National Technical University of Athens

Unit of Environmental Science and

Technology

Prof. Maria Loizidou

Fotis Kourmousis, PhD candidate

Nicosia, 5th May, 2006

LIFE 3rd countries:Development of best management

systems for high priority waste streams in Cyprus

2

Scope - objectives Develop management systems for:

Waste from electric and electronic equipment (WEEE)

Comply with EU environmental legislation

3

6th environmental action program of the EU

1. Hazardous

2. Municipal

3. Industrial

4. Hospital

5. Packaging

6. Sludge

7. Waste oils

8. End of life vehicles (ELVs)

9. Construction & demolition

10. Waste from electric & electronic

equipment (WEEE)

“TOP 10” PRIORITY WASTE STREAMS:

4

Implementation of project 6 tasks:

Analysis of characteristics of the WEEE waste streams. Presentation of the existing situation concerning its management

Inventory of the quantities and generation sources – forecasting

Multi-criteria decision support tool Techno-economic study Dissemination Management and reporting to EC

5

Task 1/6 Characteristics analysis & present

situation actions: Description of the waste composition and

characteristics Determination of the problem and

environmental impacts Identification of all actors involved Determination of all the responsible

competent authorities

6

Task 2/6 Inventory & forecasting actions:

Development of the inventory methodology and tools

Implementation of the inventory Development of an appropriate

database Input of information into the developed

database – Assessment of data

7

Task 3/6 Multi criteria decision support tool actions:

Determination of the multi-criteria decision methodology that will be used

Setting, description and calibration of the assessment criteria that will be used for the evaluation

Description of the alternative scenarios – management systems that are possible for implementation

Quantification of the criteria for each alternative scenario – Input of the data in the multi-criteria software tool – Screening of each alternative management system according to its applicability

8

Task 4/6 Techno-economic study actions:

Full techno-economic study for the implementation of the optimum management systems for WEEE waste stream

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Task 5/6 Dissemination actions:

Meeting of the steering committee, partners and directors

Workshops Seminars and training courses Conference Website, leaflets, publications etc.

10

Task 6/6 Management and reporting to the EC

actions: Determination of the beneficiary’s

and partner’s key-staff and responsibilities

Reporting to the EC

11

Organization and structure Management committee

Beneficiary: N. Georgiades (project coordinator), K. Papastavros, Th. Messimeris

Partner: M. Loizidou (scientific responsible), K.J. Haralambous, A. Papadopoulos

Technical – scientific committee Steering Sub committee:

WEEE

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Steering committee: WEEE Representatives from:

Environment Service – Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment (beneficiary)

National Technical University of Athens (partner) Electromechanical Service of Cyprus Ministry of Commerce Recycling Association Importers Association Cypriot Commercial and Industrial Chamber Statistic Service of Cyprus Cypriot Customhouse

13

General progress Organization of project Collection of data: contacts with

Statistical Service and relevant parties involved

Analysis of data Trips abroad Database Workshops for raising awareness

14

Steps Development of alternative

scenarios with multi-criteria analysis

Techno-economic study Selection of final scenarios Dissemination of project results

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Task 1: Analysis of the characteristics of the waste streams – Presentation and assessment of the existing situation

Start/end date: 1.1.2004 – 30.4.2004 Activities:

Subtask 1.1: Description of the characteristics of the waste stream – Determination of the potential environmental impacts

Subtask 1.2: Recording of the current situation related to the management of the three waste streams

Subtask 1.3: Identification of all actors involved in the generation and management of the waste stream

Subtask 1.4: Determination of all the competent authorities that are responsible for the control and monitoring of the management systems

Deliverables: List of the waste stream’ characteristics, composition and potential

environmental impacts (20.3.2004) List of existing management practices (29.3.2004) List of the actors and competent authorities involved (30.4.2004)

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Task 1: activities and outcome

Subtask 1.1: Description of the characteristics of the waste stream – Determination of the potential environmental impacts: The characteristics and the composition of

WEEE waste stream as well as of their dangerous substances were described in detail. Also, the potential environmental impacts which are related to the generation of these wastes are determined and assessed

17

Task 1: activities and outcome

Subtask 1.2: Recording of the current situation related to the management of the WEEE waste stream: The European and Cypriot environmental

policy and legislation concerning the WEEE waste stream under examination were recorded and analyzed

The procedures and practices applied in Cyprus for the management of each waste stream Complete were illustrated

The effectiveness and the sustainability of the existing management schemes and systems were assessed

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Task 1: activities and outcome

Subtask 1.3: Identification of all actors involved in the generation and management of the waste stream: All the actors involved in the life cycle

of the products from which the waste are generated (producers, importers, transporters and users of products) were recorded

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Task 1: activities and outcome

Subtask 1.4: Determination of all the competent authorities that are responsible for the control and monitoring of the management systems:

All the competent authorities involved in the permitting, control and monitoring of the management systems and plants that will be constructed in Cyprus were recorded. Also, the effectiveness of the existing procedures that are followed by the competent authorities were evaluated.

The existing situation in Cyprus concerning the generation and the procedures applied for the management of the three waste streams was assessed overall - The weak points were determined and suggestions for improving were developed.

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Deliverables of Task 1Report (Deliverable 1 of 1st Progress Report)

including: Description of the characteristics of the waste

stream – Determination of the potential environmental impacts

Recording of the current situation related to the management of the WEEE waste stream

Identification of all actors involved in the generation and management of the waste stream

Determination of all the competent authorities that are responsible for the control and monitoring of the management systems

21

Task 2: Detail inventory of the sources and quantities of waste stream – Forecasting of the future quantities that will be

generated Start/end date: 1.1.2005 – 30.4.2005 Activities:

Subtask 2.1: Development of the inventory methodology and tools Subtask 2.2: Implementation of the inventory Subtask 2.3: Development of an appropriate database Subtask 2.4: Input of information into the database

Deliverables: Information spreadsheets (29.2.2004) Questionnaires (31.7.2004) Catalogue of sources and quantities of wastes (30.9.2004) Completed database (30.4.2005) Report with primary collected data (30.4.2005) Report with evaluated data (30.4.2005)

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Task 2: activities and outcome

Subtask 2.1: Development of the inventory methodology and tools: The inventory programme (steps that must be followed for the

collection of complete, representative and up-to-date data) was designed

All the actors and authorities involved in the generation and management of each waste stream, were recorded, individually

The actors and authorities which could provide data related to the three waste streams were selected (it must be mentioned that the primary data kept by the actors and authorities does not refer to waste quantities but could be used as a basis for the extraction of quantitative data)

Three informative spreadsheets were developed and distributed to the actors and authorities involved for their information about the project

The collection of the primary data was supported by questionnaires that were developed and distributed to the actors and authorities involved in order to collect data kept by them that are useful for the calculation of the quantities generated in the country per waste stream (the content of each questionnaire was adapted to the type and the form of the data kept)

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Task 2: activities and outcome

Subtask 2.2: Implementation of the inventory:A. Collection and recording of primary data

and information necessary for the estimation of the quantities of the waste stream

An extensive inventory programme took place in order to collect all the information related to the generation of the WEEE waste stream under examination. In particular, for each one of the WEEE waste stream, the following analytical primary data and information were collected and recorded

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Task 2: activities and outcome

Subtask 2.2: Implementation of the inventory:Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Number of items and prices of Electrical and

Electronic Equipment produced in Cyprus, number of items and prices of Electrical and Electronic Equipment produced in Cyprus, total price of Electrical and Electronic Equipment selling in Cyprus, data related to the Electrical and Electronic Equipment existing in Cypriot households and data concerning the companies of importing and selling of Electrical and Electronic Equipment.

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Task 2: activities and outcome

Subtask 2.2: Implementation of the inventory:B. Assessment and evaluation of the primary

collected data – Estimation of the quantities of WEEE generated in Cyprus – Future projections

All the primary collected data was used for the determination of the quantities of the WEEE waste stream under examination that were generated in Cyprus as well as for the estimation of the future quantities that will be generated. The calculation of the quantities generated was carried out using appropriate mathematical equations and models.

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Task 2: activities and outcome Subtask 2.2: Implementation of the inventory:Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment:

Seven methods, applied in European and international level, for the calculation of the quantities of the several types of WEEE, were examined and analyzed: Market supply method, Market supply Α method, Stanford method, Carnegie Mellon Method, Time step method, Estimate Method and ICER Method. For the purposes of the KYPROS project, five types of WEEE were examined and their quantities generated were calculated. In particular:

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Estimation of waste refrigerators

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Kg Μέθοδος Supply

Μέθοδος Supply A

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Estimation of waste microwave ovens

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000

Kg Μέθοδος Supply

Μέθοδος Supply A

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Estimation of waste washing machines

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

Kg Μέθοδος Supply

Μέθοδος Supply A

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Estimation of waste televisions

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1800000

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Kg Μέθοδος Supply

Μέθοδος Supply A

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Estimation of waste personal computers (PCs)

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Kg

Estimate method

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Estimation of the Total WEEE generation 2005-2010

Εκτίμηση ΑΗΗΕ στα έτη 2005-2010

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

14000000

16000000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Supply

12 kg/κάτοικο

Supply A

14 kg/ κάτοικο

16 kg/κάτοικο

18 Kg/κάτοικο

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Task 2: activities and outcome Subtask 2.2: Implementation of the inventory:Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment:

From the results obtained, it was concluded that the quantities of waste of PCs, microwave ovens, washing machines and TVs present increasing rate while the quantities of refrigerators remain quite constant.

In addition, the quantities generated annually per type of waste and per habitant were calculated as well as the total annual quantities of the WEEE per habitant. The total quantities of waste of the five types of EEE under examination were estimated to be 5.67 Kg/habitant, for the year 2008, when Cyprus must achieve the quantitative target of recovery of 4 Kg WEEE per habitant. The results show that the country could reach this target, focusing on the recovery of the five types of WEEE examined through the project, since these types of WEEE are bulky and can be managed more easily than other types of WEEE.

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Task 2: activities and outcome Subtask 2.3: Development of an

appropriate database: An appropriate database was

designed and developed for the WEEE waste stream

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Task 2: activities and outcome Subtask 2.4: Input of information into

the database: All the data collected during subtask 2.2 was

insert into the database developed via subtask 2.3. Using appropriate software tools, this collected material was assessed (the assessment includes forecast for future generation of the waste streams under examination). Also, this database provides the user with the capability to demonstrate the results in graphics.

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Deliverables of Task 2 Information spreadsheets-Questionnaires

(Deliverable 1 of 1st Progress Report Report with primary collected data -

Catalogue of sources (Deliverable 1 of Interim Report)

Quantities of WEEE waste stream under examination - Report with evaluated data (Deliverable 2 of Interim Report)

Completed database – Deliverable of the next Progress Report (December 2005)

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Task 3: Implementation of an appropriate multi-criteria supporting tool – Selection of management

systems Start/end date: 1.3.2005 – 30.6.2005 Activities:

Subtask 3.1: Determination of the multi-criteria decision methodology

Subtask 3.2: Setting, description and calibration of the assessment criteria that used for the evaluation

Subtask 3.3: Description of the alternative scenarios - management systems

Subtask 3.4: Quantification of the criteria – Input of the data in the multi-criteria software tool – Screening of each management system according to its applicability

Deliverables: Multi-criteria decision software tool (31.3.2005) List of criteria used (20.4.2005) Report with alternative management systems Ranking of alternative management systems according to their

applicability Optimum management system for each waste stream

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Task 3: activities and outcome

Subtask 3.1: Determination of the multi-criteria decision methodology:

Alternative multi – criteria decision methods were recorded and examined:

I. Decision supporting tool based on the use of an aggregation function of groups of criteria

Step 1: Determination and selection of all the individual criteria - Classification of criteria in categories of criteria (groups of criteria)

Step 2: Each group of criteria are numerically weighed (factors of gravity), according to their importance (degree of importance) - The sum of the factors of gravity is 1 (100%)

Step 3: Each individual criterion is numerically weighed (factor of gravity), according to its importance in each group of criteria - The sum of the factors of gravity is 1 (100%)

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Task 3: activities and outcome

Subtask 3.1: Determination of the multi-criteria decision methodology:

Step 4: Development of the multi-criteria model, based on the aggregation function:

F (O)= Σ Ai *Οi where: Οi : each group of criteria Αi : factor of gravity of each group of criteria Σ Ai =1 (100%), Step 5: Analysis of the characteristics of each individual criterion and

quantification of their performance in a scale of 1 – 10. Step 6: Recording of the actual characteristics of each individual criterion

for each alternative scenario – Rating of their actual performance according to the scale set in Step 5.

Step 7: Input of the data obtained in step 6 into the multicriteria model

(aggregation function) for each alternative scenario - Grading of the results for each scenario

Step 8: According to the results obtained from step 7, all the alternative scenarios are ranked (the scenario with the highest score is ranked first)

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Task 3: activities and outcome

Subtask 3.1: Determination of the multi-criteria decision methodology:II. Decision supporting tools based on the determination of individual

criteria and comparison of alternative scenarios per couple for each criterion

Step 1: Determination and selection of all the individual criteria Step 2: Each individual criterion is numerically weighed (factor of gravity),

according to its importance - The sum of the factors of gravity is 1 (100%) Step 3: Development of the multi-criteria model: Models: ELECTRE – PROMETHEE (I, II) Step 4: Analysis of the characteristics of each individual criterion and

quantification of their performance in a scale of 1 – 10. Step 5: Recording of the actual characteristics of each individual criterion

for each alternative scenario – Rating of their actual performance according to the scale set in Step 5.

Step 6: Input of the data obtained in step 5 into the multi-criteria model for each alternative scenario – Ranking of alternative scenarios according to their suitability after comparison per couple

According to their effectiveness, the most suitable multi-criteria model was

selected: PROMETHEE II

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Task 3: activities and outcome Subtask 3.2: Setting, description

and calibration of the assessment criteria used for the evaluation: All the assessment criteria were set,

described and calibrated (14 criteria in four groups of criteria). Table 1 presents the criteria and groups of criteria used.

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Table 1: Individual criteria and groups of criteria

Social - Institutional Environmental Economical Technical

Harmonization with the legislative framework

Level of potential effects to the environment– Demands on anti-pollution systems

Cost of construction Performance

Adopting of legislative priorities

Air emissions Operational and maintenance costs

Existing experience - reliability

Social acceptance Generation of wastewater Space demands Versatility to local conditions

Possibility of creation of new jobs

Generation of solid waste – residues

Flexibility

Noise pollution

Visual annoyance

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Task 3: activities and outcome Subtask 3.3: Description of the

alternative scenarios - management systems: All the scenarios- management

systems that are possible for implementation were recorded and examined

44

Life – Cycle of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE)

45

Flow diagram for the management of WEEE

46

Typical composition of WEEE scrap

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Task 3: activities and outcome

Subtask 3.3: Description of the alternative scenarios - management systems:The following alternative management schemes were

examined: Scenario 1: Complete disassembly and forwarding of

recyclable materials to the native existing market Scenario 2: Complete disassembly and forwarding of

recyclable materials to the native market (after developing of the appropriate infrastructures)

Scenario 3: Complete disassembly and transfer of recyclable materials abroad

Scenario 4: Partial disassembly forwarding of recyclable materials to the native existing market

Scenario 5: Partial disassembly and forwarding of recyclable materials to the native market (after developing of the appropriate infrastructures)

Scenario 6: Partial disassembly and transfer of recyclable materials abroad

48

Flow chart of TV disassembly

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Flow chart of PC disassembly

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Task 3: activities and outcome

Subtask 3.3: Description of the alternative scenarios - management systems:Methods of chopping of WEEE

I. Treating of bulky domestic WEEE (refrigerators, washing machines etc.) in chopping systems used for ELVs:

Disassembly and removal of parts that contain PCBs is necessary before chopping

Low cost Recovery of materials: Up to 75% Production of high amount of residues that are transferred to

landfill II. Treating of bulky domestic WEEE (refrigerators, washing

machines etc.) in appropriately designed chopping systems: Disassembly and removal of parts that contain PCBs, plastics,

electric motors etc. is necessary before chopping Higher cost Recovery of materials: Up to 90%

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Task 3: activities and outcome

Subtask 3.3: Description of the alternative scenarios - management systems: Disassembly of WEEE:

Partial disassembly of WEEE The procedure focuses on the disassembly of bulky parts of the WEEE

(according to their weight and volume) and parts that are dismantled easily. It could be applied manually or/and automatically

Complete disassembly of WEEE Additionally to the parts that are dismantled in the partial disassembly,

other parts are removed such as printed circuit boards, cables, sensors, resistances, batteries etc.

In both, partial and complete disassembly procedures, it is necessary to remove all the parts that contain hazardous substances before disassembling, such as:

Printed circuit boards (PCB) Cathode ray tubes (CRT) Batteries etc.

The hazardous substances that are included in thee parts are: Heavy metals: Mercury, lead, Cadmium, Chromium, CFCs, PCBs PVC BFRs asbestos

52

Task 3: activities and outcome

Subtask 3.4: Quantification of the criteria – Input of the data in the multi-criteria software tool – Screening of each management system according to its applicability: All the criteria used for the evaluation of

alternative scenarios for WEEE waste stream were quantified in accordance to their performance

All the data that were collected and assessed in subtask 3.3, will be used by the multi-criteria software tool in order to evaluate the effectiveness of each alternative management system for each waste stream.

53

Deliverables of Task 3 Multi-criteria decision software tool

(Deliverable of the next Progress Report) List of criteria used (Deliverable of the next

Progress Report) Report with alternative management systems

(Deliverable of the next Progress Report) Ranking of alternative management systems

according to their applicability (February 2006)

Optimum management system for each waste stream (February 2006)

54

Task 4: Carrying out of a techno-economic study for the implementation of the optimum management system of WEEE waste stream

Start/end date:01.07.2005 – 30.06.2006 Activities:

Subtask 4.3: Development of a techno-economic study for the implementation of the optimum management system of WEEE

Deliverables: Full techno-economic study for the implementation of

the optimum management system of WEEE (30.6.2006)

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Task 5: Dissemination Activities

Start/end date: 01.01.2004 - 30.06.2006 Activities:

Organization of Conference Scientific publications Development and updating of the project website Preparation and distribution of printed material describing the project Organization of workshops, seminars and training courses Advertisements Preparation and distribution of leaflets

Deliverables: Minutes from the meetings with stakeholders Proceedings of the final conference Proceedings of workshops Website Publications Leaflets Information material for seminars and training courses

56

Task 6: Management & Reporting to EC

Start/end date: 01.01.2004- 30.06.2006 Activities:

effective management of the project and fulfilment of the activities included

visit of the representatives of the EC to Cyprus – Presentation of the project (11.2.2004)

preparation and submission of reports to the EC Deliverables:

Minutes of the meetings between the partners: Dec. 2003, Feb.2004 (3 meetings), May 2004, Nov. 2004, Feb. 2005, May 2005, Sept. 2005

Progress reports (1st: 30/6/2004, 2nd: 31/12/2005) Interim technical and financial report (31/03/2005) Final technical and financial report (15/09/2006) Auditing report (31/07/2006)

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