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Gl{fhglb Yeiuqf{v lgk Yua-Ylolqlg Y{l{ey

Av Cofg @l @l @vh

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Fg{qhkui{fhg

‒Ldqfil fy |uficbv e`eqnfgn ly l qenfhg hd y{ql{enfi f`}hq{lgie‐

Qhaeq{ N' Aeqyiofgycf <

Ldqfilg {hklv oly e`eqnek ly l ihg{fgeg{ hd y{ql{enfi ihgye|uegiey fg {oe ~hqbk' F{ fy {oe

qenfhg qe}be{e ~f{o y{qunnbfgn y{l{ey' F{ fy aefgn qeihngfzek ly {oe `hy{ yfgnbe f`}hteqfyoek

ihg{fgeg{ fg {oe ~hqbk F{ fy {oe qenfhg {ol{ olte yeteqlb tubgeqlafbf{fey {h {eqqhqfy{ li{y' F{ fy

aefgn cgh~g ly {oe e}fieg{eq hd LFKY" ~f{o 1? `fbbfhg hd {oe ;= `fbbfhg fgdei{ek ~f{o OFT

~hqbk~fke' Fg{ql-y{l{e ihgdbfi{y lqe y{fbb hgnhfgn'

Key}f{e" f{ lbyh qe}qeyeg{y l tf{lb f`}hq{lgie {h nbhalb }hbf{filb eihgh`v' Lahu{ ;>'?% hd 

Ioqh`f{e" ;;% hd Ihalb{" ;?% hd Kfl`hgky l`hgn {oe ~hqbk `fgeqlb }qhkui{fhg yolqey lqe

ex{qli{ek dqh` Ldqfilg yhfb' Ldqfilg hfb fy nqh~fgn hd f`}hq{lgie lgk f{ fy ey{f`l{ek {ol{ hfb

hu{}u{ ~hubk khuabe fg {oe gex{ keilke' [ouy" {oe {~h nqel{ }h~eq hd huq {f`ey" Ugf{ek Y{l{ey

hd L`eqfil lgk ]eh}be.y Qe}uabfi hd Iofgl lqe yeecfgn {h exeq{ fgdbuegie fg Ldqfil'

Fg {eq`y hd {qlke" f{ oly ;= hd {oe ^[H.y <?5 `e`aeqy' [hne{oeq ~f{o Fgkfl" Aqlzfb lgk h{oeqy"

Ldqfil oly y{lbbek .Khol. qhugk hd ^[H.y {lbcy' [oe ^ey{.y eddhq{y {h lfk Ldqfil olte khge yh

`uio fbb lgk yh bf{{be nhhk' Ly l ih`}hgeg{ hd khghq ihgkf{fhglbf{v" Ldqfilg nhteqg`eg{y olte {h

kh~gyfze {oe yeiuqf{v dhqiey lgk qekuie yeiuqf{v y}egkfgn' Oh~eteq" fg `hy{ hd Ldqfil" y{l{e

yeiuqf{v fy {oqel{egek av fgyfkfhuy `elyuqey dbh~fgn dqh` {oe teqv ~elcgeyy hd {oe y{l{ey' Ly

yunney{ek av Iou{eq 1  " Ldqfilg y{l{ey lqe iluno{ fg l }eqdei{bv ifqiublq kfbe``l hd 

‒ketebh}`eg{ qe|ufqey yeiuqf{v" yeiuqf{v qe|ufqey nhteqg`eg{ y}egkfgn lgk nhteqg`eg{

y}egkfgn qe|ufqey ketebh}`eg{‐' [h egk {ofy kfbe``l" gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v fyyuey yohubk ae

}qfhqf{fzek aeiluye {oeqe fy gh bhnfilb eyil}e ~f{ohu{ {oe }qhtfyfhg hd eddei{fte gl{fhglb

yeiuqf{v'

Gl{fhglb Yeiuqf{v: Glqqh~ hq Aqhlkeq Yegye8

Jhog Yiobeyyeq 9 y{l{ey gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v ly {oe dfqy{ {qubv lgk {oe `hy{ f`}hq{lg{ yhiflb yeqtfie

< Aeqyiofgycf" Q' /1==>& LDQFIH@.y Kfbe``l: [oe Nbhalb lq hg [eqqhqfy " Il}lif{v Aufbkfgn" Ou`lgf{lqflgfy`

lgk {oe Du{uqe hd UY yeiuqf{v }hbfiv fg Ldqfil" Ugf{ek Y{l{ey Lq`v lq Ihbbene" Ilqbfybe" }' <

1 Iou{eq" K' /1==4& Deebfgn nhhk hq ne{{fgn ae{{eq: H}{fhgy dhq Yeiuqf{v lgk Ketebh}`eg{ fg Ldqfil" QUYF" Bhgkhg"}'9" o{{}:((~~~'quyf'hqn(kh~gbhlky(lyye{y(4?->9Xiou{eq'}kd 

9 Qe`lqc av Jhog Yiobbeyyeq" \uh{ek fg Df{z-Neqlbk" L' /1==>& Ketebh}fgn fg l Ih`}qeoegyfte l}}qhlio {h gl{fhglb

yeiuqf{v" Iol{ol` Ohuye Keal{e" 1< Dea 1==>

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dhq l nhteqg`eg{ {h kebfteq {h f{y }eh}be' [oe ihgie}{ hd gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v ilg ae uyek fg l

glqqh~ hq l aqhlk yegye' Fg l glqqh~ yegye" f{ fy qebl{ek {h {oe }qhtfyfhg hd fg{eqglb }elie lgk

yeiuqf{v {h yhife{v dqh` ex{eqglb hq fg{eqglb {oqel{y hd tfhbegie {oqhuno yeiuqf{v lnegifey yuio

ly `fbf{lqv" }hbfie" fg{ebbfnegie" e{i' Ek`hgky }qhtfkey l uyedub kedfgf{fhg fg {ofy yegye ly

Gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v fgihq}hql{ey {ohye lnegifey ~ofio lqe ihgieqgek ~f{o {oe fkeg{fdfil{fhg hd l

{oqel{" ef{oeq fg{eqglb hq ex{eqglb" ~ofio olte {oe lu{ohqf{v {h {lce keifyfhgy ly {h {oe

l}}qh}qfl{e ihuqye hd li{fhg" lgk ~ofio olte {oe qey}hgyfafbf{v dhq {oe f`}be`eg{l{fhg hd {ohye

keifyfhgy' ;

Gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v" {oeqedhqe" f`}bfey {oe qe|ufqe`eg{y hd {oe }h~eqy hd ah{o iheqifhg /en' [oe

uye hd dhqie& lgk fg{quyfhg /en' [oe uye hd yeiqe{ fg{ebbfnegie&' Oh~eteq" {oeye qe|ufqe`eg{y

yohubk gh{ ae uyek ly {oe {hhby {h bf`f{ {oe exeqifye hd ou`lg qfno{y lgk dqeekh`' Liihqkfgn {h

{oe Ugf{ek Gl{fhgy:

Gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v `elgy }elie lgk y{lafbf{v fg {oe ih``ugf{v' [oe ihgie}{ ~hubk yee` {h qebl{e

{h `elyuqey egli{ek ~f{o l tfe~ {h yldenulqkfgn {eqqf{hqflb fg{enqf{v lgk gl{fhglb fgke}egkegie

dqh` lgv ex{eqglb {oqel{y' F{ ihteqy lgv li{ftf{v }qejukfiflb {h {oe teqv exfy{egie hd {oe Y{l{e'

Geteq{oebeyy" {ofy qe|ufqe`eg{ yohubk gh{ ae uyek ly l }qe{ex{ dhq f`}hyfgn lqaf{qlqv bf`f{l{fhgy

hq qey{qfi{fhgy hg {oe exeqifye hd ou`lg qfno{y lgk dqeekh`y 5

[ouy" {oe ex{eg{ {h ~ofio {oe qebl{fte ~efno{ nfteg {h uye hd dhqie lgk h{oeq ih`}hgeg{y `uy{

ae alblgiek fg dhq`ubl{fgn gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v y{ql{enfey'

Fg l aqhlkeq yegye" {oe ihgie}{ hd gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v fy aqhlkegek {h l ~fke qlgne hd yeiuqf{v

ihgieqgy fgibukfgn }qhtfyfhgy hd yhiflb ~ebdlqe qfno{y hd if{fzegyof}" eihgh`fi }qhy}eqf{v lgk

{oe }qh{ei{fhg hd eihbhnfilb qebl{fhgyof}y ae{~eeg yhife{v lgk {oe egtfqhg`eg{' Ly Y{e}oeg

Cqlygeq lqnuey"

Fg l aqhlkeq yegye" gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v ilg ae kedfgek {h fgibuke gh{ hgbv {oe ihqe hajei{ftey au{ l

gu`aeq hd h{oeq tlbuey ly ~ebb" yh`e hd ~ofio lqe eihgh`fi' Dhq {oe beyy ketebh}ek

ihug{qfey" eihgh`fi nqh~{o fy uyulbbv l dugkl`eg{lb hajei{fte' 4 

; Ek`hgky" @' /<6><& ‒Lq`ek Dhqiey lgk {oe Gl{fhglb Yeiuqf{v Yvy{e`: [oe elgfgn lgk alyfiy hd ih`}bflgie‐" fg

ek' Ohbbh~lv" K'" Euqh}elg @fbf{lqv Fgy{f{u{fhgy" UYYN" Ekfgauqno" }' <<>

5 Eqfil-Fqege" L' /<66=& Dqeekh` hd {oe fgkftfkulb ugkeq Bl~: Lg lglbvyfy hd Lq{fibe 16 hd {oe Ugfteqylb Keiblql{fhghd Ou`lg Qfno{y" Ou`lg Qfno{y Y{ukv Yeqfey Gh'9" UG }uabfil{fhgy

4 Clqeygeq" Y' /<6?9& ‒Gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v lgk Eihgh`fiy‐" fg [qhu{" ['" Oeqd" J' /eky& Gl{fhglb Yeiuqf{v Lddlfqy" Ge~

Aqugy~fic" [qlgyli{fhg Ahhcy" }' 91=

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@hqehteq" l `ub{f{uke hd }qhabe`y qebl{ek {h }eqyhglb" egtfqhg`eg{lb lgk ou`lg yeiuqf{v

fyyuey yuio ly egtfqhg`eg{lb kenqlkl{fhg" ihg{fgufgn kqhuno{ fg gefnoahqfgn y{l{ey" nbhalb

~lq fgn" fge|ulbf{fey" `fnql{fhg" yifegie lgk {eioghbhnfilb il}lafbf{v" ekuil{fhg beteb"

Fgdei{fhuy kfyelyey ~eqe ofnobfno{ek fg {oe gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v y{ql{enfey hd {oe lktlgiek

yhife{fey'

[oe }l}eq oeqe dhiuyey hg {oe aqhlkeq kedfgf{fhg hd gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v {h fkeg{fdv {oe gl{uqe hd 

{oe {oqel{y {h {oe gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v hd yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey'

Gl{uqe hd [oqel{y

^elc Y{l{ey

Egnbeaeq{ ofnobfno{y {oe kfteqneg{ }hbf{filb lgk yhiflb dli{hqy {ol{ yol}e {oe y{l{ey fg Ldqfil av

~qf{fgn {ol{

[oe y{l{e fg Ldqfil fy qelbbv l kuafhuy ihg{ey{ek ih``ugf{v hd oe{eqhnegehuy lgk

hiilyfhglbbv iblyofgn bfgnufy{fiy" qebfnfhuy lgk e{ogfi fkeg{f{fey {ol{ dlfby {oe {ey{ hd benf{f`liv

lgk {eqqf{hqflbf{v'

>

Kue {h {oeye kfteqneg{ }hbf{filb lgk yhiflb dli{hqy" y{l{ey fg Ldqfil lqe }h{eg{flbbv il{ly{qh}ofi

lgk dlie fg{eqglb {oqel{y qhh{ek fg {oe ihgkf{fhgy hd y{l{eohhk lgk nhteqglgie' Fg lkkf{fhg"

yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey olte ex}eqfegiek lq`ek ihgdbfi{y {olg lgv h{oeq ihg{fgeg{y fg {oe ~hqbk'

^lqy fg Q~lgkl" Bfaeqfl" @hzl`af|ue" Lgnhbl" Auqugkf" Yh`lbfl" Yuklg lgk {oe {~h Ihgnhy

ly ~ebb ly ihgdbfi{y fg Yfeqql Behge" Nufgel" Nufgel Afyylu" e{i' qeyub{y lahu{ <= `fbbfhg }eh}be

kfy}blie`eg{ lgk `lke {oe lq`fey hd Gfneqfl" Nolgl" @lbf" Gfneq" [oe Nl`afl lgk Aegfg

kfqei{bv fgthbtek fg {oe qhbe hd }elie- cee}fgn'

Fg `lgv }lq{y hd Ldqfil" y{l{e yeiuqf{v fy {oqel{egek av l gu`aeq hd fg{eqglb lgk ex{eqglb

yeiuqf{v iolbbegney dbh~fgn dqh` {oefq keafbf{l{fgn y{qui{uqlb iolqli{eqfy{fiy hd ~elc y{l{ey'

Kedfgfgn y{l{ey ly ~elc hq y{qhgn qe|ufqey {oe yhugk lyyeyy`eg{ hd y{l{e y{qegn{o' Y{e~lq{

]l{qfic lyyhifl{ey y{l{e y{qegn{o ~f{o }ovyfilb yeiuqf{v" benf{f l{e }hbf{filb fgy{f{u{fhgy"

eihgh`fi `lglne`eg{ lgk yhiflb ~ebdlqe' ? Hatfhuybv" `lgv y{l{ey `lv olte iqf{filb nl}y fg

> Egnbeaeq{" ]' /<66>& ‒[oe ihg{e`}hqlqv Ldqfilg Y{l{e: Gef{oeq Ldqfilg ghq y{l{e‐" [ofqk hqbk \ulq{eqbv" <? /;&" }'>4>

? ]l{qfic" Y' /1==4& elc y{l{ey lgk nbhalb {qel{y: dli{ hq dfi{fhg8" lyofgn{hg \ulq{eqbv" lyofgn{hg" Y}qfgn" 1==4" }'

16

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hge hq `hqe lqely' Oh~eteq" f{ ilg ae yeeg {ol{ `hy{ yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey lqe ~elc hq kedfifeg{

fg `hy{ lqely'

L{fcu-Laualclq lgk Yol~-[lvbhq lbyh }qeyeg{ lg e`}fqfilb ihgy{qui{ {h keyiqfae {oe l{{qfau{ey

hd ~elc y{l{ey fg yua-Ylolqlg Ldqfil av ihgibukfgn {ol{ ?< }eqieg{ hd {oe ihug{qfey fg {oeqenfhg lqe ihkek ly oltfgn yh`e dhq`y hd }hbf{filb kfddeqeg{flby" 44 }eqieg{ ly oltfgn 

eihgh`fi kfddeqeg{flby "59 }eqieg{ ly oltfgn iub{uqlb kfddeqeg{flby lgk >5 }eqieg{ ly oltfgn 

fg{eqih``uglb ihgdbfi{y' 6

[ouy {oev lqe `hqe tubgeqlabe {h {oe fg{eqglb {oqel{y" F'e' Ihg{fgulb {oqel{ hd tfhbeg{

fg{eqteg{fhg fg }hbf{fiy av {oe lq`ek dhqiey3 {oqel{y dqh` .y{qhgn `eg. <= yuio ly ye`f-benf{f`l{e

li{hqy lgk ~lqbhqky3 yeiuqf{v iolbbegney dqh` tlqfhuy yhiflb nqhu}y yuio ly e{ogfi nqhu}y"

qebfnfhuy `hte`eg{y" fkehbhnfilb dli{fhgy hq bhilb `fbf{fly3 lgk y{elkv eqhyfhg hd y{l{e

fgy{f{u{fhgy lgk }qhieyyey" {olg {oe qey{ hd {oe ~hqbk'

@hqehteq" {oev dlie l tlqfe{v ex{eqglb yeiuqf{v {oqel{y kue {h fg{eqglb dqlnfbf{v' Ly {oev olte blic

hd fgdqly{qui{uqlb hq iheqifte il}lif{v {h qeyfy{ hu{yfke fg{eqdeqegie" yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey lqe

tubgeqlabe {h ex{eqglb {oqel{y" F'e' kfqei{ fgtlyfhg hq y}hgyhqyof} {h {oe ihu} hq qeaebbfhg {h

hteq{oqh~ {oe qenf`ey av }h~eqdub y{l{ey3 y}fbbhteq hq ihg{lnfhg hd ihgdbfi{ lgk kfyhqkeq dqh`

gefnoahqfgn qenfhgy yuio ly `lyyfte fgdbux hd qeduneey" dbeefgn qeaeby" dli{fhglb dfno{fgn lgk

lq`y y`unnbfgn3 ugihg{qhbblabe y}qelk hd y`lbb lq`y lgk bfno{ ~el}hgy {qlke'

[eqqhqfy`

Ly yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey olte ~elc nhteqg`eg{lb fgy{f{u{fhgy" {oev ihubk }h{eg{flbbv aeih`e {oe

aqeekfgn nqhugky dhq fg{eqgl{fhglb {eqqhqfy`' Fg {eq`y hd kh`ey{fi {eqqhqfy`" f{ fy lbqelkv l

{li{fi fg iftfb ~lqy lgk lq`ek ihgdbfi{y e`}bhvek av `lgv Ldqfilg nqhu}y yuio ly }lql-`fbf{lqfey

fg {oe Ke`hiql{fi Qe}uabfi hd Ihgnh" `fbf{fly fg {oe Qe}uabfi hd Ihgnh" ~lqqfgn }lq{fey fg

Bfaeqfl" ~lqbhqky fg Yh`lbfl" Qethbu{fhglqv Ugf{ek Dqhg{ fg Yfeqql Behge" e{i' @fbby }hfg{y hu{

{ol{ kh`ey{fi {eqqhqfy{y fg Ldqfilg iftfb ~lqy olte cfbbek l dlq nqel{eq gu`aeq hd Ldqfilgy {olg

fg{eqgl{fhglb {eqqhqfy{y'<<

6 L{fcu-Laualclq" J' lgk Yol~-[lvbhq" V' /1==9& ‒Lg E`}fqfilb }qhdfbe hd ~elc y{l{ey fg Ldqfil‐" Ldqfil

Ketebh}`eg{" __TFF /9" ;&" Ihugifb dhq {oe Ketebh}`eg{ hd Yhiflb Yifegie Qeyelqio fg Ldqfil" }' <>6<= L keyiqf}{fhg av Jlicyhg Q' /1==>& Qenf`e Yeiuqf{v fg Ihbbfgy" L' /ek'& Ihg{e`}hqlqv yeiuqf{v y{ukfey" Hxdhqk

Ugfteqyf{v ]qeyy" Hxdhqk" }' <5<

<< @fbby" N' /1==;& .Ldqfil.y Ge~ Y{ql{enfi Yfngfdfilgie.' lyofgn{hg \ulq{eqbv" 1> /;&" }' <5?

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^f{o {oe ~fkey}qelk hd Fybl`fi qlkfilbfzl{fhg" {oeqe fy l nqh~fgn ihgieqg lahu{ {oe y}qelk lgk

y{qegn{o hd Fybl` fg yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey' Lb{ohuno {oeqe lqe l bh{ hd Fybl`fi ieg{eqy fg {oe ^ey{

Ldqfilg Yloeb Zhge" {oe {qh}filb zhge lbhgn {oe Nubd hd Nufgel" {oe Yuklgeye Gfbe qenfhg"

E{ofh}fl" {oe Ely{ Ldqfilg ihly{lb y{qf} lgk Yh`lbfl" fgkfneghuy Fybl`fi ih``ugf{fey kh gh{

}hye l `ljhq {oqel{ {h y{lafbf{v fg Ldqfil' Oh~eteq" {oeye y{l{ey }qhtfke lg exiebbeg{egtfqhg`eg{ dhq Fg{eqgl{fhglb [eqqhqfy{ nqhu}y dhq lq`y y`unnbfgn" `hgev-blugkeqfgn lgk elyv

liieyy }hfg{y {h nbhalb lfqbfgey' Ly Y{edlg @lfq ylvy"

[oe ~elc lgk keyhbl{e y{l{ey hd Ldqfil }qhtfke lg exiebbeg{ y}lie {h kql~ alic {h lgk {oefq

fgdhq`lb eihgh`fey hddeq yu}eqa ihgkf{fhgy dhq `hgev blugkeqfgn lgk }lqcfgn il}f{lb' Lbyh"

fgeddei{fte y{l{e yeiuqf{v l}}lql{uyey iqel{e l ihgtegfeg{ egtfqhg`eg{ dhq ilqqvfgn hu{

l{{licy'<1

[ouy yua- Ylolqlg Ldqfil e`eqnek ly l ihg{fgeg{ hd y{ql{enfi f`}hq{lgie dhq {oe }qhtfyfhg hd 

eddei{fte gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v {h {licbe fg{eqgl{fhglb {eqqhqfy`' @hyoe [lqk`eg lbyh y{l{ey {ol{ {oe

fgil}lif{v hd Ldqfilg yeiuqf{v dhqiey {h }qh{ei{ {lqne{y uyulbbv {oqel{egek av {eqqhqfy{y fy l `ljhq

dli{hq {ol{ ihg{qfau{ey {oe tubgeqlafbf{v hd }h{eg{flb {lqne{y yuio ly dhqefng e`alyyfey"

fg{eqgl{fhglb ketebh}`eg{ hqnlgfzl{fhgy" yuayfkflqfey hd `ub{f-gl{fhglb ih`}lgfey lgk

fg{eqgl{fhglb {huqfy` key{fgl{fhgy' <9 [oe ah`afgny hd {~h Ely{ Ldqfilg UY e`alyyfey fg <66?

lgk `fyyfbe lgk ah`a l{{licy hg Fyqlebf {lqne{y fg @h`alyyl fg 1==1 ibelqbv fbbuy{ql{ey {ofy

tubgeqlafbf{v lgk {oe qfye hd {eqqhqfy` fgdqly{qui{uqe fg Ldqfil'

[qlgygl{fhglb Hqnlgfzek Iqf`ey

Fg l `hkeqg eql" {eqqhqfy` lgk {qlgygl{fhglb hqnlgfzek iqf`ey olte aeih`e dlie{y hd {oe yl`e

ihfg' [oeqe fy l nqh~fgn qebflgie hd {eqqhqfy{ hg {qlgygl{fhglb iqf`ey dhq fbbfif{ {qlke" dfglgiflb

iqf`ey" lq`y y`unnbfgn" dhqdef{fgn khiu`eg{y lgk kqun {qlke' [oe ~lqbhqky fg Ldqfil olte

aegedf{ek dqh` fbbfif{ {qlke fg kfl`hgky lgk h{oeq {qlgygl{fhglb iqf`fglb li{y yuio ly kqun 

{qlddficfgn" fbbfif{ {qlkey fg y`lbb lq`y lgk bfno{ ~el}hgy' Liihqkfgn {h {oe Ugf{ek Gl{fhgy Hddfie

hg Kquny lgk Iqf`ey" {oe li{ftf{fey hd ^ey{ Ldqfilg iqf`fglby lqhugk {oe ~hqbk lqe }eqieftek av

}hbfie dhqiey fg {oe Euqh}elg Ugfhg" Ghq{o L`eqfil lgk ebye~oeqe ly l yeqfhuy {oqel{' <; 

Yf`fblqbv" l <66; ihgdeqegie hqnlgfzek av {oe Ieg{qe dhq Y{ql{enfi lgk Fg{eqgl{fhglb Y{ukfey"

<1 @lfq" Y' /1==9& ‒[eqqhqfy` lgk Ldqfil: Hg {oe klgneq hd duq{oeq l{{licy fg yua-Ylolqlg Ldqfil‐" Ldqfilg Yeiuqf{v

Qetfe~" <1 /<&" }' <=?

<9 [eqk`lg" @' /1==>& .Dli{hqy dlifbf{l{fgn {oe qfye hd qlkfilb Fybl`fy` lgk [eqqhqfy` fg yua-Ylolqlg Ldqfil." ]QFY@-Ldqfilg hiilyfhglb }l}eqy" < /<&" Fyqleb" }' ;

<; UGHKI /1==5& [qlgygl{fhglb Hqnlgfzek Iqf`e fg {oe ey{ Ldqfilg Qenfhg" Ugf{ek Gl{fhgy ]uabfil{fhgy" Ge~

Vhqc" o{{}:((~~~'ughki'hqn(}kd({qlgygl{fhglbXiqf`eX~ey{-ldqfil-=5'}kd 

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blaebbek {qlgygl{fhglb hqnlgfzek iqf`ey ly .{oe ge~ e`}fqe hd etfb. '<5

[qlgygl{fhglb hqnlgfzek iqf`ey {lce yeteqlb dhq`y fg Ldqfil' Lq`y y`unnbfgn fy l }qh`fgeg{

{v}e hd hqnlgfzek iqf`e' Iolqbey Nhqeke`l ibelqbv y{l{ey ly

F{ fy etfkeg{ {ol{ {oe {qlke fg y`unnbek ~el}hgy y}qelk aevhgk Lgnhbl {h h{oeq h{oeq }lq{y hd 

{oe yua-qenfhg lgk {ol{ {oe ~el}hgy y`unnbek {h {ol{ ihug{qv olte dhugk {oefq ~lv {h ihug{qfey

yuio ly {oe Ke`hiql{fi Qe}uabfi hd Ihgnh" {oe Qe}uabfi hd Ihgnh" @lbl~f" Zl`afl" Gl`fafl"

Q~lgkl" Auqugkf lgk [lzlgfl <4

@hqehteq" Ldqfilg iqf`ey yvgkfil{ey olte aeeg aqlgiofgn hu{ dqh` ey{labfyoek ablic `lqce{y

dhq lq`y" kfl`hgk" ihddee lgk il{{be y`unnbfgn' H{oeq iqf`fglb li{ftf{fey lqe ex{egkek {oqhuno

{oeye `lqce{ li{ftf{fey' Liihqkfgn {h {oe Cl`}lbl ihgdeqegie oebk av {oe Ugf{ek Gl{fhgy

Ieg{eq dhq Fg{eqgl{fhglb Iqf`ey ]qeteg{fhg" f{ ~ly qe}hq{ek {ol{ ^ey{eqg Ldqfil olk aeih`e l

}hq{ hd eg{qv dhq Yhu{o Ely{ Lyflg Oeqhfg" Yhu{oeqg Ldqfil olk aeih`e {oe ieg{qe hd l {qlke fg

y{hbeg ilqy lgk ilq }lq{y lgk {oe ihg{fgeg{.y algcfgn yvy{e` olk aeeg uyek dhq `hgev-

blugkeqfgn lgk dfglgiflb iqf`ey'<>

Dhq gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v ihgieqgy" }eq}e{ql{hqy hd {qlgygl{fhglb hqnlgfzek iqf`ey" ql{oeq {olg {oe

iqf`ey {oe`yebtey" lqe `hqe klgneqhuy aeiluye ~elb{ov lgk }h~eqdub iqf`fglby ugkeq`fge

{oe y{l{e" ke`hiqliv lgk {oe eihgh`v {oqhuno {oe uye hd ihqqu}{fhg" tfhbegie lgk `hgev

blugkeqfgn li{ftf{fey' Fg lkkf{fhg" f{ oly l yeqfhuy f`}li{ hg eihgh`fi ketebh}`eg{ av

ugkeq`fgfgn {oe qube hd bl~ lgk ke{eq dhqefng kfqei{ fgtey{`eg{' F{ lbyh ugkeq`fgey {oe fg{enqf{v

hd {oe gl{fhg-y{l{ey lgk e`ubl{e {oe }h~eq hd nhteqg`eg{y' [oqhuno {qlgygl{fhglb hqnlgfzek

iqf`ey" Ldqfilg gl{fhgy lqe bhhyfgn `fbbfhgy hd khbblqy. ~hq{o hd gl{fhglb qeyhuqiey {ol{ ilg

egolgie eddfifeg{ }qhtfyfhg hd gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v lgk alyfi yhiflb ylde{v ge{y' Ly Keggfy I' Ablfq"

Kfqei{hq hd Gl{fhglb Yeiuqf{v Fg{ebbfnegie" lqnuey:

[qlgygl{fhglb iqf`e" ey}eiflbbv {oe {qlgyyof}`eg{ hd fbbenlb kquny {h Euqh}e" lgk ihqqu}{fhg lqe

nqh~fgn fg tlqfhuy }lq{y hd Ldqfil" ~efno{fgn kh~g {oe ihg{fgeg{.y eihgh`fi nqh~{o" qekuifgn 

nhteqg`eg{ eddfifegiv lgk ugkeq`fgfgn {oe yeiuqf{v yeqtfiey hd Ldqfilg y{l{ey'<?

<5 \uh{ek fg Nfqlbkh" F' $ [qfgcugly" O' /1==>& ‒[qlgygl{fhglb Iqf`e‐ fg Ihbbfgy" L' /ek'& Ihg{e`}hqlqv yeiuqf{v

y{ukfey" Hxdhqk Ugfteqyf{v ]qeyy" Hxdhqk" }' 9;>

<4 Nhqeke`l" I' /1==5& Hqnlgfzek Iqf`e lgk [eqqhqfy`: Hayeqtl{fhgy dqh` Yhu{oeqg Ldqfil" FYY }l}eq <=<" }' 1

o{{}:((~~~'fyy'ih'zl(kvgl`fi(lk`fgfy{ql{fhg(dfbeX`lglneq(dfbeXbfgcy(]L]EQ<=<']KD8

bfgcXfk09?69$ybfgcXfk0;55$bfgcX{v}e0<1$ybfgcX{v}e019${`}bXfk09

<> o{{}:((~~~'{qlgyih``'hx'li'uc({qliey(fyy;}n;'o{`<? Ablfq" K' /1==6& Lggulb [oqel{ Lyyeyy`eg{ hd {oe Fg{ebbfnegie Ih `ugf{v" Qe}hq{ {h {oe Ohuye ]eq`lgeg{ Yebei{

Ih``f{{ee hg Fg{ebbfnegie" Hddfie hd {oe Kfqei{hq hd Gl{fhglb Fg{ebbfnegie"

o{{}:((~~~'kgf'nht({ey{f`hgfey(1==6=115X{ey{f`hgv'}kd 

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OFT(LFKY

[oe ou`lg-f``ugh kedfifegiv tfquy /OFT& ~ly dfqy{ fkeg{fdfek ly {oe iluye hd li|ufqek f``ugh-

kedfifegiv yvgkqhge /LFKY& fg <6?9' [oe yih}e hd OFT(LFKY }lgke`fi fy hatfhuybv f``egye

lgk f{ liihug{y dhq ihgyfkeqlabe `hq{lbf{v lgk `hqafkf{v' Liihqkfgn {h {oe Ugf{ek Gl{fhgy]qhnql``e hg OFT( LFKY /UGLFKY&" yhu{oeqg Ldqfilg yua-qenfhg lbhge liihug{ek dhq lb`hy{ l

{ofqk /91%& hd lbb ge~ OFT fgdei{fhgy lgk LFKY-qebl{ek kel{oy nbhalbbv fg 1==> lgk gl{fhglb

lkub{ OFT }qetlbegie exieekek <5% fg efno{ Ldqfilg ihug{qfey yuio ly Ah{y~lgl" Beyh{oh"

@hzl`af|ue" Gl`fafl" Yhu{o Ldqfil" Y~lzfblgk" Zl`afl lgk Zf`ala~e fg 1==5'<6

Ly {ofy }lgke`fi oly ah{o kfqei{ lgk fgkfqei{ f`}bfil{fhgy dhq ou`lg yeiuqf{v" gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v

lgk fg{eqgl{fhglb yeiuqf{v" {oe Ugf{ek Gl{fhgy Yeiuqf{v Ihugifb `ee{fgn fg 1=== }lyyek

Qeyhbu{fhg <9=? y{f}ubl{fgn {ol{ OFT( LFKY }hyey l {oqel{ {h fg{eqgl{fhglb }elie lgk yeiuqf{v'

Dhq yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey" OFT( LFKY oly l yeqfhuy }hbf{filb lgk eihgh`fi f`}li{ hg yeiuqf{v

ihgieqgy' Ly Jl`ey ^hbdegyholg lqnuey"

.`lgv hd uy uyek {h {ofgc hd LFKY ly l oelb{o fyyue' ^e ~eqe ~qhgn'''''Gh{ofgn ~e olte

yeeg fy l nqel{eq iolbbegne {h {oe }elie lgk y{lafbf{v hd Ldqfilg yhife{fey {olg {oe e}fke`fiy hd 

LFKY''''''^e dlie l `ljhq ketebh}`eg{ iqfyfy" lgk `hqe {olg {ol{" l yeiuqf{v iqfyfy .1=

OFT( LFKY" {oeqedhqe" iluyey l yeiuqf{v iqfyfy dhq yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey' Ebae lbyh iblf`ek {ol{

ofno ql{ey hd OFT(LFKY `lv ihg{qfau{e {h {oe {oqee fg{eq-qebl{ek }qhieyyey hd Y{l{e Ihbbl}ye

}oegh`eghg yuio ly {oe {qlgydhq`l{fhg hq key{qui{fhg hd {oe eihgh`v" {oe ~elcegfgn hq

kfyyhbu{fhg hd }hbf{filb fgy{f{u{fhgy l{ gl{fhglb lgk bhilb beteby" lgk {oe kl`lnfgn hd l ~fke lqqlv

hd yhiflb fgy{f{u{fhgy yuio ly {oe dl`fbv" {oe ekuil{fhg yvy{e`" lgk {oe oelb{o ilqe yei{hq' 1< 

F{ oly l bhgn-{eq` `liqheihgh`fi f`}li{ fg {oe y{l{ey yeqfhuybv lddei{ek av {oe fbbgeyy' Ahggeby{l{ey {ol{ {oe lafbf{v hd Ldqfilg y{l{ey {h fgiqelye eihgh`fi li{ftf{v lgk yhiflb ~ebbaefgn fy

{oqel{egek av OFT( LFKY'11 Fg lkkf{fhg" f{ ilg kfyihuqlne }qftl{e fgtey{`eg{ ly ~ebb ly dhqefng

kfqei{ fgtey{`eg{ aeiluye f{ ihubk iqel{e kfqei{ lgk fgkfqei{ ihy{y {h {oe e`}bhveqy yuio ly

layeg{eefy`" ihy{y hd `ekfilb {qel{`eg{" dl`fbv }egyfhgy" e{i' {ol{ ilg ugkeq`fge {oe aebfed fg

{oe bhgn-{eq` yuay{lfglafbf{v hd {oe eihgh`v'

<6 UGLFKY /1==?& Yua-Ylolqlg Ldqfil : LFKY e}fke`fi u}kl{e qenfhglb yu``lqv" }' ;

o{{}:((kl{l'uglfky'hqn(}ua(Qe}hq{(1==?(JI<514Xe}faqfedyXyuaylolqlgldqfilXeg'}kd 

1= L y}eeio `lke av {oe ]qeyfkeg{ hd {oe hqbk Algc" Jl`ey hbdegyhog fg 1===' \uh{ek fg Ebae" Y' /1==>&.OFT(LFKY lgk yeiuqf{v. fg Ihbbfgy" L' /ek'& Ihg{e`}hqlqv Yeiuqf{v fyyuey" Hxdhqk Ugfteqyf{v ]qeyy" Hxdhqk

1< Ebae" Y'" }' 99?

11 Ahggeb" Q' /1===& Eihgh`fi lglbvyfy hd OFT( LFKY" hqbk Algc" }'9

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@hqehteq" OFT( LFKY ilg qeyub{ fg ~elcegfgn hd y{l{e fgy{f{u{fhgy yuio ly nhteqglgie" iftfb

yeqtfiey lgk {oe lq`ek yeqtfiey ly f{ fy l oelb{o iqfyfy fg {oe ~hqcfgn lnek }h}ubl{fhg' OFT(

LFKY ihubk ugkeq`fge {oe lafbf{v hd y{l{e hddfiflby dhq eddei{fte nhteqglgie lgk iqel{e yeiuqf{v

iolbbegney {h {oe }hbf{filb y}oeqe' Duq{oeq`hqe" f{ ihubk {qfnneq {oe fg{egyfdfil{fhg hd qeyhuqieih`}e{f{fhg ae{~eeg {oe iftfbflg yei{hq lgk yeiuqf{v yei{hq' Liihqkfgn {h {oe UY Kedegie

Fg{ebbfnegie Lnegiv /1===&" OFT }qetlbegie fg {oe lq`ek dhqiey dfno{fgn fg {oe KQI qlgnek

ae{~eeg ;=% lgk 4=%" fg [lgzlgfl" u} {h 9= % lgk fg ^ey{eqg Ldqfil" ae{~eeg <= % lgk 1=

%' 19 

Duq{oeq`hqe" OFT( LFKY oelb{o iqfyfy gh{ hgbv iluyey {oe fgkftfkulb {qlnekfey" au{ lbyh {oe

kfqei{ lgk fgkfqei{ ou`lg yeiuqf{v ql`fdfil{fhgy' [oeqe lqe l bh{ hd yfngfdfilg{ qebl{fhgyof}y

ae{~eeg OFT }qetlbegie ql{ey lgk beteby hd dhhk yeiuqf{v" qfno{y hd ekuil{fhg lgk oelb{o lgk

y{elkv e`}bhv`eg{' [ouy" f{ fy l {oqel{ {h lbb {oe ih`}hgeg{y hd ou`lg yeiuqf{v lnegkl yuio

ly eihgh`fi yeiuqf{v" oelb{o yeiuqf{v" }ovyfilb yeiuqf{v lgk dhhk yeiuqf{v' Ly OFT( LFKY olte l

bh{ hd f`}bfil{fhgy dhq ou`lg yeiuqf{v" f{ ugkeq`fgek l ~fke lqqlv hd yhiflb fgy{f{u{fhgy {ol{

ihg{qfau{ey {oe y{l{e ihbbl}ye }oegh`eghg' Yh OFT(LFKY qe}qeyeg{y ly lg fgkfqei{ {oqel{ {h

gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v lgk {lcey l }qhdhugk qhbe hg {oe yeiuqf{v y{lney hd `hy{ yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey"

ly Bluqfe Nlqqe{{ lqnuey'1;

]hteq{v lgk ]hhq Nhteqglgie

Liihqkfgn {h {oe ^hqbk Algc" {oe gu`aeq hd ex{qe`e }hhq }eh}be fy yua-Ylolqlg Ldqfil oly

lb`hy{ khuabek yfgie <6?< {= 1==<' 15 [oe ihg{fgeg{ hd Ldqfil ilqqfey {oe auqkeg hd {oe blqney{

}qh}hq{fhg hd }hhq }eh}be {olg h{oeq ihg{fgeg{y lqhugk {oe ~hqbk' Liihqkfgn {h UGK] dfnuqey"

;>'< % hd Ldqfilg }eh}be bfte fg lajei{ }hteq{v' [oe qebl{fhgyof} ae{~eeg }hteq{v lgk gl{fhglb

yeiuqf{v {oqel{y lqe hatfhuy' Ugf{ek Y{l{ey Gl{fhglb Yeiuqf{v Y{ql{env /Ye}{e`aeq" 1==1&

ibelqbv y{l{ey {oe bfgcy ae{~eeg }hteq{v lgk gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v ly:

. ]hteq{v khey gh{ `lce }hhq }eh}be {h {eqqhqfy{y lgk `uqkeqeqy' Ve{" }hteq{v" ~elc fgy{f{u{fhgy

lgk ihqqu}{fhg ilg `lce ~elc y{l{ey `hqe tubgeqlabe {h {eqqhqfy{ ge{~hqcy lgk kqun ilq{eby

~f{ofg {oefq ahqkeqy. 14

19 Lq`ek Dhqiey @ekfilb Fg{ebbfnegie Ieg{qe /1===& F`}li{ hd OFT( LFKY hg @fbf{lqv Dhqiey: yua-Ylolqlg Ldqfil"

Kedegie Fg{ebbfnegie Lnegiv" lyofgn{hg KI

1; Nlqqe{" B' /1==5& OFT lgk Gl{fhglb Yeiuqf{v: oqeqe lqe {oe Bfgcy8" Ihugifb hg Dhqefng Qebl{fhgy" Ge~ Vhqc o{{}:((

~~~'idq'hqn(ihg{eg{(}uabfil{fhgy(l{{lio`eg{y(OFTXGl{fhglbXYeiuqf{v'}kd 15 ^hqbk Algc /1==5& hqbk Ketebh}`eg{ Fgkfil{hqy /1==5&" o{{}:((ketkl{l'~hqbkalgc'hqn(~kf1==5(Yei{fhg<X<X<'o{`

14 Ugf{ek Y{l{ey Gl{fhglb Yeiuqf{v y{ql{env" Ye}{e`aeq" 1==1

o{{}:((~~~'nbhalbyeiuqf{v'hqn(`fbf{lqv(bfaqlqv(}hbfiv(gl{fhglb(gyy-=1=61='}kd 

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]lub Ihbbfeq lbyh lqnuey {ol{ {oe qfycy hd ihgdbfi{y kqh}y av qhuno olbd fd l ihug{qv.y }eq il}f{l

fgih`e khuabey' 1> ]hteq{v ihg{qfau{e gh{ hgbv ly {oe `ljhq qfyc dli{hq dhq ihgdbfi{ tubgeqlafbf{fey

lgk y{l{e dlfbuqey" au{ lbyh ly lg f`}hq{lg{ dli{hq dhq e{ogfi {egyfhgy" qenfhglb fgy{lafbf{v lgk

ihqqu}{fhg' Yuylg Qfie ibelqbv keyiqfaey {oe gl{uqe hd ex{qe`e khh` bhh} hd }hteq{v ly

Dfqy{" }hteq{v yuay{lg{flbbv fgiqelyey {oe qfyc hd ihgdbfi{" ~ofio fg {uqg lddhqky ey}eiflbbv deq{fbe

aqeekfgn nqhugky dhq yeiuqf{v {oqel{y' Yeihgkbv" }hteq{v ilg nfte qfye {h ihgkf{fhgy l{ {oe bhilb hq

y{l{e beteb {ol{ lqe ihgkuifte {h elio hd {oeye {oqel{y' Aevhgk kenqlkfgn ou`lg yeiuqf{v"

}hteq{v ilg yeteqebv eqhke y{l{e il}lif{v {h }qeteg{ hq ihg{lfg yuio {oqel{y" elio hd ~ofio ilg

iqel{e yuio lkteqye ihgkf{fhgy ~f{ofg lgk aevhgk y{l{e ahugklqfey {ol{" }hteq{v fy" fg {uqg"

fgiqelyek' [ouy" l kh~g~lqk y}fqlb hq ex{qe`e khh` bhh} fy ye{ fg `h{fhg" fg ~ofio }hteq{v dueby

{oqel{y {ol{ ihg{qfau{e {h kee}eq }hteq{v" ~ofio fg{egyfdfey {oqel{y'1?

Yua-Ylolqlg Ldqfilg y{l{ey" {oeqedhqe" ~eqe iluno{ fg {ofy ex{qe`e khh` bhh} hd }hteq{v {ol{

}hyey {oqel{y {h gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v'

[oe blic hd nhhk nhteqglgie lbyh ihg{qfau{e ly l qfyc dli{hq {h gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v {oqel{y' [oe

UC.y Hteqyely Ketebh}`eg{ Lk`fgfy{ql{fhg fkeg{fdfek {oe dhuq ih`}hgeg{y hd .nhhk

nhteqglgie. ly {oe benf{f`liv hd nhteqg`eg{" {oe liihug{lafbf{v hd ah{o {oe }hbf{filb lgk hddfiflb

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`hqe lqely hd nhteqglgie'

Fg {oe ihg{ex{ hd dhqefng lfk" {oe blic hd {qlgy}lqeg{ uye hd y{l{e qeyhuqiey lgk ihqqu}{fhg fg

yh`e lqely yuio ly }uabfi ~hqcy lgk }qhiuqe`eg{ olte bhgn aeeg {oe khghqy. ihgieqgy'

[oeye lbyh qe}qeyeg{ ieg{qlb fyyuey {h Ldqfilg eddei{fte nhteqglgie lgk gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v' Kq

Alcqf" Tfie ]qeyfkeg{ dhq H}eql{fhgy hd Ldqfilg Ketebh}`eg{ Algc y{l{ey {ol{ {oe layegie hd 

nhhk nhteqglgie oly }qhtek {h ae kl`lnfgn {oe ihqqei{fte fg{eqteg{fhg qhbe hd nhteqglgie lgk

}qhnql`y dhq }hteq{v lbbetfl{fhg olte aeeg ugkeq`fgek av ihqqu}{fhg" blic hd }uabfi

liihug{lafbf{v lgk }lq{fif}l{fhg hd aegedfiflqfey' 9= [ouy" f{ fy hatfhuy {ol{ yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey

lqe iluno{ fg {oe y}fqlb bhh} hd }hhq nhteqglgie ugkeq`fgey }hteq{v lbbetfl{fhg }qhnql`y" lgk

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1> Ihbbfeq" ]' /1==9& ‒[oe @lqce{ dhq Iftfb lq‐" Dhqefng ]hbfiv"

1? Qfie" Y' /1==4& Gl{fhglb Yeiuqf{v F`}bfil{fhgy hd Nbhalb ]hteq{v" Y}eeio l{ {oe Ugfteqyf{v hd @fiofnlg Bl~ Yiohhb"

}' 5" o{{}:((~~~'aqhhcfgny'eku(w(`ekfl(Dfbey(qi(y}eeioey(1==4(=<9=nbhalbeihgh`fiyXqfie(1==4=<9='}kd 

16 Ly yu``lqfzek fg [uqgeq $ Oub`e /<66>& Nhteqglgie" Lk`fgfy{ql{fhg lgk Ketebh}`eg{: `lcfgn {oe y{l{e ~hqc"@li`fbblg ]qeyy" Alyfgny{hce" }' 1><

9= Kfyiyyuhg av Kq Alcqf fg Dlbblo" A' /1==4& Alk Nhteqglgie fy Ldqfil.y `ljhq }qhabe`: LKA Tee}" Dhqu`" @hqftfl"

Bfaeqfl" @lv <4" 1==4

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[oe ^lv Dhq~lqk8

LDQFIH@

]qeyfkeg{ Auyo lgk Kedegie yeiqe{lqv Qhaeq{ Nl{ey lgghugiek {oe iqel{fhg hd UY Ldqfil

Ih``lgk /LDQFIH@& fg 1==>' [oe `fyyfhg hd LDQFIH@ fy {h }qh`h{e l y{labe lgk yeiuqe

Ldqfilg egtfqhg`eg{ fg yu}}hq{ hd UY Dhqefng ]hbfiv' Lb{ohuno {oe y{l{uy hd LDQFIH@ l}}elq ly

l ih`al{lg{ ih``lgk" f{ khey gh{ hgbv qedbei{ {oe yeiuqf{v egnlne`eg{ {oqhuno {oe uye hd 

dhqie' Fg dli{" f{ qedbei{y l `uio `hqe fg{enql{ek y{qui{uqe {oe qebl{ey {oe fyyuey ae{~eeg

yeiuqf{v" ketebh}`eg{" kf}bh`liv lgk }qhy}eqf{v fg Ldqfil' Ly Ilq`eb Kltfy lqnuey"

LDQFIH@ khey gh{ l}}elq {h olte l ~lq-dfno{fgn hqfeg{l{fhg' Dfqy{" LDQFIH@ fgibukey l

yfngfdfilg{ gu`aeq hd h{oeq UY lnegifey ~f{ofg fg f{y y{ldd' Yeihgk" LDQFIH@ khey gh{

l}}elq {h olte `uio ih`al{ il}lafbf{v' '''''''LDQFIH@ fy gh{ kedegkfgn lgv lbbv lnlfgy{

ex{eqglb {oqel{'9<

Lb{ohuno {oe iqel{fhg hd LDQFIH@ fgthbtey ^lyofgn{hg.y y{ql{enfi fg{eqey{y fg }qh{ei{fgn liieyy

{h yua-Ylolqlg hfb lgk nly qeyeqtey lgk }qeteg{fgn {oe y}qelk hd Fybl`fi ex{qe`fy` l`hgn {oe

;== `fbbfhg @uybf`y fg Ldqfil" f{ ilg }qh`h{e }hbf{filb y{lafbf{v lgk y{qegn{oegfgn iqfyfy

qey}hgye il}lafbf{fey hd yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey. qenfhglb lgk yua-qenfhglb fgy{f{u{fhgy' Ugkeq {oe

Ely{ Ldqfil Ihug{eq{eqqhqfy` Fgf{fl{fte lgk ]lg- Yloeb Fgf{fl{fte" UY lgk f{y lbbfey olte }qhtfkek

l ihgyfkeqlabe oeb} fg {qlfgfgn lgk dfglgiflb yu}}hq{ {h ihh}eql{fte nhteqg`eg{y fg Ely{ Ldqfil

lgk {oe Ohqg lgk fg Ghq{o- Ieg{qlb Ldqfil {h Iolk" @lbf" @luqf{lgfl lgk Gfneq' [ouy" f{ ilg

iqel{e y{qhgn lgk eddei{fte yeiuqf{v fgy{f{u{fhgy {h {licbe {eqqhqfy` lgk {qlgygl{fhglb hqnlgfzek

iqf`ey'

Fg lkkf{fhg" {oe }qeyegie hd LDQFIH@ ilg dlifbf{l{e ae{{eq }blggfgn lgk {qlfgfgn qebl{fhgy

ae{~eeg {oe UY `fbf{lqv lgk Ldqfilg qenfhglb yeiuqf{v hqnlgfzl{fhgy' 91 Lb{ohuno {oe UY `lv gh{

ae labe {h `lqyolb `lgv `fbf{lqv il}lafbf{fey dhq Ldqfil" LDQFIH@ ~fbb }blie UY fg l }qh`fgeg{

qhbe fg }eliecee}fgn eddhq{y fg Ldqfilg ihgdbfi{y ly l qelkv fgdqly{qui{uqe {h aufbk `ub{f-bl{eqlb

`fbf{lqv lgk kf}bh`l{fi qebl{fhgy'

9< Kltfy" I' /1==6& ‒LDQFIH@.y Qebl{fhgyof} {h Hfb" [eqqhqfy` lgk Iofgl‐" Hqafy" 59 /<&" Jlg' 1==6" }' <19

91 FFYY /1==>& ‒LDQFIH@: [oe Ugf{ek Y{l{ey. ge~ ih`al{lg{ ih``lgk‐" FFYY Y{ql{enfi Ih``eg{y" <9 /1&" @lqio

1==>" Bhgkhg

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Ldqfilg Ugfhg lgk Ldqfilg ]elie lgk Yeiuqf{v Lqiof{ei{uqe

^f{o l `fyyfhg {h }qh`h{e yhifh-eihgh`fi y{qui{uqey lf`ek l{ f`}qhtfgn {oe ~ebdlqe hd {oe

if{fzegy lgk negeqlb fg{enql{fhg hd {oe ihg{fgeg{" Ldqfilg belkeqy ey{labfyoek {oe hqnlgfzl{fhg

hd Ldqfilg Ugf{v /HLU& fg <649' Fg <666" Oelky hd {oe Y{l{e lgk Nhteqg`eg{ hd HLU fyyuek lkeiblql{fhg ilbbfgn dhq {oe ey{labfyo`eg{ hd Ldqfilg Ugfhg /LU&' Fg 1==9" {oe Ldqfilg @fyyfhg fg

Auqugkf /L@FA& ~ly ke}bhvek {h egnlne fg }elie yu}}hq{ h}eql{fhgy hg f{y h~g ihg{fgeg{' Fg

dli{" ~oeg f{ ih`ey {h qeyhuqiey lgk negeqlb il}lif{v {h ihgkui{ h}eql{fhgy" E``l Ytegyyhg

lqnuey" L@FA }qhtfkey lg laugklgie hd etfkegie {ol{ fgkfil{e yeqfhuy nl}y ~f{ofg {oe LU ly

lg hqnlgfzl{fhg" lgk l`hgn f{y `e`aeq y{l{ey' 99 Oh~eteq {oe ke}bhv`eg{ hd L@FA {hhc }blie

aedhqe {oe ]elie lgk Yeiuqf{v Ihugifb /]YI& ~ly ye{ u}'

Fg Keie`aeq 1==9" {oe }qh{hihb qebl{fgn {h {oe ]elie lgk Yeiuqf{v Ihugifb /]YI& hd Ldqfilg

Ugfhg eg{eqek fg{h dhqie' Liihqkfgn {h {ofy }qh{hihb" {oe hajei{ftey hd ]YI fgibuke }qh`h{fgn 

}elie" yeiuqf{v lgk y{lafbf{v fg Ldqfil" lg{fif}l{fgn lgk }qeteg{fgn ihgdbfi{y" ketebh}fgn l

ih``hg kedegie }hbfiv ly ~ebb ly }qh`h{fgn lgk f`}be`eg{fgn }eliecee}fgn lgk }hy{-ihgdbfi{

qeihgy{qui{fhg li{ftf{fey'9; Key}f{e hd yh`e bf f{l{fhgy dhq bhnfy{fi yu}}hq{" Ldqfilg Ugfhg

@fyyfhg fg Yuklg /L@FY& }blvek l cev qhbe hg {oe nqhugk' ]YI hd Ldqfilg Ugfhg lbyh }blvek l

tf{lb belkeqyof} qhbe fg Klqduq' Ly Ubqfio Nhblyzfgycf y{l{ey:

LU.y qeli{fhg {h {oe Klqduq iqfyfy yoh~y {ol{ LU fy labe {h ketebh} }hbf{filb }qhnql``ey"

yoh~ ih``f{`eg{ {h lgk nfte eddei{ {h {ohye }qhnql``ey'95

Ldqfilg Ugfhg oly lbyh ye{ u} lg l`af{fhg {h ketebh} lg Ldqfilg ]elie lgk Yeiuqf{v

Lqiof{ei{uqe /L]YL& {ol{ `lv ih`}qfye hd {oe Ldqfilg Y{lgk-av Dhqie /LYD& alyek hg dfte

qenfhglb aqfnlkey {h ae ey{labfyoek av elio hd {oe yua-qenfhglb hqnlgfzl{fhgy yuio ly Eihgh`fi

Ih``ugf{v hd ^ey{ Ldqfilg Y{l{ey /EIH^LY&" Yhu{oeqg Ldqfilg Ketebh}`eg{ Ih``ugf{v

/YLKI&" [oe Fg{eqnhteqg`eg{lb Lu{ohqf{v hg Ketebh}`eg{ fg Ely{eqg Ldqfil /FNLK&" Eihgh`fi

Ih``ugf{v hd Ieg{qlb Ldqfilg Y{l{ey /EIILY& lgk Ugfhg ku @lnoqea Lqlae /U@L& fg Ghq{oeqg

Ldqfil' Av kedlub{ hq keyfng hq ke}egkegiv fkehbhnv" yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey dlfbek {h dfgk yhbu{fhgy

{h aufbk l y{labe lgk yeiuqe egtfqhg`eg{ dhq `lgv velqy' [oev qebfek hg fg{eqgl{fhglb

99 Ytegyyhg" E' /1==?& .[oe Ldqfilg @fyyfhg fg Auqugkf: Beyyhgy belqgek dqh` {oe Ldqfilg Ugfhg.y dfqy{ ]elie

H}eql{fhg" DHF" Y~ekfyo Kedegie Lnegiv" Y{hicohb`"

o{{}:((~~~'dhf'ye(u}bhlk(}qhjei{y(Ldqfil(DHF154<XL@FA'}kd 

9; ]YI ihugifb /1==9& ]qh{hihb qebl{fgn {h {oe ey{labfyo`eg{ hd {oe }elie lgk yeiuqf{v ihugifb hd Ldqfilg Ugfhg" }' 9o{{}:((~~~'ldqfil-ugfhg'hqn(qhh{(lu(hqnlgy(}yi(]qh{hihbX}elie%1=lgk%1=yeiuqf{v'}kd 

95 Nhblyzfgycf" U' /1==;& .Ldqfil.y ethbtfgn yeiuqf{v lqiof{ei{uqe." Dqfekqfio -Eaeq{- Y{fd{ugn" Ahgg" }' <=

o{{}:((bfaqlqv'dey'ke(}kd-dfbey(fez(=15?='}kd 

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ih``ugf{v {h yhq{ hu{ lbb ihgdbfi{y" {oqel{y lgk }qhabe`y dhq yeteqlb keilkey' Oh~eteq" {oe

ethbtfgn yeiuqf{v lqiof{ei{uqe" L]YL `lv }lte {oe ~lv dhq qey}hgkfgn {oe {oqel{y {h gl{fhglb

yeiuqf{v fyyuey'

Fg {oe }ly{" `eiolgfy`y e`}bhvek av fgkftfkulb gl{fhgy {oe`yebtey hq fg{eqgl{fhglb

ih``ugf{v f{yebd ~eqe gh{ eddfifeg{ {h }qh{ei{ iftfbflg }h}ubl{fhgy fg e`eqnegiv yf{ul{fhgy yuio

ly neghifke" `lyy cfbbfgny" e{i' [ouy L]YL `lv ae yeeg ly }hyf{fte {h f`}be`eg{ l {qubv

eddei{fte yeiuqf{v lqiof{ei{uqe fg Ldqfil' Oh~eteq" l gu`aeq hd il}lif{fey yuio ly y{ql{enfi yel-

bfd{ lgk lfq-bfd{" `fyyfhg bhnfy{filb yuy{lfg`eg{" dugkfgn dhq qef`auqye`eg{ hd {qhh} lgk

e|uf}`eg{ ihg{qfau{fhgy" bhnfy{filb lgk {qlfgfgn fgdqly{qui{uqe" olte {h ae egolgiek dhq

eddei{fte f`}be`eg{l{fhg' 94

]lqfy Keiblql{fhg hg Lfk Eddei{ftegeyy

[oe ]lqfy Ofno Beteb Dhqu` ~ly ohy{ek av Dqegio Nhteqg`eg{ fg Deaqulqv ’ @lqio fg 1==5' F{

~ly l{{egkek av ketebh}`eg{ hddfiflby lgk `fgfy{eqy dqh` gfge{v hge ihug{qfey" {~eg{v- yfx

khghq hqnlgfzl{fhgy lgk }lq{geq ihug{qfey" qe}qeyeg{l{ftey hd Iftfb Yhife{v hqnlgfzl{fhgy lgk

{oe }qftl{e yei{hq' Qe}qeyeg{l{ftey dqh` `lgv yua- Ylolqlg y{l{ey ly ~ebb ly Ldqfilg

Ketebh}`eg{ Algc" Ge~ ]lq{geqyof} dhq Ldqfil.y Ketebh}`eg{ /G]LK&" Lqla Algc dhq Eihgh`fi

Ketebh}`eg{ fg Ldqfil" Ldqfil Ou`lgf{lqflg Li{fhg lgk [lgzlgflg Yhiflb lgk Eihgh`fi [oquy{

l{{egkek {ofy dhqu`'

Hg @lqio 1" 1==5" {oe }lq{fif}lg{y fg {oe Dhqu` fyyuek {oe .]lqfy-Keiblql{fhg hg Lfk

Eddei{ftegeyy. {h y{qegn{oeg }lq{geq ihug{qfey. gl{fhglb ketebh}`eg{ y{ql{enfey lgk lyyhifl{ek

h}eql{fhglb dql`e~hqcy" ebf`fgl{e ku}bfil{fhgy hd eddhq{y" qedhq` lgk yf`}bfdv khghq.y }hbfifey

lgk }qhiekuqey {h egihuqlne ihbblahql{fte aeoltfhq" lgk {h kedfge `elyuqey lgk y{lgklqky hd 

}eqdhq`lgie fg }lq{geq ihug{qfey yvy{e`y fg }uabfi dfglgiflb `lglne`eg{" }qhiuqe`eg{"

dfkuiflqv yldenulqky lgk egtfqhg`eg{lb lyyeyy`eg{y' 9> Liihqkfgn {h {ofy keiblql{fhg" dqlnfbe

y{l{ey ih``f{ {h `lce }qhnqeyy {h~lqky aufbkfgn fgy{f{u{fhgy lgk ey{labfyofgn nhteqglgie

y{qui{uqey {ol{ kebfteq eddei{fte nhteqglgie" }uabfi ylde{v" yeiuqf{v lgk e|uf{labe liieyy {h

alyfi yhiflb yeqtfiey dhq {oefq if{fzegy'

94 Cbfgneafeb" Y' /1==5& .Ldqfil.y Ge~ ]elie lgk Yeiuqf{v Lqiof{ei{uqe: Ihgteqnfgn {oe qhbey hd ex{eqglb li{hqy lgk

Ldqfilg fg{eqey{y." Ldqfilg Yeiuqf{v Qetfe~" <; /1&" }' ;<9> ]lqfy Ofno Beteb Dhqu` /1==5& .]lqfy Keiblql{fhg hg Lfk Eddei{ftegeyy: H~geqyof}" Olq`hgfzl{fhg" Lbfng`eg{"

Qeyub{y lgk @u{ulb Liihug{lafbf{v." @lqio 1==5

o{{}:((~~~<'~hqbkalgc'hqn(olq`hgfzl{fhg(]lqfy(DFGLB]LQFYKEIBLQL[FHG'}kd 

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Ofy{hqfilbbv" dhqefng lfk ~ly gh{ ~hqcfgn }qh}eqbv lgk eddei{ftebv fg yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey kue {h

}hhq nhteqglgie" yeiuqf{v {oqel{y lgk ~elc fgy{f{u{fhgy' Fg <666" Ilqhb Blgily{eq }hfg{ek hu{

{oe geeky hd `uio `hqe ~hqc lgk ohgey{ keal{e aedhqe {oe }qhabe` hd lfk eddei{ftegeyy ilg

ae {licbek fg Ldqfil'9? ]lqfy Ofno Beteb Dhqu` fg 1==5 dubdfbbek {oeye geeky lgk ]lqfy

Keiblql{fhg `hqe dhiuy hg {oe qelbfy{fi f`}be`eg{l{fhg {lqne{y' [ouy {oe ih``f{`eg{y hd y{l{ey {h y{qegn{oeg gl{fhglb ketebh}`eg{ y{ql{enfey lgk nhhk nhteqglgie yee` }hyf{fte

y{e}y {h~lqky l }qhy}eq Ldqfil'

Ihgibuyfhg

Kuqfgn ofy y}eeio {h Ldqfilg oelky hd y{l{e lgk nhteqg`eg{ fg Buylcl fg Jubv 1==<" UG

Yeiqe{lqv- Negeqlb Chdf Lgglg ibelqbv y{l{ek ly

Ldqfil `uy{ qejei{ {oe ~lvy hd {oe }ly{" lgk ih``f{ f{yebd {h aufbkfgn l du{uqe dhq ke`hiql{fi

nhteqglgie yuajei{ {h {oe qube hd bl~' Yuio l du{uqe fy hgbv liofetlabe hg {oe ihgkf{fhg {ol{ ~e

egk Ldqfilg ihgdbfi{y" ~f{ohu{ ~ofio gh l`hug{ hd lfk hq {qlke" lyyfy{lgie hq lktfie" ~fbb `lce

{oe kfddeqegie96

Ofy ~hqky ibelqbv }hfg{ek hu{ {oe qelb }qhabe`y {ol{ geek {h ae }qfhqf{fzek fg lgv lnegkl dhq

Ldqfil' [oeqe olte aeeg gu`eqhuy iftfb ~lqy lgk ihgdbfi{y nhfgn fg Ldqfil' Kue {h {oe benliv hd 

Euqh}elg Ihbhgflbfy`" lq{fdfiflb ahqkeqy iqel{ek av F`}eqflb Euqh}e lgk Ihbk ^lq av ]qhxv"

fg{ql- y{l{e ihgdbfi{y ly ~ebb ly fg{eq- y{l{e ihgdbfi{y olte y}qelk {oqhuno hu{ {oe qenfhg'

Gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v fg `lgv yua-Ylolqlg y{l{ey lqe lbyh {oqel{egek av }hbf{filb ihqqu}{fhg" blic hd 

qey}ei{ dhq {oe qube hd bl~" ou`lg qfno{y tfhbl{fhgy" }hteq{v" fgdei{fhuy kfyelyey lgk }hhq

nhteqglie'

^f{ohu{ {oe }qhtfyfhg hd eddei{fte gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v" gef{oeq if{fzegy hq fgkftfkulby ilg ae

yeiuqek' ^f{ohu{ yeiuqe lgk y{labe ihug{qfey lgk {oe qube hd bl~" lbb h{oeq ly}ei{y hd eddei{fte

nhteqglgie ~fbb ae ugkeq`fgek' ]ly{ eteg{y fg Ldqfil olte lbqelkv yoh~g {ol{ ketebh}`eg{ fy

f`}hyyfabe fg l yeiuqf{v tliuu` lgk l ihug{qv ~ofio fy ugkeq-ketebh}ek qfycy ybfkfgn fg{h

ihgdbfi{y' [ouy }qhtfyfhg hd eddei{fte gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v fy qe|ufqek {h egk {oe }eqdei{bv ifqiublq

kfbe``l hd {oe qebl{fhgyof} ae{~eeg yeiuqf{v" ketebh}`eg{ lgk nhhk nhteqglgie'

9? Blgily{eq" I' /<666& .Lfk Eddei{ftegeyy fg Ldqfil: [oe Ugdfgfyoek Lnegkl." Jhuqglb hd Ldqfilg Eihgh`fey" Thb' ?

96 Y}eeio av dhq`eq UG yeiqe{lqv- negeqlb" \uh{ek fg Iofbbeq" J' /1==;& .Ou`lg Yeiuqf{v fg Ldqfil: L ihgie}{ulb

dql`e~hqc dhq qetfe~" @hghnql}o" Ldqfilg Ou`lg Yeiuqf{v Fgf{fl{fte" }' <

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Qedeqegiey

L{fcu-Laualclq" J' lgk Yol~-[lvbhq" V' /1==9& ‒Lg E`}fqfilb }qhdfbe hd ~elc y{l{ey fg Ldqfil‐"

 Ldqfil Ketebh}`eg{" __TFF /9" ;&" Ihugifb dhq {oe Ketebh}`eg{ hd Yhiflb Yifegie Qeyelqio fg

Ldqfil

Licyhg Q' /1==>& Qenf`e Yeiuqf{v fg Ihbbfgy" L' /ek'& Ihg{e`}hqlqv yeiuqf{v y{ukfey" Hxdhqk

Ugfteqyf{v ]qeyy" Hxdhqk

Lq`ek Dhqiey @ekfilb Fg{ebbfnegie Ieg{qe /1===& F`}li{ hd OFT( LFKY hg @fbf{lqv Dhqiey: yua-

Ylolqlg Ldqfil" Kedegie Fg{ebbfnegie Lnegiv" ^lyofgn{hg KI

Aeqyiofgycf" Q' /1==>&  LDQFIH@.y Kfbe``l: [oe Nbhalb ^lq hg [eqqhqfy`" Il}lif{v Aufbkfgn"

Ou`lgf{lqflgfy` lgk {oe Du{uqe hd UY yeiuqf{v }hbfiv fg Ldqfil" Ugf{ek Y{l{ey Lq`v ^lq

Ihbbene" Ilqbfybe

Ablfq" K' /1==6& Lggulb [oqel{ Lyyeyy`eg{ hd {oe Fg{ebbfnegie Ih``ugf{v " Qe}hq{ {h {oe Ohuye

]eq`lgeg{ Yebei{ Ih``f{{ee hg Fg{ebbfnegie" Hddfie hd {oe Kfqei{hq hd Gl{fhglb Fg{ebbfnegie"

o{{}:((~~~'kgf'nht({ey{f`hgfey(1==6=115X{ey{f`hgv'}kd 

Ahggeb" Q' /1===& Eihgh`fi lglbvyfy hd OFT( LFKY" ^hqbk Algc'

Ihbbfeq" ]' /1==9& ‒[oe @lqce{ dhq Iftfb ^lq‐" Dhqefng ]hbfiv 

Iou{eq" K' /1==4& Deebfgn nhhk hq ne{{fgn ae{{eq: H}{fhgy dhq Yeiuqf{v lgk Ketebh}`eg{ fg

Ldqfil" QUYF" Bhgkhg" o{{}:((~~~'quyf'hqn(kh~gbhlky(lyye{y(4?->9Xiou{eq'}kd 

Iofbbeq" J' /1==;& .Ou`lg Yeiuqf{v fg Ldqfil: L ihgie}{ulb dql`e~hqc dhq qetfe~" @hghnql}o"

 Ldqfilg Ou`lg Yeiuqf{v Fgf{fl{fte

Kltfy" I' /1==6& ‒LDQFIH@.y Qebl{fhgyof} {h Hfb" [eqqhqfy` lgk Iofgl‐" Hqafy" 59 /<&" Jlg' 1==6

Ek`hgky" @' /<6><& ‒Lq`ek Dhqiey lgk {oe Gl{fhglb Yeiuqf{v Yvy{e`: [oe `elgfgn lgk alyfiy

hd ih`}bflgie‐" fg ek' Ohbbh~lv" K'" Euqh}elg @fbf{lqv Fgy{f{u{fhgy" UYYN" Ekfgauqno

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Ebae" Y' /1==>& .OFT(LFKY lgk yeiuqf{v. fg Ihbbfgy" L' /ek'& Ihg{e`}hqlqv Yeiuqf{v fyyuey" Hxdhqk

Ugfteqyf{v ]qeyy" Hxdhqk

Eqfil-Fqege" L' /<66=& Dqeekh` hd {oe fgkftfkulb ugkeq Bl~: Lg lglbvyfy hd Lq{fibe 16 hd {oe

Ugfteqylb Keiblql{fhg hd Ou`lg Qfno{y" Ou`lg Qfno{y Y{ukv Yeqfey Gh'9" UG }uabfil{fhgy

Df{z-Neqlbk" L' /1==>& .Ketebh}fgn fg l Ih`}qeoegyfte l}}qhlio {h gl{fhglb yeiuqf{v." Iol{ol`

Ohuye Keal{e" 1< Dea 1==>

Dlbblo" A' /1==4& .Alk Nhteqglgie fy Ldqfil.y `ljhq }qhabe`: LKA Tee}." Dhqu`" @hqftfl"

Bfaeqfl" @lv <4" 1==4

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