NationalismNationalism

a feeling of loyalty & pride for one’s own a feeling of loyalty & pride for one’s own land and peopleland and people

especially strong during periods of extreme especially strong during periods of extreme success or crisissuccess or crisis

can inspire ethnocentrism & independence can inspire ethnocentrism & independence movementsmovements

can create international backlash as can create international backlash as countries defend against itcountries defend against it

Nationalism:Nationalism:The Case for Germany (1860-75)The Case for Germany (1860-75)

Otto von Bismarck (1815-98)Otto von Bismarck (1815-98) – – German German nationalist appointed prime minister of nationalist appointed prime minister of PrussiaPrussia

Prussia Prussia – – a low-industrialized a low-industrialized confederation of German states with a confederation of German states with a powerful armypowerful army

Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I – – absolute monarch of absolute monarch of PrussiaPrussia

Germany: Path to UnificationGermany: Path to Unification

Bismarck wins border states from Denmark with Bismarck wins border states from Denmark with help from Austria (1864)help from Austria (1864)

Seven Week’s War (1866)Seven Week’s War (1866)• Bismarck provokes war with Austria over the border Bismarck provokes war with Austria over the border

statesstates

• superior Prussian railroads, training, & equipment superior Prussian railroads, training, & equipment humiliate Austriahumiliate Austria

• Prussia is more “German”Prussia is more “German”

• Austria-Hungary forms dual monarchyAustria-Hungary forms dual monarchy

Germany: Path to UnificationGermany: Path to Unification

Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)• southern German states resist Bismarck because of the southern German states resist Bismarck because of the

Protestant/Catholic splitProtestant/Catholic split• Bismarck provokes war to win support of the South Bismarck provokes war to win support of the South

through phony news reports of a Franco/German split through phony news reports of a Franco/German split over next Spanish kingover next Spanish king

• Bismarck takes Paris after 4-month siegeBismarck takes Paris after 4-month siege• Bismarck seizes Alsace and Lorraine from France (rich Bismarck seizes Alsace and Lorraine from France (rich

in iron and coal)in iron and coal)• southern Germany, caught up in nationalism, accepts southern Germany, caught up in nationalism, accepts

Prussian leadershipPrussian leadership

Germany: Path to UnificationGermany: Path to Unification

First Reich – Holy Roman EmpireFirst Reich – Holy Roman Empire

Second Reich (1871-1918)Second Reich (1871-1918)• Kaiser Wilhelm is crowned emperor of Kaiser Wilhelm is crowned emperor of

GermanyGermany• Bismarck is made Germany’s prime ministerBismarck is made Germany’s prime minister• German industry flourishesGerman industry flourishes

Balance of PowerBalance of Power

involves alliances between countries to involves alliances between countries to prevent one from becoming too strongprevent one from becoming too strong

raises the stakes if a crisis should occurraises the stakes if a crisis should occur

temporary arrangements made for temporary arrangements made for defensive purposes that could have long-defensive purposes that could have long-term consequencesterm consequences

Balance of Power:Balance of Power:The Age of MetternichThe Age of Metternich

Congress of Vienna (1814-15)Congress of Vienna (1814-15)• Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859) – prince & chief Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859) – prince & chief

minister of Austriaminister of Austria• a meeting of the Four Powers to exile Napoleon and a meeting of the Four Powers to exile Napoleon and

control Francecontrol France• first major use of balance of powerfirst major use of balance of power

Triple Alliance:Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

Triple Entente:Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia Great Britain, France, Russia

MilitarismMilitarism

the glorification of armed strengththe glorification of armed strength emphasizes might over diplomacyemphasizes might over diplomacy an expression of natural greatnessan expression of natural greatness grew out of a need for defensegrew out of a need for defense

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

applied the ideas of Charles Darwin to applied the ideas of Charles Darwin to politicspolitics

only strong countries will last (“survival of only strong countries will last (“survival of the fittest”)the fittest”)

used to justify defending empiresused to justify defending empires

ImperialismImperialism a national policy of conquering and ruling other a national policy of conquering and ruling other

landslands a source of national power and pridea source of national power and pride colonies supply mother country with resourcescolonies supply mother country with resources the race for available territory creates rivalrythe race for available territory creates rivalry colonizers see it as their duty as superior human colonizers see it as their duty as superior human

beingsbeings fulfills a need for adventurefulfills a need for adventure

WWI Breaks Out – Summer, 1914WWI Breaks Out – Summer, 1914

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated by Serb Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated by Serb Gavrilo Princip (June 28)Gavrilo Princip (June 28)

Serbia ignores Austrian ultimatumSerbia ignores Austrian ultimatum Austria declares war on Serbia (July 28)Austria declares war on Serbia (July 28) Russia mobilizes its troops (July 30)Russia mobilizes its troops (July 30) Germany declares war on Russia (August 1)Germany declares war on Russia (August 1) Germany declares war on France (August 3)Germany declares war on France (August 3) Germany attacks France through BelgiumGermany attacks France through Belgium Great Britain declares war on Germany (August 4)Great Britain declares war on Germany (August 4) Russia and Austria-Hungary at war (August 6)Russia and Austria-Hungary at war (August 6) Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary (August 12)Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary (August 12)