15pm Review Team- Key Largo

8:00am-4:15pm


3:00pm-5:00pm

Subcommittee Breakout Sessions Orange/Lemon/Lime/

Tangerine A 3:30pm-4:30pm

Lunch Jasmine/Magnolia 12:00pm-1:00pm


1:15pm-2:45pm


8:00am-9:45am Registration 8:00am-5:00pm

Poster Viewing- Oleander 8:00am-8:30pm

Registration Outside Floral Ballroom

5:00pm-9:00pm Welcome Reception

Floral Ballroom 7:00pm-9:00pm

Free Time

Banquet Palms Ballroom E 6:30pm-8:30pm

PIPE Discussion Orange 4:30pm-5:00pm

Calendar of Events

Subcommittee Breakout Sessions Orange/Lemon/Lime/

Tangerine A 1:15pm-3:15pm


Tangerine A & B 1:00pm-2:00pm

Town Hall Jasmine/Magnolia

2:15pm-4:15pm

NPPLAP Steering Committee Meeting

Room 12:00pm-4:00pm


Review Team Report Operations Committee

Tangerine A 8:00am-12:00pm



8:00am-10:00am Registration 8:00am-4:30pm

Poster Viewing- Oleander 8:am-4:30 pm

IPM Directors- Tangerine B 8:00am-4:15pm


10:15am-12:15pm

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John Ayers Professor of Plant Pathology The Pennsylvania State University Director, Pesticide Education Program Co-Director, Northeast IPM Center 814-865-7776 [email protected]

Steve Cain Disaster Communication Specialist and EDEN Homeland Security Project Director 765-494-8410 [email protected]

Will Baldwin Systems Engineer Information and Educational Technology Kansas State University Associate Director, GPDN 785-532-6270 [email protected]

Kitty Cardwell National Program Leader, Plant Pathology Past Executive Director, NPDN CSREES, USDA 202-401-1790 [email protected]

Rick Bostock Professor Department of Plant Pathology University of California, Davis Director, WPDN 530-752-0308 [email protected]

Marty Draper National Program Leader, Plant Pathology CSREES, USDA 202-401-1990 [email protected]

Mike Brown State Entomologist Plant Industries Division Missouri Department of Agriculture 573-751-5505 [email protected]

Ray Hammerschmidt Professor & Chair Department of Plant Pathology Michigan State University Director, NCPDN 517-353-8624 [email protected]

Jan Byrne Plant Pathologist Diagnostic Services Michigan State University Diagnostician, NCPDN 517-355-3504 [email protected]

Carrie Harmon Department of Plant Pathology University of Florida Assistant Director, SPDN 352-392-3631 [email protected]

Operations Committee Members

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Amanda Hodges Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida SPDN 352-392-1901, ext 199 [email protected]

Karen Snover-Clift Director, Plant Diagnostic Clinic Dept. of Plant Pathology Cornell University Associate Director, NEPDN 607-255-7860 [email protected]

George Hudler Professor & Chair Department of Plant Pathology Cornell University Director, NEPDN 607-255-7848 [email protected]

Jim Stack Professor, Plant Pathology Kansas State University Director, Bio-security Research Institute Executive Director, NPDN Director, GPDN 785-532-1388 [email protected]

Eileen Luke Director, CERIS Purdue University Director, NPDN National Database 765-494-6613 [email protected]

Carla Thomas Department of Plant Pathology University of California, Davis Deputy Director, WPDN National Exercise Coordinator 530-304-0689 [email protected]

Bob McGovern Professor University of Florida Director Plant Medicine Program Director, SPDN 352-392-3631, ext. 213 [email protected]

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Rick Bostock University of California, Davis- WPDN Karen Snover-Clift Chair, Cornell University- NEPDNKitty Cardwell CSREES, USDA Joy Pierzynski Secretary, Kansas State University- GPDNRay Hammerschmidt Michigan State University- NCPDN Phil Berger USDA, APHIS, PPQ, CHPSTCarrie Harmon University of Florida- SPDN Tamla Blunt Colorado State University- APS Rep.Amanda Hodges University of Florida- SPDN Jan Byrne Michigan State University- NCPDNGeorge Hudler Cornell University- NEPDN Tom Creswell University of Florida- SPDNEileen Luke Purdue Univeristy- CERIS Rick Grantham Oklahoma State University- GPDNBob McGovern University of Florida- SPDN Frank Hale University of Tennessee- SPDNKaren Scott Cornell University- NEPDN Carrie Harmon University of Florida- SPDNKaren Snover-Clift Cornell University- NEPDN Laurene Levy USDA, APHIS, PPQ, CHPST, NPGBLJim Stack Kansas State University- GPDN Amanda Hodges University of Florida- SPDN

Judy O'Mara Kansas State University- GPDNSara May Pennsylvania State University- NEPDN

Eileen Luke Co-chair, Purdue University- CERIS Mary Palm USDA, APHIS, PPQ, PHP, PSPICarla Thomas Co-chair, University of California, Davis- WPDN Melodie Putnam Oregon State Univesity- WPDNDavid Barber University of Georgia- SPDN Karen Rane Purdue University- NCPDNHoward Beck University of Forida- SPDN Timothy Tidwell CDFA- WPDNAndrew Coggeshall University of California, Davis- WPDN Mike Tiffany AGDIA- Industry RepresentativeLen Coop Oregon State University- WPDN Ned Tisserat Colorado State University- GPDNCasey Estep CDFA- WPDNMike Hill Purdue University- CERISPaul Jesop Oregon State University- WPDN Carla Thomas Chair, University of California, Davis- WPDNHans Luh Will Baldwin Kansas State University- GPDN

Carrie Harmon University of Florida- SPDNMike Hill Purdue University- CERIS

Jim Stack Chair, Kansas State University- GPDN Richard Hoenisch University of California, Davis- WPDNWill Baldwin Kansas State University- GPDN Jayasri Krishnasamy Kansas State University- GPDN

Eileen Luke Purdue University- CERISMary McKellar Cornell University- NEPDN

Karen Snover-Clift Chair, Cornell University- NEPDN Marietta Ryba-White Kansas State University- GPDNDavid Barber University of Georgia- SPDN Sherry Sanderson USDAAndrew Coggeshall University of California, Davis- WPDN Jim Stack Kansas State University- GPDNNancy Gregory University of Delaware, NEPDN Michael Stubbs USDAWill Lanier Montana State University- GPDNMark Mayfield Kansas State University- GPDNKaren Rane Purdue University- NCPDN Eileen Luke Chair, Purdue University- CERISVirginia Russell Purdue University- CERIS Will Baldwin Kansas State University- GPDNCarla Thomas University of California, Davis- WPDN Howard Beck University of Florida- SPDNTim Tidwell CDFA- WPDN Lee Duynslager Michigan State University- NCPDNAnn Vitoreli University of Florida- SPDN Mike Hill Purdue University- CERIS

Karen Scott Cornell University- NEPDNCarla Thomas University of California, Davis- WPDN

Jim Stack Executive Director- Kansas State University-GPDN Tim Tyler CDFA- WPDNKitty Cardwell Past Executive Director- USDA, CSREESCarrie Harmon Secretary, University of Florida- SPDNJohn Ayers IPM, Pennsylvania State University Ray Hammerschmidt Chair, Michigan State University- NCPDNWill Baldwin Kansas State University- GPDNRick Bostock University of California, Davis- WPDNMichael Brown National Plant Board Amanda Hodges Chair, University of Florida- SPDNJan Byrne Michigan State University- NCPDN Howard Beck University of Florida- SPDNSteve Cain EDEN Steve Cain EDENMarty Draper USDA, CSREES Keith Douce University of Georgia-SPDNRay Hammerschmidt Michigan State University- NCPDN Marty Draper USDA, CSREESAmanda Hodges University of Florida- SPDN Larry Halsey University of Florida- SPDNGeorge Hudler Cornell University- NEPDN Bill Hoffman USDA, CSREESEileen Luke Purdue University- CERIS Clayton Hollier Louisiana State University- SPDNBob McGovern University of Florida- SPDN Gerald Holmes North Carolina State University- SPDNKaren Snover-Clift Cornell University- NEPDN Bob McGovern University of Florida- SPDNCarla Thomas University of California, Davis- WPDN Tim Momol University of Florida- SPDN

NPDN Subcommities and Member List

Public Relations

Training & Education

Annual Meeting Diagnostics

Funding

Information Technology

Epidemiology

National Database

Exercise

Operations

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Howard Beck University of Florida- SPDN Cindy Richardson-Decker North Carolina State University- SPDNLee Duynslager Michigan State University- NCPDN Gail Ruhl Purdue University- NCPDNMike Hill Purdue University- CERIS Marietta Ryba-White Kansas State University- GPDNBill Hoffman USDA, CSREES Pat Skinner Louisiana State University- SPDNMary McKellar Cornell University- NEPDN Luther Smith CCATim Momol University of Florida- SPDN Gerry Snyder Kansas State University- GPDNKaren Scott Cornell University- NEPDN Jim Stack Kansas State University- GPDN

Harold Watters CCA & OSUNina Zidack Montana State University- GPDN

Karen Scott Chair, Cornell University- NEPDNAndrew Coggeshall University of California, Davis- WPDNLee Duynslager Michigan State University- NCPDNCarrie Harmon University of Florida- SPDNEileen Luke Purdue University- CERISMary McKellar Cornell University- NEPDNJudy O'Mara Kansas State University- GPDNKaren Snover-Clift Cornell University- NEPDN

Web

Operations Ad-Hoc Members Training & Education Con't

2004 NPDN Hemiptera: Auchenorrhycha, Sternrrhycha Workshop

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NPDN National Meeting

January 28-31, 2007 Orlando, Florida

Poster Abstracts

Category: Select and Significant Agents #1 Diagnosing Bacterial Leaf Streak of Rice JOY PIERZYNSKI (1), Judy O'Mara (1), Ned Tisserat (2) (1) Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (2) Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

Bacterial leaf streak, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, including China, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia, but is not found in temperate areas such as Japan and Korea. It also has recently become a significant problem in western Africa. The pathogen has not been reported in the United States and is currently on the national select agent list. Major concerns are that the pathogen is seed borne and, once introduced, is difficult to control. Available reports suggest that bacterial streak can cause yield losses of up to 17%, depending on the rice variety and climatic conditions. Bacterial leaf streak initially develops as interveinal, water-soaked leaf streaks or spots that eventually turn yellow to orange and exude bacterial ooze, but field diagnosis may be complicated by various nutritional problems or leaf diseases that exhibit similar symptoms. Confirmation of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola requires culturing and biochemical, serological or molecular-based diagnostics. However, there currently is a lack of an accurate, rapid and validated diagnostic method for identifying this pathogen.

#2 Brown Stripe Downy Mildew of Corn MELODIE L. PUTNAM, Kelly P. Collins Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR

Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae, the causal agent of brown stripe downy mildew (BSDM) of corn is a Select Agent which has not yet been found in the United States. BSDM has caused crop losses of 20-70% in India and, if introduced into the US, could have a devastating impact on our $23 billion corn industry. Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae is a straminipile which overseasons in infested soil or infected plant debris, causing leaf necrosis, reduced yield and plant death. With conducive environmental conditions, sporulation can occur rapidly in diseased leaves, producing a cyclical chain of secondary infection which can spread throughout the crop. Early recognition of the disease is important so that spread and subsequent crop loss is kept to a minimum. A Standard Operating Procedure for BSDM has been developed as part of the NPDN Diagnostics Subcommittee activities. The SOP provides NPDN diagnostic laboratories with the tools to hasten diagnosis and reporting should BSDM enter the United States.

Phytophthora Workshop Participants, Durham, NH

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#3 Diagnostic and Detection Efforts: HLB (Citrus Greening) and the NPDN CARRIE L. HARMON (1), Manjunath L. Keremane (2), Tim S. Schubert (3), Anne Vitoreli (4) (1) Southern Plant Diagnostic Network, Department of Plant Pathology, UF, Gainesville, FL, USA, (2) USDA ARS Citrus Germplasm Repository, Riverside, CA, USA, (3) Division of Plant Industry, Florida Dept.of Ag and Consumer Services., Gainesville, FL, USA, (4) Plant Disease Clinic, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Huanglongbing (HLB) is caused by a phloem-limited, psyllid-transmitted fastidious bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. The pathogen is on the USDA List of Select Agents, which indicates its bioterrorism potential and importance to citrus production, and complicates development of improved diagnostic methods. Current approved methods require specific real-time PCR technology and are complicated by the difficulty with which DNA is extracted from citrus tissue, and the low titer and irregular distribution of the pathogen in the host. In addition, there are indications that symptoms develop late in the process of host colonization; current diagnostic tests and resulting management efforts may be too late to effectively curtail pathogen spread by the psyllid vector. During initial phases of HLB geographical delimitation, NPDN diagnosticians have contributed to surge sample diagnosis, but limitations in national lab capacity remain, so management decisions are based on representative plants, not all plants. Since HLB was first detected in Florida in Fall 2005, tremendous national and regional efforts have been expended to train diagnosticians, develop new methods, and educate first detectors. The NPDN and its partners have contributed to a wealth of information and resources that have supported the national effort to protect US citrus production.

#4 Preparation for Citrus Variegated Chlorosis: Diagnostics and the NPDN CARRIE L. HARMON (1), Tim S. Schubert (2), Anne Vitoreli (3) (1) Department of Plant Pathology, UF, Gainesville, FL, USA, (2) Division of Plant Industry, Florida Dept. of Ag. and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA, (3) Plant Disease Clinic, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

The National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) has been involved in detection and diagnosis of many new plant diseases, including preparation for the exotic disease known as citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), caused by a particular strain of the xylem-limited sharpshooter-transmitted bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa. Most citrus cultivars grown in the US are susceptible to the disease, increasing its potential impact on citrus production both in commercial and residential settings. While presently impossible to diagnose in the field, the pathogen can be detected in the lab by light microscopy and culture on selective media. Serological and molecular methods of detection are also available, but like the microscopic and cultural methods, do not always reliably distinguish between CVC and other Xylella diseases already in the US. Disease management methods are limited, so exclusion and early detection are our only options, increasing the importance of rapid and accurate diagnosis, and encouraging collaboration between university, government, and private diagnosticians.

#5 Biology and Diagnosis of Philippine Downy Mildew JAN M. BYRNE (1), Ray Hammerschmidt (2) (1) Diagnostic Services, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, (2) Dept. of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI

Philippine downy mildew caused by Peronosclerospora philippinensis has not been reported in the United States. This pathogen is currently on the list of USDA PPQ Select Agents and Toxins. The pathogen causes significant economic losses in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, and Thailand. P. philippinensis infects corn, sorghum, sugarcane, and some weedy grass species. Young plants are infected by soil borne spores that persist in saturated soil. Improperly dried seed can also serve as a source of inoculum. Infected plants have chlorotic streaks may be stunted and have a wilted appearance. Infection may result in deformed tassels and infected ears do not develop properly. Spores produced on the underside of infected foliage are easily wind borne and serve as a source of secondary inoculum. Disease increases with increasing annual rainfall; production of conidia requires free moisture. Differentiation of P. philippinensis and other closely related oomycetes is difficult. NPDN diagnosticians will need training and detailed diagnostic resources to distinguish these fungi. Molecular diagnostic assays to identify this pathogen are not yet available.

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#6 Pink Hibiscus Mealybug AMANDA HODGES (1), Amy Roda (2), Greg Hodges (3) (1) SPDN, University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department, (2) USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, (3) Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry

The pink hibiscus mealybug (PHM), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), is an exotic pest species that invaded California in 1999 and Florida in 2002. PHM has also been detected in Louisiana in 2006. Worldwide, PHM has been recorded from over 300 host plant species, including citrus, ornamentals, and vegetables. Despite federal (USDA-APHIS-PPQ) and state department of agriculture efforts to regulate and control the spread of PHM to other susceptible states, periodic movement of infested plant material does occur. In California and Florida, control methods have primarily consisted of releasing the parasitic wasps, Anagyrus kamali Moursi and Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam and Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in order to maintain PHM populations below economically damaging levels. These parasitoids also have successfully controlled the mealybug in Grenada, the Bahamas, Belize, Guyana, Mexico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. Early detection and correct diagnosis is essential to minimizing widespread economic damage and/or prevent further establishment in the U.S.. During 2005, the NPDN was involved in a collaborative project with the National IPM Centers, USDA-APHIS-PPQ, the National Plant Board, and several Land Grant University scientists to provide response, diagnostics, and education for this important exotic species.

#7 Plum Pox in North America – A Tough Nut to Crack! SARA R. MAY (1), Karen L. Snover-Clift (2), Ruth A. Welliver (3), John M. Halbrendt (4), Blake Ferguson (5), Mike Tiffany (6), Jan Byrne (7) (1) The Pennsylvania State University, (2) Cornell University, (3) Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, (4) The Pennsylvania State University, (5) Canadian Food Inspection Agency, (6) Agdia, Inc., (7) Michigan State University

Plum pox virus (PPV) causes a destructive disease of stone fruit trees such as plums, peaches, and apricots. PPV was first detected in North America in Adams County Pennsylvania in 1999, followed by detections in Ontario and Nova Scotia Canada in 2000. Extensive testing, strict quarantines and eradication programs showed promising results that PPV was being contained in the quarantined areas of the U.S. and Canada. In 2006, the survey efforts revealed the pathogen in two more states, New York and Michigan. The pathogen found was identified as PPV strain D, which is known to spread slowly and is not readily transmitted by seed. Researchers and agricultural regulatory officials are continuing to search for the pathogen in surrounding areas in hopes of preventing its spread.

#8 Biology and Diagnosis of Synchytrium endobioticum, the Causal Agent of Potato Wart JAN BYRNE Michigan State Univ, Diagnostic Services, East Lansing, MI, USA

Potato wart, caused by Synchytrium endobioticum is on the list of USD-APHIS-PPQ Select Agents and Toxins, and is an important quarantine pest throughout the world. The pathogen is established in parts of Asia, Africa, Europe, South America, and New Zealand. S. endobioticum is also found in soils in Newfoundland, Canada where strict quarantines are in place. Disease symptoms include lumpy gall-like growths; galls form on stem tissue, stolon buds and tuber eyes. Galls formed below ground are white and fleshy, galls begin to decay and turn color with age. Three spore types are produced: zoospores, summer sporangia and winter sporangia. Sporangia are formed within host cells of diseased tissue. Diagnostic characteristics of winter sporangia include their size (35 – 80 µm), golden brown color, thick wall, and angular appearance. Potato wart is spread by infected seed tubers and by movement of infested soil. Chemical soil treatments are not a viable option to eradicate sporangia, which can persist for up to 20 years in soil. Exclusion of the pathogen from non-infested areas is the most efficient method of disease control. NPDN diagnosticians in potato growing areas of the U.S. would benefit from diagnostic training to enhance their abilities to diagnose S. endobioticum.

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#9 Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3, biovar 2: a Potato Disease Becomes a Challenge for Geranium Growers KAREN SNOVER-CLIFT (1), Margery L. Daughtrey (2), Caitilyn Allen (3), David J. Norman (4), Darryl L. Thomas (5) (1) Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, (2) Cornell Univ, Riverhead, NY USA, (3) Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA, (4) Univ. of Florida, Apopka, FL, USA, (5) Goldsmith Seeds, Gilroy, CA, USA

Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3, biovar 2 (R3bv2) is a devastating pathogen, causing brown rot disease on potatoes in the highland tropics and some temperate zones, as well as bacterial wilt on tomatoes, eggplants, and some weeds and ornamentals. Because this strain is thought to be relatively cold-tolerant, it is perceived as a threat to seed potato production in the northern United States and is listed as a Select Agent. Recently, R3bv2 was inadvertently imported into the U. S. in unrooted geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum) cuttings from Central America and Africa. Prompt response to these introductions, including expedited regulatory actions, allowed effective eradication of the pathogen, but unfortunately at great expense to geranium growers. Precise diagnosis of this pathogen is essential, since related but non-R3bv2 strains of R. solanacearum are endemic in the southeastern U.S. Diagnosticians have used biovar tests based on acidification of disaccharides and sugar alcohols, host inoculations, and several different PCR tests to reliably identify this Select Agent. To reduce the risk of importing R3bv2, enhanced clean stock programs with random immunological testing are now employed at off-shore geranium production sites. Geranium propagators have adopted a barcode system to track cuttings.

#10 Soybean Aphid AMANDA HODGES (1), Ames Herbert (2), Howard Schwartz (3), Eileen Cullen (4), Susan Ratcliffe (5) (1) SPDN, University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department, (2) Virginia Tech, Tidewater Agriculture Research and Education Center, Suffolk, VA, (3) Colorado State University, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Ft. Collins, CO, (4) University of Wisconsin, Entomology Department, Madison, WI, (5) North Central Region IPM Center, University of Illinois Department of Crop Science

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura is native to Asia and was first detected in the continental U.S. in Wisconsin during 2000. By 2003, 21 U.S. states and three Canadian provinces had confirmed reports of soybean aphid. Soybean aphid was probably originally mistaken for cotton or melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover in the field, but soybean aphid is more likely to form high-density colonies on soybean plants. Significant yield loss can result from these aphid populations if left unchecked. Regular scouting of soybean fields and consultation with local extension specialists is necessary for proper management. Due to its recent introduction status, some biological research to improve our understanding of the insect’s life cycle and the potential for predicting pest outbreaks is still in progress. In order to assist in extension efforts and provide additional research-related information for the soybean aphid, the NPDN has partnered with the National IPM Centers, and Land Grant University specialists to incorporate the soybean aphid into the Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education, http://www.sbrusa.net/ during 2006. In addition to the soybean aphid monitoring efforts in soybean, Colorado State University led the coordination of soybean aphid monitoring for other legumes (primarily common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris) in the western U.S.

#11 Soybean Rust: Detection and Diagnosis in the U.S. CARRIE L. HARMON (1), Jan M. Byrne (2), Don E. Hershman (3), Howard Schwartz (4), Joy Pierzynski (5), Melodie L. Putnam (6) (1) SPDN, Dept. of Plant Pathology, UF, Gainesville, FL, USA, (2) NCPDN, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, (3) Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY, USA, (4) Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA, (5) Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA, (6) Plant Clinic, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

Asian and New World soybean rusts are caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae, respectively. P. pachyrhizi was on the USDA’s List of Select Agents in 2002, but was de-listed in 2005 once the fungus had become established in the southern U.S. Reclassification of P. pachyrhizi was the result of requests by scientists to be able to work with the pathogen in light of its widespread distribution in the U.S. and its potential to significantly impact U.S. agriculture. Prior to the first U.S. detection of soybean rust, NPDN diagnosticians were trained to identify this pathogen at APHIS training sessions, by viewing preserved spores and infected leaves, and via teleconference with a PPQ Mycology Identifier. Funds were secured to purchase real-time PCR capability for each region, enabling the detection of the pathogen prior to symptom development. Research efforts in 4 regions in conjunction with ARS scientists determined the early detection limits of this technology. Additional research compared microscopic, serological and PCR methods. First detectors were trained in all 5 regions to scout and properly collect samples. The NPDN and its partners have contributed to a wealth of information and resources, such as scouting guides and the real-time reporting of the PIPE project, that support the national effort to protect U.S. legumes from soybean rust.

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#12 Phytophthora ramorum in the USA: A Time Line of Knowledge and Events TIMOTHY TIDWELL (1), Cheryl Blomquist (1), Jennifer Falacy (2), Umesh Kodira (1), Nancy Osterbauer (3), Melodie Putnam (3) (1) CA Dept. Food & Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostics Center, Sacramento, CA, (2) Washington Department of Agriculture, Olympia, WA, USA, (3) Oregon Department of Agriculture, Salem, OR, USA Phytophthora ramorum, a recently discovered plant pathogen, has caused widespread mortality in certain native tree species in 14 counties in coastal California and in 1 southern Oregon county. It also causes a less-severe foliar blight of native under story species, and of numerous ornamental hosts such as Camellias. Much has been learned about the diagnosis, management, and biology of this pathogen since its first detection in the late 1990s. #13 National Phytophthora ramorum Early Detection Surveys for Forests 2003-2005 STEVEN W. OAK (1), Borys M. Tkacz (2), William D. Smith (3), Edwin K. Yockey (1) (1) USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC, USA, (2) USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, USA, (3) USDA Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

Phytophthora ramorum diseases in US forest landscapes were first detected in central coastal CA in the mid-1990's. The vulnerability of other ecosystems is suggested by brisk trade in woody ornamental hosts; greenhouse inoculation trials of other nursery and forest plants; and the discovery in Europe of disease in hosts which are abundant in eastern United States oak forests. Federal and state forest management agencies in seven eastern states joined in pilot tests of early detection forest survey methods in 2003. Climatic variables, putative host abundance and distribution, and potential pathways of introduction were combined in a hazard map used to guide sampling. The survey was expanded to 38 states in 2004 after it was learned the pathogen had been introduced throughout the United States on infected woody ornamental plants from a CA nursery. Smaller introductions were repeated in 2004 through 2006 from CA, OR, and WA nurseries. As a result, 24 states have confirmed P. ramorum in nurseries, presenting a risk of establishment in forests. This poster reports results of forest surveys for the period 2003-05.

Category: Region #14 The Great Plains Diagnostic Network: Protecting Natural and Agricultural Plant Systems in the Heartland JAMES P. STACK Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

The Great Plains Diagnostic Network (GPDN) was established as one of the five regional networks of the National Plant Diagnostic Network. GPDN comprises nine states over a vast area of the Unites States. The GPDN region is complex and variable with respect to climate. The accomplishments of GPDN since 2002 are similar to those of other regions, including, the establishment of an effective communications system, the implementation of a web-enabled microscopy system in all GPDN diagnostic labs, the adoption of a standard lab management software system (Plant Diagnostic Information System), the successful completion of preparedness exercises in all GPDN states, the development and implementation of several training opportunities for GPDN diagnosticians, the development and implementation of several training programs for first detectors, and the sharing of expertise throughout the region.

#15 The NCPDN: Overview and Accomplishments RAY HAMMERSCHMIDT (1), Janet Byrne (1), Lee Duynslager (2) (1) Department of Plant Pathology and NCPDN, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, (2) Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

The NCPDN has been engaged enhancing diagnostics infrastructure and in the delivery and development of education and training programs. All NCPDN labs have web-enabled digital cameras for microscopy, video-conferencing capabilities, and have increased diagnostic capabilities through acquisition of biosafety cabinets, PCR equipment and other tools needed for modern disease and pest diagnostics. Regional meetings have stressed diagnostic techniques and have highlighted strengths of the different labs in the region. These meetings have included PCR workshops that stressed conventional and real time PCR as well as diagnostic approaches for pathogens and pests such as Aphanomyces, Verticillium, Ralstonia and Emerald Ash Borer. Many of the NCPDN diagnosticians have also participated in APHIS diagnostics training. NCPDN members have been actively engaged in first detector training and in presentation on diagnostics and the need for enhancing diagnostics for national security. Examples of specific accomplishments for each NCPDN state will be presented.

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#16 The Northeast Plant Diagnostic Network: Partnering for Plant Protection George W. Hudler (1), KAREN L. SNOVER-CLIFT (1), Karen A. Scott (1), Mary E. McKellar (1), Patricia A. Clement (1) (1) Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

The Northeast Plant Diagnostic Network (NEPDN) is comprised of specialists in the 12 state northeastern region of the U.S. Most states are represented by plant pathologists at their land grant universities, but the NEPDN also works closely with other state and federal agencies. Since 2002, NEPDN members have upgraded equipment and attended training sessions to learn state-of-the-art diagnostic procedures and acceptable communications packages. They have become a cohesive team capable of rapid response to a wide array of potential threats to Northeast agriculture. The Regional Center is at Cornell University. Staff coordinate training in diagnostic techniques and communications, conduct annual exercises to assure that members follow a proscribed protocol in case a suspect select agent is found, and collaborate with partners in other regions to develop modules for training “first-detectors.” They also maintain web sites for both regional and national audiences and they provide technical support to assure that communications within the Network are secure and seamless. Publication of a monthly newsletter used by all members of the National network also originates in the Northeast. Our first five years have allowed us to build a foundation from which we expect to play a vital role in protecting the Nation’s agriculture in the 21st century.

#17 Working Towards Safer Agriculture in the South: The Southern Plant Diagnostic Network 2002-2006 CARRIE L. HARMON (1), Amanda C. Hodges (2), Timur Momol (3), Howard Beck (4), Pamela D. Roberts (5), Robert J. McGovern(1) (1) Department of Plant Pathology, UF, Gainesville, FL, USA, (2) Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF, Gainesville, FL, USA, (3) Department of Plant Pathology, North Florida Research and Ed. Center, Quincy, FL, USA, (4) Department of Agricultural Engineering, UF, Gainesville, FL, USA, (5) Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Ed. Center, UF, Imokalee, FL, USA

The Southern Plant Diagnostic Network (SPDN) is a consortium of laboratories and extension professionals at 14 land-grant institutions in the southeast United States and the Caribbean and part of the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN). Each of the 5 NPDN regions is responsible for networking, supporting, and training diagnostic and first detector personnel in their regions, plus each region has primary responsibility for one national component. In the SPDN, this component is Training and

Education of First Detectors. The southern region has a high number of new pest and pathogen introductions each year, necessitating constant communication, training and improvement of standardized diagnostic protocols, as well as improvement and standardization of sample data collection. Input from members during annual meetings, regular conference calls with committees, and email and phone communications has led to improvements in the SPDN. The SPDN has trained over 1000 First Detectors, introduced a regional website and newsletter to communicate with members and the public, and has held numerous diagnostician-level training events. The most recent improvement to the SPDN is the development of an Advisory Council. This council represents all of the personnel components that comprise the SPDN, and will be solicited for input on all matters relating to the regional network.

Scouting in New York State Soybean Rust Sentinel Plot

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#18 The Western Plant Diagnostic Network

RICHARD M. BOSTOCK (1), Carla S. Thomas (1), Richard Hoenisch (1), Andrew Coggeshall (1), Umesh Kodira (2), Timothy Tyler (1) (1) National Plant Diagnostic Network, WPDN, (2)CDFA

WPDN is a consortium of land grant institutions and state departments of agriculture throughout the 10 western United States and U.S. territories in the Pacific that provide services for plant disease diagnosis, plant identification, and insect/pest identification. WPDN provides funding and support for diagnostic labs for salaries, equipment, training of diagnosticians and first detectors, and surge capacity. WPDN also maintains a regional database of diagnostic records from these labs and forwards this information to the NPDN National Repository. The WPDN provides national leadership for the NPDN Epidemiology and Exercise programs and supports the WPDN First Detector Training program. The WPDN has produced two Homoptera identification workshops in support of entomologists. The WPDN has established three sentinel labs with the - California Dept of Food and Agriculture, Oregon State University and University of Hawaii/Hawaii Department of Agriculture - for surge and expert support for other labs. The WPDN has provided resources for diagnostic laboratories and training programs throughout the region.

Category: Subcommittees #19 The NPDN Diagnostics Subcommittee KAREN L. SNOVER-CLIFT (1) (1)Northeast Plant Diagnostic Network, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Established in January of 2003, the initial goals of the subcommittee were to coordinate websites, create a list-serve, create objectives, coordinate permit acquisition, compile lists of regional significant agents, create standard operating procedures (SOPs) and to coordinate select agent workshops. The committee has grown to include two representatives from each of the NPDN Regions plus industry and other organizations and disciplines. Each year the committee has continued to improve and add to the SOPs that first focused on the most pressing select agent pathogens. A true test of the network’s response occurred with the introduction of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 in January 2, 2004. Significant events followed with the pathogens that cause Sudden Oak Death in March 2004 and Soybean Rust in November 2004. Monthly conference calls were established to coordinate our efforts. We have worked closely with the IT subcommittee and have participated in meetings focused on the National Repository data collection. We also worked with USDA collaborators to conduct an experiment designed to detect the presence of soybean rust and to work towards laboratory certification. The subcommittee has developed into a cohesive group that strives to keep all diagnosticians informed and prepared for introductions of hazardous pests and pathogens.

#20 The NPDN Epidemiology Subcommittee CARLA THOMAS (1), Eileen Luke (2), Mike Hill (3), Andrew Coggeshall (1), Howard Beck (4), David Barber, JR (5), Will Baldwin (6), Casey Estep (7), Timothy Tidwell (7), Len Coop (8), Hans Luh (8), Forrest Nutter (9) (1) WPDN,NPDN, (2) NPDN National Repository, (3) NPDN, CERIS, (4) NPDN, SPDN, (5)U of GA DDDI, (6) NPDN, GPDN, PDIS, KSU, (7)NPDN, WPDN, CDFA, (8) NPDN, OSU, IPPC, WPDN, (9)NPDN, GPDN, ISU

The mission of the epidemiology subcommittee is to design, implement and maintain epidemiological analyses of the NPDN national and regional databases. The goal of the Epidemiology Committee is to design, develop and implement analyses using the NPDN diagnostic record data as well as other data from other sources, to detect outbreaks at the earliest stage possible, whether intentionally introduced or not. Outbreaks may be local, state, regional or national events. When possible, pathway analysis may also be conducted. The Epidemiology Committee has conducted analyses on legacy datasets to determine fields of interest. It has also identified seven types of outbreak anomalies. It is currently designing and developing the first analysis tools for detection of anomalies. The committee also has proposed an initial design for phase 2 database fields to expand the analysis capability of the NPDN. The design is under consideration by a national ad hoc subcommittee of diagnosticians, IT managers, epidemiologists, and NPDN administration that are members of NPDN.

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#21 Challenges to Sustained Funding of the National Plant Diagnostic Network JAMES P. STACK (1) (1)Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA

The establishment of the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) was funded as part of the national response to the need for biosecurity of our agricultural systems. Although the original impetus was to protect against intentional introductions, it has become clear that the benefits that derive from NPDN extend far beyond the original goal; NPDN will greatly increase the security of our natural and agricultural plant systems, whether or not an intentional introduction is ever detected. Consequently, it is imperative that we achieve a sustained funding base for NPDN. This will require a balanced and sustained communications plan to ensure that policy makers, organizational administrators, clientele groups, and the general public are kept well informed as to the direct and indirect benefits that accrue from NPDN. This includes a communications program that targets land grant university (LGU) administrators, LGU governmental liaisons, commodity groups, agricultural support industries, and producers. The work we do is important; it is equally important to convey that message to those who benefit from that work and those who influence decision making.

#22 NPDN IT Subcommittee, Information Technology In The National Plant Diagnostic Network Will Baldwin (1), Howard Beck (2), Andrew Coggeshall (3), Lee Duynslager (4), Mike Hill (4), Eileen Luke (4), Karen Scott (5), Carla Thomas (3) (1)Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, (2)University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (3)University of California, Davis, CA, (4)Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, (5)Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

The NPDN IT Network is a complex distributed system managing all types of information and communications in a secure and a reliable manner. The NPDN is coordinating and collecting diagnostic records from designated laboratories at Land Grant Universities, state departments of agriculture, and state and federal regulatory laboratories. This is a coordinated effort among the five Regional Plant Diagnostic centers and Purdue to mutually develop, maintain, and service a network of storage, management, and processing of plant diagnostic data in order to better detect and diagnose plant health problems and safeguard against newly introduced and re-emerging pathogens. Other IT components, which included such items as security assessment, secured communications module, exercise scenario module, etc. which supported the mission of the NPDN were implemented. #23 The NPDN National Database Subcommittee KAREN L. SNOVER-CLIFT Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

The NPDN National Database Subcommittee was established in January of 2006. The goals of the subcommittee were to create guidelines and review documents to instruct NPDN users how to properly use the National Repository system and to review existing data fields to determine if they met current needs. The subcommittee was comprised of one-two representatives from each region and a representative from the National Repository. The subcommittee has been very productive accomplishing tasks that include defining new level of confidence terms, defining how to handle specific situations when uploading data to the National Repository, designing the layout and creating a draft version of the NPDN Upload Guideline, creating a review team to process user change requests to the EPA code listings, assisting in the planning and coordination of the 3rd IT-Diagnosticians Meeting, focusing on “Phase 2” of data collection, and reviewing and recommending changes to the abiotic EPA pest codes, nematode EPA pest codes, and the EPA host codes. The subcommittee has developed into a cohesive group that strives to create a consistent system for all members of the network to report findings to the National Repository.

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#24 The NPDN Exercise Subcommittee CARLA THOMAS (1), Mary McKellar (2), Carrie Harmon (3), Marietta Ryba-White (4), Sandy Perry (5), Will Baldwin (4), Eileen Luke (6), Michael Stubbs (7), Sherry Sanderson (7), James Stack (4) (1) WPDN, University of California, Davis, (2) NEPDN, Cornell University,(3) SPDN, University of Florida, Gainesville, (4) GPDN, Kansas State University, (5) NCPDN, Michigan State University, (6) CERIS, Purdue University, (7)APHIS-WR-PPQ

The mission of the NPDN Exercise Subcommittee is to oversee the design, development, implementation and facilitation of chain of custody - communication exercises for the NPDN. The Exercise Subcommittee coordinates exercises to assure their quality and standardization at the national level. The goal of the Exercise Subcommittee is to help all exercise participants (local, extension, state and federal) understand their roles and responsibilities, and how their efforts coordinate with those of the others while practicing standard operating procedures (SOPs) in a non-critical environment. Another goal is to improve the SOPs by identifying and removing ambiguity in the protocols as well as gaps in the procedures. Membership of the Exercise Subcommittee includes representatives from PDIS, CERIS, the National Plant Board, APHIS and the NPDN Regional and National Exercise Coordinators. Fourty-two exercises have been conducted in 44 states and two US territories. Nine states and one territory have completed two exercises, and one state has completed three. Two states have conducted First Detector Exercises. The Subcommittee has partnered with other exercise programs including APHIS, NAHLN, and the Border Governor’s Ag Work Table. Products of this Subcommittee include a website dedicated to each exercise and a training manual for exercise coordinators.

#25 Structure and Function of the National Plant Diagnostic Network Operations Committee JAMES P. STACK Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State Univesrity, Manhattan, KS

The establishment and subsequent development of the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) was guided by a national operations committee whose members represented federal agencies, state departments of agriculture, and the land grant universities. Through a combination of regular conference calls and face-to-face meetings, challenges were addressed, issues resolved, and policies set. This group provided oversight for network operations and served as the mechanism by which to ensure communications among the five regional networks and the federal and state agencies with whom NPDN interacts. The NPDN has become an excellent model for government-university interaction and the NPDN Operations Committee an effective mechanism to facilitate the development and evolution of the network.

Operations Committee Meeting, Dallas, TX

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#26 NPDN Public Relations RAY HAMMERSCHMIDT (1), Lee Duynslager (2), Molly Sklapsky (3) (1) Department of Plant Pathology and NCPDN, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA, (2) NCPDN, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA, (3) Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA

Public Relations develops and presents information on the NPDN at National Meetings. Over the past several years, the NPDN has had a PR presence at the American Phytopathological Society, The Entomological Society of America, the Weed Science Society of America and NAACA. At these meetings, the NPDN has had an information booth that functions to distribute informational brochures, handouts on NPDN accomplishments, and a short powerpoint presentation on the network that runs continuously. Expertise in both diagnostics and IT are present at the booth to discus the NPDN and answer questions. At national meetings, an open discussion meeting is also held to provide updates and build connections among those involved in the NPDN or would like to become involved. These discussions are open to all who attend the meetings. Public Relations also keeps track of presentations about the network given by NPDN members. The NPDN IT committee has developed an on-line form to allow presenters to enter this information into a data base so that the data can be stored in a form that can be sorted and examined in more detail. Over the years, presentations have been given to a wide range of groups. Audiences have included land grant university officials, state and federal agencies, elected officials, extension agents, crop consultants and growers.

#27 NPDN Training and Education AMANDA C. HODGES (1), Robert J. McGovern (2), Tim Momol (3), Mary McKellar (4), Gail Ruhl (5), Gerald Holmes (6), Steven Cain (7), William Lanier (8), Nina Zidack (8), Richard Hoenisch (9) (1) SPDN, University of Florida, Entomology & Nematology Department, Gainesville, FL, (2) SPDN, University of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Gainesville, FL, (3) SPDN, University of Florida, NFREC, Department of Plant Pathology, Quincy, FL, (4) NEPDN, Cornell University, Department of Plant Pathology, Ithaca, NY, (5) Purdue University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, West Lafayette, IN, (6) North Carolina State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, (7) Purdue University, EDEN, West Lafayette, IN, (8) Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Science, Bozeman, MT, (9) WPDN, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA

The NPDN Training and Education Subcommittee initiated a nationwide program for First Detectors (FDs) in the fall of 2003. These individuals include anyone who is in a position to notice an unusual plant pest outbreak and is trained to report unusual pest activity to the network’s diagnostic labs. Guidelines and polices for FD training are continually updated and communicated by the subcommittee through the First Detector Educator Training Manual. Over 12,000 FDs have received training using the six core modules and training manual and over 3,000 are included in a national FD registry. Registered FDs receive the national FD newsletter and pest alert information. Special topic training sessions have also been conducted on primarily high-risk plant diseases and arthropods of interest, such as Soybean Rust, Sudden Oak Death, and Pink Hibiscus Mealybug. Increasing the availability and quantity of information accessible on the internet to all potential FDs and Extension educators has been the most recent emphasis of the subcommittee. Six core training modules and special topic modules are now available on the First Detector Information Page of the NPDN website http://www.npdn.org/. In addition to increasing availability of training materials, online testing and learning options will be built into the program during 2007 at http://cbc.at.ufl.edu/.

#28 Website subcommittee KAREN A. SCOTT (1), Andrew Coggeshall (2), Lee Duynslager (3), Carrie Harmon (4), Eileen Luke (5), Mary McKellar (1), Judy O'Mara (6), Karen L. Snover-Clift (1), Carla Thomas (2) (1) NEPDN Regional Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, (2) WPDN Regional Center, University of California, Davis, CA (3) NCPDN Regional Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, (4) SPDN Regional Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (5) CERIS- National Repository, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, (6) GPDN Regional Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

The purpose of the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) Website Subcommittee is to represent the Network Websites efforts to the Operations Committee in policy and development decisions. This includes content, format, access levels, and security for both regional and national websites. The goals of this subcommittee are to 1) Develop an effective electronic communication tool for members of the NPDN, federal policy makers and funding agencies and the general public. 2) Establish policy and 3) Maintain consistency across all regional and national websites.

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Category: Author Initiated, Diagnostics #29 A Comprehensive Genome-based Diagnostics Resource and Pipeline for Identification of Threatening Plant Pathogens JILLIAN M. LANG (1), C. Robin Buell (2), Jan E. Leach (1), Ned Tisserat (1), Tom Powers (3), Andre Levesque (4) (1) Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, (2) The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD, USA, (3) University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA, (4) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Diagnosticians are increasingly using molecular markers developed from genomic data to identify threatening plant pathogens. However, widespread use of this technology has been limited by the paucity of genomic data for certain plant pathogens, a lack of a centralized phytopathogen database and the need for bioinformatics training. We have been funded by the USDA to address these limitations by constructing a comprehensive resource to house publicly available genome sequence and annotation data for plant pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes and provide search tools to facilitate the use of genomic data by the community. This database and resource will be coupled to 1) an experimental component in which we develop genomic based diagnostic tools for three proof-of-concept pathogens (Xanthomonas, Pythium, and Meloidogyne) and 2) an educational component involving training of plant pathologists and diagnosticians in genomics, bioinformatics, and molecular diagnostic methods. We will present progress on the Comprehensive Phytopathogen Genome Resource (http://cpgr.tigr.org>http://cpgr.tigr.org).

#30 Recommendations of the SPDN Lab Infrastructure Committee ELIZABETH A. BUSH, Mary Ann Hansen Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

The ad hoc SPDN Lab Infrastructure Committee was formed during the 2005 SPDN Annual Meeting. This committee compiled the infrastructure components required to meet SPDN minimum standards (First Tier Infrastructure Guidelines) and developed Second Tier Infrastructure Guidelines (STIG) for diagnostic laboratories aiming for a very high standard in diagnostic capabilities. The STIG allow for a broad range of diagnostic capabilities, ranging from traditional taxonomic identification of plant pathogens, which remains a critical component of plant diagnostics, to current serological, chemical and molecular diagnostic methods. The STIG also include recommendations on the locations of equipment and activities within the laboratory that address the need to segregate sensitive molecular assays from potential contaminants. Other recommendations applicable to both tiers are included, such as documentation of standard operating practices and access to literature. The committee recognizes that different labs face different constraints and that strict adherence to the guidelines is not always possible. In many cases, labs can adhere to the intent of the STIG through various mechanisms, while not strictly following the STIG. The intent of this poster is to promote dialogue toward development of official guidelines for lab infrastructure requirements within the SPDN.

#31 Entomology in the National Plant Diagnostic Network AMANDA HODGES (1), William Lanier (2), Joseph Cavey (3), Carlos Bogran (4), Dale Pollet (5), Barbara Bloetscher (6), Richard Grantham (7), Carol Sutherland (8) (1) SPDN, University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department, Gainesville, FL, (2) Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Science, Bozeman, MT, (3) USDA-APHIS-PPQ, National Identification Services, (4) Texas A&M University, Texas Cooperative Extension, College Station, TX, (5) LSU AgCenter, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA, (6) The Ohio State University, C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic, Columbus, OH, (7) Oklahoma State University, Entomology and Plant Pathology Department, Plant Disease and Insect Lab, Stillwater, OK, (8) New Mexico State University and New Mexico Department of Agriculture, Las Cruces, NM

Although NPDN’s initial programmatic activities were focused on plant pathogens, more extensive efforts to address insect pest issues have occurred since 2004. Several entomological diagnostic laboratories are now fully incorporated and provide data to the NPDN database, entomology-specific priorities have been budgeted into several NPDN-state programs, and numerous workshops (including multiple day conferences) have been conducted at the national, regional and local levels dealing with various arthropod pest taxa and using pest-specific, First Detector training modules and multiple delivery tools. Nationwide, at least 170 participants have attended intensive, multiple day taxonomic training sessions. New continental records, county records, host records, and increased communications between taxonomic specialists and participants have resulted from these training sessions. More recently in 2006, a temporary Ad-Hoc NPDN Entomology Committee was formed to further enhance the network’s reach into entomological issues, define future entomology goals, objectives and methodologies, and to increase overall participation of entomology experts in national NPDN subcommittees. For further information feedback, suggestions, and comments, please contact Amanda Hodges, [email protected].

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#32 Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant Health Section Programs-2006 SHAWN MENG, Nancy Osterbauer, Sid Sedegui, Cindy Fraley, Robin Ludy, Aaron Trippe, Melissa Austin, Renecca Tippner-Hedges, Erika Berghauer, Moriah Schalock Oregon Department of Agriculture, Salem, Oregon, USA

There are five main programs within the Plant Health Section, Oregon Department of Agriculture: seed field inspection, nematode survey, virus certification, post-harvest seed testing, and Phytophthora ramorum certification. In 2006, 558 seed crop fields (12,507 acres) of 19 different crops were surveyed for seed-borne pathogens of regulatory concern. The most common diseases observed were cabbage stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and carrot bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. carotae). Exactly 122 soil and root samples were tested for Columbia Root Knot Nematode (CRKN) and other plant parasitic nematodes to meet Canadian import requirements. No CRKN was found. ODA has begun to collect soil samples for potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) and golden nematode (G. rostochiensis). ELISA was used to test 13,582 trees grown in nurseries participating in Oregon's virus certification program. Infection rates ranged from 0% for TmRSV to 10% for ACLSV. Over 10,000 blueberry plants were tested for BBShV and BBScV; 4% of plants were infected with BBShV. Over 3,800 seed lots for exports were tested in the lab for quarantine pests. A total of 79,900 samples were tested for P. ramorum to meet the requirements of USDA's Federal Order for West Coast nursery stock. P. ramorum eradication efforts continue in forested areas of Curry County.

#33 USDA/APHIS Operational Morphological, Molecular and Biochemical Diagnostics MARY E. PALM USDA/APHIS/PPQ, Beltsville MD USA

Final identification and diagnostic confirmation for foreign and domestic interceptions of quarantine plant pests are the responsibility of the National Identification Services (NIS) branch in the Plant Safeguarding and Pest Identification unit of Plant Health Programs in APHIS/PPQ. NIS coordinates final identifications by staff scientists (Natl. Identifiers), ARS and other cooperating labs. To date, molecular and biochemical diagnostics for PPQ have been performed by ARS and CPHST methods laboratories in Cape Cod, MA (Pest Survey Detection and Exclusion Lab) and Beltsville, MD (National Plant Germplasm and Biotechnology Lab). PPQ recently transferred the operational molecular and biochemical diagnostics to NIS and funded the establishment of a new Molecular Diagnostic Lab (MDL). The MDL is located in Building 580, Beltsville, MD and Dr. Mary Palm is the Lab Director. The MDL will be staffed initially with two principle scientists, and two support scientists. A new national coordinator in Riverdale will coordinate all diagnostic logistics and data dissemination. In early 2007, the NIS Molecular Diagnostic Lab will be responsible for all operational diagnostics of quarantine pests for which there are PPQ approved tests. Organization structure and contact information is provided.

#34 Development of Molecular Markers for Identification of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola JILLIAN LANG (1), John Hamilton (2), Gena Diaz (1), Marie Anne Van Sluys (3), Ned Tisserat (1), C. Robin Buell (2), Jan Leach (1) (1) Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, (2) The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD, USA, (3) Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola cause bacterial blight and leaf streak of rice, respectively. X. oryzae pv. oryzicola has not been reported in the USA and is currently on the USDA select agent list. Although symptomology is distinct, the two pathogens are difficult to differentiate from each other based on cultural or biochemical diagnostic methods. Thus, there is need for molecular-based tools to diagnose and determine geographic origin of these pathovars. Genomic analysis tools available in the Comprehensive Phytopathogen Genome Resource (http://cpgr.tigr.org>http://cpgr.tigr.org) were used to identify over 150 primer pairs with potential to distinguish X. oryzae pv. oryzae from X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. Each primer pair was screened against well-characterized isolates of each pathovar using conventional and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Robust primers were tested against a larger number of isolates including geographically diverse strains of both pathovars, several other Xanthomonas species and pathovars, and other bacterial plant pathogens. An extensive set of primers were identified that distinguish X. oryzae species and each pathovar.

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#35 Preparing for Citrus Leprosis CARRIE L. HARMON, Ronald H. Brlansky, Tim S. Schubert Department of Plant Pathology, UF, Gainesville, FL, USA, Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education. Center, Lake Alfred, FL, USA, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture. and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA

The exotic disease known as citrus leprosis is caused by Citrus Leprosis Virus (CiLV), a Brevipalpus mite-transmitted rhabdovirus. Infecting mainly oranges and mandarins, the virus has the potential to impact citrus production both in commercial and residential settings. CiLV is currently an important disease in South America, has recently appeared on citrus in Central America and Mexico, but has not been detected in the United States since its virtual disappearance from Florida in the late 1920’s corresponding to the adoption of sulfur sprays for mite control. The mite vectors, which have unusually broad host ranges, persist in Florida and are present in other major United States citrus production areas. The 2 types of virus particles that cause leprosis are localized to the nucleus or cytoplasm; the virus is not systemic in the infected plant. Primary diagnosis is by observation of symptoms, which include stem and fruit lesions that may coalesce, accompanied by chlorotic and necrotic leaf spots. Electron microscopy and light microscopy can confirm the presence of the virus particles and inclusion bodies respectively, and recently developed molecular diagnostic methods are in use in Brazil. Exclusion and early detection with eradication are superior to disease management methods which employ miticides for vector control and selective pruning to remove infected tissues.

#36 NPDN and the Purdue Plant and Pest Diagnostic Laboratory - Partners in Protecting Indiana Agriculture KAREN K. RANE, Gail E. Ruhl Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Forest trees and soybeans are two major Indiana agricultural commodities, both of which are threatened by pathogens with potential devastating economic impacts. Diagnosticians at the Purdue Plant and Pest Diagnostic Lab have used National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) resources to improve diagnostic capabilities and increase first detector preparedness. The P&PDL utilized NPDN resources to educate Indiana residents on Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) and Asian Soybean Rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi. We developed web pages and training materials and provided first detector training. More than 1000 growers and others were registered as NPDN soybean rust first detectors. Through NPDN, Purdue diagnosticians received training and purchased equipment to increase molecular diagnostic capabilities. Indiana state and regulatory personnel in conjunction with P&PDL diagnosticians and extension specialists participated in a NPDN soybean rust exercise simulating the first finding of soybean rust in Indiana. These efforts were successfully put to the test when Phytopthora ramorum and Phakopsora pachyrizi were detected for the first time in Indiana in 2006.

#37 The APHIS PPQ CPHST National Plant Germplasm and Biotechnology Laboratory and Our Role in the USDA CSREES National Plant Diagnostic Network. LAURENE LEVY (1), Vessela A. Mavrodieva (2), Renee M. DeVries-Paterson (1), Philip H. Berger (3) (1) USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST NPGBL, Beltsville, MD, USA, (2) USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST NPGBL and NCSU, Beltsville, MD, USA, (3) USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST, Raleigh, NC, USA

The National Plant Germplasm and Biotechnology Laboratory in Beltsville, MD, is part of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, PPQ, APHIS. The NPGBL is responsible in PPQ for the development, adaptation, and validation of molecular/biochemical methods for the detection of regulatory plant pathogens, and the evaluation/adaptation of new technology to improve plant pathogen detection. The NPGBL is responsible for federal confirmation of exotic plant pathogens in the U.S. (first incursions). Methods are transferred to PPQ programs conducting operational confirmatory diagnostics such as the PHP PSPI Molecular Diagnostics Lab (MDL), and programs that conduct survey and surveillance activities such as state, federal, and international regulatory programs, and the USDA CSREES National Plant Diagnostics Network (NPDN). Methods are transferred by conducting hands-on training by NPGBL scientists at the Lab in Beltsville and by releasing detailed SOPs of validated diagnostic methods. As a component of the CPHST National Plant Pathogen Laboratory Accreditation Program (NPPLAP), the Lab is responsible for the development and deployment of proficiency test panels, and the evaluation of Analyst's proficiency test performance. The NPGBL is seeking 17025-accreditation in 2007, and is a registered APHIS Select Agent Program Laboratory since 2005.

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#38 Emerald Ash Borer Survey and Eradication in Maryland JOHN H. BOWERS, Richard A. Bean, Carol A. Holko, Gaye L. Williams Maryland Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection & Weed Management, 50 Harry S. Truman Parkway, Annapolis, MD

Emerald ash borer (EAB) is an exotic pest of ash trees. It is native to Asia and first detected in the Detroit, MI area in July 2002. More than 20 million ash trees have died in Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana as a result of EAB. In spring 2003, a Maryland nursery received infested ash trees shipped illegally from Michigan. Actively feeding larvae were found in both nursery and outplanted trees. All ash trees in the nursery and in a 0.5-mile buffer around the nursery were destroyed. Sentinel trees were planted in and around the buffer area in the spring of 2004-06, harvested each fall, and the bark stripped to look for larval galleries. No signs of EAB were found in 2004 or 2005. In 2006, one sentinel tree planted in the buffer area was found to be infested with three larvae. Also, two native ash trees outside the buffer area were found to contain numerous larvae and galleries. A Quarantine Order was issued restricting movement of ash trees and all hardwood firewood in the affected county. Survey teams have since identified trees with emergence holes outside the 2003 eradication zone. The survey zone has been expanded to encompass a 2.0-mile radius around positive trees. An ash inventory and survey is in progress, and all ash trees within a 1.5-mile buffer will be eradicated.

#39 Diagnostic Features of Corynespora cassiicola and its Associated Diseases Linley J. Smith (1), ROBERT L. SCHLUB (2) (1) University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (2) University of Guam Cooperative Extenion Service, Mangilao, Guam, USA

Identifying C. cassiicola as a causal agent is complicated by variability of symptoms, inconsistencies in the fungus’s sporulation and morphology, and ability to grow competitively as a saprophyte. It is primarily a foliar pathogen; however, it will spread to stems and fruits as in the case of papaya and tomato. On most hosts, lesions are discrete small spots less than 10 mm in diameter; however, marginal non-discrete lesions do occur. Field samples often do not reveal conidiophores or spores until incubated in a moisture chamber for 24 to 48 hours. Longer incubation periods often give rise to saprophytic isolates. To avoid misidentification with other fungal pathogens such as species of Cercospora and Helminthosporium key diagnostic features should be noted. Corynespora spores germinate from terminal cells, whereas Cercospora spores germinate from every cell. Additional diagnostic features include pseudo-septation, sporulation in chains, and percurrent proliferation of conidiophores. Its widespread occurrence during a 2003-2006 survey of various Pacific Islands and Florida corroborates recent literature indicating that C. cassiicola is increasing in importance as a pathogen on cucumber, papaya, soybean, and tomato. We believe that misdiagnosis has resulted in an underestimation of economic losses associated with this fungus.

#40 Expansion of data collection capabilities for the National NPDN database Carla S. Thomas (1), TOM CRESSWELL (2), Eileen Luke (3), Forrest W. Nutter (4), Will Lanier (5), Robert Durgy (6), Jan Bryne (7), Tim Tidwell (8), Martin A. Draper(9) (1) University of California, Davis, CA, (2) North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, (3) Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, (4) Iowa State University, Ames, IA, (5) Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, (6) University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, (7) Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, (8) California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, (9) USDA-CSREES, Washington, DC Since the initiation of the collection of national data, National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) laboratories have provided a limited amount of data describing each sample. The sample is recognized by the source lab, sample number, diagnosis category, state/county, diagnosis (genus) code, and the date the sample was received in the lab. Some additional optional data can be recorded, but currently that additional data is not uploaded to the national database by most lab data management platforms. In order to better achieve the mission of mapping the normal occurrence of plant diseases and other pests of importance and to rapidly recognize abnormal patterns of pest outbreak, a plan is being developed to expand the number of optional data fields and enhance the data upload capabilities from the triage labs to the national system. The conceptual framework for that expansion will be presented. Additional data fields will provide more detailed description of the problem and will offer greater versatility for mapping and tracking plant parasitic nematodes and invasive or regulated weeds.

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Category: Author Initiated: Education & Training #41 An Interactive, Multi-entry Key for Diagnosing Arthropod Pests, Diseases and Abiotic Disorders Associated with the Production of Wheat Ronda D. Koski (1), NED A. TISSERAT (1), Will T. Lanier (2) (1) Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (2) Montana State University, Bozeman, MT

A successful integrated pest management program is dependent upon rapid and accurate identification of the cause of a problem. Wheat producers need easily accessible diagnostic resources that are linked to current management recommendations. Information pertaining to arthropod pests, diseases and abiotic disorders associated with wheat and other small grains currently exists in various formats including books, compendia, and facts sheets, and much of this information is available via the Internet. While these are informative resources, they are not organized into a diagnostic package. Recently available software programs allow for the development and deployment of interactive multi-entry keys. Numerous multi-entry keys currently exist to assist in the identification of various groups of organisms. Multi-entry keys are unique in that they allow the user to identify their specimen by choosing features that describe the specimen; entities that do not match the chosen features are progressively eliminated until only one or a few possible entities remain. Relevant fact sheets, images, and web sites can be linked to features and entities to provide further information for confirming identification. A multi-entry key to aid in the identification and management of problems associated with the production of wheat is being constructed.

#42 NPDN Crop Biosecurity Curriculum First Detector Training GERRY SNYDER, Howard Beck (1), Gerald Holmes(2), Cindy Richardson Decker(2) (1)University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (2)North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC

What is the definition of a “high-risk”; pest? Can you identify a potential crop biosecurity outbreak in the field? Do you need training on how to properly package your samples to submit to your diagnostic lab? An on-line national training program is being offered in the summer of 2007 for those who work in the field and can assume the role as a “first detector.” Our submitted poster takes a first look at the newly developed Web-based training course. The poster will display sample screen shots showing several components of the training program. This includes numerous field photo examples, interactive graphics, and information pertaining to knowledge of the NPDN diagnostic system.

#43 Image Support System for the Southern Plant Diagnostic Network - www.ipmimages.org JOSEPH LAFOREST (1), G. Keith Douce (1), Charles T. Bargeron (1), Amanda Hodges (2), Carrie L. Harmon (2) (1) University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA, (2) University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

The Bugwood Network (www.bugwood.org) image archive and database system provides a reliable and easily searchable source of high resolution and quality images. More than 47,000 images covering over 7,900 subjects have been added since its creation in 1994. A worldwide resource with over 1,000 contributors in 45 countries and 111 million hits in 2006, the Bugwood Network partnered with the Southern Plant Diagnostic Network (SPDN) to i) identify the species of concern to the SPDN, ii) obtain images of the listed species including all life stages and depictions of damage, and iii) provide an interface to easily access these images. Images used in the SPDN training modules have also been cross-referenced. The SPDN list currently includes 240 insects and 94 pathogens, including many exotic species not currently present in North America . Images are categorized by scientific name with attention given to using the most recent taxonomy while maintaining links to synonymous taxonomy and available common names. An interface has been developed to show these species categorized by pest status (exotic, native, introduced), commodity, and the number of images available for each life stage. We are now increasing the utility of this resource for diagnosticians and others by acquiring images for those species and life stages not represented in the image archive.

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#44 Utilization of Web-conferencing and Web-based Microscopy to Deliver a Regional Mycotoxin Workshop for the Great Plains Diagnostic Network NINA K. ZIDACK, William T. Lanier, Barry J. Jacobsen, Mary E. Burrows Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA

In 2006, Montana State University hosted “The Mycotoxin Workshop” for the Great Plains Diagnostic Network via Microsoft Breeze web-conferencing and web-based microscopy with the Nikon DN100. The workshop was presented in 2 3-hour blocks including lecture and lab. Participants were trained on mycotoxigenic fungi, mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses, and were provided with a slide collection of important mycotoxin-producing fungi as a reference collection, and for viewing during the workshop. The lab portion of the workshop was presented using Powerpoint and web-based microscopy. The ability of the DN100 to serve hi-resolution images to multiple sites was identified as a limitation. The refresh rate problem was overcome in session 2 by sharing the microscope image through Breeze, which eliminated the bottleneck created by multiple requests of the DN100 server. Throughout the workshop, participants asked questions through instant messaging, and answers were given via a conference call. Breeze conferencing allowed participation from 25 individuals at 12 locations in 7 states. The entire workshop was recorded, and is available for review on the GPDN website. The presentation of this workshop using these technological components provides a working model for the effective dissemination of technical information to diagnostic professionals.

#45 Enhancement of the M.S. and Ph.D. Degree Programs in Urban Forestry at Southern University Through Plant Biosecurity Training DANIEL J. COLLINS, Kamran Abdollahi, Andra Johnson, Fulbert Namwamba, Zhu Ning, Yadong Qi Southern University, Urban Forestry Program, Baton Rouge, LA USA

There is a need to provide more post baccalaureate training and experiential learning in plant health management at the U.S. land grant universities to counter the bio-terrorism threat to our nation’s agriculture. In order to make intelligent agricultural bio-security decisions and effectively protect this nation’s agricultural resources, we also need a highly coordinated approach at multiple levels, ranging from individual laboratories to state and federal agencies. Students training in plant bio-security in a multidisciplinary setting with state and federal agencies involved in plant disease surveillance, rapid identification and detection, and disease management of pathogens that pose a threat to our crops would aid in enhancing our nation’s agricultural security. To address this need the urban forestry program at Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA is incorporating plant biosecurity training into the urban forestry graduate curriculum. The program has partnered with various federal and state agencies and university collaborators to provide students with experiential learning opportunities in plant biosecurity. This poster presents some of the plant biosecurity training activities initiated by the program such as class forums, field trips, laboratory exercises, oral presentations, and research internships.

Category: Author Initiated: Extension #46 Tipula palidusa and T. oleraceae, Two European Crane Flies Recently Detected in Western New York: Potentially Serious Turf and Pasture Pests CAROLYN KLASS, E. Richard Hoebeke Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA

In June 2004, large numbers of crane flies were noticed emerging from turf on a golf course in Lockport (Western NYS). They were identified as Tipula oleraceae Meigen, previously reported from the Pacific Northwest. This was the first record of this Old World crane fly in eastern North America. By August, 2004 word had spread, and other golf course superintendents were looking for crane flies. In Lewiston, NY another species of European crane fly, Tipula paludosa Meigen was identified. Both species were primary targets for the National CAPS survey. Authors describe distribution, biology, life cycle, economic importance and characteristics for identification of these two species.

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#47 University of Tennessee, Electronic Diagnostic and Recording System FRANK A. HALE (1), Darrell D. Hensley (2) (1) University of Tennessee, Nashville, TN, USA, (2) University of Tennesse, Knoxville, TN, USA

Tennessee's Extension Service is utilizing Lotus Notes Domino Server for a Distance Diagnostics System. It utilizes SQL 2000 for storage of login identification and passwords for users. A newer system was developed to allow users to search for submitted samples and includes NPDN specifications. Our new web based system utilizes Adobe’s Macromedia Coldfusion MX7, Microsoft’s SQL 2005, COMODO authentication and PHP server software packages and two Dell 4600 PowerEdge Servers. A digital image library with associated site, crop and pest or reported disorder data can now be developed. Filters allow for searching of specific fields within records. A statistics page provides information in various graphical and text based formats for reporting purposes. The COMODO provides a secure socket layer (SSL) which generates an encrypted key for 128-bit authentication. It creates an encrypted link between a web server and a web browser. Unique sampling numbers assigned to each submitted sample and PHP server aid Coldfusion software by generating user requested barcodes. Barcodes may be printed on sticky labels or plain paper for mailing purposes. Users of the new system may generate geographic maps through Google Maps and/or MS-Virtual Earth to plot record sites.

#48 Similarities Among Complaints and Samples From Clients With Suspected Delusionary Parasitosis: The OSU Plant Pest Diagnostic Clinic Experience BARBARA BLOETSCHER Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

Delusionary parasitosis has been described as a condition in which a person suffers from the illusion that his/her body is infested with an insect or mite. Individuals become overwhelmed with the sensation of a tiny creature biting or burrowing into their skin and scalp. Clients have either been referred to the Ohio State University's C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic (PPDC) to identify these pest(s), or they have found the Clinic by searching the internet. Convinced that they are not crazy, clients send a wide variety of items thought to contain the pest. Despite the voluminous samples submitted however, most samples contained no arthropod. Instead, samples contained mostly skin, fabric fibers and inorganic debris. Clinic cases showed that females and people over 50 years of age submitted more samples. It was also noted that more samples were received in May (11%) and September (14%) and in the first two quarters of the moon phase.

Category: Author Initiated: Research #49 Spatial Monitoring and Detection of Pierce’s Disease of Grape and Bacterial Leaf Scorch of Shade Trees YONG-LAK PARK (1), John Baniecki (1), Thomas Perring (2), Rayda Krell (2), Essam Dabaan (1) (1)West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA, (2)University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

Locating trees infected with Xylella fastidiosa is required for the management of Pierce’s disease of grape and bacterial leaf scorch of shade trees. Currently the only reliable method for finding X. fasitidiosa-infected trees is to examine every tree in the areas of concerns. A common protocol for X. fasitidiosa disagnosis is to visually examine trees based on symptoms and test with enzyne-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, X. fasitidiosa diagnosis based on symptoms is often unreliable and it is cost-ineffective when the disease incidence is >1% because so many trees could show symptoms. In this paper, we present a new cost-effective sampling program to locate plants infected with X. fasitidiosa to locate plants infected with X. fasitidiosa by using ELISA, geographic information system, global positioning system, and remote sensing.

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#50 Remote Detection and Quantification of Wheat Infected with Wheat streak mosaic virus in the Texas Panhandle David C. Jones, CHARLIE M. RUSH Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Bushland, TX, USA

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is the predominate viral pathogen of hard red winter wheat throughout the Texas Panhandle but little has been done to quantify disease incidence on a regional level. In 2005 – 2006, a survey was conducted to quantify WSM. Satellite images of 26 counties in the Texas panhandle were acquired during the growing season and used to classify the vegetative status of wheat. Ninety three fields were selected for ground truth data and tested for WSMV. Normalized difference vegetative index was calculated during January 2006 to mask all areas except green vegetation. Images taken throughout the season were processed using maximum likelihood classification. Out of 93 fields, 58 tested positive for WSMV. These fields were used as training classes for the classification. The total area observed was 6.4 million ha of which 2.3x105 ha were classified as wheat. The first image set, acquired in January 2006, showed that 2.1x105 ha were classified as healthy. The model classified 1.7x104 ha as infected by WSMV. Although other variables mimicked WSM symptoms, the classification accuracy, based on ground truth data, was 95%. This suggests that Landsat imagery can be used to detect and quantify WSM on a regional basis.

#51 Biological Control of the Lily Leaf Beetle, Lilioceris lilii: in New England Lisa A. Tewksbury, Richard A. Casagrande, Heather H. Faubert URI, Kingston, RI, USA

Lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Chrysomelidae) (Figs. 1-3), is native to Eurasia and first found in the in Boston, MA in 1992. This serious pest of native and cultivated lilies (Liliaceae) is currently distributed throughout much of New England. We surveyed for parasitoids of L. lilii in from 1996 - 1998. Tetrastichus setifer Thomson was the most abundant parasitoid reared from L. lilii larvae collected during this survey. Lily leaf beetle parasitoids were released in RI and MA in 2001and 2002. From 2003-2006, with cooperators in other New England states, we released parasitoids in NH and ME as well as additional release sites in RI and MA.

#52 Developing a Strategy to Rapidly Identify a Newly-introduced Pest: The Case of Bacterial Heart Rot of Pineapple in Hawaii ANNE M. ALVAREZ (1), Wendy S. Kaneshiro (1), Asoka S. de Silva (1), Maren Burger (1), Glorimar Marrero (1), Susan P. Garner (1), Benjamin G. Vine (1), John M. Berestecky (2) (1) University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA, (2) Kapiolani Community College, Honolulu, HI, USA

In December 2003, an unanticipated outbreak in Hawaii of bacterial heart rot of pineapple, caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi (Ech), initiated an immediate regulatory response by local and federal officials where the destruction, quarantine, or approved entry of additional imported pineapple planting stock from Central America and the Philippines was debated. Key to the decision was determining whether the causal agent was a newly introduced strain imported on infected plants or a member of the Ech population currently present in Hawaii. A three-step plan was developed whereby the causal agent was identified, differentiated from other strains of the species, and then used to develop a rapid detection/identification assay. Pathogen confirmation was done with a polyphasic analysis utilizing bacteriological and pathogenicity tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Comparisons of DNA fingerprints of the Ech strains from pineapple and of Ech strains isolated from Hawaii indicated that those bacteria causing pineapple heart rot were most likely recent introductions from Central America. Monoclonal antibodies were then generated to Ech strains from pineapple for use in rapid identification assays to prevent future introductions, as well as to monitor the spread of introduced bacteria in the Hawaiian environment.

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#53 Gene Action and Gene Number of Pustule Size of Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis) in Wheat HAMID DEHGHANI (1), Mohammad Moghaddam (2), Mohammad R. Ghannadha (3), Mostafa Valizadeh (2), Mohammad Torabi (4) (1) Tarbiat Modares University in Iran, (2) University of Tabriz in Iran, (3) University of Tehran in Iran, (4) Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran

Winter wheat cultivars Pool, Kotare, Norseman, and Tancred for slow rusting resistance with three pathotype to Puccinia striiformis where studied by generation mean analysis. Parental, F1, F2, and back crosses populations from two crosses between the cultivars evaluated with a randomized complete block design with three replications for cross-pathotype combination in green house for pustule size. Genetic components were estimated based on the joint scaling test. In all cross-pathotype combination fit four- parameter or five- parameter models, that indicating the evidence of at least digenic epistatic interaction. The degree of dominance ranged from complete dominance to overdominance. This means that gene action changed in many of cultivars, depending on the race ased in the test, various epistatic interactions were observed also. The broad- sense and harrow heritability ranged 38% to 63% and 12% to 33%, respectively. Most of the estimates obtained from twelve formulae indicated that the pustule size of stripe rust was controlled by fewer numbers of genes. Based on the gene action for component of slow rusting resistance (Pustule size) it should be possible to exploit in breeding programs for small pustule size by selection. #54 Quantifying Inoculum Levels of Phytophthora ramorum and Other Phytophthora spp. in the Soil Profile of Ornamental Retail Nurseries. NORMAN L. DART, Gary A. Chastagner Washington State University, Puyallup, WA, USA

We tested the hypothesis that inoculum of the aboveground exotic plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum would be limited to the organic layer (top layer of plant debris) of soils at infested retail nurseries located outside of the area where the pathogen has become established in the landscape. To test this hypothesis and compare inoculum levels of P. ramorum with levels of other Phytophthora spp. in the soil profile, soil cores were collected and sampled from 3 Washington state retail nurseries at which the soil had previously tested positive for P. ramorum. Phytophthora was isolated from soil using rhododendron leaves as bait and pure cultures were obtained and stored on V8 juice agar. Isolates were identified to species based on a combination of DNA sequencing of the ITS region of rDNA, real-time PCR diagnostic testing and culture morphology. Recovery frequencies were tabulated and compared by species at the organic layer, 0 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 to 15cm depth classes. The 3 most common Phytophthora spp. recovered from the soil cores were P. citricola (32%), P. drechsleri (32%) and P. ramorum (27%). P. citricola and P. drechsleri were more evenly distributed throughout the soil profile whereas P. ramorum was primarily recovered from the organic and 0 to 5cm depth class (86% of recoveries). No P. ramorum was detected below 10cm.

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NPDN Shirts Please order directly from Smith-Ingalls-French. It is easier if you pay them directly instead of us reimbursing you. Just let the sales contact know that you are with the NPDN and which regional logo you want. You will need to specify the catalog number, quantity and color. There will be a small fee for shipping in addition to the cost of the shirt. Smith-Ingalls-French Sales Contact: John Updike, (607) 772-0734, [email protected] The logo: The Shirt Choices: Pique Knit Sport Shirt (100% Cotton) : $18.50 ea. Men’s Colors (catalog # K420): Oxford, Stone, White, Yellow, Burgundy, Ivory (XS-6XL) Women’s Colors (catalog #L420): Yellow, White, Stone (XS,S,M,L,XL, XXL) The women’s shirts have a smaller cut through the body and sleeves, and smaller armholes. If you are a woman, you are not limited to ordering the women’s sizes. Just keep in mind that the oxford, burgundy and ivory shirts will be in men’s sizes.

Long Sleeve Twill Shirt: $24.75 100% Cotton Men’s (catalog #CH580): Light Blue, Maize, White (S, M, L,XL, 2XL, 3XL, 4XL)

Women’s (catalog #CH580W): Light Blue (this is a bad picture color wise, the lt blue is more on the line of the men’s above), Maize (again the color is more like above), White (S, M, L, XL, 2XL)

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