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9 Status of the breeding population of Great Cormorants in Finland in 2012

Pekka Rusanen

Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 140, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland. Pekka.Rusanen@ymparisto.fi

To be cited as: Rusanen, P. 2013: Status of the breeding population of Great Cormorants in Finland in 2012. – In: Bregnballe, T., Lynch, J., Parz-Gollner, R., Marion, L., Volponi, S., Paquet, J-Y. & van Eerden, M.R. (eds.) 2013. National reports from the 2012 breeding census of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in parts of the Western Palearctic. IUCN-Wetlands International Cormorant Research Group Report. Technical Report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University. No. 22: 42-46. http://dce2.au.dk/pub/TR22.pdf

National summary In 2012, there were 17,208 occupied nests of Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Finland. This is a decrease of ca. 500 nests (3%) compared to 2011. However in 2012 there was an increase in the number of breeding col-onies. Cormorants established colonies in 40 locations in 2012, including eight new sites. This is the third highest number of colonies recorded in Fin-land (50 in 2009 and 41 in 2008) since breeding started in 1996. Overall the Finnish cormorant population has been fluctuating between ca. 14,400 and 17,700 nests since 2009.

Distribution As in previous years cormorants bred exclusively in the coastal archipelagos and cormorants have now colonized most Finnish sea areas, being practical-ly absent only in Åland and in parts of northern sea areas (Fig. 9.1). In 2012, the majority of the breeding population (57%) and colonies (65%) were found in the southernmost sea areas (Fig. 9.2): from the Gulf of Finland (5,945 nests) to the Archipelago Sea (3,838 nests). The Bothnian Sea held over one third of the population (6,151 nests), concentrated in four larger colo-nies. A small percentage was breeding in the northernmost sea areas: from the Kvarken Area (1,096 nests) to the Bothnian Bay (178 nests).

The majority of cormorants nest on rocky, almost treeless islets in the outer archipelagoes (Ryttäri 2011). In total, 60 small islets were inhabited by breed-ing cormorants. The mean size of islets was 0.9 hectares (0.1-5.2 ha). Addi-tionally one colony was breeding on a larger island (118 ha). This was the first time that cormorants were breeding on a larger island in Finland. Also the first attempt to breed on an estuary islet was reported in 2012. The larg-est colonies (>1,000 nests) were located 0.7-4.6 km from the mainland. The majority of the breeding population, 74% of cormorant pairs and 60% of col-onies, were located in nature conservation areas.

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Russia

Sweden

Estonia

Finland

0 100 200 km

1 - 100

101-250

251-500

501-1000

1001 - 3000

>3000

Large rivers

Number of nests

Figure 9.1. Distribution and size of breeding colonies of Great Cormorants in Finland in 2012. Source: Finnish Environment Institute SYKE.

Figure 9.2. Regional distribution of the breeding population of Great Cormorants in Finland in 2012. Source: Finnish Environ-ment Institute, SYKE.

Gulf of Finland

Archipelago Sea

Bothnian Sea

Kvarken Area

Bothnian Bay

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

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Cormorants were nesting on the ground in the majority of colonies (63%). In 18% of the colonies all cormorants bred in trees and in 19% of the colonies some cormorants nested on the ground and some in trees. In total, 82% of all nests were located on the ground.

The presence of an increasing number of White-tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus al-bicilla) and a more frequent occurrence of predation from these is probably the reason for the observed reduction in 2012 in the number of cormorants breeding in the south-western sea areas (from the westernmost part of the Gulf of Finland to the Archipelago Sea). In this region the number of nests declined by 12% compared to 2011, while on the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, where the White-tailed Eagle is still quite uncommon, the number of nests increased by 14% compared to 2011. We have observed up to 18 White-tailed Eagles staying simultaneously inside one large colony in the Archipelago Sea during the nesting period of cormorants in 2012. The num-ber of cormorant nests in that particular colony declined by 30% in 2012 compared with 2011.

Colony size Nearly half (47%) of the Finnish population in 2012 was concentrated in the five largest colonies (>1,000 nests) (Fig. 9.3 and 9.4). The largest colony was located at Merikarvia in the Bothnian Sea and it had 2,371 nests, which is the largest colony ever reported in Finland. The six colonies of intermediate size (501-1,000 nests) contained 29% of the breeding population and the remain-ing 29 smaller colonies (<500 nests) contained 24%.

Human intervention in colonies The illegal persecution of cormorants has tapered off markedly during the 2000’s. In 2012, six small colonies (167 nests in total) failed totally during breeding; at least two of them due to persecution. In 2010-2011, 4-5% of all nests were destroyed illegally, while the proportion was much higher (11-17%) in 2008-2009.

0

5

10

20

15

1-100 101-500 501-1000 1001-2400

Num

ber

of c

olon

ies

Colony size (number of nests)

47%

29%

21%

3%

1-100 nests 101-500 nests

501-1000 nests1001-2400 nests

Figure 9.3. Size distribution of Great Cormorant colonies in Finland in 2012. Source: Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE.

Figure 9.4. Distribution (%) of the total breeding population of Great Cormorants in relation to colony size in Finland in 2012. Source: Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE.

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Legal population management actions have taken place in Finland for only two years in a restricted area. In 2012, the Southwest Finland Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment (ELY Centre) gave a special license to control breeding cormorants in one small fishing area of pikeperch in the inner part of the Archipelago Sea. The license limited the management actions to scaring cormorants away from the colonies before egg-laying. This took place in three small colonies and was unsuccessful in one case. In 2010, a similar license was issued, applying to four small colo-nies in the same area; additionally egg-pricking was carried out in one of the colonies which contained 325 nests. However an investigation into the diet of cormorants in the south coast of Finland showed that cormorants had no impact on the local populations of perch and roach, which were the main food of cormorants (Lehikoinen et al. 2011).

The ELY Centre also gave special licenses to shoot cormorants in a few fish-ing areas in south-western Finland during the autumn hunting seasons in 2010-2012. In the 2010-2011 seasons, licenses were issued to shoot 930 cor-morants in total, although only 204 cormorants were shot. In 2012 licenses were issued only for 60 cormorants, but none were shot. From hunting sam-ples obtained during 2010-2011 it was found that ca. 60% of birds shot were of the nominate subspecies (P. c. carbo), apparently originating from north-ern Norway (Rusanen et al. 2012).

Acknowledgements Thanks to all the observers who made this summary possible: Kari Airikka-la, Pekka Alho, Antti Below, Manuel Deinhardt, Hannu Ekblom, Heikki Eriksson, Kaj Genberg, Martti Hario, Marja Hokkanen, Tatu Hokkanen, Har-ri Hongell, Markku Hyvärinen, Jonas Häggblom, Jouko Högmander, Kim Jaatinen, Veijo Jormalainen, Risto Juvaste, Christer Kalenius, Jouni Kannon-lahti, Seppo Keränen, Essi Keskinen, Mikael Kilpi, Seppo Knuuttila, Urpo Koponen, Liisa Korpela-Lind, Heikki Kotiranta, Bo-Göran Kumlander, Ari Laine, Jarmo Laine, Markus Lampinen, Jyrki Lausamo, Aleksi Lehikoinen, Antti J. Lind, Jouko Lundén, Matti Luostarinen, Sami Lyytinen, Harri Mal-kio, Markku Mikkola-Roos, Gustaf Munsterhjelm, Seppo Niiranen, Juhana Niittylä, Pekka Niittylä, Gustaf Nordenswan, Mikael Nordström, Jukka Nuotio, Tapani Ormio, Tuukka Pahtamaa, Jörgen Palmgren, Jukka Piispanen, Arno Rautavaara, Matti Riihimäki, Ari Rivasto, Jarmo Ruoho, Lennart Saari, Henri Selin, Päivi Sirkiä, Ben Steele, Torsten Stjernberg, Jukka Tobiasson, Peter Uppstu, Ari Vuorio, Janne Wessberg and Leif Öling.

Monitoring brood sizes in the Great Cormorant colony at Östergadden Islet, the Gulf of Finland, early June 2012. Photo: Heikki Kotiranta.

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References and further information Rusanen, P., Mikkola-Roos, M. & Ryttäri, T. 2012: Merimetsokannan kehitys ja vaikutuksia. – Linnut-vuosikirja 2011:116-123. (Summary: Population de-velopment of cormorant and effects in Finland.) Available at http://www.birdlife.fi/suojelu/lajit/ladattavat/merimetso-vuosikirja-2011.pdf

Lehikoinen, A., Heikinheimo, O. & Lappalainen, A. 2011: Temporal changes in the diet of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) on the southern coast of Finland – comparison with available fish data. – Boreal Environment Research 16 (suppl. B): 61–70. Available at http://www.borenv.net/BER/pdfs/ber16/ber16B-61.pdf

Ryttäri, T. 2011: Merimetson kasvistovaikutukset Suomenlahden saaristossa 1998-2010. – Suomen ympäristö 20/2011. (Summary: The Impact of the Great Cormorant on Flora in the Archipelago in the Gulf of Finland 1998-2010). http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=128562&lan=fi

Information on cormorants from the Finnish Environmental Institute http://syke.fi/en-US/SYKE_Info/Communications_material/ Press_releases/Growth_of_the_cormorant_population_comes(3330)

A typical ground- and tree-nesting colony of Great Cormorants in the outer archipelago in the Gulf of Finland. Östergadden, mid-June 2006. Photo: Terhi Ryttari.