national security policy making

8/14/2019 National Security Policy Making

1/23

National SecurityNational Security

PolicymakingPolicymaking


2/23


3/23

American Foreign Policy:American Foreign Policy:

Instruments, Actors, andInstruments, Actors, and

PolicymakersPolicymakers U.S. Military Interventions in Central America and the

Caribbean Since 1900


4/23


Instruments, Actors, andInstruments, Actors, and

PolicymakersPolicymakers

Actors on the World Stage International Organizations (UN)

Regional Organizations (NATO, EU) Multinational Corporations

Nongovernmental Organizations

Individuals


5/23

American Foreign Policy: Instruments,

Actors, and Policymakers

The Policymakers The President

The Diplomats (secretary of state) The National Security Establishment (secretaryof defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, NSC, CIA)

Congress


6/23


An OverviewAn Overview

Isolationism: Foreign policy where the U.S. tries to stay out

of other nations conflicts, particularly inEurope.Monroe Doctrine:

U.S. official statement of isolationismWorld War I:

Basically ended the policy of isolationism


7/23



The Cold War Containment Abroad and Anti-Communism at

Home The Swelling of the Pentagon (arms race)

The Vietnam War


8/23



The Era of Dtente Dtente: a slow transformation from conflict to

cooperation Strategic Arms Limitations Talks: effort to limitthe growth of nuclear arms

Originally applied to the Soviet Union, and then

to China Not favored by everyone


9/23



The Reagan Rearmament Defense budget had been declining since the

mid-1950s. Reagan added some $32 billion to the defensebudget in his first term in office to oppose theSoviet buildup.

Strategic Defense Initiative: using computers

and other equipment to defend against Sovietmissiles from space (Star Wars).


10/23



The Final Thaw in the Cold War. George H.W. Bush proposed to move beyond

containment to integrate the Soviet Union intothe community of nations.

Leadership of the Soviet Union supported theending of communism and split into separate

nations. East and West Germany united.


11/23

American Foreign Policy: AnAmerican Foreign Policy: An

OverviewOverview

The War on Terrorism War on terrorism became highest priority of

George W. Bush administration after 9/11. Bush supported preemptive strikes againstterrorists and hostile states.

International relations has entered an era of

improvisation.


12/23

The Politics of Defense PolicyThe Politics of Defense Policy

Defense Spending Currently takes up about one-fifth of the

federal budget. Conservatives argue against budget cuts thatwould leave the military unprepared.

Liberals argue for budget cuts to provide moremoney for programs here in the U.S.

Military spending is hard to cut since it means aloss of jobs in congressional districts.


13/23


Trends in Defense Spending


14/23


Personnel 1.4 million active and reserve troops

More reliance on National Guard and reserve

troops.Weapons

Reliance on nuclear triad (ICBMs, SLBMs,and strategic bombers) is expensive.

Treaties (START) were signed to reducesome nuclear missiles.

High-tech non-nuclear weapons arebecoming more important.


15/23


16/23


17/23

The New Global AgendaThe New Global Agenda

Nuclear Proliferation Only a few countries have known nuclear

weapon capabilities. Fear is that other rogue countries will havenuclear weapons capabilities and use themagainst their neighbors or the U.S.

U.S. will focus on discouraging the deploymentof developed nuclear weapons.


18/23


19/23


The International Economy Interdependency: Mutual dependency, in which

the actions of nations reverberate and affectone anothers economic lifelines. International Trade

Tariffs (a tax on imported goods) are used to protectAmerican business.

NAFTA and GATT are ways to lower tariffs and increasetrade.

Balance of Trade: The ratio of what is paid forimports to what is earned for exports.


20/23

The New Global AgendaThe New Global AgendaFigure 20.5


21/23


The International Economy (continued) Energy

America depends on imported oil, but not as muchas other nations.

Much of the recoverable oil is in the Middle Eastwhich is often the site of military & economicconflicts.

OPEC controls the price of oil and amount itsmembers produce and sell.


22/23


The International Economy (continued) Foreign Aid

Foreign aid is used to stabilize nations friendlyto the United States.

A substantial percentage of foreign aid ismilitary.

Foreign aid has never been very popular with

Americans


23/23

Understanding National SecurityUnderstanding National Security

PolicymakingPolicymaking

National Security Policymaking andDemocracy

Americans are more interested in domesticthan foreign policy.

The opinions of the people are rarely ignored.

Pluralism is pervasive in foreign policymaking.

Foreign and Defense Policymaking and theScope of Government

national security policy making

Documents