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NATIONAL REPORTAUSTRIA

27-4-2015 Authors: Andre Deppermann, Stefan Frank, Petr Havlík

NATIONAL REPORTAUSTRIA

Authors: Andre Deppermann, Stefan Frank, Petr Havlík

NATIONAL REPORT:

Authors: Andre Deppermann, Stefan

National Report: AUSTRIA

233


1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 234 1.1 Production, import and export ............................................................................................................ 234 1.2 Structure and governance of the food system: main actors, concentration of subsectors .................. 235 1.3 Consumption ...................................................................................................................................... 235 1.4 Data on food insecure and food assistance........................................................................................ 237

2 DESCRIPTION OF FNS AS EMERGING FROM NATIONAL DEBATE..... ............................................. 238 2.1 Overall perception of FNS based on a tag cloud ................................................................................ 238 2.2 Hazards most frequently mentioned in public media .......................................................................... 239

2.2.1 Ecological drivers ......................................................................................................................... 239 2.2.2 Economic drivers .......................................................................................................................... 240 2.2.3 Social drivers ................................................................................................................................ 241 2.2.4 Technological drivers .................................................................................................................... 241 2.2.5 Political drivers ............................................................................................................................. 242

2.3 Debate evaluation: over and underrepresented hazards and vulnerabilities ...................................... 242

3 VULNERABILITIES INFLUENCING FN SYSTEM OUTCOMES WITH REGARD TO FN SECURITY ... 243 3.1 System vulnerabilities identified in the media: introduction................................................................. 243 3.2 FNS outcomes and system vulnerabilities .......................................................................................... 243

Availability ............................................................................................................................................. 243 Access ................................................................................................................................................... 243 Utilization ............................................................................................................................................... 244 Stability and control ............................................................................................................................... 244 Further services provided by the FN system ......................................................................................... 244

3.3 FNS outcomes and vulnerable groups ............................................................................................... 245

4 FRAMES ANALYSIS / VULNERABILITIES ....................... ..................................................................... 246 4.1 Emerging frames and actor's positioning ............................................................................................ 246 4.2 Main frames description ..................................................................................................................... 247

Ecological .............................................................................................................................................. 247 Free trade .............................................................................................................................................. 247 Quality ................................................................................................................................................... 247 Solidarity ................................................................................................................................................ 247 Sovereignty ........................................................................................................................................... 248 Technology ............................................................................................................................................ 248 Wholesomeness .................................................................................................................................... 248

ANNEX 1: MOST RELEVANT VULERNABILITIES .................... ............................................................... 249

ANNEX 2: SOURCES ...................................... ........................................................................................... 254

ANNEX 3: REFERENCES ..................................... ..................................................................................... 255


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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Product ion, import and export

The production value of agriculture amounted to about 7.08 billion € in 2013. Within the agricultural sector, the plant production had a share of 41% (2.9 billion €) and animal production made up 49 % (3.5 billion €), with milk being the most important product in terms of production value in 2013 in Austrian agriculture (Figure 1). Austrian farmers experienced decreasing producer prices in 2013 for plant production while prices for animal production increased. Agricultural services and subsidiary activities accounted for 9.6 % of the production value. The share of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in the gross value added of the national economy was about 1.5% in 2013. As far as the foreign trade with agricultural products and foodstuffs is concerned, imports and exports of agricultural products hardly increased in 2013. Exports increased by 4.2 % to 9.52 billion €, imports by 3.1 % to 10.47 billion €. This resulted in an agricultural trade balance deficit of 0.96 billion €, which is 70 million € less than in 2012. The index of the total output identified on the basis of the agricultural producer prices decreased by 0.4% in 2013 compared to 2012, the one of the total input by 1.9 % (BMLFUW, 2014).

FIGURE 1: SHARES OF PRODUCTION VALUE IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN 2013 (BMLFUW, 2014).

The incomes from agriculture and forestry continued to decrease in 2013 by 6% and amounted on average of all holdings to € 25,698 per holding. The decisive factors for the decline in incomes compared to the year before were low producer prices for cereals and oilseeds, a decrease in harvest quantities of grain maize due to the dry period in the summer months, higher expenses for feedstuffs and increased investments in machines. The increased producer prices for milk and higher yields from forestry cushioned the negative income development. The yields rose by 2%, the expenses increased on the contrary compared to the year before by 5% (BMLFUW, 2014).

In the year 2013, 2,076 million € of EU, federal and provincial funds were spent for agriculture and forestry. This is about 5 % (110 million €) less than in 2012. For the first pillar of the CAP (market organization) 734 million € (35 % of the agricultural budget) were invested for about 109,700 agricultural holdings and agricultural communities, of which 83 % of the payments were allocated to the Single Payment Scheme. Coupled animal payments make up 13 % of the expenses. Within the framework of the Rural Development Programme (Pillar 2 of the CAP) 1,053 million € were spent on a total of 119,600 farms. This made up about 51 % of the expenses in the agricultural budget. The remaining 14 % are dedicated to other measures, which were exclusively financed from national funds from the Federal Government and the Federal Provinces. On the basis of area-related measures (single farm payments, animal premiums, Agri-environmental measures and compensatory allowance for less-favored areas) the average payment per hectare of utilized agricultural

Cereals; 9,9%Oilseeds, Sugar

beet, pulses; 4,0%

Forage plants; 7,2%

Vegtable and horticulture; 8,1%

Potatoes; 1,3%

Fruits; 3,1%

Wine; 7,5%Cattle and veal; 13,4%

Pork; 12,1%

Sheep and goats; 0,4%

Poultry; 2,6%

Milk; 16,6%

Eggs; 3,3%Other; 6,4% Agricultural

services; 4,1%


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are (UAA) amounted to 616 €. Mountain farms received on average 743 € and organic farms reached 742 € per UAA (BMLFUW, 2014).

1.2 St ructure and governance of the food system: ma in actors, concent rat ion of subsectors

According to the Agriculture Structure Survey 2013, there were around 167,500 agricultural and forestry holdings in 2013 in Austria. Overall, the number of farms has decreased over the past decades even though the trend has slowed down. Since 1996 (Austria’s accession to the EU), the number of farms has been reduced by 30%. On average about 2,300 farmers per year have abandoned, sold, or leased out their farms in Austria. The Austrian agriculture is still based predominantly on small-scaled family farms (92%). However, there is a trend towards larger holdings. While in 1995 a holding had managed an average total area of 31.8 hectares, an average area of 43.5 hectares was already managed in 2013. A similar trend has been observed as far as the utilized agricultural area is concerned, where an increase from 15.3 ha to 19.0 ha could be recorded. In the field of animal husbandry this trend can be observed as well: Whereas in the year 1995 on average 20 cattle were kept on an agricultural and forestry holding, the herd size has been continuously rising since then to 29 cattle per farm (BMLFUW, 2014).

Among Austrian farms 21,810 were organic farms in 2013, which account for a share of 16.9% of all farms. The total organically farmed area amounted to 526,689 hectare (including mountain pastures), which means that it decreased by 2% compared to 2012. However, organically farmed area has almost tripled since 2000 (BMLFLUW, 2014).

The food industry is one of the largest industrial sectors in Austria. The biggest sectors of the Austrian food industry with respect to revenue are the brewing industry, the non-alcoholic refreshment beverage industry, the confectionery industry, meat products and fruit juice industry. The production volume of Austrian food industry (production sold) was 7 billion € in 2010. The food industry employed around 27.000 people in 2010. The strong competition for market shares in the food retail industry puts the food industry sector under pressure. In particular, the “store brands” boom hits manufacturers (BMLFUW, 2012).

In addition to the Austrian domestic market, the export remains an important pillar of the Austrian food industry. About 70% of the export volume goes on the EU markets and especially to Germany, Italy, Hungary and Slovenia. The most important oversea market is the US (BMLFUW, 2012).

The Austrian food catering industry is with a production value of 5.68 billion € also an important economic industry. It consists to 99.7% of small and medium-sized enterprises. The average enterprise size is 11.7 persons and is only exceeded by the bakers with 14.2 people per company. Around 44.300 people work in food catering industry of which half is employed in bakeries followed by around 27% in the butcheries (BMLFUW, 2012).

In the Austrian food retail market sales increased to 17.2 billion € in 2010. Around 15.5% of the products sold are “store brands” and organic products make up for 6.5% of total volume. The past trend which was characterized by a decreasing number of shops with at the same time increasing revenues per shop, continued. In food retailing, the concentration of the top 3 companies increased to 82.3% in 2010 (BMLFUW, 2012). The high and increasing market concentration in the Austrian food retail market is among the highest in Europe and has caused some concerns about the possible exercise of market power (Pennerstorfer and Sinabell, 2013; Salhofer et al., 2012).

1.3 Consumpt ion

Food expenditures The average household size in Austria is 2.29 people with a trend towards smaller households. The household income in 2010 is around 31,125 € per year. 50% of the population has more than 20,618 € available. The top 10% have more than 36,737 € available (22% of the total equivalent income1) while the lowest income tenth (approximately 800,000 people) have less than 11,503 € per year (4% the total equivalent income) (BMLFUW, 2012).

The average monthly expenditure of all private households amounted to 2,910 € according to the consumer survey 2009/2010. Expenditures for food and soft drinks are estimated to be 352 €, for alcoholic beverages and tobacco 71.7 €, and for café and restaurant visits 267 €. Compared to the 2004/2005 survey total expenditures for food decreased by 0.9%. In most households monthly expenditures are highest for meat, bread and cereals, as well as milk and dairy products (BMLFUW, 2012).

1 The equivalent income accounts for different household sizes and ensures comparability (BMLFUW, 2012).


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Diet composition Compared to 1955 meat consumption increased from 47 kg/cap/year to 100 kg/cap/year in 2010 while at the same time cereal consumption dropped from 110 kg/cap/year to 75 kg/cap/year. The consumption of potatoes and drinking milk also decreased significantly while cheese, fruits, fish and eggs are consumed more often. Table 1 shows the development of per capita consumption between 1950 and 2010 (Elmadfa et al., 2012).

TABLE 1: PER CAPITA FOOD CONSUMPTION IN KG PER YEAR IN AUSTRIA.

1950/51 1990/91 2010/11 1950/51 1990/91 2010/11

Meat 34 103 100 Cereals 124 67 90

Fish 2 7 9 Potatoes 108 61 61

Eggs (units) 87 251 233 Fruits 48 88 75

Butter 4 5 5 Vegetables 61 80 109

Cheese 2 11 19 Sugar 24 37 37

Milk 131 104 89 Beer & wine 54 154 134

Source: Elmadfa et al., 2012.

Overall, Austrians receive most of the main nutrients, vitamins and minerals through their diet. The fat and sugar metabolism parameters were satisfactory and also some of the "critical" micronutrients show no deficiency (Elmadfa et al., 2012). This can also be said of protein intake which was within or slightly above the recommended levels in all age groups. However, dietary fiber intake was below the recommended levels (Elmadfa et al., 2009) and a high sodium intake (through salt) was found. The quality of consumed fats could be improved as all age classes show an excessive consumption of saturated fatty acids. Responsible for this is an excessively frequent consumption of meat and sausages. The supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids could be optimized, for example, by frequent consumption of fish or high-quality vegetable oils. At all ages, more salt is consumed than the maximum recommended intake level (Elmadfa et al., 2012).

Only school children take at least 50% of energy recommended by carbohydrates. However, more than 10% of the maximum recommended energy comes from sugar. Even though adults and elderly do not reach the recommendation of at least 50% of energy from carbohydrates, the quantity of sugar consumed is within the recommendation limits. Complex carbohydrates (starchy foods) are still eaten too little. As a consequence dietary fiber intake is too low (reinforced by a lack of consumption of whole grains, vegetables and legumes). On average they are well below the recommendation of 30 g / day. The supply of protein is satisfactory in all age groups studied (Elmadfa et al., 2012).

For most vitamins and minerals the supply is sufficient. However, Vitamin D and folic acid must be considered the most critical vitamins in Austrians. Considering the sun intensity in Austria, the low Vitamin D intake is probably insufficient to assure an optimal status particularly during wintertime (Elmadfa et al., 2009). Elderly men between 65 and 84 years showed the highest alcohol consumption compared to the other age groups. Cholesterol intake exceeded the allotted level in male adolescents and adults as well as elderly of both genders (Elmadfa et al., 2009).


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Overweight Overweight is a common health issue in Austria. About 20% of the girls and just over 25% of boys between the ages 7 to 14 years are overweight or obese. While the number of overweight children increased, the number of obese boys stayed the same since 2008, while it decreased for girls. Nearly 4% of children are underweight, where girls are twice as likely as boys (Elmadfa et al., 2012). Overweight becomes more frequent with increasing age: 31% of 18- to 64-year-olds are overweight and 11% obese. As many as 40% of the elderly aged between 65 and 100 years have a body mass index (BMI) above the reference level. However, in this latter group, 10% are underweight. 26% of pregnant women are overweight or obese. A trend of increasing overweight can be observed across all age groups and for both genders. The number of obese male adults has doubled since 2003 (from 6 to 13%). Men and boys of all ages are more often overweight than women and girls (Elmadfa et al., 2009).

Health issues related to malnutrition The Austrian Health Survey based on personal interviews revealed that 21.3% of Austrians over 15 years have a high blood pressure and as expected, prevalence increases with age. Frequently associated health problems with overweight are diabetes mellitus which affects 5.9% of Austrians. Physical activity contributes significantly to health and the prevention and elimination of overweight. Using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) on a sample of 719 Austrian adults, an average physical activity level (PAL) of 1.64 was found. Men reached a mean PAL of 1.71, women of 1.57. Especially young women showed lower levels and thus are at a higher risk for diseases associated with a sedentary lifestyle. A PAL of 1.7, as recommended by the World Health Organization, was achieved by 53% of the participating men, but only 23% of the women (Elmadfa et al., 2009).

1.4 Data on food insecure and food assistance

People at risk of poverty

In Austria, the proportion of people threatened by poverty (calculated based on 60% of the equivalent household income after social transfers) is with 12.6% significantly below the EU average (16.9%) in 2011. As in the European Union, this proportion remained constant between 2008 and 2011. In total, around 1 million people are threatened by poverty in Austria. Around one third of them, suffering considerable material deprivation meaning that living conditions are severely limited due to lack of financial income (at least four of the nine vital issues e.g. rent and utilities, adequate heating, every second day an adequate protein intake etc. are not affordable). In contrast to people at risk of poverty, the number of significant materially deprived has declined significantly in Austria. The proportion of individuals with significant material deprivation in 2011 is with 3.9%, well below the EU average of 8.7%. Between 2008 and 2011 the number of people affected decreased from 530.000 to 330.000. With respect to elderly (people over 65) threatened by poverty the numbers increased from 14.3% in 2005 to 16% in 2011 (BMASK, 2013).

In March 2014 the Ministry of Social Affairs reported 185.076 recipients of minimum social assistance. Compared to March 2012, this represents an increase of 23.8%. Since the start of the economic crisis in 2008, an increase of social assistance recipients by 37% can be observed. However, this increase is not only related to the economic crisis but also reflects information campaigns, increasing take-up rate and the better statistical data available (BMASK, 2014). Especially threatened by poverty are single parent households (88.000, 27%), households with more than 3 children (195.000, 28%), immigrants (324.000, 33%) and long term unemployed (118.000, 45%) (Statistik Austria, 2014b).

Food assistance schemes

Currently there are around 30 social markets2 supplying more than 60.000 people at risk of poverty with products for a “symbolic” price (maximum 20-30% of the price in a discounter). The social markets collect donations from food retailers or industry which are suitable for consumption but cannot be sold due to e.g. overproduction, forthcoming expiry date, minor packaging issues etc. Only people at risk of poverty are authorized to shop in the social markets where each client gets a weekly quota for purchases. Usually unemployed people work in the social markets. Besides helping people in need, social markets also reduce food waste.

2 http://www.somaundpartner.at/


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Besides social markets there are several other institutions who distribute food to homeless or people in need. The “Wiener Tafel”3 for instance collects around 3 t food per day to distribute it to around 16.000 people and 95 charity institutions. Another institution is the “Caritas”4 who is running 36 homes for homeless people.

2 DESCRIPTION OF FNS AS EMERGING FROM NATIONAL DEBA TE

2.1 Overal l percept ion of FNS based on a tag c loud

In this chapter, a world cloud is presented which indicates the most important topics that are discussed in relation to food and nutrition security in Austria (Figure 2). It is based on the headings of four national and one regional newspaper as well as on the headings of scientific papers published in the yearly conference proceedings of the Austrian Society of Agricultural Economics5 since 2007. Only headings with relation to FNS in Austria are included whereby the collection very much depends on the buzzwords the researcher uses. Thus, the word cloud is very much subjective. Still, it may serve as a valuable basis for the discussion of hazards and vulnerabilities of the FN system in Austria and indicate some lines of discussion emerging in the national debate.

FIGURE 2: WORD CLOUD INDICATING MOST IMPORTANT WORDS AND TOPICS IN THE FNS DISCUSSION IN AUSTRIA, BASED ON HEADINGS OF NEWSPAPERS AND SCIENTIFIC PAPERS.

The two most frequently appearing words are Österreich (Austria) and Lebensmittel (Food), which is unsurprising because they are among the mostly used buzzwords for the article search. Moreover, several dominating words appear which are directly linked to the agricultural sector (Landwirtschaft – Agriculture; Bauer – Farmer).

Other subject areas can be detected from the cloud:

• Free trade and the integration of the Austrian food and nutrition system into the world and European environments (TTIP; EU; Deutschland; Italien)

3 http://www.wienertafel.at/index.php?id=136 4 http://www.caritas.at 5 For the creation of the word cloud only papers with a German title were considered.


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• Environmental Issues (Pestizid; Bienensterben – bee mortality; Boden – soil; Bio-Invasoren; Genmais – genetically modified maize)

• Health and consumer related topics (Antibiotika; gesund – healthy; Lebensmittelsicherheit – food safety; essen – to eat)

• Further words hint at important discussions and topics, however, in a more fragmented way (Biosprit – Biofuels; Müll – waste; Hunger).

2.2 Hazards most f requent ly ment ioned in publ ic med ia

In the following, the most important drivers and hazards regarding the Austrian food and nutrition system, as identified on the basis of a media analysis, are presented (Table 2).

TABLE 2: DRIVERS OF CHANGE FOR THE AUSTRIAN FOOD SYSTEM.

Ecological drivers Social drivers Economic drivers Political drivers Technological drivers

Biodiversity (Bee death, invasive species)

Food frauds and scandals

Market concentration tendencies (retail)

Agricultural Policy and Subsidies

GMOs

Climate Change Unhealthy diet and consumption patterns

Free Trade (TTIP, embargo on russia)

Weather extremes (Draught, flood)

Food waste Poverty

Inadequate Animal Welfare

Biofuels

2.2.1 Ecological drivers

Biodiversity

In particular, the phenomenon of bee mortality has been largely discussed in Austrian public media (e.g. D_P3, KUR15) and is also recognized as a problem in the political and scientific spheres (GREENP4, AGES12).

Bees play an important role for the ecosystem and together with other insects are essential for crop pollination and thus for biodiversity and food security. Thus, bees and their health status are interdependently connected with their natural environment and human impacts on the environment (e.g. the utilization of pesticides or genetically modified organisms). Further challenges are climate change and an increasingly globalized economy, since these phenomena constantly change the living environment for bees and confront them with newly emerging diseases or parasites (AGES12).

The public discussion about threats for biodiversity is centered around bee mortality; however, it is also discussed in a more general sense (D_S187, D_S217).

Climate Change

On the one hand, consequences of climate change for the agricultural sector as well as society as a whole are discussed in the media. In global terms, the discussion relates to food and nutrition security (also impacting the Austrian FN system) and the costs society has to bear. At the national or regional level, the discussion is more centered around changes in weather conditions and adaption needs and possibilities of Austrian farmers (D_S3, KUR48, KLZ12). Also the link between threats for biodiversity and climate change is observed.

On the other hand, the focus is on climate change mitigation policies. In particular, benefits and consequences of bioenergy production and its political support are discussed, including the fields of biofuels, biogas, and first- and second generation bioenergy (D_S170, ÖGA20).


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Weather extremes

Weather extremes like hail, floods or droughts and their impacts on the agricultural sector have received widespread media attention in the past years (KRO60, KRO61, KRO63). The discussion is closely linked to the impacts of climate change.

Farmers experience huge income losses due to harvest losses and an increasing trend is perceived over the years. This also has an impact on the level of agricultural production. Due to adverse weather conditions, the volume of crop production was 1.9% lower in 2013 compared to 2012 (BMLFUW, 2014).

2.2.2 Economic drivers

Market concentration tendencies (retail)

A small number of firms have a high market share in the Austrian food retailing market and market concentration has even been growing over the last years (Pennerstorfer and Sinabell, 2013). This fact has gained broad media attention. Also in the scientific sphere, concerns are expressed, that market power is possibly exercised.

Comparisons with German retail prices are reported in newspapers and it is observed that Austrian food is comparatively expensive (D_S277). Often a link is made between high retail prices and the high market concentration. Also, there are several articles reporting about penalties set by the cartel authority for illegal price agreements between retailers and suppliers (D_S275, KRO38). However, the retail industry argues that in Austria production and indirect labor costs are higher.

Salhofer et al (2012, 109), for example, conduct an analysis for milk products in Austrian retailing and suggest that market power “exists towards consumers […] and towards input suppliers” for different dairy products.

Free Trade (TTIP, embargo on Russia)

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is a trade agreement to be negotiated between the EU and the US. Since the start of negotiations, it has been widely debated in public media. In general, the agreement is perceived as a threat to European production standards regarding environmental and sanitary regulations (D_S121, KRO77). Furthermore, competitive disadvantages for Austrian small scale farmers are suspected (KRO68).

While public media and NGOs (GREENP2) in tendency are against TTIP, governmental institutions also point to the positive welfare effects of the partnership (BMLFUW4). Nevertheless, even the latter acknowledge that negative impacts for the agricultural sector cannot be excluded.

Besides the fear of too much free trade, also the threat of increasing trade restrictions with already established trading partners is discussed. This issue was particularly raised in connection with the recent Ukraine crisis and the trade embargo on Russia, which led to the loss of markets for Austrian exporters of agricultural products (KLZ13, KLZ14).

Poverty

In Austria, the proportion of people threatened by relative as well as absolute poverty is significantly below the EU average and was even declining in recent years (BMASK, 2013). Nevertheless, poverty and especially food poverty are present subjects in the public discourse. Media particularly paid attention to the existence of food banks (D_S133) and child poverty (KUR33). Poverty exists and still is “too high” (KUR26). Also, other groups like elderly, single parent households, households with more than 3 children, immigrants, and long term unemployed are in a disproportionate high danger of poverty.

Poverty is a threat to food and nutrition security in Austria and has an impact on food access for several deprived groups in society. Additionally, comparatively high consumer prices for food are discussed in Austrian media (D_S277).

Biofuels

In the work at hand, biofuels are classified as an economic driver, however, they also could be classified as a political, ecological or technological driver. Without political support, it is very likely that only a small share of total fuel consumption in the EU would stem from biofuels. Political goals connected to biofuel support could be: income generation for rural areas and the biofuel processing industry, energy independence, and the reduction of CO2 emissions.


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So called first generation biofuels (produced from agricultural crops) have been heavily criticized by academia and NGOs for being inefficient or even ineffective in terms of greenhouse gas emission reduction (Grethe et al., 2013). However, political support seemed unaffected until recently (KUR57).

Second or third generation biofuels (from waste, lignocelluloses feedstock, or algae) possibly have a better performance, but are not marketable at the large scale at the moment and depend on the pace of technical progress. In the media, the topic often is presented with regard to the food versus fuel debate (KRO26, D_S127).

2.2.3 Social drivers

Food frauds and scandals Reports about food frauds and food scandals are pervasive in public media (D_S1, D_S2, D_S3). This may be due to the high information value such news have for the public. The Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety reports that in 2013 out of 31.500 analyzed samples 0.4% were considered as harmful to health (AGES, 2013).

In connection with food scandals, it is also discussed, how and in which cases official authorities should inform the public about threats (D_S2). Furthermore, frequently arising food scandals cause insecurity regarding food safety at the consumer side. This public insecurity is mirrored in reports about increasing re-regionalized and self-organized food production with the aim to regain food sovereignty (D_S14).

Unhealthy diet and consumption patterns The relation between healthiness and food consumption patterns are a common topic in public media. Many articles focus on a healthy diet in general, presenting recipes or give some advice on a healthy lifestyle (D_S62, D_S90). Others discuss prevailing unhealthy food consumption patterns in Austria (high consumption of meat and salt, insufficient consumption of fish and vegetables) (KUR38, KRO50).

Also, the increasing availability of processed food and fast food is brought up in the media (D_S165), as well as food allergy (KRO54) and eating disorders (D_S232). Extensive meat consumption is often discussed in relation to health impacts, and less often also in connection with environmental and animal welfare aspects (KRO52, KUR23).

Food waste Food waste is commonly discussed and perceived as a problem in the media. Some articles link the discussion on a moral basis with poverty issues (KUR22) while others inform about the high amount of food that is wasted or discuss technical issues like expiry dates (D_S42). Furthermore, campaigns against food waste are launched by the government (BMLFUW13-18).

Inadequate Animal Welfare Minimum standards for animal welfare are a component of the social dimension of sustainability. Industrial livestock production is not necessarily in line with these minimum standards according to many people and as a consequence they abstain from meat or reduce consumption. On the other side, animal welfare regulation also has the potential to substantially increase production costs. In public media, animal welfare topics are frequently discussed in Austria (D_S20, KUR52, KRO81).

2.2.4 Technological drivers

GMOs Austrian agriculture is (almost) free from genetically modified organisms. The government has banned several GMOs which were assessed as safe at the European level. GM crops are not commercially cultivated in Austria. Coexistence between organic and conventional agriculture on the one side and genetically modified corps on the other side would be difficult to imagine for many farmers, given the small scale field structure in Austrian agriculture.

GMOs are intensely and controversially debated in the Austrian public. Many comments clearly favor a complete ban of GMOs pointing to health issues (KRO6, KRO13), missing scientific long-term evidence or disadvantages for farmers (D_S125). On the other side there are some voices, claiming that GMOs would have favorable impacts on land use and global food security and that there is no reason for a ban in Austria (D_S268, D_S269).


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2.2.5 Political drivers

Agricultural Policy and Subsidies Agricultural policy is largely determined by the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU. However, it has an impact on the Austrian agricultural sector and has gained some media attention (D_S195, D_S201). Also in the scientific sphere several analysis are conducted which are concerned with the impacts of agricultural policy on farmers’ incomes and the structure of the agricultural policy (ÖGA2, ÖGA15). In addition, this is a relevant field of positioning for farmers associations (BAB15).

2.3 Debate evaluat ion: over and underrepresented ha zards and vulnerabi l i t ies

Austrian newspapers frequently report about food frauds and food scandals. This prevalence of the topic may generate a perception of a latent threat of harmful food among the population. However, the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety reports that in 2013 out of 31.500 analyzed samples 0.4% were considered as harmful to health. Furthermore, among randomly collected samples without a prior suspicion the rate was even lower (0.2%) while 1.4% of samples with a prior suspicion were considered as harmful to health. Nevertheless, for 14.8% of all tested samples objections have been found, however, mostly minor ones due to incorrect labeling or potential consumer misdirection (9.5% of the samples) (AGES, 2013).

Having said this, the prevalence of reports about food frauds and scandals in the media can not necessarily be considered as being overrepresented, however, the perception of food safety in Austria may in the medium term become too negative, given the fact that only a marginal share of food samples were considered as harmful for health.

Another topic with high media coverage is related to food consumption patterns and diet composition. Consumption patterns are often discussed regarding health issues, while less often making connections to external effects on the environmental or social sphere. A high level of meat consumption, for example, is identified as unhealthy. But at the same time, problems regarding animal welfare standards of industrialized livestock production, impacts on global food security, or high emissions of livestock production, are less often mentioned in the same articles.


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3 VULNERABILITIES INFLUENCING FN SYSTEM OUTCOMES WI TH REGARD TO FN SECURITY

3.1 System vu lnerab i l i t ies ident i f ied in the media: int roduct ion

In the following, the main vulnerabilities of Austrian FNS as identified based on the media analysis are presented. The following list of identified vulnerabilities is not intended to indicate the importance of an issue according to its rank. In addition, the validity of several ‘vulnerabilities’ depends on the point of view of the stakeholder and in some cases there are controversial discussions ongoing in the media (including the scientific and political sphere). Possible vulnerabilities are:

1. Lacking of food safety and food control 2. Unhealthy diet and food-related health issues 3. Overexploitation of natural resources and impacts on the environment 4. Production capacity of (Austrian) agriculture 5. Dynamics of change in the structure of the agricultural sector 6. Poverty and social marginalization 7. Market concentration tendencies in the retail sector 8. Food waste 9. Inadequate animal welfare standards and changes in ethical perceptions.

3.2 FNS outcomes and system vu lnerabi l i t ies

Availability

Even though the focus of this report is on the Austrian FN system, in several cases vulnerabilities and connected problems arise (and possibly should be tackled) at the global level. This is particularly the case with vulnerabilities threatening the availability aspect of FNS.

As a relatively small country with a high average per head income and a high level of integration of the agricultural sector in the world market, the threat resulting from a declining production in Austrian agriculture on the availability of food in Austria is relatively small. Domestically produced food could easily be substituted by imports (even without significant price effects due to the small share of Austrian agricultural production in the world market), in case that Austrian agriculture substantially reduces food production for whatever reason in the future. Availability is rather unlikely to become an issue, as long as production at the global level is robust and free trade ensured. However, it is not unlikely that reasons for a decline in agricultural production in many cases are not only specific Austrian issues but appear on a higher spatial level. Thus, impacts on the global FN system would be inevitable and consequences would be relevant for richer countries as well.

This line of argumentation counts for most of the production side vulnerabilities (which are mentioned in the media) such as a declining production due to overexploitation of resources (soil, water…), climate change impacts on crop yields (average yield impacts in Austrian agriculture are not necessarily negative, but may be negative at the global scale in the long run), or a higher frequency of weather extremes.

A similar logic would be valid for consumption side vulnerabilities such as food waste, high meat consumption rates or biofuel production. All these issues put pressure on the global food balance, however, from an Austrian perspective, none of them would de facto threat food availability given the high average income level in Austria.

Having said this, it is clear that other social and environmental problems (also in other parts of the world) of course may highly be relevant, no matter if the global or regional level are the targeted spheres of activity.

Access

In spite of a relatively stable food availability in Austria, access is not automatically ensured for all groups of society. The medial focus in that context lies on the issues of poverty and social marginalization, market concentration tendencies in the retail sector and high food prices in general.

Several underprivileged groups, for example, are not able to afford a meal including meat or fish every second day (with 29%, the highest share is reported for long term unemployed people; Statistik Austria, 2014a). For several people with


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low incomes, food banks provide cheap aliments and ensure access to food. Moreover, the high market concentration in the Austrian food retailing industry may amplify the problems, if market power is exercised towards consumers.

Market power in food retailing also may negatively impact farmers’ incomes, which may also be affected by weather extremes or changes in the agricultural policy framework. In 2015, for example, the European milk quota will be abolished, which until now limited the maximum production of milk and was intended to keep milk prices high to support farmers. Lower farm incomes may foster structural change in the agricultural sector. Nevertheless, this may not necessarily be a threat for farmers FNS.

Utilization

Many vulnerabilities of the food and nutrition system in Austria are related to the utilization of food. In spite of a given availability and (for many people) also unhindered assess to sufficient amounts of food, many people have unsustainable and unhealthy consumption patterns. A high consumption of meat and processed food on the one hand and an insufficient intake of fish, vegetables or fresh food on the other may lead to health problems. Obesity or anorexia are further examples of an insufficient utilization of food and nutrition. This eating habits may be caused by unawareness, a lack of knowledge, or insufficient time to prepare food.

Furthermore, the acceptability of food is an important issue. Food may be sufficiently accessible in general, however, certain people may refuse it due to religious regulations or ethical concerns (for example regarding animal welfare). Moreover, an insufficient food control system and food safety problems may undermine the confidence in the food and nutrition system. A more indirect issue is food waste, which certainly is a problem of food utilization, however, more linked to FNS via the (global) availability of food (see above).

Stability and control

Stability and control vulnerabilities are affecting - and must be seen in connection with - the first three outcomes of the food and nutrition system (availability, access and utilization). Thus, they are mostly related to dynamic changes over time. A high variability of income, for example, would threaten the access to food in some periods, even if on average access is ensured.

Further services provided by the FN system

Vulnerabilities, which are not directly part of FN security, but still closely connected, shall be mentioned in the following. Here, for example all environmental services (positive externalities) provided by the agricultural sector need to be counted in. The provision of these services might be threatened by an overexploitation of natural resources. Furthermore, potential cultural problems resulting from structural change in the agricultural sector and urbanization trends are important.


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3.3 FNS outcomes and vulnerable groups

In ded as categories in the table.

Table 3 specific FNS-vulnerable groups are presented as identified on the basis of the media analysis. Since availability of food in general is rather a global than an Austrian issue, only access, utilization, and stability and control are included as categories in the table.

TABLE 3: FNS OUTCOMES AND VULNERABLE GROUPS.

Access Utilisation Stability and control

People with eating disorder (Obesity / anorexia)

Overconsumption, underconsumption,

risk factor for diseases

Children Dependent on adults (with possibly low income, insufficient knowledge, time constraints, etc),

Possibly unbalanced food in school canteens etc

Lack of physical activity Sustainable food system for future generations

Poor Low income, high food prices

Elderly Social marginalisation,

immobility

People with insufficient knowledge about food

poor nutritional knowledge or cooking skills

Time constraint people

Processed food, fast food unbalanced diets

Farmers Low/unstable income

Structural change, other dynamics (upcoming free trade agreements, changes in agricultural policy support, etc)

Concentration tendencies in the retail sector

Rural population

Low income due to limited job opportunities; shrinking infrastructure;

But: self-sufficiency

Structural change in the agricultural sector, urbanisation tendencies


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4 FRAMES ANALYSIS / VULNERABILITIES

4.1 Emerg ing f rames and actor 's posit ion ing

In

Table 4 frames as emerging from the media analysis are presented.

Table 4: Overview of frames.

Frames Key concepts

suggested solutions

Key threats considered

Problems definition

Moral bases

Ecological Respect environmental constraints; Environmentally sustainable food system

Overexploitation of resources, pollution, loss of biodiversity

Intergenerational sustainability, Respect for nature

Free trade

Comparative advantage, more efficient food chains, lower consumer prices, welfare gains

Tensions in international trade, TTIP: costs of adaption, less sovereign decisions on food quality regulations, status of protected regional products is unclear

Efficiency, food sovereignty, freedom of choice, saving cultural roots

Quality Government should guarantee save and reliable food

Food frauds and scandals, processed food

Food sovereignty, Healthy food as a right for everybody.

Solidarity

Food assistance is a concrete answer for deprived persons, avoid food waste, sustainable consumption patterns (less waste, less meat)

Poverty, unemployment, low incomes, high food prices, social marginalization, food waste, unsustainable consumption patterns

Human solidarity. Compassion, Right to food, social justice

Sovereignty

People’s control over the food systems

Intransparent food production, lack of quality controls, market concentration, social marginalization

Communities’ self-determination. Peoples’ control over food chains.

Technology

Technology development is the key to improve FNS

Low agricultural productivity, constraint (arable) land resources, potential adverse effects of new technologies

Scientific evidence, Efficiency

Wholesomeness

Ensure food safety, Adequate utilization of food

Food frauds and scandals, processed food, eating disorders, unbalanced diet, insufficient knowledge about food, social marginalization

Scientific evidence, Ensure public health,


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4.2 Main f rames descrip t ion

Ecological

The underlying aim of the ecological frame is to provide sustainable food production possibilities as well as to ensure environmental sustainability in the long run. This includes different subgoals, such as the prevention of an overexploitation of natural resources.

Different trends are being discussed regarding this goals. For example, more rules and regulations (environmental legislation, compliance regulations of agricultural policy) for farmers could be a solution as well as a switch to organic farming. While the former has direct impacts on producers, the latter is at least partly driven by consumers awareness and demand for organically produced products.

While a consensus may exist among different interest groups on the long term goal (a sustainable food production system), in the short term controversies exist regarding practical measures. Ecological organizations rather focus on environmental sustainability and at the farmers’ side the focus is more on production and also income generation. Thus, the farmers lobby tends to refuse additional environmental regulations and encourage political biofuels support, while environmental NGOs would take opposite positions.

In a similar way, pros and cons of organic farming are exchanged: on the one hand, organic farming practices put less direct stress on the environment, but on the other hand, it is argued that yields are lower which as a consequence might lead to higher land use effects.

Free trade

The general underlying aim of the free trade framework is the generation of welfare gains due to the utilization of comparative advantages. A more efficient production chain, lower consumer prices and export market development are among the benefits of free trade. However, recently, tensions in international relations have threatened the access to foreign markets (e.g. due to the embargo on Russia).

On the other hand, new developments in free trade have frightened consumers. The TTIP agreement, which is currently under negotiation, is perceived as undermining food sovereignty due to a relaxation of food quality standards and less protection possibilities for locally produced commodities.

A more balanced point of view can be found in the policy and science spheres as well as among farmers associations, which point out that TTIP bears opportunities and risks at the same time.

Quality

The key concept of the quality frame is the provision of safe and reliable food for the whole population. In public media it is frequently reported about food scandals and food frauds, while the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety reports that in 2013 out of 31.500 analyzed samples only 0.4% were considered as harmful to health (AGES, 2013). The quality frame is to some extent overlapping with the sovereignty frame because the continuous confrontation with food scandals may reduce confidence and create uncertainty regarding food quality in the population.

In spite of relatively high quality standards in the Austrian food and nutrition system, the perception of a constant health threat may lead to changing consumption patterns and in the medium term also impact other frames of the FN system (less meat consumption; organic food vs. industrialized food production; locally produced food vs. free trade).

Solidarity

The solidarity frame is based on the perception of social justice and the ethical fundament that there is a right to food. Even though, poverty in absolute terms is comparatively low in Austria, it still is observed as too high. The aim is to ensure a minimum level of living for every member of the society. This clearly includes that food and nutrition security is ensured for everyone, not only on average.

In the media, (food) poverty often is discussed in combination with food waste issues, which shows the dimension of social inequality in an even more pronounced way. Food poverty, however, is only one aspect of poverty, for which reasons mostly lie outside the food and nutrition system (e.g., unemployment,…). Nevertheless, symptoms can be cured within the system, for example via food banks.


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Sovereignty

At the core of the sovereignty frame is the self-determination of consumers in the FN system. Self-determination includes the control over the food that is consumed as well as the perception of these control. In general, many people are skeptical regarding industrialized food production and would prefer small-scale agricultural production6. The perception of losing food sovereignty may impact consumption patterns (more local orientation, higher demand for organic food) but also change production structures as a consequence. Furthermore, protectionist arguments may be brought forward in this discourse.

Moreover, a conflict arises between affordability of food (low consumer prices due to large-scale production structures) on the one hand and traceable high quality standards on the other, depending on the point of view. Low food prices do indicate low food quality for several people, which mostly at the same time condemn the supposedly prevailing ‘low-price-mentality’. On the other hand, poor people may suffer from higher food prices and in general, have less opportunity to realize food sovereignty.

Technology

The technology frame has not a high presence in the media, compared to other FNS-frames. The highest prevalence have the topics ‘GMOs’ and ‘Biofuels/Bioenergy’. However, these topics are mostly discussed against the background of ethical, economic or ecologic questions. Nevertheless, in public media some voices criticize the unscientific and moral-based discussion of this topics in the media and call for a more rational evaluation.

In a broader sense (i.e, in terms of increasing agricultural productivity) technological development is perceived as the key to improve global FNS in the future, by many stakeholders.

Wholesomeness

The key concept of the wholesomeness frame is the facilitation of an adequate utilization of food. As a prerequisite, this includes access to safe and reliable food for everybody. Regarding this aspect, wholesomeness is very much related to the quality frame and puts food safety in the focus.

The second aspect of wholesomeness focuses on the utilization of food. Many constraints are given in this respect: eating disorders, unbalanced diets, insufficient knowledge about food, and social marginalization. These problems could partly be tackled by information and prevention campaigns and education programs in schools.

However, an area of conflict appears between external regulations and self-determination: how paternalistic should a national authority behave to influence the food consumption patterns of the individuals and where is the red line of the privacy of individuals and the right to eat unhealthy and environmental harmful. May harmful commodities be banned (like illegal drugs) or taxed (would a tax on meat be accepted?)?

6 A detailed discussion on whether this is justified or not is beyond the scope of this article at this point.


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ANNEX 1: MOST RELEVANT VULERNABILITIES

Vulnerab i l i ty 1: Lacking of food safety and food co nt ro l

Name Lacking of food safety and food control

Description Food frauds and food scandals are prevalent in the public discussion in Austria. However, there is not really a threat for the population given that 0.4% of the samples analysed by AGES (2013) were considered as harmful to health. Nevertheless, news coverage may influence the perception of the population regarding food safety and food sovereignty issues.

Hazards Food frauds, food scandals, inadequate livestock production standards Exposure & Sensitiveness

Communication policy of governmental institutions, transparency and traceability in food production

Assets Political and institutional resources, Science & technology Mechanisms Frequent reports on food frauds and scandals cause scepticism against food safety and food

sovereignty. This in turn may impact the public attitude negatively regarding free trade, large scale agriculture, GMOs – or positively regarding organic farming and regional food production. On the one hand, food safety needs to be ensured to protect the population from harmful food, but on the other hand, crating confidence in the FN system is also an important challenge, which needs to be tackled. To do so, higher transparency in food production, but also in communication of governmental institutions, may be helpful.

Groups/areas Consumers Activities Consumption, Food institutional communication Outcomes Acceptability, Food-related diseases

Vulnerab i l i ty 2: Unhealthy diet and food-related he al th issues

Name Unhealthy diet and food-related health issues

Description There are many possible reasons why people have unbalanced and unhealthy food consumption patterns: lack of knowledge or awareness, time constraints, income constraints, eating disorders, or other social marginalization. Mostly, problems are related to inadequate utilization of food (i.e., when access and availability are already ensured) and may result in a higher incidence of food-related diseases.

Hazards Unhealthy diet and consumption patterns Exposure & Sensitiveness

Food education status, social marginalization, lifestyle

Assets Knowledge, Social capital Mechanisms As long as access to food is ensured (i.e., income or mobility constraints are not the cause for an

unbalanced diet), the named problems could partly be tackled by information and prevention campaigns, and education programs in schools. However, an area of conflict appears between external regulations and self-determination: how paternalistic should a national authority behave to influence the food consumption patterns of the individuals and where is the red line of the privacy of individuals. Is there a right to eat unhealthy and environmental harmful? Should harmful commodities be banned or taxed, and which commodities would be harmful enough to be banned? These kinds of questions describe the arising area of conflict, in which the topic needs to be discussed.

Groups/areas People with eating disorder, poor, elderly, people with insufficient knowledge about food, time constraint people

Activities Consumption, Food consumption habits Outcomes Utilization, Food intake, Food-related diseases, Junk food consumption, Nutrition content


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Vulnerab i l i ty 3: Threat of overexp loi tat ion of natu ra l resources and impacts on the envi ronment

Name Threat of overexploitation of natural resources and impacts on the environment

Description On the one hand, the agricultural sector provides positive environmental public goods, but on the other hand also puts pressure on the environment, leading to soil erosion, water pollution, or loss of biodiversity. In principle, these negative impacts can be confined by regulations or incentive based mechanisms (which may be subsidy based, or consumer driven). Furthermore, a lower demand could contribute to the preservation of natural resources. Thus, food waste, meat consumption, and biofuel production are important issues to be discussed in relation to this vulnerability.

Hazards Loss of Biodiversity, climate change, soil exploitation, food waste, biofuels Exposure & Sensitiveness

Environmental legislation, agricultural policy, consumers awareness

Assets Natural assets Mechanisms Ecological organizations rather focus on environmental sustainability and at the farmers’ side

the focus is more on production and income generation. Thus, the farmers lobby tends to refuse additional environmental regulations and encourage e.g. political biofuels support, while environmental NGOs would take opposite positions.

In a similar way, pros and cons of organic farming are exchanged: on the one hand, organic farming practices put less direct stress on the environment, but on the other hand, it is argued that yields are lower which as a consequence might lead to higher land use effects.

Groups/areas Farmers, Consumers Activities Production, Consumption, Waste disposal Outcomes (Global) food availability

Vulnerab i l i ty 4: Product ion capacity o f agricu l ture

Name Production capacity of agriculture

Description The production capacity of agriculture is rather a global vulnerability for FNS. It is related to production side problems such as overexploitation of natural resources or climate change impacts, which may result in a reduced ability of the agricultural sector to produce food (or other biomass).

Hazards soil exploitation, climate change Exposure & Sensitiveness

Environmental constraints, organic farming, yield increase (incl. GMOs)

Assets Natural assets, land Mechanisms With an increasing future world population, increasing challenges are anticipated for the world

agricultural sector to feed the world. Higher yields per hectare are frequently seen as part of the solution. Within the context of technical progress in the agricultural sector (resulting in higher yields), also the discussions about GMOs and the (in-)sufficiency of yields in organic farming are located.

Groups/areas Farmers Activities Production, Climate, GMOs, Organic farming Outcomes Availability


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Vulnerab i l i ty 5: Dynamics of change in the st ructur e of the agr icu l tural sector

Name Dynamics of change in the structure of the agricultural sector

Description Overall, the number of farms in Austria has decreased over the past decades with a recently slowing down trend. Since 1996 the number of farms has been reduced by 30%. On average about 2,300 farmers per year have abandoned, sold, or leased out their farms in Austria. The Austrian agriculture is still based predominantly on small-scaled family farms (92%). However, there is a trend towards larger holdings.

Hazards Adaption costs to new environments (Changes in free trade, agricultural policy) Exposure & Sensitiveness

Small-scale agriculture, family farming, urbanization, rural infrastructure

Assets Social capital Mechanisms This trend towards larger farms is per so no vulnerability for FNS. However, it has some

social impacts on rural areas as a living environment and causes adaption costs (which are higher, the higher the pace of structural change).

Groups/areas Farmers, rural population Activities Planning, Small-scale farming Outcomes Stability and Control of farmers’ and rural populations’ incomes.

Vulnerab i l i ty 6: Poverty and socia l marginal izat ion

Name Poverty and social marginalization

Description Even though, poverty in absolute terms is comparatively low in Austria, it still exists. Thus, despite an on average good FNS status, some people are deprived and are FN insecure. Several underprivileged groups, for example, are not able to afford a meal including meat or fish every second day (with 29%, the highest share is reported for long term unemployed people; Statistik Austria, 2014a). For several people with low incomes, food banks provide cheap aliments and ensure access to food. Furthermore, other social marginalized people may suffer from FN insecurity. For example elderly people may become problems due to immobility.

Hazards Increasing poverty, high food prices Exposure & Sensitiveness

Economic growth of the overall economy, unemployment, age

Assets Financial resources, social security system

Mechanisms Food poverty is only one aspect of poverty, for which reasons mostly lie outside the food and nutrition system (e.g., unemployment,…). Nevertheless, symptoms can be cured within the system, for example via food banks.

Groups/areas The poor, elderly, social marginalized people Activities Food banks Outcomes Solidarity networks


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Vulnerab i l i ty 7: Market concent rat ion tendencies in the retai l sector

Name Market concentration tendencies in the retail sector

Description A small number of firms have a high market share in the Austrian food retailing market and market concentration has even been growing over the last years (Pennerstorfer and Sinabell, 2013).

Hazards Increasing market concentration, exercised market power Exposure & Sensitiveness

Anti-trust legislation, market structure

Assets Political and institutional resources Mechanisms Salhofer et al (2012, 109), for example, conduct an analysis for milk products in Austrian

retailing and suggest that market power “exists towards consumers […] and towards input suppliers” for different dairy products.

Groups/areas Consumers, input suppliers, retailers Activities Concentration, retailing Outcomes Access, retailing

Vulnerab i l i ty 8: Food waste

Name Food waste

Description Most of the avoidable food waste can be traced back to the consumer and occurs mainly due to: a lack of awareness and knowledge (e.g. about quantity, environmental and financial consequences of food waste, misinterpretation of date labels), behaviour (e.g. not taking leftovers from restaurants home, buying more than can be consumed), preferences (e.g. discarding of apple skins, rejection of misshaped products) and attitudes (e.g. expecting the full range of products in shops even just before closing time) (EC, 2010).

Hazards Food waste Exposure & Sensitiveness

Consumers awareness

Assets Natural Mechanisms The production of food requires inputs. Thus, due to avoidable food waste, more inputs are

consumed and more stress is put on natural resources and the environment than necessary (at least theoretically), to achieve the same FNS status.

Groups/areas Consumers Activities Food consumption habits Outcomes Food consumption habits


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Vulnerab i l i ty 9: Inadequate an imal welfare standard s and changes in eth ical percept ions.

Name Inadequate animal welfare standards and changes in ethical perceptions.

Description Minimum standards for animal welfare are a component of the ethical dimension of food quality.

Hazards Low animal welfare standards Exposure & Sensitiveness

Consumers awareness

Assets Mechanisms Industrial livestock production is not necessarily in line with minimum standards of animal welfare

according to many people and as a consequence they abstain from meat or reduce consumption. On the other side, animal welfare regulation also has the potential to substantially increase production costs.

Groups/areas Meat consumers, meat producers Activities Production (Increase standards), Consumption (Vegetarianism and similar diets) Outcomes Utilization, acceptability


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ANNEX 2: SOURCES

Sphere Acronym Source

Policy BMASK Federal Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs and Consumer Protection

Policy BMLFUW Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management

Policy Statistik Austria Statistics Austria (official statistical bureau)

Policy / Science AGES Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety

Science ÖGA Austrian Society of Agricultural Economics

Science German Journal of Agricultural Economics

Science Food Policy (Journal)

Science Agricultural Economics (Journal)

Science Ecological Economics (Journal)

Science Land use policy (Journal)

Public D_S Der Standard (Top ten newspaper)

Public KUR Kurier (Top ten newspaper)

Public KLZ Kleine Zeitung (largest regional newspaper)

Public KRO Kronen Zeitung (Top ten newspaper)

Public D_P Die Presse (Top ten newspaper)

Agric. Sector BAB Österreichischer Bauernbund (Austrian Farmers‘ Association)

Agric. Sector LK Landwirtschaftskammer

NGO GREENP Greenpeace

NGO Caritas Caritas


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ANNEX 3: REFERENCES

AGES (2013): Lebensmittelsicherheitsbericht 2013, https://www.verbrauchergesundheit.gv.at/lebensmittel/lebensmittelkontrolle/LMSicherheit.html.

BMASK (2013): Sozialpolitische Indikatoren: Österreich im internationalen Vergleich. Wien, http://www.sozialministerium.at/cms/site/attachments/9/0/3/CH2293/CMS1314019560422/sozialpolitik_im_internationalen_vergleich_-_05-13.pdf.

BMASK (2014): Sozialdaten-Monitoring. 12. Bericht. Wien, http://www.sozialministerium.at/cms/site/attachments/2/5/0/CH2172/CMS1268220843353/sozialdaten-monitoring_-_12._bericht.pdf.

BMLFUW (2010): Lebensmittelbericht Österreich 2010. Wien, http://www.bmlfuw.gv.at/publikationen/lebensmittel/lebensmittelbericht_oesterreich_2010.html.

BMLFUW (2012): Lebensmittel in Österreich: Zahlen-Daten-Fakten 2011. Wien, http://www.bmlfuw.gv.at/publikationen/lebensmittel/Lebensmittel-zdf2011.html.

BMLFUW (2014): Grüner Bericht 2014: Bericht über die Situation der österreichischen Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Wien, www.gruenerbericht.at.

EC (2010): Preparatory Study in Food Waste Across EU 27 Final Report. 054 (2010). European Commission Directorate General Environment, Bio Intelligence Service, Paris. Elmadfa et al. (2009): European Nutrition and Health Report 2009. Vienna, http://www.univie.ac.at/enhr/downloads/enhrii_book.pdf.

Elmadfa et al. (2012): Österreichischer Ernährungsbericht 2012. 1. Auflage, Wien, http://www.bmg.gv.at/home/Schwerpunkte/Ernaehrung/Rezepte_Broschueren_Berichte/Der_Oesterreichische_Ernaehrungsbericht_2012.

Grethe, H., Deppermann, A., Marquardt, S. (2013): Biofuels: Effects on Global Agricultural Prices and Climate Change. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung and OXFAM Germany.

Pennerstorfer, D. and Sinabell, F. (2013): Spatial Price Differentiation and Regional Market Power. The Case of Food-Retailing in Austria, WIFO Working Papers 458/2013.

Salhofer, K., Tribl, C. and Sinabell, F. (2012): Market power in Austrian food retailing: the case of milk products, Empirica 39(1), pp 109-122.

Statistik Austria (2014a): Lebensbedingungen für Personen in Risikohaushalten (1) 2013, http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/soziales/armut_und_soziale_eingliederung/.

Statistik Austria (2014b): Tabellenband EU-SILC 2013: Einkommen, Armut und Lebensbedingungen. http://www.statistik.at/web_de/frageboegen/private_haushalte/eu_silc/.

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