national research council of italy institute...

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF ITALYINSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCES (BOLOGNA)

IFREMER (BREST) INGV (ROME)ITU-EMCOL (ISTANBUL)

MARM2009:

MARINE GEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE NORTH ANATOLIANFAULT BENEATH THE SEA OF MARMARA

EC ESONET MARMARA DEMO MISSION,R/V URANIA, 2009-09-23, 2009-10-12, CRUISE REPORT

Gasperini Luca, Geli Luis, Favali Paolo,Cagatay Namık, Gorur Naci

and

ISMAR-CNR, Bologna,

IFREMER, Brest,

INGV, Rome,

ITU-EMCOL, Istanbul

MTA, Ankara,

COMU, Cannakale

onboard teams.

ISMAR Bologna TECHNICAL REPORT

Bologna, November 2009

Many of the designations used by the manufacturers and sellers to promote their products areclaimed as trademarks. Where those designation appear in the Report and ISMAR-CNR wasaware of a trademark claim the designations have been printed in all caps. In addition, we havereported some of them in the Production Notes below in this page and in the ACRONYM tablethereinafter.

Nothing in this document is meant to imply any endorsement or recommendation, positive ornegative, concerning any systems or programs mentioned herein.

The data presented hereafter is the property of CNR and of the Joint Research Program. Unau-thorized use of the data would be considered unfair.

Many of the systems and programs used to generate data are ’free’ because either they are eitherpublic domain or the licences are roughly equivalent to the GNU Public License. Some programsare either commercial or have more restrictive licenses and may require payment. Where known,programs and systems that are not ‘free’ are acknowledged.

ISMAR-CNR Cataloging-In-Publication data: ISMAR Bologna TECHNICAL REPORT

Marm2009: marine geological study Of The North Anatolian Fault beneath The Sea Of Marmara.Ec Esonet Marmara Demo Mission, R/V Urania, Cruise Report.

by Gasperini L., Geli L., Favali P., Cagatay N., Gorur N., Bortoluzzi G., Del Bianco F., KuruogluE., Romano S., Etiope G., Innocenzi L., Marinaro G., Approioul R., Le Piver D., Pelleau P.,Roudaut M., Acar D., Akarsu E., Akkok R., Biltekin D., Can A., Elbeck S., Ozmaral A., OzerenS., Sancar E., Ulgen U., Cefalogli L, Veditti V..

Includes bibliographical reference and index.1. tectonics 2. active faults 3. paleoseismology 4. seismology 5. Sea of Marmara

Abstract - A marine geological cruise, MARMARA2009, was carried out in the frame of MARM-ESONET, a demo mission of the EC funded ESONET Network of Excellence (European SeafloorObservatory Network). Main objective of the project was the attempting to assess and mitigateseismic hazards in the region close to Istanbul through geological/geophysical surveys carried outin the Sea of Marmara along the submerged track of the North Anatolian Fault and the deploymentof seafloor observatories. During MARMARA2009 we collected multibeam bathymetry, side-scansonar imagery and chirp sub-bottom data, together with carefully positioned core samples. Asubmarine station of the GEOSTAR family (SN-4), 10 OBS and 5 piezometers were deployedon bottom, for recording periods up to 1 year. Although selected prior of the cruise, the SN4-observatory site has been surveyed before deployment with geophysical imaging techniques anddirect groundthruting with a deep towed system, the MEDUSA, that provided oceanographic data(CTD), methane content in the water column and visual inspection through a high-resolution videocamera.

Sommario - Vengono presentati le metodologie e l’insieme dei risultati ottenuti durante la cam-pagna MARM2009 di rilievi geofisici, geologici e oceanografici nel Mar di Marmara. E’ statautilizzata la nave da ricerca R/V Urania del CNR,

Reproduced by ISMAR-CNR from camera-ready proofs supplied by the authors.Available in the HTML and PDF formats. Available also in other formats, upon request.Hereafter a link to verbatim copy of this document (LATEX).

Copyright © 2009 by ISMAR-CNR - Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna, Italy.Production Notes - The document was edited with standard text editors, typeset with L.Lamport’s LATEX,

translated to PostScript with dvips and printed with an A4 laser printer. The full production was done

on a Linux box with GNU-GPL software. Converted to HTML by N.Drakos’s LATEX2HTML and to PDF

by Alladin Ghostscripts’s ps2pdf. Most of the maps included were produced by Wessel and Smith’s GMT

package. Some drawings were produced by xfig (www.xfig.org). Non PostScript images were converted

by John Bradley’s xv or other public-domain packages, among them convert.

ACRONYMS

ACRONYM DESCRIPTION URL-email

ESONET European Seas Observatory NETwork www.esonet-noe.org/about esonetESONET-NOE ESONET Network of Excellence www.esonet-noe.orgCNR Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche www.cnr.itISMAR Istituto di Scienze Marine www.bo.ismar.cnr.itISTI Ist.Scienza e Informazione www.isti.cnr.itIFREMER Institute Franc.Exploit. Mer www.ifremer.frINGV Istituto naz. geofisica e Vulcanologia www.ingv.itITU Istanbul Technical University www.itu.edu.trEMCOL Eastern Mediterranean Center for Oceanography

and Limnologywww.mines.itu.edu.tr/emcol/

MTA Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Mudurlugu www.mta.gov.trCOMU Cannakale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi www.comu.edu.trSHODB Seyir, Hidrografi ve Osinografi Dairesi Baskanligi www.shodb.gov.trKOERI Kandilli Obs.Earthquake Res.Institute www.koeri.boun.edu.tr

SEG Soc. of Exploration Geophysicists www.seg.orgXTF Extended Triton Format www.tritonelics.comUNESCO United Nations Scient. and cultural org. www.unesco.orgIOC Intergov. Oceanogr. Comm. of UNESCO ioc.unesco.orgIHO Int. Hydrographic Organization www.iho.org

GPS-DGPS-RTK Global Positioning System samadhi.jpl.nasa.govDTM Digital Terrain Model en.wikipedia.orgSRTM Shuttle Radar Topogr.Mission www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm

OBS Ocean Bottom Seismometer woodshole.er.usgs.gov/operations/obsMBES MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER SYSTEMSBP Sub Bottom ProfilingPSU Practical Salinity Scale ioc.unesco.orgXBT Expendable BathyTermograph www.sippican.comUTM Universal Transverse MercatorUTC Universal Time CoordinatedWGS84 World Geodetic System 1984NMEA National Marine Electronics Association www.nmea.org

SO.PRO.MAR. Societa’ Promozione lavori Marittimi Fiumicino (Italy)TECNOMARE ENI Tecnomare www.tecnomare.itSBE Sea Bird Electronics www.seabird.comBENTHOS Teledyne Benthos www.benthos.comSIS Sea Floor Inf. System www.kongsberg.comKONGSBERG Kongsberg Maritime www.kongsberg.comSERCEL Sercel www.sercel.comCOMM-TECH Communication Technology www.comm-tec.com

NEPTUNE Simrad MBES Software www.kongsberg-simrad.comMB-SYSTEM MB-SYSTEM www.ldgo.columbia.edu/MB-

SystemGMT Generic Mapping Tool gmt.soest.hawaii.edu/gmt

Table 1: Acronyms of Organizations, Manufacturers and Products

HOW TO READ THIS REPORT

Section 1 gives the introductory and background information, including some technological andscientific issues of the organization and execution of tasks, whereas section 2 summarizes the cruiseoperations. Section 3 provides the technical aspects that were involved in the data acquisitionand processing. Sections 4 and following discuss the initial results, the on-going data processingand usage, and give concluding remarks. Some data processing procedures that were used in theproduction of this report along with additional technical details and data are presented in theAppendix.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Many people contributed to the success of the research cruise (MARM09 R/V Urania). We areparticularly indebted to the Captain Emanuele Gentile, the officers and crew members of R/VUrania for their professionalism and efforts in assuring the success of the cruise. Turkish SHOD iswarmly acknowledged for support and encouragement. The project was co-funded by Italian CNRand EU’s ESONET.

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUNDS 1

2 CRUISE SUMMARY 4

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 10

3.1 NAVIGATION AND DATA ACQUISITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2 OBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.3 PIEZOMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.4 SN4 BOTTOM OBSERVATORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.5 MEDUSA TOWED OBSERVATORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.6 SEABED SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.7 MISCELLANEOUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

4 DESCRIPTION OF DEPLOYMENTS AND OF DATA COLLECTED 23

4.1 OBS AND PIEZOMETER DEPLOYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.2 SN-4 OBSERVATORY DEPLOYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.3 MEDUSA PROFILING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.4 SEABED SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.5 CHIRP SBP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE WORKS 39

6 APPENDIX 45

6.1 DIARY OF OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456.2 POSITIONING MAPS OF MOST RELEVANT OPERATIONS AT SEA . . . . . 46

List of Figures

1 Sea of Marmara region setting. Bathymetry from Ifremer Atlas [Le Pichon et al.(2005)],DTM from SRTM data (Shuttle Radar Topogr. Mission NASA/ASI) . . . . . . . . 2

2 Morpho-tectonic map of the Darica basin close to the SN4 deployment site. . . . . 33 General ship track during Cruise MARM09, including transits from Brindisi and

to Messina. Circles with small circle are OBS, rhombs with circle are piezometers,hollows are CTD stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Ship track during Cruise MARM09 in the Marmara Sea. Circles with small circleare OBS, rhombs with circle are piezometers, hollows are CTD stations. . . . . . . 5

5 Deployment sites of piezometers and OBS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Navigation in Cinarcikand Izmitregions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Navigation in Izmitregions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 R/V Urania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 OBS at launch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210 Sketch of the Piezometer deployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411 Sketch of the Piezometer deployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1412 Piezometer being prepared on the launch frame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513 Piezometer being put vertical for launch by the oleopneumatic pistons. . . . . . . . 1514 Piezometer ready for launch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615 SN4 sketches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1816 INGV’s MEDUSA being deployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1917 SW-104 water/sediment corer and box corer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 Gravity corer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119 CHIRP profiles relative to the Piezometer’s deployment.From left to right, PZ-A,

PZ-B, PZ-C, PZ-D, PZ-E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2320 SN-4 being deployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2421 Map showing the position of the SN4 on bottom (gray circle and cross). Hollow

circle is the ship’s reference point position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2522 Snapshot of the navigation system’s data at the touchdown of SN4. . . . . . . . . . 2623 Medusa seeing SN4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2724 Snapshot of the navigation system’s data of the Medusa on top of SN4. . . . . . . 2825 The area of SN-4 deployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2926 3D swath bathymetric map collected after the deployment of station. SN4 is visible

(in yellow) at the seafloor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2927 MEDUSA, Darica Canyon site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3028 MEDUSA, Hersek site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3129 MEDUSA, Hersek site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3130 Malacofauna inventory from MBC02, Darica Canyon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3331 Mud Volcano Area, Hersek. Oyster found in the bottom of core.. . . . . . . . . . . 3432 Example of SEISPRHO SEG-Y SBP processed data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3733 Example of SEISPRHO SEG-Y SBP reprocessed data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3734 Example of SEISPRHO SEG-Y SBP reprocessed data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3835 Example of SEISPRHO SEG-Y SBP reprocessed data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3836 OBS01-LV03- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4637 OBS02-LV11- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4738 OBS03-LV02- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4839 OBS04-LV07- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4940 OBS05-LV12- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5041 OBS06-LV09- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5142 MPZ-01- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5243 PZ-A- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5344 OBS07-LV05- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5445 OBS08-LV08- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5546 PZ-B- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5647 MPZ-02- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

48 OBS09-LV10- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5849 PZ-C- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5950 MPZ-03- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6051 OBS10-LV01- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6152 MPZ-04- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6253 PZ-D- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6354 PZ-E- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6455 MPZ-05- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6556 MSN-BC01- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6657 MSN-BC02- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6758 MSN-C01- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6859 MSN-C02- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6960 MSN-C03- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7061 SN4- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7162 SN4-RELEASE positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7263 SN4-RESPONSE-8.90-5.30-142DEG positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7364 SN4-SEEN-FROM-MEDUSA positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7465 MSN-SW01- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7566 MSN-SW02- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7667 MSP-C01- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7768 MSP-C02- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7869 MEI-C01- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7970 MEI-SW01- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8071 MEI-C02- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8172 MEI-SW02- positioning data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

List of Tables

1 Acronyms of Organizations, Manufacturers and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i2 Cruise MARM09, operations at sea. Latitude, Longitude true position, Time UTC 73 CTD and XBT positions, Time is UTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Scientific and technical parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Instrumental Offsets of PDS2000 R/V Urania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Instrumental Offsets of Kongsberg’s EM-710 R/V Urania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 OBS drop positions. Latitude, Longitude true position, Time UTC . . . . . . . . . 128 IFREMER’s SERCEL LOTOBS technical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Piezometer bottom positions. Latitude, Longitude true position, Time UTC. Also

shown associated Core,OBS and CHIRP file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1610 Detailed information of piezometer deployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711 INGV’s SN-4 payload. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1812 INGV’s MEDUSA payload. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1913 Bottom sample positions. Latitude, Longitude true position, Time UTC . . . . . . 2114 Core sample description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3215 Core MSN-C01. Subsampling table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3516 Core MSN-SW01. Subsampling table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3617 Extrusion of cores. Aliquots type, solvents, conservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

1

1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUNDS

After the 1999 disastrous Kocaeli earthquake the international community is attempting to producereliable maps of active faults distribution in the Sea of Marmara. As a follow-up of this effort,within a framework of increasing knowledge of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) system, a numberof scientists is starting to realize that the Sea of Marmara constitute an unique opportunity to studyseismogenic behavior of an active fault for several reasons, including the relatively high strain ratesobserved, and the presence of clear stratigraphic markers at the time scale of several thousandyears. Another important point for studying the NAF system below the Sea of Marmara is thathere the active fault segments lay close to a highly populated region and will be probably the siteof large earthquakes in the next decades.

We believe that an integrated approach involving the acquisition and analysis of geophysical(multibeam, side-scan sonar, chirp), geological (cores) and seismological data, would represent aninnovative strategy in the emerging field of submarine earthquake geology to assess the seismichazard in the Marmara region. On the other hand, results from recent marine geological cruisesthat analysed the almost systematic association of cold seeps (emission of gas and fluids fromthe seafloor) and active faults in the Marmara Sea highlighted the importance of gathering longterm time series to study correlation between fluid vents and seismicity. For this reason, theproject includes a geological/geophysical survey in key areas of the Sea of Marmara as well as thedeployment of a submarine observatory to monitor the behavior of the fault over a 1 year period.

Diverse earthquake scenarios can be envisioned that would fill the strain gap in the Sea ofMarmara between the 1912 and 1999 ruptures, to the western and eastern bounds, respectively. Theimplications of each scenario for the hazard facing Istanbul (population: 12 million) and elsewherearound Marmara vary widely, and their likelihood needs to be evaluated. These evaluations canonly be as reliable as the seismologic, geophysical and geological parameters on which they arebased.

Major issues that can be addressed with reliable information on structure and rupture historyare:

1 is the Marmara Sea gap going to be filled by a single large rupture or by a sequence of smallerruptures?

2 is the plate motion through Marmara partitioned between distinct structures accommodatingthe trans-current and extensional components of motion?

3 do faults with complementary roles in such partitioned systems rupture in repeatable sequences?

4 how much close to rupture are seismogenic faults in the Marmara Sea as a result of the Coulombstress effect of the 1999 sequence and what is the tsunamigenic potential of these structures?

5 are fluid and gas emissions observed during previous studies related to seismicity and could theybe possibly used as earthquake precursors to mitigate hazards?

The survey carried out during MARMARA2009 combined multibeam, side-scan sonar maps andchirp sub-bottom profiles with carefully positioned core samples to resolve the shallow geometryand kinematics of portions of the fault system in the north eastern Marmara Sea.

Our purpose was to resolve fault geometry and kinematics and to date their most recent rupturesat the same scale as typical paleoseismological studies on land. We were guided by previous andongoing projects studying larger scale and deeper characteristics of the fault array in the Marmara.Our strategy was to juxtapose morphology and structures along the inferred rupture of the 1999Izmitearthquake with other faults that may have ruptured in previous historic earthquakes nearIstanbul, such as the very large and destructive earthquakes centered in the eastern Marmara sea in1509 and 1766. Particularly important was to identify features characteristic of submarine rupturesof transcurrent faults which may be subtle in reflection profiles.

Gasperini L.,Geli L.,Favali P.,Cagatay N.,Gorur N. et al., ISMAR Bologna TECHNICAL REPORT

2

Figure 1: Sea of Marmara region setting. Bathymetry from Ifremer Atlas [Le Pichon et al.(2005)],DTM from SRTM data (Shuttle Radar Topogr. Mission NASA/ASI)

The main part of the cruise was however devoted to the deployment of submarine observatories(SN-4, OBS and piezometers) along the NAF track in the IzmitGulf (Fig.1 and 2), to collect a1-year data series of seismicity an fluid emission from the seafloor and study possible correlationsand possibly use them as earthquake precursors .

MARMARA2009 was carried out in the frame of MARMESONET project, a demo mission(DM) of the EC funded ESONET Network of Excellence (European Seafloor Observatory Network)that aims at demonstrating the relevance of Seafloor Observatories for monitoring geohazardsin the Marmara Region. MARMESONET DM is complementary to KOERI’s project MBSO(Marmara Sea Bottom Observatory project), which aims at implementing 5 cabled OBS in theSea of Marmara, as part of the turkish national network for earthquake and tsunami hazardsmonitoring. The MBSO project has an operational and research finality, while the MARMARADM is research-oriented. The former aims at being integrated into the national Turkish seismicnetwork. The latter aims at testing the hypothesis that the physical and geochemical properties ofthe fluids change within the fault throughout an earthquake cycle and that these changes can berecorded at the seafloor. If true, this hypothesis would open new perspectives to determine whetherwater and gas circulation in subseafloor environments can generate detectable signals related tothe stress-building process before large earthquakes, an issue of direct, social importance.

The collection of data series by bottom observatories was the main objective of the cruise. Thisimplied a site survey prior deployment that included geophysical and geochemical observationscarried out directly on board of Urania.

Specific tasks carried out during MARMARA2009 cruise were :

1 deploy 5 Piezometer and 10 OBS (Par.3.3, Par.3.2) at several locations in the Sea of Marmara,particularly close to active faults or fluid and gas emissions,

2 deploy the submarine observatory SN4 (Par.3.4), along the NAF track in the IzmitGulf

3 investigate with the MEDUSA towed observatory (Par.3.5), particularly by TV camera andmethane sensor, some of the above areas

4 collect multibeam data from the Marmara shelves in depths ranging from 50 to 1000 m togetherwith high-resolution 2D seismic lines

5 collect cores (gravity and water/sediment cores) at several sites in the Sea of Marmara


3

Main partners were : ITU(EMCOL) from Turkey, ISMAR and INGV from Italy and IFREMERand CNRS from France. At the international level, the project also benefits from the participationof scientists from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (San Diego, California).

Relevant previous or future research cruises

The present project is based on many previous research cruises carried out using R/V Odin Finderand R/V Urania and also on cruises of R/V Le Soroit and R/V L’Atalante within the frameworkof an Italy,France,USA and Turkey collaborative programme. The key areas have been identifiedthrough the interpretation of the previously collected geophysical and geological data along theNAF strands and cruise work was designed in order to map active structures and features likelyuseful to understand fault kinematics. For details about some of these cruises see:

� Odin Finder 2000, projects.bo.cnr.it/CRUISE REPORTS/2005/MARM05 REP

� Urania 2001, projects.bo.cnr.it/CRUISE REPORTS/2001/MARM2001 REP

� Urania 2005, projects.bo.cnr.it/CRUISE REPORTS/2005/MARM05 REP

Figure 2: Morpho-tectonic map of the Darica basin close to the SN4 deployment site.

The references in bibliography cover broad aspects of the scientific problems and issues relatingto the NAF in the Sea of Marmara, among the many others, tectonics, seismology, geochemicaland sedimentary processes. Moreover, in recent years a lot of effort was also devoted to thestudy of cold seeps, gas and fluid emissions. [Geli et al. (2008)] presents the results of geophysicalinvestigations and of submersible dives during cruises MARMARA (R/V Le Suroit, September2000) and MARNAUT (R/V L’Atalante, May-June 2007), pointing to clearcut evidence of gasand fluid emissions and active tectonics in the Dea of Marmara, particularly in the CinarcikBasin.[Cagatay et al.(2009)] discusses the late Pleistocene-Holocene stratigraphy of the northern shelf ofthe Sea of Marmara extending back to isotope stage 6. This study reports the discovery of two newsapropel units deposited during isotope stage 5 highstand and discusses water exchange betweenthe Black Sea and Mediterranean through the Sea of Marmara during various isotopic stages, basedon seismic stratigraphic and core analyses.


4

2 CRUISE SUMMARY

SHIP: R/V Urania Flag: Italy [IT] Call Sign: IQSU IMO: 9013220, MMSI: 247498000 START:2009-09-22 PORT: BrindisiEND: 2009-10-12 PORT: MessinaSEA/OCEAN: Sea of Marmara, Mediterranean SeaLIMITS: NORTH 40:00.0 SOUTH: 41:15.0 WEST: 25:30.0 EAST: 30:00OBJECTIVE: Active Faults and historical earthquakes in the Marmara SeaCOORDINATING BODIES: ISMAR-Bologna BOLOGNA (ITALY)CHIEF OF EXPEDITION: Luca Gasperini (ISMAR-CNR)CONTACT: [email protected]: MARINE GEOLOGY, MARINE GEOPHYSICS, PHYSICAL OCEANOGRA-PHY, CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, BOTTOM OBSERVATORIESWORK DONE: SN4, 10 OBS, 5 PIEZOMETERS DEPLOYMENT, MEDUSA INVESTIGATIONS850 KM2 MULTIBEAM, 1650 KM SBP11 GRAVITY CORES , 4 SW CORES, 15 CTD CASTS, 18 XBT,

LOCALIZATION:

15˚ 20˚ 25˚ 30˚35˚

40˚

Messina

Italy

Turkey

BrindisiIstanbul

Figure 3: General ship track during Cruise MARM09, including transits from Brindisi and toMessina. Circles with small circle are OBS, rhombs with circle are piezometers, hollows are CTDstations.


5

26˚ 27˚ 28˚ 29˚ 30˚

40˚

41˚

Turkey

Istanbul

Figure 4: Ship track during Cruise MARM09 in the Marmara Sea. Circles with small circle areOBS, rhombs with circle are piezometers, hollows are CTD stations.

27˚30' 28˚00' 28˚30' 29˚00' 29˚30'

40˚30'

41˚00'Istanbul

Prince’s I.

Armutlu P.

TuzlaDarica

Imrali I.

Yalova Cinarcik

Gemlik

Hersek

−1200

−1200

−800

−800

−800

−800

−400

−400

−400 −400

−400

−400

Istanbul

Prince’s I.

Armutlu P.

TuzlaDarica

Imrali I.

Yalova Cinarcik

Gemlik

Hersek

Figure 5: Deployment sites of piezometers and OBS..


6

28˚30' 29˚00' 29˚30' 30˚00'

40˚30'

41˚00'

−1000

−1000

Istanbul

Prince’s I.

Armutlu P.

Tuzla

Darica

Imrali I.

Yalova Cinarcik

Karamursel Golcuk

Gemlik

Hersek

Figure 6: Navigation in Cinarcikand Izmitregions.Circles with small circle are OBS, rhombs withcircle are piezometers, hollows are CTD stations.

29˚20' 29˚30' 29˚40' 29˚50' 30˚00'

40˚40'

40˚50'Tuzla

Darica

Yalova

KaramurselGolcuk

Hersek

Figure 7: Navigation in Izmitregions.Circles with small circle are OBS, rhombs with circle arepiezometers, hollows are CTD stations.


7

LAT LON(TRUE) UTM35(TRUE) LAT LON HDG(SHIP) TIME(UTC) OPERATION2725.3936 4044.2150 535735 4509639 2725.3912 4044.2229 16.7 2009-09-27T03:06:04 OBS01-LV03-2729.9079 4049.5494 542032 4519542 2729.9070 4049.5575 24.7 2009-09-27T04:45:42 OBS02-LV11-2742.0275 4051.8859 559030 4523981 2742.0366 4051.8902 87.7 2009-09-27T06:16:09 OBS03-LV02-2749.7209 4044.4076 569967 4510240 2749.7307 4044.4044 142.7 2009-09-27T07:19:41 OBS04-LV07-2818.5332 4046.5612 610453 4514718 2818.5389 4046.5680 62.4 2009-09-27T09:48:00 OBS05-LV12-2834.6671 4044.3661 633218 4511030 2834.6762 4044.3619 151.4 2009-09-27T11:18:06 OBS06-LV09-2847.8815 4045.5070 651771 4513498 2847.8816 4045.5120 45.3 2009-09-27T13:18:01 MPZ-01-2847.8665 4045.5046 651750 4513493 2847.8869 4045.5140 60.5 2009-09-27T15:36:01 PZ-A-2847.8779 4045.5176 651766 4513518 2847.8880 4045.5150 137.7 2009-09-27T17:19:18 OBS07-LV05-2825.9607 4052.0406 620734 4525019 2825.9501 4052.0416 307.0 2009-09-27T20:03:59 OBS08-LV08-2907.0277 4043.1575 678813 4509752 2907.0515 4043.1583 89.4 2009-09-28T08:39:32 PZ-B-2906.9286 4043.1818 678673 4509794 2906.9336 4043.1851 93.6 2009-09-28T11:09:21 MPZ-02-2907.0253 4043.1647 678809 4509765 2907.0352 4043.1676 97.9 2009-09-28T11:54:17 OBS09-LV10-2907.2033 4044.0456 679021 4511401 2907.2270 4044.0433 99.1 2009-09-28T13:05:47 PZ-C-2907.2564 4044.0267 679096 4511368 2907.2597 4044.0311 74.9 2009-09-28T14:30:23 MPZ-03-2855.6879 4049.9109 662575 4521880 2855.6950 4049.9169 71.4 2009-09-28T17:33:18 OBS10-LV01-2923.1766 4043.6859 701521 4511313 2923.1701 4043.6867 324.5 2009-09-29T06:19:45 MPZ-04-2923.1742 4043.6853 701517 4511312 2923.1539 4043.6948 303.4 2009-09-29T07:48:34 PZ-D-2856.2232 4050.0033 663323 4522067 2856.2044 4050.0145 309.6 2009-09-29T12:48:18 PZ-E-2856.1343 4049.9861 663199 4522033 2856.1283 4049.9882 339.9 2009-09-29T14:04:03 MPZ-05-2923.0715 4043.7790 701368 4511481 2923.0483 4043.7749 258.4 2009-10-03T06:22:15 MSN-BC01-2923.0737 4043.7880 701371 4511498 2923.0974 4043.7860 98.3 2009-10-03T07:02:42 MSN-BC02-2923.2642 4043.7372 701641 4511411 2923.2610 4043.7416 15.7 2009-10-03T08:57:43 MSN-C01-2923.2519 4043.7479 701624 4511431 2923.2453 4043.7470 305.0 2009-10-03T10:13:11 MSN-C02-2923.2456 4043.7445 701615 4511424 2923.2441 4043.7396 237.6 2009-10-03T11:28:35 MSN-C03-2923.2393 4043.7452 701606 4511425 2923.2211 4043.7569 312.0 2009-10-04T15:56:16 SN4-2923.2410 4043.7433 701609 4511422 2923.2254 4043.7571 321.1 2009-10-04T16:14:17 SN4-RELEASE2923.2990 4043.7636 701689 4511462 2923.3224 4043.7601 102.8 2009-10-04T18.46.00 SN4-RESPONSE2923.2356 4043.7429 701601 4511421 2923.2366 4043.7380 216.2 2009-10-05T06:56:21 SN4-FM-MEDUSA2923.3125 4043.7381 701709 4511415 2923.3180 4043.7409 101.2 2009-10-06T08:01:09 MSN-SW01-2923.3166 4043.7361 701715 4511411 2923.3218 4043.7392 97.1 2009-10-06T08:44:05 MSN-SW02-2927.4719 4043.7841 707562 4511662 2927.4744 4043.7794 202.6 2009-10-06T10:08:18 MSP-C01-2927.4790 4043.7832 707572 4511660 2927.4729 4043.7812 291.6 2009-10-06T11:47:57 MSP-C02-2830.2163 4052.2810 626703 4525564 2830.2144 4052.2858 28.5 2009-10-07T12:22:24 MEI-C01-2830.2213 4052.2798 626710 4525562 2830.2181 4052.2842 16.3 2009-10-07T12:55:30 MEI-SW01-2830.2238 4052.2782 626714 4525559 2830.2228 4052.2831 36.1 2009-10-07T13:39:20 MEI-C02-2832.5955 4056.3491 629912 4533149 2832.5939 4056.3540 31.2 2009-10-07T14:53:04 MEI-SW02-

Table 2: Cruise MARM09, operations at sea. Latitude, Longitude true position, Time UTC


8

LON LAT DATE TIME STATION1854.29 3956.57 2009-09-23T15:55:05 XBT-010694171904.22 3948.19 2009-09-23T16:59:43 XBT-010694171916.78 3937.81 2009-09-23T18:17:20 XBT-010694061917.24 3936.78 2009-09-23T18:25:06 XBT-000000001919.46 3934.79 2009-09-23T18:39:58 XBT-000000001920.19 3934.14 2009-09-23T18:44:48 XBT-000000001927.58 3927.69 2009-09-23T19:33:34 XBT-010694211937.30 3919.74 2009-09-23T20:39:32 XBT-010694221949.14 3908.75 2009-09-23T22:00:12 XBT-010694161959.53 3900.15 2009-09-23T23:10:02 XBT-010694182012.90 3848.75 2009-09-24T00:39:47 XBT-010694252020.14 3841.88 2009-09-24T01:32:31 XBT-010694232025.19 3837.60 2009-09-24T02:06:40 XBT-010694102227.36 3810.70 2009-09-24T12:26:14 XBT-010694142457.39 3825.41 2009-09-25T03:46:47 XBT-000000002532.48 3923.23 2009-09-25T09:41:42 XBT-010694192735.56 4052.43 2009-09-27T05:35:57 XBT-010697582747.57 4046.37 2009-09-27T07:00:56 XBT-010694112533.64 3923.68 2009-10-09T13:21:42 XBT-010694072452.40 3816.52 2009-10-09T19:52:09 XBT-010694032233.85 3808.36 2009-10-10T08:46:18 XBT-010697542023.43 3759.13 2009-10-10T18:33:53 XBT-010699082004.11 3758.50 2009-10-10T19:53:25 XBT-010697411943.23 3758.34 2009-10-10T21:18:34 XBT-010699091826.13 3757.22 2009-10-11T02:37:19 XBT-010699161748.20 3756.54 2009-10-11T05:19:30 XBT-010699131728.82 3755.91 2009-10-11T06:44:56 XBT-010697451703.73 3754.99 2009-10-11T08:29:26 XBT-010697431639.46 3754.35 2009-10-11T10:16:03 XBT-010697491611.63 3753.49 2009-10-11T12:15:09 XBT-010697491537.16 3805.79 2009-10-11T15:19:23 XBT-010697421537.16 3805.79 2009-10-11T15:19:23 XBT-010697422907.06 4043.16 2009-09-28T05:44:14 CTD 042855.70 4049.90 2009-09-28T17:07:54 CTD 052921.18 4044.07 2009-09-29T05:11:25 CTD 062834.02 4054.67 2009-09-29T17:53:33 CTD 072923.10 4043.95 2009-09-01T05:21:57 CTD 082935.08 4043.38 2009-09-01T19:02:30 CTD 092942.63 4043.72 2009-09-01T20:28:13 CTD 102948.87 4044.43 2009-09-02T06:04:08 CTD 112923.05 4043.77 2009-09-03T05:41:37 CTD 122923.23 4043.74 2009-09-04T10:48:40 CTD 132920.34 4043.55 2009-09-04T19:50:30 CTD 142927.48 4043.78 2009-09-05T22:21:22 CTD 152934.07 4043.64 2009-09-06T13:17:35 CTD 162847.21 4029.38 2009-09-06T22:37:07 CTD 172900.21 4024.98 2009-09-07T05:44:13 CTD 182832.57 4056.38 2009-09-07T15:12:41 CTD 19

Table 3: CTD and XBT positions, Time is UTC


9

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PARTIES

PARTICIPANTS ORGANIZATION EXPERTISE tel & email & www

Luca Gasperini ISMAR Chief Scientist [email protected] Bortoluzzi ISMAR [email protected] Del Bianco ISMAR [email protected] Engin Kuruoglu ISTI [email protected] Romano ISMAR [email protected] Favali INGV [email protected] Marinaro INGV [email protected] Innocenzi INGV [email protected] Etiope INGV [email protected] Furlan TECNOMARE [email protected] Geli IFREMER [email protected] Pelleau IFREMER [email protected] Apprioual IFREMER [email protected] Le Piver IFREMER [email protected] Roudaut IFREMER [email protected]ık Cagatay ITU-EMCOL [email protected] Gorur ITU-EMCOL [email protected] Akkok ITU-EMCOL [email protected]

Sinan Ozeren ITU-EMCOL [email protected] Akarsu MTA [email protected]ı Zeynep Can MTA [email protected] Elbek COMU [email protected]

Ummuhan Saadet Sancar ITU-EMCOL [email protected] Biltekin ITU-EMCOL [email protected]

Aslı Ozmaral ITU

Umut Barıs Ulgen ITU-EMCOL [email protected] Acar ITU-EMCOL [email protected] Cefalogli UNIBO [email protected] Venditti UNIBO [email protected]

Table 4: Scientific and technical parties


10

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research cruise was carried out with the 61 meter R/V Urania (Fig.8), owned and operatedby SO.PRO.MAR. and on long-term lease to CNR. The ship is normally used for geological,geophysical and oceanographical work in the Mediterranean Sea and adjoining waters, includingbut not limited to, the Atlantic Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Black Sea.

R/V Urania is equipped with DGPS and SEAPATH positioning system (satellite link byFUGRO), single-beam and multibeam bathymetry and integrated geophysical and oceanographicaldata acquisition systems, including ADCP, CHIRP SBP and other Sonar Equipment, other thanwater and sediment sampling. Additional equipment can be accommodated on the keel or towed.

Figure 8: R/V Urania.

3.1 NAVIGATION AND DATA ACQUISITION

The vessel was set-up for data acquisition and navigation with PDS-2000 software by RESON,interfacing by a multiserial and Ethernet link several instruments, among them the DGPS (Fugro),the Atlas-Krupp Deso-25 single-beam echosunder, the MAHRS MRU and the meteorological sta-tion. The position and depth data were also distributed to the CTD data acquisition console. AKongsberg processor running the SIS software, collected the multibeam data, including a SEAP-ATH MRU, compass, and DGPS. The MBES was the 70kHz, 400 1x2°, 150°aperture EM-710 (2000m range) model by Kongsberg, with sonar head positioned on the ship’s keel using a V-shapedsteel frame. A Sound Velocity probe at the keel 1m above the Sonar Head is interfaced directlyto the MBES processor, thus providing the necessary real-time data for the beam-forming. CTDcasts were used for input of the sound velocity profile to the system. An Anderaa MeteorologicalStation was also made available, at a rate of one measurement every 5 minutes.


11

POSITION ACROSS ALONG HEIGHTREFERENCE POINT 0.00 0.00 0.00

DGPS 1.64 14.30 14.18MBEAM 0.00 14.36 -4.96MAHRS 0.00 0.0 -3.40

ECHO SOUNDER 33 5.50 -1.85 -3.80CHIRP -1.0 11.80 -4.00

A-FRAME 6.5 -6.70 0.0STERN 0.00 -30.60 0.00

Table 5: Instrumental Offsets of PDS2000 on Ship Urania (PDS2000). The GPS antenna (primarypositioning system) is located on point DGPS.

POSITION ACROSS ALONG HEIGHTREFERENCE POINT 0.00 0.00 0.00

SEAPATH GPS -4.039 0.163 -18.211MRU -0.341 -1.342 -1.596

MBEAM TX 0.0936 10.2964 5.0623MBEAM RX -0.0031 11.0144 5.0600SEALEVEL 0 0 -0.0875

Table 6: Instrumental Offsets on Ship Urania (EM710). The DGPS antenna (primary positioningsystem) is located on point SEAPATH GPS.

CTD DATA

CTD casts were taken throughout the surveyed areas, for sound velocity analysis, and were usedfor real-time MBES acquisition and post-processing. On the way from and to Italy, several DeepBlue XBT launches data were collected by a Sippican Mod. MK21 profiler.

The position of the XBT and CTD stations are reported in Table 3 and can be viewed in Fig.3and Fig.4, respectively.

CHIRP SBP

SBP data was acquired by the 16 transducers, hull mounted BENTHOS (DATASONICS) Mod.CAP-6600 CHIRP-II profiler, with operating frequencies ranging between 2 and 7 kHz. The pulse lengthwas mantained at 20 ms while the trigger rates varied from 0.25 to 1 seconds according to wa-ter depth. Digital data acquired by the Communication Technology SWANPRO software wererecorded in the XTF format on local disks and transferred on the network upon request. Backupswere loaded on HD and DVD. The navigation data was made available to the system as lat/long byNMEA sentences of the DGPS receiver at a rate of aproximately 1 Hz or by the PDS200’s NMEAat 1Hz. The XTF data were then converted to SEG-Y by the Triton-Elics’s Xtf2Seg software. Thislatter data were then input to the ISMAR’s SEISPRO software [Gasperini and Stanghellini(2009)]for data processing and display. Since the SEG-Y converted positions were found to be truncated,the accurate position data were recovered from the XTF headers by routines developed at ISMAR,and re-input to SEISPRO. The operation was also useful to check data integrity, other than forproducing the navigation map and database.


12

3.2 OBS

A number of 10 LotOBS Sercel OBS (designed by IFREMER, Fig.9), were deployed. Tabs.7and Fig.5) show positioning data, and techicak specifications s are reported in Tab.8). LotOBSis specialised for seismological data acquisition, uses the same acquisition electronics as in thepreviously developped MicrOBS. In order to include sufficient batteries to be able to record for 8months (during a deplyment period of up to 12 months) the instrument is housed in a 17 inch glasssphere with a weight in air of about 50 kg. The external 4.5 Hz geophones are deployed brieflyafter the arrival of the instrument on the sea-floor.

Figure 9: OBS at launch.

LON LAT DATE TIME OBS NOTES2725.3936 4044.2150 2009-09-27T03:06:04 OBS01 S/N-LV03 0x094 F73 F712729.9079 4049.5494 2009-09-27T04:45:42 OBS02 S/N-LV11 0x09C F83 F812742.0275 4051.8859 2009-09-27T06:16:09 OBS03 S/N-LV02 0x093 F70 F6E2749.7209 4044.4076 2009-09-27T07:19:41 OBS04 S/N-LV07 0x098 F7B F792818.5332 4046.5612 2009-09-27T09:48:00 OBS05 S/N-LV12 0x09D F84 F822834.6671 4044.3661 2009-09-27T11:18:06 OBS06 S/N-LV09 0x09A F7F F7D2847.8779 4045.5176 2009-09-27T17:19:18 OBS07 S/N-LV05 0x096 F77 F752825.9607 4052.0406 2009-09-27T20:03:59 OBS08 S/N-LV08 0x099 F7C F7A2907.0253 4043.1647 2009-09-28T11:54:17 OBS09 S/N-LV10 0x09B F80 F7E2855.6879 4049.9109 2009-09-28T17:33:18 OBS10 S/M-LV01 0x092 F6F F6D

Table 7: OBS drop positions. Latitude, Longitude true position, Time UTC


13

General Profondeur maxi. 5000 mPoids dans l’air 50 kg

Poids dans l’air avec lest 75 kgPoids dans l’eau -8 kg

Poids dans l’eau avec lest 17 kgDimensions (H / L / I) L 550 x l 550 x H 700 mm

Capteurs 4 composantes 1 hydro et 3 geophonesSensibilite hydro - 160 dB ref. 1 mV/microPa

Hydrophone LF-3dB 2 HzHydrophone signal pleine echelle 70 Pa

Geophones 3 axesType geophones 4,5 Hz (-3 dB)

Geophone sensibility 22,4 mV/mm.s-1Geophone pleine echelle +/- 0,38 mm.s-1

Orientation Compas 3 axesAcquisition Canaux sismiques 4

Resolution 24 bitsFrequence d’echantillonnage 25 250 Hz

Bande de mesure DC to 0,40 x f echantillonnageGain du preamplificateur Variable de 1 64

Horloge 3.10-7 (0,3 ppm) ou 5.10−8

Correction de derive d’horloge Correction lineaire de la deriveInterface de synchronisation DCF 77 (signal GPS)

Stockage 32 Go (disque IDE SSD)Interface de configuration RS232 (9 600, 1, 1)

Energy Pack pile alcaline ou lithium Pile Li-lonConsommation electrique 0,7 W recording, 0,3 W low power

Autonomie de 1 12 moisLocalisation Flash Novatech (ST 400-A)

Gonio VHF Novatech RF700A-1VHF 156,625 MHz

Table 8: IFREMER’s SERCEL LOTOBS technical specifications.

3.3 PIEZOMETERS

The IFREMER piezometer (V2) is a device to measure the differential pressure and temperatureat different levels in the sediment, for long term duration periods, after wich system is recovered atsurface by acoustic release. Its applications are relative to geohazards including slope stability andrelations between seismicity and fluids. The deployment duration can be up to 2 years (batteriesand memory). The system is deployed on the bottom by the ship in station, and released uponsatisfactory check of its attitude, principally verticality, to assure proper functioning during themission. The pipe and data logger head are handled and prepared for launch by a lodging devicetransported over a frame firmly secured to the ship stern’s deck by steel angular, plates, T frames(See Fig.12, 13 and 14).

Its main specifications are:

� Up to 15 sensors, up to 15 m length

� water proofness of electronic and sensor (PBOF) up to 6000m

� Clock synchronisation (PPS input and DCF emulation input)

� pressure range ±2000 mbar, accuracy: 0.2%, resolution 1 mbar

� Temperature range 0-40 �, accuracy 0 to +25�±0.05�, resolution 0 to 25�< 0.015�at10�.


14

Figure 10: Sketch of the Piezometer deployment.

Figure 11: Sketch of the Piezometer deployment.

After installation of launch system on the deck of the R/V Urania, the piezometer deploymentwas firstly tested when ship was docked at Cannakale 2009-10-26. The operations on deck wereperformed by using the ship’s main winch for the deployment and the SideScanSonar lateral winchlaying Dynema and polyester ropes for the handling of the dead weight and buoy, as it is shownin the sketches of Fig.10 and 11. The final set-up was achieved by slight adjustements of the


15

supporting frame on deck and of cable lengths from the auxiliary and main winch. The deploymentof piezometers took place from 2009-09-27 up to 2009-09-30. After final checks of the selected sitesby multibeam and CHIRP investigations , ship was put in station and the piezometer was : (a)put at 30-50m above the seafloor for 10 minutes for stabilization, (b) deposited on the seafloor,(c) decoupled from ship by delivering 30m of cable and (d) released after interrogation by acousticmodem with acceptable response on instrument’s attitude and proper functioning. Table 10 givesdetailed information on the whole operation.

Five Piezometers were deployed in the CinarcikBasin and near the SN4 site. Tab.9 and Fig.5show the positioning data

Figure 12: Piezometer being prepared on the launch frame.

Figure 13: Piezometer being put vertical for launch by the oleopneumatic pistons.


16

Figure 14: Piezometer ready for launch.

LON LAT DATE TIME PIEZO CORE OBS CHIRP NOTES2847.8665 4045.5046 2009-09-27T15:36:01 PZ-A MPZ-01 OBS07 MA09-066(842) S/N-01 1693

1649 16552907.0277 4043.1575 2009-09-28T08:39:32 PZ-B MPZ-02 OBS09 MA09-103(2040) S/N-02 1691

1649 16552907.2033 4044.0456 2009-09-28T13:05:47 PZ-C MPZ-03 OBS09 MA09-112(2110) S/N-03 1692

1649 16552923.1742 4043.6853 2009-09-29T07:48:34 PZ-D MPZ-04 SN4 MA09-177(350) S/N-05 1695

1649 16552856.2232 4050.0033 2009-09-29T12:48:18 PZ-E MPZ-05 OBS10 MA09-188(760) S/N-04 1690

1649 1655

Table 9: Piezometer bottom positions. Latitude, Longitude true position, Time UTC. Also shownassociated Core,OBS and CHIRP file.


17

Heure Operation10h30 Debut de l’operation de mise a l’eau, le cable acier grand fond est dans l’axe, la laisse piezometre

est sur le treuil de maneuvre. Debordement du chariot, piezometre lie au cable grand fond, et autreuil de manœuvre. Mise a l’eau du piezometre sur le cable grand fond dans l’axe du bateau,apres immersion du piezometre, palier de 5 minutes pour remplissage. Basculement du poids dupiezometre sur le cable de manœuvre ( cote babord), le piezometre quitte l’axe du bateau. Il peutetre utile d’assurer le passage sur babord avec un cordage supplementaire que l’on manœuvrerasur le cabestan. On remonte le chariot de mise a l’eau (le train). On remonte le piezo par le ceblede maneuvre, pour liberer le cable grand fond.

10h50 Filage du piezometre sur le cable de manœuvre, a mis parcours mise en place du flotteur, puisfilage du reste de la laisse jusqu’au niveau du tableau arriere du bateau. Sur le cable principalmise en place du lest depresseur. Changement de main, on repasse le poids du piezometre sur lecable principal grace a la patte d’oie en haut de la laisse. Le piezometre repasse dans l’axe ducable grand fond.

11h05 Le filage peut commencer Le filage s’effectue a une vitesse de 1 m/s, le treuil grand fond fourniune information sur la longueur filee que l’on utilise pour le palier fond. La precision de cetteinformation est trs relative. On arrete le filage 100 m avant le fond pour un palier de 10 minutes.Le piezo est alors a 50m du fond.

11h35 Reprise du filage pour enfoncement. Surveiller de tres pret le poids sur le cable pour bien determinerle moment de l’enfoncement de la pointe, filer 10m de plus.

11h50 Verifier l’horizontalite du largueur acoustique du lest (038C + 0349), puis larguer le lest(038C+0355).Decoller le lest du fond, comme la mer est calme la vitesse du treuil est entre 0,2 et0,5 m/s. Remonte du lest a la vitesse max du treuil : 1,5m/s.

12h10 Il faut a nouveau faire un changement de main, on peut utiliser la grue pour sortir le lest de l’eauet le positionner a la verticale sur le pont sur l’electronique du piezo suivant.

Table 10: Detailed information of piezometer deployment.

3.4 SN4 BOTTOM OBSERVATORY

The INGV and TECNOMARE SN-4 observatory was developed in the framework of ORION(Ocean Research by Integrated Observatory Networks) EC project and deployed as node of ASSEM(Array of Sensors for long-term SEabed Monitoring of geohazards) EC project during a jointexperiment in the Corinth Gulf (Greece, 400 m w.d.) in 2004 [Favali and Beranzoli (2008)], provingcompatibility of GEOSTAR-class observatories with other networks.

All sensors installed on the observatory are managed by dedicated low-power electronics, able toperform the following tasks: (a) management and acquisition from all scientific packages and statussensors; (b) event detection; (c) preparation and continuous update of hourly data messages; (d)management of bidirectional communications via hydro-acoustic telemetry link (including trans-mission of seismic wave forms); (e) actuation of commands received (e.g., data request, systemreconfiguration, restart) and (f) complete data back-up on internal memory. The SN-4 electronicscan manage a wide set of data streams with quite different sampling rates tagging each datumaccording to a unique reference time set by a central high-precision clock.

During its first mission in Corinth Gulf SN-4 was equipped with a 3-C broad-band seismometer,an hydrophone and a methane sensor, with one year autonomous operation with 12-V, 960-Ahlithium battery pack. To reduce disturbance of the frame and electronics, special devices weredesigned and implemented for installing the seismometer, which is lodged in a dedicated vesselintegrated in a separate structure connected to the SN4 by a special mechanical release. Toguarantee a good coupling with the sea bottom, the structure is disconnected just after the touch-down and kept linked to the frame by a slack rope. This method of seismometer installationproved to record higher quality data during all the GEOSTAR-class observatory missions. Forthe Marmara mission the configuration of the SN4 was modified, aiming at better quantifying thetemporal relations between fluid expulsion, fluid chemistry and seismic activity along the NAF. Thenew payload and relevant sampling rates are summarised in Tab.11. The station will be deployedusing ship’s winch and an acoustic release like in ASSEM mission, but the recovery procedure was


18

redesigned, i.e. station will be recovered by a rope released by an acoustic command, letting theoperations be performed by ship-of-opportunity. To achieve this result, the total weight in waterwas reduced to 0.15kN (≈ 150 kg)from the 500kg in air by installing 8 benthospheres on the frameand adopting new lighter vessels for batteries and Electronics. This new fitting will make recoveryand redeployment eeasier at the end of scheduled 6 months of activity . For future applications,SN-4 can be re-configured to operate as cabled observatory for permanent long-term real-timemonitoring of the Marmara Sea to study relationship between fluids and seismicity.

The configuration for the ESONET Marmara Mission (Fig.15) was as follows:

� Communication with ship of opportunity by Sercel High Speed Acoustic Modem for datatransfer and system’s control

� Deployment via winch and acoustic release and recovery via pop-up system (recall buoycanister) actuated by acoustic release

� Autonomy about 6 months; Power: 12V,1920 Ah primary lithium pack;data storage 30GBHD

� Dimensions: 2000 x 2000 x 2000 mm; Weight: 6.5 kN in air, 1.5 kN in water

SENSOR MODEL SAMPLING RATESeismometer Guralp CMG-40T 100Hz

Current meter Nobsvka MAVS-3 5 HzCTD SBE-16 Plus 1 sample/10min

Turbidimeter Wet Labs Echo-BBRTD 1 sample/10minCH4 #1 Franatech METS 1HzOxygen Aanderaa Oxygen Optode 3830 1Hz

Table 11: INGV’s SN-4 payload.

Figure 15: SN4 sketches.


19

3.5 MEDUSA TOWED OBSERVATORY

INGV MEDUSA (see Fig.16) is a towed inspection system that can be managed by a ship ofopportunity, being deployed by a small winch delivering about 600m of electrical and strengthcable. Once deployed in seawater, MEDUSA transmits in real-time to its Surface Control Unitall data collected by the installed payload Tab.12 consisting of (a) geochemical sensors measuringgas concentrations (oxygen, methane), (b) water physical parameters (CTD), (c) system statusand telemetry data and (d) images from an underwater camera. The Surface Control Unit (SCU)contains electronic equipment and power modules to control the underwater vehicle, accommodatedinto a transportable 14U industrial rack (weight 100 kg, 230 VAC 50 Hz, 1.2 kW). A GPS systemprovides positioning and accurate timing to the system.

During deployments, a hose was wrapped on the umbilical at the frame and to a surface pumpfor water sampling at interesting quotes or whenever dictated by Real Time data, especially increasein methane concentration.

SENSOR MODEL MANUFACTUREROxygen sensor Optode 3830 AANDERAA

methane sensor K-METS Franatechmethane sensor HydroC CONTROS

H2S electrodeCTD Seabird SBE-19plus

turbidimeter WET LABS ECO-BBRTDEcho sounder PA500-6 TRITECH

TV camera Multi SeaCam 1060 DEEPSEA POWER&LIGHT

Table 12: INGV’s MEDUSA payload.

Figure 16: INGV’s MEDUSA being deployed.


20

3.6 SEABED SAMPLING

The sea bottom samples were collected with 1.2 Ton gravity corer (Fig.18), the ISMAR’s Mod.SW-104 water/sediment corer [Magagnoli A. and Mengoli M. (1995)] (Fig.17) and with a box corer(Fig.17).

The sample locations are shown in Fig.6 and are reported on Tab.13

Figure 17: SW-104 water/sediment corer and box corer.


21

Figure 18: Gravity corer.

LON LAT DATE TIME CORE LENGTH COMMENT2847.8815 4045.5070 2009-09-27T13:18:01 MPZ-01- 3.20m - -2847.8665 4045.5046 2009-09-27T15:36:01 PZ-A- S/N-01 1693 16492907.0277 4043.1575 2009-09-28T08:39:32 PZ-B- S/N-02 1691 16492906.9286 4043.1818 2009-09-28T11:09:21 MPZ-02- 3.24m - -2907.2033 4044.0456 2009-09-28T13:05:47 PZ-C- S/N-03 1692 16492907.2564 4044.0267 2009-09-28T14:30:23 MPZ-03- 2.22m - -2923.1766 4043.6859 2009-09-29T06:19:45 MPZ-04- 2.97m - -2923.1742 4043.6853 2009-09-29T07:48:34 PZ-D- S/N-05 1695 16492856.2232 4050.0033 2009-09-29T12:48:18 PZ-E- S/N-04 1690 16492856.1343 4049.9861 2009-09-29T14:04:03 MPZ-05- 3.48m - -2923.0715 4043.7790 2009-10-03T06:22:15 MSN-BC01- 0.18m oxic2923.0737 4043.7880 2009-10-03T07:02:42 MSN-BC02- 0.24m anoxic2923.2642 4043.7372 2009-10-03T08:57:43 MSN-C01- 1.00m, extruded pw2923.2519 4043.7479 2009-10-03T10:13:11 MSN-C02- 2.04m2923.2456 4043.7445 2009-10-03T11:28:35 MSN-C03- 2.02m2923.3125 4043.7381 2009-10-06T08:01:09 MSN-SW01- 0.73m extruded pw2923.3166 4043.7361 2009-10-06T08:44:05 MSN-SW02- 0.70m - -2927.4719 4043.7841 2009-10-06T10:08:18 MSP-C01- 2.24m2927.4790 4043.7832 2009-10-06T11:47:57 MSP-C02- 1.85m Large2830.2163 4052.2810 2009-10-07T12:22:24 MEI-C01- 2.73m2830.2213 4052.2798 2009-10-07T12:55:30 MEI-SW01- 1.30m2830.2238 4052.2782 2009-10-07T13:39:20 MEI-C02- 2.92m2832.5955 4056.3491 2009-10-07T14:53:04 MEI-SW02- 0.70m

Table 13: Bottom sample positions. Latitude, Longitude true position, Time UTC


22

3.7 MISCELLANEOUS

The WGS84 datum, the UTM35N projection and UTC were chosen for navigation and display, andfor data acquisition. The time zone was set to the UTC for the instrumental data acquisition. Thepositioning maps and bathymetric images were produced with GMT [Wessel and Smith (1995)]and Globalmapper. The multibeam data were pre processed on board by the GMT software andISMAR’s routines and scripts, using the SIS production DTMS, after conversion to the ASCIIformat.

Bathymetric data were complemented by the IFREMER’s DTM of Sea of Marmara [Le Pichon et al.(2005)].On-land SRTM topography data was used for mapping, structural analysis, after conversion toNETCDF GMT grid files.

The computing center employed INTEL based PC running the GNU-Linux in addition toportable computer for data acquisition and personal processing. The Linux machines were used asdata repositories using the SAMBA software, providing alse network services like WWW, DHCPand NAT.

Photographs and video were taken by digital cameras and video-camera by INGV dedicatedpersonnel and by all participants.


23

4 DESCRIPTION OF DEPLOYMENTS AND OF DATACOLLECTED

Initial results are presented, in order to address the importance of the preliminary findings andprocessing sequence of the data acquired.

4.1 OBS AND PIEZOMETER DEPLOYMENT

The OBS were deployed after mapping by multibeam around the proposed sites, in order to identifymost suitable areas. The maps in the appendix report the positions for each of them. The proposedsites for piezometers were (a) investigated by CHIRP and multibeam, and by gravity coring. Figure19 show the CHIRP profiles closer to the deployment sites.

Figure 19: CHIRP profiles relative to the Piezometer’s deployment.From left to right, PZ-A, PZ-B,PZ-C, PZ-D, PZ-E.

4.2 SN-4 OBSERVATORY DEPLOYMENT

The deployment of the INGV’s SN-4 at the entrance of the Gulf of Izmittook place afternoon of2009-10-04 after intensive mapping by multibeam and chirp and coring by box-corer and gravitycorer (Fig.25). The final destination was chosen to be very close to the NAF, on a flat bottom165m depth on the center of the steep EW striking valley merging a few hundred m to the W withthe Darica Canyon.

After the launch at sea (Fig.20) the SN4 touched down on bottom at 15:56:16 (Fig.21 and 22),a few m of cable were layed out and the system was interrogated by acoustic modems. After severalattempts with no response from the station, the cable was released at 16:14:47. Ship moved thenaway some hundred m and after some retries the SN-4 responded at 18:46:00, providing data oforientation (142◦) and of tilt (7-9 ◦well within specification). The day after the area was againinvestigated by the MEDUSA, and the SN-4 was seen by the TV camera several times around07:00:00 laying vertical on the bottom (Fig.23 and 24). A further high resolution mapping bymultibeam was then performed attempting to find the target on bottom.


24

Figure 20: SN-4 being deployed.


25

2009 Oct 28 15:22:03 ISMAR−CNR−Bologna

29˚23'12.0" 29˚23'14.0" 29˚23'16.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

0 0.05 0.1

−170

−170

−170

−16

5

−165

−165

−165

−160

−160

−160

−160

−160

−160

−155

−155

−155

−155

−155

−150

−150

−150

−1452923.2393’ 4043.7452’ 2009−10−04T15:56:16 +00

SN4−TOUCHDOWN

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 21: Map showing the position of the SN4 on bottom (gray circle and cross). Hollow circleis the ship’s reference point position.


26

Figure 22: Snapshot of the navigation system’s data at the touchdown of SN4.


27


29˚23'12.0" 29˚23'14.0" 29˚23'16.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

0 0.05 0.1

−170

−17

0

−170

−165

−165

−165

−165

−160

−160

−160

−160

−160

−160

−155

−155

−155

−155

−150

−150

2923.2356’ 4043.7429’ 2009−10−05T06:56:21 +00

SN4−SEEN−FROM−MEDUSA

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 23: Map showing the position of Medusa during the seeing of SN4 on the vertical.


28

Figure 24: Snapshot of the navigation system’s data of the Medusa on top of SN4.


29

29˚23'00" 29˚23'12" 29˚23'24"40˚43'36"

40˚43'48"

−200

−190

−190

−180

−180

−170

−160

−150−140

Figure 25: The area of SN-4 deployment.

Figure 26: 3D swath bathymetric map collected after the deployment of station. SN4 is visible (inyellow) at the seafloor.


30

4.3 MEDUSA PROFILING

The MEDUSA towed observatory was launched in the areas of the Darica Canyon, of the StructuralHigh and of the Mud volcanoes to the W of Hersek peninsula, with the aim of obtaining visualinformation on the bottom morphology and instrumental oceanographical and geochemical data.Figures 27, 28 and 29 shows the runlines in the Darica Canyon, and Hersek Peninsula sites, knownto be possible degassing areas. The system was generally towed at very low speed or driftingat 0.5-1.5m above bottom, but in particular cases when it was raised up for sampling water atdetermined levels.

29˚23'0.0" 29˚23'15.0"

40˚43'45.0"

40˚44'0.0"

−200

−190

−190

−190

−180

−180

−180

−180

−170

−170

−170

−160

−160−150

−150

HersekDarica

Yalova

Izmit

Figure 27: MEDUSA, Darica Canyon site.


31

29˚26'15.0" 29˚26'30.0" 29˚26'45.0" 29˚27'0.0" 29˚27'15.0" 29˚27'30.0"

40˚42'30.0"

40˚42'45.0"

40˚43'0.0"

40˚43'15.0"

−70

−65

−60

−55

−55

−50

−50

−45

−45

−45

−40

−40

−35

−30

HersekDarica

Yalova

Izmit

Figure 28: MEDUSA, Hersek site.

29˚27'0.0" 29˚27'15.0" 29˚27'30.0" 29˚27'45.0" 29˚28'0.0"

40˚43'30.0"

40˚43'45.0"

40˚44'0.0"

40˚44'15.0"

−62

−61

−61

−61

−60

−60

−60

−59

−59

−59

−58

−58

−58

−58

−57

−57

−57

−57

−57

−57

−56

−56

−55

HersekDarica

Yalova

Izmit

Figure 29: MEDUSA, Hersek site.


32

4.4 SEABED SAMPLING

Tables 13 and 14 show the positioning data and description of samples.During the First leg 5 gravity corers were taken close to the Piezometer’s location on bottom

and will be analyzed at IFREMER for geotechnical and sedimentological determinations useful tocorrelate data of pore pressures time series from the piezometers.

During the Second Leg two box corers, seven gravity cores and four sediment/water interfacecores SW-104 [Magagnoli A. and Mengoli M. (1995)] were collected.

The two box corer sampled the area of SN4 near a zone of black patches evidenced by Medusasurveys, aimed also at sampling possible carbonate crusts. The first box corer sampled mud withshell fragments; the second box corer, sampled again mud and also stones, gravel, shell fragments,more compact mud conglomerates, and with black-blue intrusions which were stocked in plasticbags and deep frozen, together with a small core, for possible microbiological investigations. Anattempt to measure methane gave negative result. The washed and seived materials showed blackto gray sand to gravel granulometries, shell fragments and normal malacofauna (Fig.30).

STATION DATE LENGTH NOTESMPZ-01 2009-09-27T13:18:01 3.20m PZ-A. Cinarcik Basin, W.MPZ-02 2009-09-28T11:09:21 3.24m PZ-B. Cinarcik Basin, SE. Lacustrine dehydrated very

hard overconsolidated mud, tending to inflate. Suggestedstratigraphy and correlation with CHIRP, log and X-RAY.

MPZ-03 2009-09-28T14:30:23 2.22m PZ-C. Cinarcik Basin, SE. Same as MPZ-02MPZ-04 2009-09-29T06:19:45 2.97m PZ-D, Chirp MA09-176,177. SN4 site, about 100m S of

NAF, point of penetration seen on CHIRP, good for corre-lation. Base of holocene at bottom, overconsolidated sedi-ment

MPZ-05 2009-09-29T14:04:03 3.48m PZ-E. Cinarcik Basin, NE.MSN-BC01 2009-10-03T06:22:15 0.18m Box corer. Oxic. mud, shell fragments. Washed and sieved.MSN-BC02 2009-10-03T07:02:42 0.24m Box corer. Anoxic. sandy mud, shells, shell fragments,

stones, pebbles, black instrusions. Core, black sediment inplastic bags, deep freezer.

MSN-C01 2009-10-03T08:57:43 1.00m SN4 site. Extruded, pore watersMSN-C02 2009-10-03T10:13:11 2.04m SN4 site.MSN-C03 2009-10-03T11:28:35 2.02m SN4 site.

MSN-SW01 2009-10-06T08:01:09 0.73m SN4 site. Extruded pore watersMSN-SW02 2009-10-06 08:44:05 0.70m SN4 site.

MSP-C01 2009-10-06T10:08:18 2.24m Mud Volcano, Hersek.MSP-C02 2009-10-06T11:47:57 1.85m Mud Volcano, Hersek. Large oyster at bottom with other

shell fragments.MEI-C01 2009-10-07T12:22:24 2.73m Humburgaz Basin, very close to NAF.

MEI-SW01 2009-10-07T12:55:30 1.30m Humburgaz Basin, very close to NAF.MEI-C02 2009-10-07T13:39:20 2.92m Humburgaz Basin, very close to NAF.

MEI-SW02 2009-10-07T14:53:04 0.70m Buyukcekmece, flood

Table 14: Core sample description. BC=Box corer, SW=Sediment/water.


33

Figure 30: Malacofauna inventory from MBC02, Darica Canyon.

Tree gravity cores (MASN 1, MASN 2, MASN 3) were also collected near the SN4 planneddeployment site. The first one was immediately sub-sampled for the pore water extraction (Tab.15). The pore waters were obtained by a squeezer with extraction capacity of four sample in eachcycle for slice thickness from minimum of 2 cm to a maximum of 3 cm. Below the 37-39 cm levelthe long time required for the extraction and the cleaning face between cycles, did not assure thepreservation of sulphides in the sample, therefore the sulphide aliquots were not stocked for thesuccessive slices.On 2009-10-06 two SW-104 (MASNSW01, MASNSW02) were sampled in the SN4area, and the first one was immediately sub-sampled for the pore water extraction by centrifuge(Tab.16), while the bottom water was preserved in glass vials with butyl stoppers.

Table 17 summarize the aliquots type, the adding solvents and the conservation method.Core MSNSW02, sampled with PVC liner and stocked at 4�, during the recovery lost the

bottom water, but the structure of the core was preserved because the sediment (plastic, compactand poorly hydrated) functioned like a stopper.

Successively, on 2009-10-07 (a) two gravity cores were sampled in mud volcano area, near Hersek(MSIP01 and MSIP02), (b) one SW-104 (MEISW01)and two gravity cores in Kumburgaz basinand (c) one SW-104 (Flood01) in the area of the recent flooding deposits in front of Buyukcekmece.

The bottom of core MSIP02 contained a well preserved oyster, 10 cm size (Fig.31).The cores of second leg have been taken in two copies, and were split between ISMAR and ITU.


34

Figure 31: Mud Volcano Area, Hersek. Oyster found in the bottom of core..


35

CM MM O S TM N F NOTE00-01 X - - - - X Sampled only the aliquot for major metals and

trace metals analysis01-02 X - - - - X02-03 X - - - - X04-05 X X X X X X05-06 X X X X X X06-07 X X X X X X07-08 X X X X X X08-09 X X X X X X09-10 X X X X X X10-15 X15-17 X X X X X X17-22 X22-24 X X X X X X24-29 X29-31 X X X X X X31-37 X37-39 X X X X X X Change 3d section39-44 X44-47 X X X X X X Sediment plastic (less water) the squeezer

needed 2 hours for pore water extraction47-52 X52-54 X X X X X X54-64 X64-67 X X X X X X67-77 X77-80 X X X X X X80-90 X90-93 X X X X X X

93-103 X103-106 X X X X X X106-129 X129-132 X X X X X The sulphide aliquot was not stocked in the

successive sample132-157 X Change 2nd section157-160 X X X X X160-185 X185-188 X X X188-213 X213-216 X X X216-232 X Change section 2nd (bottom plus top of sec-

tion 1)232-241 X241-244 X No pore water244-269 X269-272 X No pore water272-297 X297-300 X No pore water300-325 X325-328 X No pore water

Table 15: Core MSN-C01. Subsampling table. MM=major metals; O= chloride; S= sulfide; TM= trace metals; N= natural; F= sediments;


36

CM MM O S TM N F NOTE0-0.5 X X X X X X Yellow color with some black intrusion but no

sulphide smell0.5-2.5 X X X X X X2.5-4.5 X X X X X X4.5-6.5 X X X X X X6.5-8.5 X X X X X X

8.5-10.5 X X X X X X More compact changing sedimentation typeand water content

10.5-12.5 X X X X X X12.5-14.5 X X X X X X14.5-16.5 X X X X X X16.5-18.5 X X X X X X18.5-20.5 X X X X X X20.5-25.5 X X X X X X25.5-30.5 X X - X X X30.5-35.5 X X - X X X35.5-40.5 X X - X X X40.5-45.5 X X - X X X Shell fragments45.5-50.5 X X - X X X50.5-60.5 - - - - - X No pore water60.5-70.5 - - - - - X No pore water70.5-73.5 - - - - - X No pore water

Table 16: Core MSN-SW01. Subsampling table. MM=major metals; O= chloride; S= sulfide; TM= trace metals; N= natural; F= sediments;

TYPE SOLVENT RATIO ALIQ/SOLV STOCKED ATMM Nitric Acid 1:10 +5�TM Nitric Acid 1:10 +5�

O - - - 20�N - - - 20�S Zn-acetate 1:7.5 -20�F - - -20�”

Table 17: Extrusion of cores. Aliquots type, solvents, conservation.

4.5 CHIRP SBP

A quick processing with SEISPRHO [Gasperini and Stanghellini(2009)] was made on board fornavigation and geological target selection, other that structural and stratigraphical analysys. Ex-ample of the recorded and processed data are shown in Fig.32, 33, 34 and 35.

The data quality ranged from good to very good, with penetration down to 40 m. Two ultra-high resolution closely-spaced grid of profiles were performed in Tuzla, Izmit, Karamursel andGemlik gulfs, to obtain information on NAF offsets and slip rates.


37

Figure 32: Example of SEISPRHO SEG-Y SBP processed data.

Figure 33: Example of SEISPRHO SEG-Y SBP reprocessed data.


38




39

5 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE WORKS

Main targets of MARAMARA2009 cruise have been reached. A schematic list of first results isindicated.

� Deployment of Piezometers The 5 piezometers have been successfully deployed in key sitesin the Marmara Sea, Cinarcik basin; first tests of piezometers carried out after deploymentwith acoustic trasponders indicates that the instruments where correctly deployed and arerecording; gravity cores collected at piezo-station will be studied at the Geotechnical Lab. ofIFREMER in Brest.

� Deployment of OBS The 10 OBSs where also deployed correctly at their station, as ver-ified by tests carried out soon after deployment. Four of them have been deployed nearpiezometers, while the piezometer on the Darica Basin was served by the SN4’seismometer

� Medusa survey Several sites were surveyed with the MEDUSA system, including the SN4-station prior deployment, a site with the 1999 earthquake rupture visible at the seafloor andseveral sites potentially interesting for gas and fluid emissions. Those emissions were detectedas anomalous reflections of the sonars in the water column and subsequently investigatedusing the CH4 sensors on board of MEDUSA. First results indicate a striking correspondencebetween those anomalies and the CH4 contents in the water column detected by the MEDUSAsensors. At each of the CH4 anomaly sites, water have been also collected by means of arubber pipe connected with the deployment cable of MEDUSA, and a pump operated fromthe surface. Sample will be analysed for CH4 and He isotopes. All of the surveyed sites arelocated in the Darica basin and include a mud volcanoes field, a strike-slip fault scarp alongthe main strand of the NAF, and a possible chimney on top of a transpressive high.

� Deployment of the SN4 observatory

Deployment of the SN4 station in the Darica Canyon was carried out after high resolutionsurvey of the site using MBES and chirp-sonar. The deployment on the flat base of thecanyon, indicated originally as a possible site, was discarded, due to the presence of a markedlyuneven seafloor characterized by the presence of debris-flow deposits which included coarsegrained material, stones and boulders. Therefore, we concentrated our attention to the faultsegment just east of the canyon, and in particular to the narrow rectilinear valley that dissectthe Darica basin and mark NAF trace in this area. We finally decided for a location thatpresented:

1 a relatively flat bottom (at the scale of few meters);

2 the presence of a CH4 anomaly;

3 a shelter against fishing nets trowling;

4 the important character of being the only fault active during the Holocene;

5 a narrow principal displacement zone;

After some test with acoustic transponder we were able to communicate with the SN4 stationverifying its functioning and attitude. Moreover we carried high-resolution mutlibeam surveyafter deployment that enabled us to detect the SN-4 station at the seafloor and map itsposition (Fig.26)

� Geophysical data

First results highlighted the high-resolution of the MB and the Chirp system on board ofUrania that fitted perfectly the requirement of accuracy in mapping the subtle trace of activefaults in the Sea of Marmara.

Analysis of the data collected during the expedition is under process, and will continue duringthe forthcoming several months.

No problems were encountered regarding neither the people nor the environment during thecruise.


REFERENCES 40

References

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[Forte et al.(2009)] E. Forte, M. Sugan, M. Pipan, A. Del Ben, L. Gasperini, Recent Evolution andSeismogenetic Structures of Hersek Peninsula (Turkey) from High-resolution Seismic Reflec-tion Data, 2009. 71st EAGE Conference, Near Surface Seismics for Geotechnics, Geohazardsand E&P I (EAGE).

[Gasperini and Stanghellini(2009)] Gasperini L. and Stanghellini G., SEISPRHO: an interactivecomputer program for processing and interpretation of high-resolution seismic reflection pro-files, Computers and Geosciences, n35, pp.1497-1504 (2009).

[Gasperini et al. (2007)] L. Gasperini, A. Polonia, G. Bortoluzzi, L.G. Bellucci, V. Ferrante. (2007).Submarine Earthquake Geology: Potential, Limits, Techniques And Results. In: Atti delConvegno GNGTS. Gruppo Nazionale di Geofisica della Terra Solida. Roma. Nov. 2007.

[Gasperini et al. (2008)] L. Gasperini, A. Polonia, V. Ferrante, G. Bortoluzzi and L.G. BellucciSubmarine Paleoseismology and the Marmara Sea case study: a novel approach to the assess-ment of seismic hazards. Rendiconti online Soc. Geol. It., Vol. 2 (2008)

[Geli et al. (2008)] Geli, L., Henry, P., Zitter, T., Dupre, S., Tryon, M., Cagatay, M. N., Mercierde Lepinay, B., Le Pichon, X., engor, A.M.C., Goror, N., Natalin, B., Ucarkus, G., Ozeren,S., Volker, D., Gasperini, L., Burnard, P., Bourlange, S., the Marnaut Scientific Party, 2008.Gas Emissions And Active Tectonics Within The Submerged Section Of The North AnatolianFault Zone In The Sea Of Marmara. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 274, 34-39

[Gokasan et al.(2001)] E. Gokasan, B. Alpar, C. Gazioglu, Z.Y. Yucel, B. Tok, E. Dogan, C.Guneysu, Active tectonics of the IzmitGulf (NE Marmara Sea): from high resolution seis-mic and multi-beam bathymetry data, 2001, Marine Geology, 175, 273-296.


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[Hubert-Ferrari et al.(2002)] Hubert-Ferrari A., Armijo R., King G., Meyer B., Barka A. Morphol-ogy, displacement, and slip rates along the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey,2002, J. Geophys.Res., 107, art. no. 2235.

[Imren et al.(2001)] Imren C., Le Pichon X., Rangin C., Demirbag E., Ecevitoglu B., Gorur N.,The North Anatolian Fault within the Sea of marmara: a new interpretation based on multi-channel seismic and multibeam bathymetry data, Earth and Planetary Sc.Letters, Vol.186,143-158.

[Kurt (2000)] Kurt H., Investigation of the Active Tectonism in the Gulfs of Gokova and Saros byMeans of Multi-Channel Seismic Reflection Data, 2000, Ph.D. Thesis (in Turkish with Englishabstract), Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology (Turkey).

[Kurt et al.(2000)] Kurt H., Demirbag E. and Kusku I., Active submarine tectonism and formationof the Gulf of Saros, Northeast Aegean Sea, inferred from multi-channel seismic reflection data,2000, Marine Geology, Vol. 165, 13-26.

[Kuscu et al.(2002)] I. Kuskuu, M. Okamura, H. Matsuoka, Y. Awata, Active faults in the Gulfof Izmiton the North Anatolian Fault, NW Turkey: a high-resolution shallow seismic study,2002, Marine Geology, 190, 421-443.

[Le Pichon etc al.(1999)] Le Pichon, X., T. Taymaz, A.M.C. Sengor, The Marmara Fault andthe future Istanbul earthquake, in: International Conference on the Kocaeli Earthquake, 17August 1999,1999, Proc., pp. 41-54.

[Le Pichon et al.(2001)] Le Pichon X., Sengor A.M.C., Demirbag E., Rangin C., Imren C., ArmijoR., Gorur N., Cagatay N., de Lepinay B.M., Meyer B., Saatchilar R., Tok B., The active mainMarmara fault, 2001, Earth and Planetary Sc.Letters, Vol.192, 595-616.

[Le Pichon et al.(2003)] Le Pichon X., Chamot-Rooke N., Rangin C., Sengor A.M.C., The Northanatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara, 2003, J.Geophys.Research[Solid Earth], 108, 2170-2179.

[Le Pichon et al.(2005)] Le Pichon et al., MARMARA SURVEY, 11 Sep - 4 oct 2000, Multi-beam Bathymetry, Le Suroit, 2005. Marine Atlas of the Sea of Marmara, IFREMER,www.ifremer.fr/drogm uk/marmara.

[Magagnoli A. and Mengoli M. (1995)] A.Magagnoli e M.Mengoli, CAROTIERE A GRAVITA’SW-104 per carote di sedimento e acqua di fondo di grande diametro e minimo disturbo,1995, Rapporto Tecnico IGM N.27.

[McClusky et al.(2000)] McClusky, S., S. Bassalanian, A. Barka, C. Demir, S. Ergintav, I.Georgiev, O. Gurkan, M. Hamburger, K. Hurst, H.-G. Hans-Gert, K. Karstens, G. Keke-lidze, R. King, V. Kotzev, O. Lenk, S. Mahmoud, A. Mishin, M. Nadariya, A. Ouzounis, D.Paradissis, Y. Peter, M. Prilepin, R. Relinger, I. Sanli, H. Seeger, A. Tealeb, M.N. Toksaz, G.Veis, Global Positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the easternMediterranean and Caucasus, 2002, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (B3), 5695-5719.

[Meade et al.(2002)] B.J. Meade, B.H. Hager, R.E. Reilinger, Estimates of seismic potential in theMarmara region from block models of secular deformation constrained by GPS measurements,2002, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92, 208-215.

[Okay et al.(1999)] Okay, A.I., et al., Active faults in the Sea of Marmara, western Turkey, imagedby seismic reflection profiles, 1999, Terra Nova 11, 223-227.

[Okay et al.(2000)] Okay, A.I., A. Kaslilar-Ozcan, C. Imren, A. Boztepe-Guney, E. Demirbag, I.Kuscu, 2000, Active faults and evolving strike-slip basins in the Marmara Sea, northwestTurkey: a multichannel seismic reflection study, Tectonophysics,321, 189-218.

[Okay et al.(2004)] Okay, A.I., Tuysuz, O., Kaya, S., From transpression to transtension: changesin morphology and structure around a bend on the North Anatolian Fault in the Marmararegion, 2004, Tectonophysics, 391, 259-282.


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[Parke et al.(1999)] Parke, J R, Minshull, T A, Anderson, G, White, R S, McKenzie, D, Kuscu, I,Bull, J M, Gorur, N, Sengor, C , Active faults in the Sea of Marmara, western Turkey, imagedby seismic reflection profiles,Terra Nova, vol.11, no.5, pp.223-227.

[Parke et al.(2002)] J.R. Parke, R.S. White, D. McKenzie, T.A. Minshull, J.M. Bull, I. Kuscu, N.Gorur, C. Sengor, Interaction between faulting and sedimentation in the Sea of Marmara,western Turkey, 2002, Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 107, art. no.-2286.

[Parsons et al.(2000)] Parsons, T.S, Toda T.S., Stein R.S., Barka A., Dietrich J.H., Heightenedodds of large earthquakes near Istanbul, An interaction-based probability calculation, 2000,Science, 288, 661-665.

[Polonia et al.(2002)] Polonia, A., M.H. Cormier, M.N. Cagatay, G. Bortoluzzi, E. Bonatti, L.Gasperini, M. Ligi, L. Capotondi, L. Seeber, C.M.G. McHugh, W.B.F. Ryan, N. Gorur, O.Emre, B. Tok, and the MARMARA2000 and MARMARA2001 scientific parties, Exploringsubmarine earthquake geology in the Marmara Sea, 2002, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. U., 82,229 and 235-235.

[Polonia et al.(2004)] Polonia A., Gasperini L., Amorosi A., Bonatti E., Bortoluzzi G., Cagatay N.,Capotondi L., Cormier M.H., Gorur N., McHigh C. and Seeber L., Holocene slip rate of theNorthern Anatolian Fault beneath the Sea of Marmara, 2004, Earth and Planet.Sc. Letters,Vol.227, 3-4, 411-426.

[Povost et al.(2003)] A.S. Provost, J. Chery, R. Hassani, 3D mechanical modeling of the GPSvelocity field along the North Anatolian fault, 2003, Earth and Planetary Science Letters,209, 361-377.

[Reilinger and McClusky (2000)] Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., GPS constraints on present-dayplate motions and deformation in the Eastern Mediterranean/Caucasus region, 2000, AGU2000 fall meeting, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, vol.81, no.48, Suppl.,pp.1222.

[Reilinger et al.(2000)] R. E. Reilinger,S. Ergintav, R. Burgmann,S. McClusky, O. Lenk,A. Barka, O. Gurkan, L. Hearn, K. L. Feigl, R. Cakmak, B. Aktug, H. Ozener,M. N. Toksoz, Coseismic and Postseismic Fault Slip for the 17 August 1999,M=7.5, Izmit, Turkey Earthquake, 2000, Science, Vol 289, Issue 5484, 1519-1524.URL:www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/289/5484/1519.

[Rockwell et al.(2001)] Rockwell, T., A. Barka,, T. Dawson, K. Thorup, and S. Akyuz, Paleo-seismology of the Gazikoy-Saros segment of the North Anatolia fault, northwestern Turkey:Comparison of the historical and paleoseismic records, implications of regional seismic hazard,and models of earthquake recurrence, 2001, International Journal of Seismology, June, 2001issue.

[Sandwell and Smith(2001)] URL: topex.ucsd.edu/marine topo/text/topo.html

[Seeber et al.(2004)] L. Seeber, O. Emre, M.H. Cormier, C.C. Sorlien, C.M.G. McHugh, A. Polonia,N. Ozer, N. Cagatay and The team of the 2001 R/V Urania Cruise in the Marmara Sea, Upliftand subsidence from oblique slip: the Ganos Marmara bend of the North Anatolian Transform,western Turkey, 2004, Tectonophysics, Volume 391, 1-4, 239-258

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[Sengor et al.(2004)] Sengor, A.M.C., Tuysuz, O., Imren, C., Sakinc, M., Eyidogan, H., Gorur, N.,Le Pichon, X., Claude Rangin, C., The North Anatolian Fault. A new look, 2004, Ann. Rev.Earth Planet. Sci. 33, 1-75.

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45

6 APPENDIX

6.1 DIARY OF OPERATIONS

� 2009-09-22 In Brindisi, mobilization and installation of IFREMER (piezometer frame) andINGV equipment on pier.

� 2009-09-23 Work in Brindisi, installation and test Medusa and SN-4. Left port 12:00 localtime, sailing to Corinth and Cannakale. Start launch XBT 15:55 UTC.

� 2009-09-24 Test installation equipment. Continue to launch XBT. Transit Corinth Strait15:30 UTC.

� 2009-09-25 Test installation equipment. Continue to launch XBT. Berthed in Cannakale 11:30UTC.

� 2009-09-26 Embarkation French and Turkish scientific crew. Test of deployment of piezome-ter. 17:00 UTC sailing to Dardanelles and Sea of Marmara.

� 2009-09-27 CHIRP, MBES and ADCP acquisition. OBS 01..07 at sea, Piezometer and Cores.

� 2009-09-28 CHIRP, MBES and ADCP acquisition. OBS 08..10 at sea, Piezometer and Cores.

� 2009-09-29 CHIRP, MBES and ADCP acquisition. Box corer, gravity cores, positioning of 2piezometer and OBS

� 2009-09-30 CHIRP Multibeam in Buyukcekmece, at 05:30 UTC in anchor. Crew change,disembark IFREMER team, embark INGV team. At 18:00 UTC leave anchorage and sail toCinarcik area.

� 2009-10-01 CHIRP, MBES and ADCP acquisition. Mapping Darica canyon. MEDUSAdeployment. Mapping Karamursel basin.

� 2009-10-02 CHIRP, MBES and ADCP acquisition. Mapping in Karamursel. 06:00 UTCentering Golciuk for mapping NAF and Northern flanks of Gulf. 09:00 UTC heading to SN-4site. MEDUSA investigations from 11:40 (on bottom) to 16:00 UTC (on board). Continuingmapping on Karamursel.

� 2009-10-03 CHIRP, MBES and ADCP acquisition. Box corer, gravity cores on SN4 point.

� 2009-10-04 CHIRP, MBES and ADCP acquisition. Deployment of SN4 station.

� 2009-10-05 CHIRP, MBES and ADCP acquisition. Control SN4 station with Medusa.

� 2009-10-06 CHIRP, MBES and ADCP acquisition. Gravity cores and SW104 cores.

� 2009-10-07 CHIRP, MBES and ADCP acquisition. H.16:00 (local time) end of operation,sailing to Istanbul to disembark scientists.

� 2009-10-08 Istanbul: H.7:30 (local time) disembark. H19:30(local time) sailing to Messina.

� 2009-10-09 Sailing to Messina, CHIRP, MBES, ADCP acquisition and XBT launch.

� 2009-10-10 Sailing to Messina, CHIRP, MBES, ADCP acquisition and XBT launch.

� 2009-10-11 Sailing to Messina, CHIRP, MBES, ADCP acquisition. 18:30 local berthed inMessina.

� 2009-10-12 Disembark on Messina.


46

6.2 POSITIONING MAPS OF MOST RELEVANT OPERATIONS ATSEA

2009 Nov 04 21:49:41 ISMAR−CNR−Bologna

27˚25'22.0" 27˚25'24.0" 27˚25'26.0"

40˚44'10.0"

40˚44'12.0"

40˚44'14.0"

0 0.05 0.1

931_

987_MA09_026

461_MA09_027

518_

230_286_MA09_028

342_

399_

456_MA09_028

512_ 569_

1_MA09_02912_68_125_MA09_029181_

238_

294_MA09_029

351_

407_464_MA09_029

−315

−314

−313

−313

−312

−312

−311

−311

−311

−310

−310

−310

−309

−309

−309

−308

−308

−308

−307

−307

−307

−306

−306

−306

−305

−305

−305

−304

−304

−304

−303

−303

−303

−302

−302

−302

−301

−301

−300

−300

−299

2725.3936’ 4044.2150’ 2009−09−27T03:06:04 +00

OBS01−LV03−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 36: OBS01-LV03- positioning data.


47


27˚29'52.0" 27˚29'54.0" 27˚29'56.0"

40˚49'30.0"

40˚49'32.0"

40˚49'34.0"

0 0.05 0.1

−1118

−1118

−111

8

−1118

−1118

−111

8−11

182729.9079’ 4049.5494’ 2009−09−27T04:45:42 +00

OBS02−LV11−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



48


27˚42'0.0" 27˚42'2.0" 27˚42'4.0"

40˚51'52.0"

40˚51'54.0"

40˚51'56.0"

0 0.05 0.1

−1062

−1062

−106

2−1061

−106

1

−1061

2742.0275’ 4051.8859’ 2009−09−27T06:16:09 +00

OBS03−LV02−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



49


27˚49'40.0" 27˚49'42.0" 27˚49'44.0" 27˚49'46.0"

40˚44'22.0"

40˚44'24.0"

40˚44'26.0"

0 0.05 0.1

−671

−671

−671−670

−670

−670−66

9

−669

−669

−668

−668−668

−667

−667

2749.7209’ 4044.4076’ 2009−09−27T07:19:41 +00

OBS04−LV07−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



50


28˚18'30.0" 28˚18'32.0" 28˚18'34.0"

40˚46'32.0"

40˚46'34.0"

40˚46'36.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1819_

1862_MA09_054

1906_

1_MA09_055

21_

64_

108_MA09_055

152_

196_

−433

−433

−432

−432

−431

−431

−430

−430

−430 −429

−429

−429

−428

−428

−428

−427

−427

−427

−426

2818.5332’ 4046.5612’ 2009−09−27T09:48:00 +00

OBS05−LV12−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



51


28˚34'38.0" 28˚34'40.0" 28˚34'42.0"

40˚44'20.0"

40˚44'22.0"

40˚44'24.0"

0 0.05 0.1

270_

327_MA09_059

383_

440_496_MA09_059

553_

609_

665_MA09_059

−752

−751

−751

−750

−750

−750

−749

−749

−749

−748

−748

2834.6671’ 4044.3661’ 2009−09−27T11:18:06 +00

OBS06−LV09−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



52


28˚47'50.0" 28˚47'52.0" 28˚47'54.0" 28˚47'56.0"

40˚45'28.0"

40˚45'30.0"

40˚45'32.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1546_714_MA09_066778_

842_

1_MA09_06724_88_152_MA09_067216_280_344_MA09_067408_472_536_MA09_067600_664_

728_MA09_067792_856_920_MA09_067984_1048_

−119

8.5

−119

8.5

−1198.5

−119

8.0

−119

8.0

−1198

.0

2847.8815’ 4045.5070’ 2009−09−27T13:18:01 +00

MPZ−01−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 42: MPZ-01- positioning data.


53


28˚47'50.0" 28˚47'52.0" 28˚47'54.0"

40˚45'28.0"

40˚45'30.0"

40˚45'32.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1546_778_

842_

1_MA09_06724_88_152_MA09_067216_280_344_MA09_067408_472_536_MA09_067600_664_

728_MA09_067792_856_920_MA09_067984_1048_

−11

98.5

−119

8.5

−1198.5

−119

8.0

−119

8.0

−119

8.0

2847.8665’ 4045.5046’ 2009−09−27T15:36:01 +00

PZ−A−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 43: PZ-A- positioning data.


54


28˚47'50.0" 28˚47'52.0" 28˚47'54.0" 28˚47'56.0"

40˚45'30.0"

40˚45'32.0"

40˚45'34.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1546_714_MA09_066778_

842_

1_MA09_06724_88_152_MA09_067216_280_344_MA09_067408_472_536_MA09_067600_664_

728_MA09_067792_856_920_MA09_067984_1048_

1_MA09_068

−1198.5−1

198.

5

−119

8.5

−1198.5

−119

8.0

−119

8.0

−1198.0

2847.8779’ 4045.5176’ 2009−09−27T17:19:18 +00

OBS07−LV05−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



55


28˚25'56.0" 28˚25'58.0" 28˚26'0.0"

40˚52'0.0"

40˚52'2.0"

40˚52'4.0"

0 0.05 0.1

2811_

2861_MA09_074

2912_

2962_

−720.0

−720.0

−720.0

−719.5

−719.5

−719.5 −719.0−719.0

−719.0

−718.5

−718.5

−718.5

−718.5

−718.0

2825.9607’ 4052.0406’ 2009−09−27T20:03:59 +00

OBS08−LV08−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



56


29˚07'0.0" 29˚07'2.0" 29˚07'4.0"

40˚43'8.0"

40˚43'10.0"

40˚43'12.0"

0 0.05 0.1

144_

190_

1_MA09_101

36_

124_

2735_

1952_

2040_MA09_103

2127_

−1250.5−1250.5

−1250.0−1250.0

−1250.0

−1249.5

−1249.5

−124

9.5

2907.0277’ 4043.1575’ 2009−09−28T08:39:32 +00

PZ−B−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 46: PZ-B- positioning data.


57


29˚06'54.0" 29˚06'56.0" 29˚06'58.0"

40˚43'8.0"

40˚43'10.0"

40˚43'12.0"

0 0.05 0.1

2560_MA09_102

2648_

2735_

2895_

994_

1_MA09_11080_

160_240_MA09_110320_400_480_MA09_110

560_

640_719_MA09_110800_880_960_MA09_1101040_

1119_1200_MA09_110

1280_1360_1440_MA09_1101519_

1600_1680_MA09_110

1760_1840_1920_MA09_1102000_2080_2160_MA09_1102240_2320_2400_MA09_110

2480_2560_2640_MA09_1102720_2800_2880_MA09_1102960_3040_

3120_MA09_1101_MA09_111

61_

141_

221_MA09_111

301_381_461_MA09_111541_621_701_MA09_111781_861_

941_MA09_1111021_

1101_

1181_MA09_111

1261_

1341_

1421_MA09_111

1501_

1581_

1661_MA09_1111741_

1821_1901_MA09_111

1981_

−1250.0

−1250.0

−1250.0

−1250.0

−1250.0

−125

0.0

−1250.0

−1250.0

−1249.5

−1249.5

−124

9.5−1249.5

−1249.5

2906.9286’ 4043.1818’ 2009−09−28T11:09:21 +00

MPZ−02−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



58


29˚07'0.0" 29˚07'2.0" 29˚07'4.0"

40˚43'8.0"

40˚43'10.0"

40˚43'12.0"

0 0.05 0.1

144_

190_

1_MA09_101

36_

2735_

1952_

2040_MA09_103

2127_

−1250.5−1250.5

−1250.0−1250.0

−1250.0

−1249.5

−1249.5

−124

9.5

2907.0253’ 4043.1647’ 2009−09−28T11:54:17 +00

OBS09−LV10−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



59


29˚07'10.0" 29˚07'12.0" 29˚07'14.0"

40˚44'0.0"

40˚44'2.0"

40˚44'4.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1863_MA09_112

1942_

2023_

2103_MA09_112

2183_

2262_

2342_MA09_112

1_MA09_11310_90_170_MA09_113251_331_

1362_MA09_1141442_1522_1602_MA09_114

2882_

2962_

3042_MA09_114

−1266.0

−1266.0

−1266.0

−1265.5

−1265.5−1265.5

−1265.0

−1265.0−1265.0

2907.2033’ 4044.0456’ 2009−09−28T13:05:47 +00

PZ−C−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 49: PZ-C- positioning data.


60


29˚07'12.0" 29˚07'14.0" 29˚07'16.0" 29˚07'18.0"

40˚44'0.0"

40˚44'2.0"

40˚44'4.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1942_

2023_

2103_MA09_112

2183_

2262_

2342_MA09_112

1_MA09_11310_90_170_MA09_113251_331_

1_MA09_1142_

82_

162_MA09_114

242_

322_402_MA09_114482_

562_642_MA09_114

722_802_882_MA09_114962_1042_

1122_MA09_1141202_

1282_1362_MA09_1141442_1522_

1602_MA09_1141682_ 1762_

1842_MA09_1141922_2002_

2082_MA09_1142162_2242_

2322_MA09_1142402_

2482_

2562_MA09_1142642_2722_

2802_MA09_114

2882_

2962_

3042_MA09_114

−1266.0

−1266.0

−1266.0

−1265.5

−1265.5

−1265.5

−1265.0

−1265.0

−1265.0

2907.2564’ 4044.0267’ 2009−09−28T14:30:23 +00

MPZ−03−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



61


28˚55'38.0" 28˚55'40.0" 28˚55'42.0" 28˚55'44.0"

40˚49'52.0"

40˚49'54.0"

40˚49'56.0"

0 0.05 0.1

2708_

2768_

2828_MA09_1182888_2948_3008_MA09_118

476_

540_MA09_119

604_

669_

2068_2119_MA09_1872169_

−121

2.50

−121

2.50

−1212

.50

−121

2.25

−121

2.25

−1212

.25

2855.6879’ 4049.9109’ 2009−09−28T17:33:18 +00

OBS10−LV01−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



62


29˚23'8.0" 29˚23'10.0" 29˚23'12.0" 29˚23'14.0"

40˚43'40.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

0 0.05 0.1

339_MA09−304

1_MA09−4554_78_

152_MA09−455

225_

299_

373_MA09−455

447_

1308_1404_MA09−4581500_1596_1692_MA09−458

2172_2748_

149_MA09−461209_

1502_

1223_

929_

989_

1096_

1156_

1216_MA09_175

1276_283_

343_MA09_176

403_

463_

523_MA09_176

583_

1_MA09_17748_

108_

168_MA09_177

228_

288_

348_MA09_177

408_468_

528_MA09_177

1_MA09_178

43_

103_

163_MA09_178

223_

282_

342_MA09_178403_463_

523_MA09_178583_643_703_MA09_178763_823_882_MA09_178

942_1003_1063_MA09_1781123_1183_1243_MA09_1781303_1363_1423_MA09_1781482_1543_1603_MA09_1781663_1723_

957_

1017_

1077_MA09_234

−174 −172 −1

70

−170

−168

−168

−168

−16

8

−166

−166

−166

−166

−166

−164

−164

−164

−164

−164

−162

−162

−162

−162

−160

−160

−160

−160

−158

−158

−158

−156

−156

−156

−154

−154

−152

2923.1766’ 4043.6859’ 2009−09−29T06:19:45 +00

MPZ−04−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



63


29˚23'8.0" 29˚23'10.0" 29˚23'12.0"

40˚43'40.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

0 0.05 0.1

339_MA09−304

1_MA09−4554_78_

152_MA09−455

225_

299_

373_MA09−455

447_

1308_1404_MA09−4581500_1596_1692_MA09−458

2172_

149_MA09−461209_

1223_

929_

989_

1049_MA09_095

1096_

1156_

1216_MA09_175

1276_283_

343_MA09_176

403_

463_

523_MA09_176

583_

1_MA09_17748_

108_

168_MA09_177

228_

288_

348_MA09_177

408_468_

528_MA09_177

1_MA09_178

43_

103_

163_MA09_178

223_

282_

342_MA09_178403_463_

523_MA09_178583_643_703_MA09_178763_823_882_MA09_178

942_1003_1063_MA09_1781123_1183_1243_MA09_1781303_1363_1423_MA09_1781482_1543_1603_MA09_1781663_1723_

957_

1017_

1077_MA09_234

−176

−174

−172 −170

−170

−168

−168

−168

−168 −1

66

−166

−166

−166

−166

−164

−164

−164

−164

−164

−162

−162

−162

−162

−160

−160

−160

−160

−158

−158

−158

−156

−156

−156

−154

−154

−152

2923.1742’ 4043.6853’ 2009−09−29T07:48:34 +00

PZ−D−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 53: PZ-D- positioning data.


64


28˚56'10.0" 28˚56'12.0" 28˚56'14.0" 28˚56'16.0"

40˚49'58.0"

40˚50'0.0"

40˚50'2.0"

0 0.05 0.1

814_

2856.2232’ 4050.0033’ 2009−09−29T12:48:18 +00

PZ−E−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 54: PZ-E- positioning data.


65


28˚56'6.0" 28˚56'8.0" 28˚56'10.0"

40˚49'58.0"

40˚50'0.0"

40˚50'2.0"

0 0.05 0.1

713_MA09_188

763_

814_

−1217

−1217

−1217

−1217

2856.1343’ 4049.9861’ 2009−09−29T14:04:03 +00

MPZ−05−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



66


29˚23'2.0" 29˚23'4.0" 29˚23'6.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

40˚43'48.0"

0 0.05 0.1

39_

99_

159_MA09−304

219_

68_

129_MA09−327

189_

248_308_MA09−327

617_

777_ 936_MA09−328 1096_1_MA09−45793_

189_

1692_MA09−4581788_

807_

867_MA09_235

927_−

−

−195

−195

−195

−190

−190

−190

−190

−185

2923.0715’ 4043.7790’ 2009−10−03T06:22:15 +00

MSN−BC01−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 56: MSN-BC01- positioning data.


67


29˚23'2.0" 29˚23'4.0" 29˚23'6.0"

40˚43'46.0"

40˚43'48.0"

40˚43'50.0"

0 0.05 0.1

39_

99_

159_MA09−304

219_

68_

129_MA09−327

189_

248_308_MA09−327

617_

777_ 936_MA09−328 1096_1_MA09−45793_

189_

867_MA09_235

927_−

−

−195

−195

−195

−195

−190

−190

−190

−190

−185

2923.0737’ 4043.7880’ 2009−10−03T07:02:42 +00

MSN−BC02−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 57: MSN-BC02- positioning data.


68


29˚23'14.0" 29˚23'16.0" 29˚23'18.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1577_

1737_

1896_MA09−328

2580_MA09−3292667_

2754_2842_MA09−329

144_ 232_MA09−330319_406_

493_MA09−330

1_MA09−33124_112_1_MA09−3321_MA09−33330_117_

204_MA09−333

1_MA09−33464_

151_1_MA09−3358_95_182_MA09−335

269_357_444_MA09−335531_618_706_MA09−335793_

1_MA09−3367_

94_182_MA09−336

269_356_

443_MA09−336531_618_

373_MA09−455

447_

520_

595_MA09−455

668_742_

816_MA09−455

890_964_1038_MA09−4551111_1185_1259_MA09−4551333_1407_1481_MA09−4551555_1628_1702_MA09−455

1_MA09−45620_94_

477_573_MA09−457 669_ 765_

924_1020_1116_MA09−4581212_1308_

2941_

3036_

3132_MA09−4581_MA09−459

89_

185_

1_MA09−46046_141_237_MA09−460334_

1_MA09−48886_278_469_MA09−488663_854_1046_MA09−4881238_1431_

1622_MA09−4881814_

2005_2198_MA09−4882390_2583_2774_MA09−4882966_1_MA09−48918_212_403_MA09−489595_787_

979_MA09−4891172_1363_1555_MA09−489

1747_1940_2131_MA09−4892324_2515_2708_MA09−4892899_3092_1_MA09−490144_336_529_MA09−490721_912_1104_MA09−4901295_1489_

1681_MA09−4901872_2065_2256_MA09−4902449_2640_2833_MA09−4903024_1_MA09−49178_269_462_MA09−491654_845_1039_MA09−4911230_1422_1613_MA09−4911805_1998_2190_MA09−491

2382_2573_2767_MA09−4912958_1_MA09−49211_202_395_MA09−492587_779_971_MA09−4921163_1354_1547_MA09−492

1739_1931_2123_MA09−4922315_

2508_

146_

1382_MA09−547

1442_

1502_

1562_MA09−547

1622_

1682_

1742_MA09−547

1802_

1862_

1_MA09−54823_83_ 143_MA09−548

203_ 263_

512_MA09−549

752_ 992_1232_MA09−549 1471_

1712_

1_MA09−55285_326_

1_MA09−55314_ 254_494_MA09−553733_ 973_1214_MA09−5531454_1694_1933_MA09−5532174_2414_2653_MA09−553

1_MA09−555108_347_587_MA09−555827_

1_MA09−55639_279_518_MA09−556758_1_MA09−5571_MA09−558126_366_

1101_

1161_

−165

−165

−165

−160

−160

−160

−160

−155

−155

−155

−155

−155

−150

−150

−150

−150

−150

−145

−145

−140

2923.2642’ 4043.7372’ 2009−10−03T08:57:43 +00

MSN−C01−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 58: MSN-C01- positioning data.


69


29˚23'12.0" 29˚23'14.0" 29˚23'16.0" 29˚23'18.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1577_

1737_

1896_MA09−328

2667_2754_2842_MA09−329

57_ 144_ 232_MA09−330319_406_

493_MA09−330

1_MA09−33124_112_1_MA09−3321_MA09−33330_117_

204_MA09−3331_MA09−334

64_151_1_MA09−3358_95_182_MA09−335

269_357_444_MA09−335531_618_706_MA09−335793_

1_MA09−3367_

94_182_MA09−336

269_356_

443_MA09−336531_618_

299_

373_MA09−455

447_

520_

595_MA09−455

668_742_

816_MA09−455

890_964_1038_MA09−4551111_1185_1259_MA09−4551333_1407_1481_MA09−4551555_1628_1702_MA09−455

1_MA09−45620_94_

477_573_MA09−457 669_ 765_

924_1020_1116_MA09−4581212_1308_

3036_

3132_MA09−4581_MA09−459

89_

185_

282_MA09−459

1_MA09−46046_141_237_MA09−460334_

1_MA09−48886_278_469_MA09−488663_854_1046_MA09−4881238_1431_

1622_MA09−4881814_

2005_2198_MA09−4882390_2583_2774_MA09−4882966_1_MA09−48918_212_403_MA09−489595_787_

979_MA09−4891172_1363_1555_MA09−489

1747_1940_2131_MA09−4892324_2515_2708_MA09−4892899_3092_1_MA09−490144_336_529_MA09−490721_912_1104_MA09−4901295_1489_


2382_2573_2767_MA09−4912958_1_MA09−49211_202_395_MA09−492587_779_971_MA09−4921163_1354_1547_MA09−492

1739_1931_2123_MA09−4922315_

2508_

146_

1382_MA09−547

1442_

1502_

1562_MA09−547

1622_

1682_

1742_MA09−547

1802_

1862_

1_MA09−54823_83_ 143_MA09−548

203_ 263_323_MA09−548383_

443_503_MA09−548

563_623_

271_

512_MA09−549

752_ 992_1232_MA09−549 1471_

326_

1_MA09−55314_ 254_494_MA09−553

1_MA09−55639_279_

1040_MA09_236

1101_

1161_

−170

−170

−165

−165

−165

−165

−16

0

−160

−160

−160

−160

−155

−155

−155

−155

−15

5

−150

−150

−150

−145

2923.2519’ 4043.7479’ 2009−10−03T10:13:11 +00

MSN−C02−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



70


29˚23'12.0" 29˚23'14.0" 29˚23'16.0" 29˚23'18.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1577_

1737_

1896_MA09−328

2667_2754_2842_MA09−329

1_MA09−33057_ 144_ 232_MA09−330319_406_

493_MA09−330

1_MA09−33124_112_1_MA09−3321_MA09−33330_117_

204_MA09−333

1_MA09−33464_

151_1_MA09−3358_95_182_MA09−335

269_357_444_MA09−335531_618_706_MA09−335793_

1_MA09−3367_

94_182_MA09−336

269_356_

443_MA09−336531_618_

299_

373_MA09−455

447_

520_

595_MA09−455

668_742_

816_MA09−455

890_964_1038_MA09−4551111_1185_1259_MA09−4551333_1407_1481_MA09−4551555_1628_1702_MA09−455

1_MA09−45620_94_

477_573_MA09−457 669_

1020_1116_MA09−4581212_1308_1404_MA09−458

3036_

3132_MA09−4581_MA09−459

89_

185_

282_MA09−459

1_MA09−46046_141_237_MA09−460334_

1_MA09−48886_278_469_MA09−488663_854_1046_MA09−4881238_1431_

1622_MA09−4881814_

2005_2198_MA09−4882390_2583_2774_MA09−4882966_1_MA09−48918_212_403_MA09−489595_787_

979_MA09−4891172_1363_1555_MA09−489

1747_1940_2131_MA09−4892324_2515_2708_MA09−4892899_3092_1_MA09−490144_336_529_MA09−490721_912_1104_MA09−4901295_1489_


2382_2573_2767_MA09−4912958_1_MA09−49211_202_395_MA09−492587_779_971_MA09−4921163_1354_1547_MA09−492

1739_1931_2123_MA09−4922315_

2508_

146_

1382_MA09−547

1442_

1502_

1562_MA09−547

1622_

1682_

1742_MA09−547

1802_

1862_

1_MA09−54823_83_ 143_MA09−548

203_ 263_323_MA09−548383_

443_503_MA09−548

563_623_

1_MA09−54931_

271_

512_MA09−549

752_ 992_1232_MA09−549 1471_1_MA09−55314_ 254_

494_MA09−553

1040_MA09_236

1101_

1161_

−17

0

−170−165

−165

−165

−165

−160

−160

−160

−160

−160

−155

−155

−155

−155

−155

−150

−150

−150

−145

2923.2456’ 4043.7445’ 2009−10−03T11:28:35 +00

MSN−C03−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'



71


29˚23'12.0" 29˚23'14.0" 29˚23'16.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1577_

1737_

1896_MA09−328

2667_2754_2842_MA09−329

1_MA09−33057_ 144_ 232_MA09−330319_406_

493_MA09−330

1_MA09−33124_112_1_MA09−3321_MA09−33330_117_

204_MA09−333

1_MA09−33464_

151_1_MA09−3358_95_182_MA09−335

269_357_444_MA09−335531_618_706_MA09−335793_

1_MA09−3367_

94_182_MA09−336

269_356_

443_MA09−336531_618_

225_

299_

373_MA09−455

447_

520_

595_MA09−455

668_742_

816_MA09−455

890_964_1038_MA09−4551111_1185_1259_MA09−4551333_1407_1481_MA09−4551555_1628_1702_MA09−455

1_MA09−45620_94_

381_ 477_573_MA09−457 669_

1020_1116_MA09−4581212_1308_1404_MA09−458

3036_

3132_MA09−4581_MA09−459

89_

185_

282_MA09−459

1_MA09−46046_141_237_MA09−460334_

1_MA09−48886_278_469_MA09−488663_854_1046_MA09−4881238_1431_

1622_MA09−4881814_

2005_2198_MA09−4882390_2583_2774_MA09−4882966_1_MA09−48918_212_403_MA09−489595_787_

979_MA09−4891172_1363_1555_MA09−489

1747_1940_2131_MA09−4892324_2515_2708_MA09−4892899_3092_1_MA09−490144_336_529_MA09−490721_912_1104_MA09−4901295_1489_


2382_2573_2767_MA09−4912958_1_MA09−49211_202_395_MA09−492587_779_971_MA09−4921163_1354_1547_MA09−492

1739_1931_2123_MA09−4922315_

2508_

146_

1382_MA09−547

1442_

1502_

1562_MA09−547

1622_

1682_

1742_MA09−547

1802_

1862_

1_MA09−54823_83_ 143_MA09−548

203_ 263_323_MA09−548383_

443_503_MA09−548

563_

1_MA09−54931_

271_

512_MA09−549

752_ 992_1232_MA09−5491_MA09−55314_ 254_

1040_MA09_236

1101_

1161_

−170

−170

−170

−16

5

−165

−165

−165

−160

−160

−160

−160

−160

−160

−155

−155

−155

−155

−155

−150

−150

−150

−1452923.2393’ 4043.7452’ 2009−10−04T15:56:16 +00

SN4−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 61: SN4- positioning data.


72


29˚23'12.0" 29˚23'14.0" 29˚23'16.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1577_

1737_

1896_MA09−328

2667_2754_2842_MA09−329

1_MA09−33057_ 144_ 232_MA09−330319_406_

493_MA09−330

1_MA09−33124_112_1_MA09−3321_MA09−33330_117_

204_MA09−333

1_MA09−33464_

151_1_MA09−3358_95_182_MA09−335

269_357_444_MA09−335531_618_706_MA09−335793_

1_MA09−3367_

94_182_MA09−336

269_356_

443_MA09−336531_618_

225_

299_

373_MA09−455

447_

520_

595_MA09−455

668_742_

816_MA09−455

890_964_1038_MA09−4551111_1185_1259_MA09−4551333_1407_1481_MA09−4551555_1628_1702_MA09−455

1_MA09−45620_94_

381_ 477_573_MA09−457 669_

1020_1116_MA09−4581212_1308_1404_MA09−458

3036_

3132_MA09−4581_MA09−459

89_

185_

282_MA09−459

1_MA09−46046_141_237_MA09−460334_

1_MA09−48886_278_469_MA09−488663_854_1046_MA09−4881238_1431_

1622_MA09−4881814_

2005_2198_MA09−4882390_2583_2774_MA09−4882966_1_MA09−48918_212_403_MA09−489595_787_

979_MA09−4891172_1363_1555_MA09−489

1747_1940_2131_MA09−4892324_2515_2708_MA09−4892899_3092_1_MA09−490144_336_529_MA09−490721_912_1104_MA09−4901295_1489_


2382_2573_2767_MA09−4912958_1_MA09−49211_202_395_MA09−492587_779_971_MA09−4921163_1354_1547_MA09−492

1739_1931_2123_MA09−4922315_

2508_

146_

1382_MA09−547

1442_

1502_

1562_MA09−547

1622_

1682_

1742_MA09−547

1802_

1862_

1_MA09−54823_83_ 143_MA09−548

203_ 263_323_MA09−548383_

443_503_MA09−548

563_

1_MA09−54931_

271_

512_MA09−549

752_ 992_1232_MA09−5491_MA09−55314_ 254_

1040_MA09_236

1101_

1161_

−170

−17

0

−170

−165

−165

−165

−165

−160

−160

−160

−160

−160

−160

−155

−155

−155

−155

−155

−150

−150

−150

−1452923.2410’ 4043.7433’ 2009−10−04T16:14:17 +00

SN4−RELEASE

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 62: SN4-RELEASE positioning data.


73


29˚23'16.0" 29˚23'18.0" 29˚23'20.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

40˚43'48.0"

0 0.05 0.1

−160

−160

−160 −155

−155

−155

−155

−155

−150

−150

−150

−150

−145

−145

−145

−145

−145

−140

−140

−140

−135

−135

2923.2990’ 4043.7636’ 2009−10−04T18.46.00 +00

SN4−RESPONSE−8.90−5.30−142DEG

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 63: SN4-RESPONSE-8.90-5.30-142DEG positioning data.


74


29˚23'12.0" 29˚23'14.0" 29˚23'16.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

0 0.05 0.1

−170

−17

0

−170

−165

−165

−165

−165

−160

−160

−160

−160

−160

−160

−155

−155

−155

−155

−150

−150

2923.2356’ 4043.7429’ 2009−10−05T06:56:21 +00

SN4−SEEN−FROM−MEDUSA

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 64: SN4-SEEN-FROM-MEDUSA positioning data.


75


29˚23'16.0" 29˚23'18.0" 29˚23'20.0" 29˚23'22.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1896_MA09−328

1_MA09−32949_

2493_2580_MA09−3292667_

24_112_1_MA09−3321_MA09−33330_117_

204_MA09−333

706_MA09−335793_

1_MA09−3367_

94_182_MA09−336

742_

816_MA09−455

890_964_1038_MA09−4551111_1185_

669_ 765_ 861_MA09−457 957_

732_828_MA09−458924_1020_1116_MA09−458

1_MA09−46046_141_237_MA09−460334_

146_

266_MA09−493

323_MA09−548

992_1232_MA09−549 1471_

1712_

1952_MA09−549

2192_

1249_MA09−551

1488_

1729_1_MA09−55285_

326_

1_MA09−55314_ 254_494_MA09−553733_ 973_1214_MA09−5531454_1694_1933_MA09−5532174_2414_2653_MA09−553

1_MA09−55424_1_MA09−555108_347_587_MA09−555827_

1_MA09−55639_279_518_MA09−556758_1_MA09−5571_MA09−558126_366_

1_MA09−559

1040_MA09_236

−160

−155

−155

−155

−155

−150

−150

−150

−150

−150

−145

−145

−145

−145

−145

−140

−140

−140

−135

2923.3125’ 4043.7381’ 2009−10−06T08:01:09 +00

MSN−SW01−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 65: MSN-SW01- positioning data.


76


29˚23'16.0" 29˚23'18.0" 29˚23'20.0" 29˚23'22.0"

40˚43'42.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

0 0.05 0.1

1896_MA09−328

1_MA09−32949_

2493_2580_MA09−3292667_

1_MA09−3321_MA09−33330_117_204_MA09−333

1_MA09−3367_

94_

816_MA09−455

890_964_1038_MA09−4551111_

669_ 765_ 861_MA09−457 957_

732_828_MA09−458924_1020_1116_MA09−458

1_MA09−46046_141_237_MA09−460334_

146_

266_MA09−493

992_1232_MA09−549 1471_

1712_

1952_MA09−549

2192_

1009_

1249_MA09−551

1488_

1729_1_MA09−55285_

326_

1_MA09−55314_ 254_494_MA09−553733_ 973_1214_MA09−5531454_1694_1933_MA09−5532174_2414_2653_MA09−553

1_MA09−55424_1_MA09−555108_347_587_MA09−555827_

1_MA09−55639_279_518_MA09−556758_1_MA09−5571_MA09−558126_366_

1_MA09−559

−160

−155

−155

−155

−150

−150

−150

−150

−150

−145

−145

−145

−145

−145

−140

−140

−140

−140

−135

2923.3166’ 4043.7361’ 2009−10−06T08:44:05 +00

MSN−SW02−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 66: MSN-SW02- positioning data.


77


29˚27'26.0" 29˚27'28.0" 29˚27'30.0"

40˚43'46.0"

40˚43'48.0"

40˚43'50.0"

0 0.05 0.1

345_

441_

2908_

3045_

1_MA09−521

44_

1407_MA09−5221527_

1646_1766_MA09−522

1886_2007_2127_MA09−522

2246_

2366_2486_MA09−5222607_

2727_

2846_MA09−5222966_

3086_1_MA09−52368_

188_

307_MA09−523

427_

547_

668_MA09−523788_908_1027_MA09−523

679_MA09−524

1426_MA09−525

2824_MA09−562

2944_

3065_

1_MA09−56345_

165_

1_MA09−5649_129_

250_MA09−564369_489_609_MA09−564

729_850_970_MA09−564

1089_

1_MA09−56564_184_

305_MA09−565

425_

545_

664_MA09−565

784_

905_

1025_MA09−5651145_1264_

1384_MA09−5651505_

1625_1745_MA09−565

1_MA09−56671_191_311_MA09−566430_550_671_MA09−566791_911_ 1030_MA09−5661150_ 1271_

1391_MA09−566

1511_1630_

1750_MA09−5661871_

1991_

2111_MA09−5662231_2350_

2471_MA09−566

1_MA09−56765_185_1_MA09−56893_213_

−−60

−60

−59

−59−59

−59

−58

−58

−58

−58

−58

−58

−57−5

7

−57

−57

−57

−57

−57

−57

−57

−56

−56

−56

−56

−56

−56

2927.4719’ 4043.7841’ 2009−10−06T10:08:18 +00

MSP−C01−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 67: MSP-C01- positioning data.


78


29˚27'26.0" 29˚27'28.0" 29˚27'30.0" 29˚27'32.0"

40˚43'44.0"

40˚43'46.0"

40˚43'48.0"

0 0.05 0.1

345_

441_

2908_

3045_

1_MA09−521

44_

1286_1407_MA09−522

1527_1646_

1766_MA09−5221886_

2007_2127_MA09−5222246_

2366_2486_MA09−5222607_

2727_

2846_MA09−5222966_

3086_1_MA09−52368_

188_

307_MA09−523

427_

547_

668_MA09−523788_908_1027_MA09−523

679_MA09−524

1426_MA09−525

2824_MA09−562

2944_

3065_

1_MA09−56345_

165_

1_MA09−5649_129_

250_MA09−564369_489_609_MA09−564

729_850_970_MA09−564

1089_

1_MA09−56564_184_

305_MA09−565

425_

545_

664_MA09−565

784_

905_

1025_MA09−5651145_1264_

1384_MA09−5651505_

1625_1745_MA09−565

1_MA09−56671_191_311_MA09−566430_550_671_MA09−566791_911_ 1030_MA09−5661150_ 1271_

1391_MA09−566

1511_1630_

1750_MA09−5661871_

1991_

2111_MA09−5662231_2350_

2471_MA09−566

1_MA09−56765_185_1_MA09−56893_213_

−

−60

−59

−59

−59

−59

−58

−58

−58

−58

−58

−57

−57

−57

−57

−57

−57

−57−

57

−56

−56−56

−56

−56

−56

2927.4790’ 4043.7832’ 2009−10−06T11:47:57 +00

MSP−C02−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 68: MSP-C02- positioning data.


79


28˚30'10.0" 28˚30'12.0" 28˚30'14.0" 28˚30'16.0"

40˚52'14.0"

40˚52'16.0"

40˚52'18.0"

0 0.05 0.1

115_MA09−656

163_

211_

1_MA09−65834_ 82_ 130_MA09−658179_226_

274_MA09−658322_371_

419_MA09−658466_514_562_MA09−658

611_658_

707_MA09−658755_802_850_MA09−658

−831.50

−831.50

−831.50

−831.50−831.50−831.50

−831

.25

−831.25

−831.25

−831.25

−831.00

−831.00

−831.00

2830.2163’ 4052.2810’ 2009−10−07T12:22:24 +00

MEI−C01−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 69: MEI-C01- positioning data.


80


28˚30'10.0" 28˚30'12.0" 28˚30'14.0" 28˚30'16.0"

40˚52'14.0"

40˚52'16.0"

40˚52'18.0"

0 0.05 0.1

115_MA09−656

163_

211_

1_MA09−65834_ 82_ 130_MA09−658179_226_

274_MA09−658322_371_

419_MA09−658466_514_562_MA09−658

611_658_

707_MA09−658755_802_850_MA09−658

−831.50

−831.50

−831.50

−831.50−831.50

−831

.25

−831.25

−831.25

−831.25

−831

.00

−831.00

−831.00

2830.2213’ 4052.2798’ 2009−10−07T12:55:30 +00

MEI−SW01−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 70: MEI-SW01- positioning data.


81


28˚30'10.0" 28˚30'12.0" 28˚30'14.0" 28˚30'16.0"

40˚52'14.0"

40˚52'16.0"

40˚52'18.0"

0 0.05 0.1

115_MA09−656

163_

211_

1_MA09−65834_ 82_ 130_MA09−658179_226_

274_MA09−658322_371_

419_MA09−658466_514_562_MA09−658

611_658_

707_MA09−658755_802_850_MA09−658

−831.50

−831.50

−831.50

−831

.25

−831.25

−831.25

−831.25

−831

.00

−831.00

−831.00

2830.2238’ 4052.2782’ 2009−10−07T13:39:20 +00

MEI−C02−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 71: MEI-C02- positioning data.


82


28˚32'34.0" 28˚32'36.0" 28˚32'38.0"

40˚56'18.0"

40˚56'20.0"

40˚56'22.0"

0 0.05 0.1

2753_

2874_MA09−663

2994_

3114_

1_MA09−664

94_

1763_

2004_MA09−665

2244_

611_MA09−666

851_

1091_

1330_MA09−666

1571_

1811_

2051_MA09−666

1_MA09−667106_346_585_MA09−667826_

1804_MA09_218

2832.5955’ 4056.3491’ 2009−10−07T14:53:04 +00

MEI−SW02−

MARM2009 R/V Urania

26˚00' 28˚00' 30˚00'

40˚00'

Figure 72: MEI-SW02- positioning data.


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